AN ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC FIELD ON THE GLOBAL...
Transcript of AN ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC FIELD ON THE GLOBAL...
AN ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC FIELD ON THE GLOBAL HEALTH AND
TRAVEL MAGAZINE
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
By
INTAN EKA SAPUTRI
1110026000115
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH “
JAKARTA
2015
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ABSTRACT
Intan Eka Saputri. An Analysis of Semantic Field on Health Text of The Global
Health and Travel Magazine. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidyatullah Jakarta, 2014.
The study is aimed to tabulate lexemes in constructing Semantic Field on
health text of The Global Health and Travel magazine and to describe
components of meaning in those lexemes. This research used the method of
descriptive analysis method.
The data research data were collected from the 13 texts of health text on
The Global Health and Travel magazine. The data were analyzed by using the
componential analysis theory. The theory was used to identify components of
meaning containing simultaneous semantic field. On the basis of such components
lexemes were then related to some features. That made on the table form.
On the basis of analysis found on the texts, there are six Semantic Fields
namely, the Semantic Field of ‘medical treatment’, the Semantic Field of ‘chronic
illness’, the Semantic Field of ‘healthy occupation’, the Semantic Field of
‘medicine’, the Semantic Field of ‘liquid of body’ and the Semantic Field of
‘medical center’. Those semantic fields are constructed into lexemes that occur on
the every text.
Finally, the researcher wants her study to be useful for all of the reader,
especially the students of English Letters Department. The researcher also expects
to all the readers and students to enrich their knowledge about grammatical
interference.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to my best knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or diploma of the University or other Institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, February 2015
Intan Eka Saputri
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most beneficent, praise,
and gratitude be to Allah for giving the researcher ability and health to finish this
thesis. Blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendants and his
followers.
This thesis is presented to the English Letters Department, Adab and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University ‘Syarif Hidayatullah’ Jakarta as a
partial of requirements for the Degree of Strata One. This thesis could not be
completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Mrs. Ummi
Kultsum, M.Pd, and Mrs. Solikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, as her thesis advisors, whose
guidance, patience, support and encouragement from the initial to the final level
enable her to develop an understanding of the subject. Without their guidance, this
thesis would not be completed well
The researcher also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the
individuals for helping her to finish this thesis and for their contribution in the
process of writing until it had become a complete work. They are:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department
3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
4. All of the lecturers in English Department for teaching her many things
during her study.
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5. To her beloved parents, her father RasikunGunadi and her mother
Muslinah who has given their best support (both moral and material),
motivation, care and pray.
6. To her lovely sister Mutiara Dwi Anggraini who always give her care and
support.
7. To her best friends Mey, Adah, Sissy,Heni, Camelia, Erlina, Nia, mba
Ratna, mas Ridho they always give her a support and motivation to finish
this thesis.
8. To all her friends in English Letters Department 2010 especially her D
Class they have given her a precious memory every time she was with
them.
9. To her close friends Ciik Can, Upa, Kikii, Neng, Laila, Kadeska who
always give her a support.
10. All the people who have helped her during the process of conducting this
research that whose names are not mentioned here.
May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, bless them all. The
researcher also realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
suggestions and criticisms will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.
Jakarta, January 2015
The Researcher
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Table of Contents
Abstract …………………………………………………………. i
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………..…. ii
Legalization ………………………………………………………... iii
Declaration ………………………………………………………… iv
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………… v
Table of Contents ………………………………………………….. vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………..……………. 1
A. Background of the Study …………………………………… 1
B. Focus of the Study ………………………………….. 6
C. Research Question ………………………………………... 6
D. Significance of the Study ………………………………….. 6
E. Research Methodology ……………………………….… 7
1. The Objective of Research ……………………………. 7
2. The Method of Research ………………..…………… 7
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ……………………… 8
4. The Instrument of the Research ………………………. 8
5. The Unit of Analysis …………………………………. 8
6. Time and Place Study ………………………………… 9
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………... 10
A. Previous Research ………………………………… 10
B. Semantic ………………………………………………… 10
C. Lexeme ……………….………………………………….. 14
D. Semantic Field …….………….………………………… 16
1. Synonym ….…………………………………………… 18
2. Class Inclusion …………… ……………………….... 19
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3. Antonym ……………………………………………… 20
4. Homonymy ………………………………………….. 22
5. Hyponymy ………………………………………….. 24
6. Converseness …………………………………………. 25
7. Componential Analysis ……………………………….. 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS …………………………… 30
A. Data Description ……………..…………………………. 30
B. Data Analysis ……………….………………... 34
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………. 55
A. Conclusion …………………………………. 50
B. Suggestion …………………………………. 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY …..…………………………………………….. 52
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………….. 59
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
English is an international language that is used in almost every
country in the world both as a native language and as a foreign language. In
Indonesia, it is generally used as the main foreign language. Nowadays,
English is used almost in various areas for examples: in education, politics,
economics, mass media, magazine etc.
In the field of magazine, a lot of magazine that uses English as the
language communication, one of them is Global Health and Travel magazine.
Global Health and Travel magazine presents options available to the reader in
an accessible format.1 The magazine focuses on service offered by
internationally-accredited healthcare institutions typically sought by travellers.
These includes elective procedures like cosmetic surgery and dental treatment,
to complex, specialized procedures such as joint replacement for hips and
knees, cardiac, surgery, fertility treatment and more.2 The purpose of the
establishment of Global Health and Travel is to present to the medical travel
and tourism for medical treatment performed by highly-trained specialist in
purpose built facilities. They pay a fraction of what they would at home and
even manage to turn their trip in holiday. As healthcare costs rise, waiting
times for procedures increase, and the technology and standards of care in
1http://www.globalhealthandtravel.com/about
2Ibid.
2
several countries improve and even surpass those in the west, medical travel
will soon become viable solution. 3 Currently consumers use resources online
to organize such trips, but with the ocean of information on the internet they
are not able to make an informed choice how to obtain quality care and Global
Health and Travel is become your reliable guide to healthcare abroad. The
magazine has some specific parts to facilitate the reader in reading the news.
In Global Health and Travel magazine have some columns such as: Beauty,
Health, Medical Care, Travel, and Event etc. Therefore if the readers want
to know information about health they can read them directly in the
column of health . Similarly, when they want to know information about
medical care, they can read the column of medical care without reading the
newspaper from the beginning page until end.
To understand the content of columns, it is needed good lexical
comprehension. So, any misunderstanding such as the reader‟s
misinterpretation of the written text can be avoided. Lexical comprehension is
studied scientifically in semantics. One of the studies about lexical semantics
is a study about semantics field. This study states that lexicon in every
language that is all lexeme (word) system which related to meaning, and can
be restructured as phoneme in grammatical study. Semantic field is a group of
words that are related because they are from the same area of knowledge or
interest, e.g. the semantic field of agriculture includes: farm, farming, tractor,
3Ibid.
3
meadow, crop, etc. 4. Lexical is the focus study in semantic field. Lexical was
analyzed based on its componential meaning to get a description about lexical
and the semantic field structure.
Richards, Platt and Webber mentioned that “Semantic field is an
organization or grouping of words or expression into a system that shows the
relationship between words with the other word”.5 Meanwhile, Harimurti
says that a field of meaning is part of system semantic of language that
describes the part of the culture or reality in live which is realized by a set of
lexical whose meaning is related. For example, the names of kinship terms,
such as “father, mother, sister, brother, uncle, aunt”, established a specific of
semantic field. Similarly, the color names, such as “black, white, red, blue,
green, yellow”, can be grouped into a certain semantic field associated color.6
On the other hand, semantic field is a study that examines the
relationship between the lexicon that can be classified into specific groups, so
a componential analysis is needed to explain the nature and character of each
lexicon. In An introduction to Language, Fromkin says that “one way of
representation semantic properties is the use of semantic features. Semantic
features are formal or notational devices that indicate the presence or absence
of semantic properties by pluses and minuses”.7 One way to know the
elements of each of the lexicon is by giving positive and negative
4Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Semantic Field. Accessed on December 21, 2010,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/semanticfield, p.1. 5WachyuSundayana and Aziz Aminudin, Semantics (Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, 2007),
p.3.14. 6ibid
7Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language (Fort Worth:
Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 2003), p. 177.
4
characteristic of each lexical, for example : lexicon between father and
mother, father lexicon has a meaning: /+animate/, /+adult/, /+married/,
/+human/, /+male/, while the mother has meaning: /+ animate/, /+adult/,
/+married/, /+ human/, /-male/.8 Therefore people can know that the
difference between father and mother lexicon lies in the meaning of sex, father
has mean a man and mother has mean a woman not a man.
Semantic Field is very important to be learned, because to know what
types of semantic field that constructed and how relationship between one
lexeme to other lexeme.
Through this research, the writer interests to analyze the relationship
between a lexicon and other lexicons in the column of health on Global Health
and Travel magazine: A news column provides information about the health
which is very useful for human life. By reading the text of column of health on
Global Health and Travel, everyone can understand the various kinds of
medical terms, which are indirectly absorbed from the English Language.
Therefore, it influences indirectly the meaning of the lexicon about healthy,
for example word “injeksi” in the medical word derived from the “injection”.
In every language, some words have not meaning by itself, but there are also
words that are interconnected with other words. Each word also has its own
meaning feature, often referred to as the “Principle of Distinction”.9 There are
two types of the principle difference in semantics, the principle of
8WachyuSundayana and Aziz Aminudin (2007), op.cit.p.139.
9J.W.M.Verhaar, Asas-AsasLinguistikUmum (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press,
2001), pp.390-391
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distinguishing the identity of phonemes and identity of meaning or semantics,
for example in mentioned semantic field of treatment place, it consists of:
Hospital, Clinic, Puskesmas (in Indonesia), etc. Generally, many people think
these place have the same meaning that is place to take treatment. But when a
person analyzes it using the componential analysis so each place has different
meaning based on the function and facilities that was owned, for example:
between meaning of Hospital, Puskesmas and Clinic. The Hospital has
meaning: / + place to take treatment/, / + is a medical /, / + has a complete
maintenance facilities /, / + owned by the government or a state /, Puskesmas
has the meaning: / + place to take treatment /, / + is a medical /, / + has a
complete maintenance facilities /, / + owned by the government of a state /.
While the clinic is: / + place to take treatment/, / + is a medical/, / - has a
complete maintenance facilities/, /- owned by the government or a state/. Thus
it can be known differences and similarities of certain lexicon in semantic
field.
There are still many health vocabularies that can be analyzed through
the componential analysis. Therefore, the writer is interested to do this
research because there are many semantic fields in other area which have not
been studied, specifically in the field of health.
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B. Focus of The Study
In this research the researcher focuses on the semantic field and its
analysis with componential analysis theory of the Health texts in column of
the Global Health and Travel magazine. The selected texts are randomly
chosen which consists of six semantic fields that are taken of the health texts
in The Global Health and Travel in July until August 2014.
C. Research Question
Based on the background and the focus of the study, the researcher
tries to formulate the question to get more specific purpose. The research
questions are:
1. What types of semantic fields are constructed by the lexeme within the
health text in The Global Health and Travel magazine?
2. What are relationships among a lexeme and other lexeme of semantic
fields in the health texts The Global Health and Travel?
D. Significance of the Study
This research is expected to increase the awareness of semantic
importance to reader in reading the health text. In addition, the researcher
hopes this research can be useful to enrich the researcher‟s knowledge
about semantic study especially in the semantic analysis and the researcher
also hopes this paper can be benefit for the reader.
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Besides that, the research can hopefully be advantage for further
researches that would like to conduct the research with similar case as
additional reference especially in semantic field.
E. Research Methodology
1. Objective of the Research
Generally, this study is aimed to know the form of semantic field
and the usage which based on the semantic concept in mass media text of
the Global Health and Travel magazine. Specifically, this research
attempts to obtain empirical data, as follows:
1.1 The Forms of semantic fields that contained in the health text
on the Global Health and Travel.
1.2 To know the relation among lexemes of the semantic field in
the health texts of the Global Health and Travel.
2. The Method of Research
The method of study used by the researcher is qualitative method.
The researcher uses discourse analysis to describe and analyze the health
text of The Global Health and Travel that is connected through the concept
of the componential analysis.
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3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher uses qualitative method in this research. First, the
researcher reads carefully the definition of semantic field and
componential analysis theory. Second, the researcher reads and
understands the health texts on the Global Health and Travel, then
identifies the lexical that included in the semantic field of health. The last,
the researcher correlates the theory of semantic fields with lexical of health
that the researcher was found. Besides that, the researcher analyzes the
lexical of health with the meaning componential analysis. In this phase,
the researcher also explains the relationship between lexical semantic field
with the text on the Global Health and Travel.
4. The Instrument of the Research
The instrument of the research is the researcher herself through
reading and understanding the text. The researcher observes and signs the
possibility of the lexical field occurrence within the health text on the
Global Health and Travel. She also provides the table of component to
know the relation of the selected lexemes and the given components.
5. The Unit of Analysis
The analysis units of the research are six texts which selected
randomly from the health text on the Global Health and Travel magazine
edition July until August 2014. The six titles are: Text 1 (osteoporosis;
colorectal cancer; high – risk pregnancies), Text 2 (Reducing chemo hair
loss; nanotechnology for burns), Text 3 (External defibrillators; satins and
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diabetes), Text 4 (Chemo-free lung cancer treatment), Text 5 (Radical
trachelectomy: a chance to preserve fertility), Text 6 (Challenges in the
fight against cervical cancer), Text 7 (Breast cancer-causing chemicals;
ultrasound BC screening), Text 8 (Body contouring surgery after weight
loss), Text 9 (Cord blood stem cell banking), Text 10 (The dangers of
having more than one child in one go), Text 11 (Enter the anti-ageing
kitchen), Text 13 (Preventative health screening for women).
6. Time and Place Study
The research was taken place in March until December 2014 when
the researcher was at eight semesters 2014, at English Letters Department
of UIN, main library of UIN and other libraries which can give references
and information about the data needed.
10
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
Ilham Fathurahman10
has done a research “An Analysis of Semantic
Field on Health Text of The Jakarta Post” in 2011. He explains
semantic field uses theory componential Analysis by A. Lehrer
In this research under titled “An Analysis of Semantic Field on
Health Text of The Global and The Global Health and Travel
magazine July-August 2014” the researcher does not use the
newspaper as the corpus, but use health magazine for clearly
understands the types and meaning of semantic field in the medicine
term.
B. Semantic
Semantic is technical term for “meaning”. The term is derived from
the Greek word semantikos “significant" compare also semaino “to
signify” and sema (N.T. Greek semeion) “ a sign” so semantic is a branch
of linguistics which the study of meaning and the relationship among form
that is contained in language code, or other type of representation.11
10
Ilham Fathurahman, “An Analysis of Semantic Field on Health Text of The Jakarta
Post”. (A Thesis S1: State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011), p.i. 11
Green Horsleys; Introduction to semantics and translation (New York: Summer
Institute Of Linguistics, 1980), p.9.
11
Semantics is concerned with meaning, and with the relation
between the FORM of a particular language and the meaning that forms
represents. It includes:
a. The Study of the area of meaning of individual words within the
lexical system of specific languages, and the combinations of words
which each language permits.
b. Meaning in relation to context, whether linguistic or non linguistic
context.
c. The meaning and relationships signaled by specific grammatical forms
and patterns.
d. The transfer, or translation, of meaning from one language to
another.12
Semantic is usually contrasted with other aspects of expression
meaning, there are syntax (The formation of the complex symbols from
the simple symbols), and pragmatic (practical use of the symbol by the
agency or community to a condition or a specific context).13
Generally, semantics is the study of meaning and is contrasted into
three aspects. There are:
a. Syntax
b. Semiotic
12
Ibid, p.10. 13
Henry G Tarigan, PengajaranSemantik,(Bandung, Angkasa, 1985), p.2.
12
c. Pragmatic14
Syntax interprets the formal relationship between the sign of each
other, semiotic interpret the relations of the signs and objects that form an
implementation of the sign itself. Whereas, pragmatic is a knowledge that
interpret the relation of the signs with interpret.
Morries subsequently made a changes and limited pragmatics as
“the branch of semiotics which examines the origins, uses, and effects of
signs”, based on the limitation by Morries previously Rudolf Carnap then
made the restrictions as follows:
“If in an investigation (research) the references either explicitly
made to the speaker, or in a broader sense, the language user, then we
put him into the field of pragmatics area. In advance resume it from the
language users and only analyze the expression and the signifying, that
we have been semantic field. If we resumed them from the signifying and
then analyze the relations among the expressions, then we have been on
the syntactic field. These whole sciences of languages that cover all those
three parts above, is called semantics.15
Semantic has a very important role for linguistics. Ferdinand de
Saussure referred as the signifier (significant) and the signified (signify),16
then the actually the study of linguistics without semantics is merely
14
Ibid, p.3. 15
Ibid, pp. 2-4. 16
F. R. Palmer, Semantic: a New Outline (New York: Cambridge University, 1976), p.5.
13
meaningless. These both components, significant and signify are things
which cannot be separated each other.
A word, for example “BOOK” consists of a sound symbol which
are (B-O-O-K) and the concepts or mental images for the object which is
called “BOOK”. According to Ogden and Richards in a classic works
about “Semantic Triangle Theory” which give some influences in semantic
theory until now.17
The link among symbols, mental images or concepts
and referent or object, which can be explained with pictures and
descriptions referent as follows:
Images/concept of book
Symbols (b-o-o-k) referent (object)
The meaning of word „book‟ demonstrates the concept of book which
is stored in our brains and denoted by the word book. Therefore, it can be
concluded that semantic examines the meaning language signs, namely the
link between concept and sign of language.18
The triangle of Odgen and Richards showed that between the
symbol of the language and concept have a different relationship, while the
17
Kushartanti, et.al.,PesonaBahasa: LangkahAwalMemahamiLinguistik(Jakarta: PT.
GramediaPustakaUtama, 2005), p.114. 18
Ibid.
14
symbol of the language with referent or object is not related directly (this
is showed by dashed line) because it must be through the concept. This
show that languages and reality are not two things that are identical; the
word is not simply a label that is displayed on the objects, events in the
really of world also contained language of a society point of view from the
reality.
C. Lexeme
A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics,
which roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word.19
For
example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are from the
same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN. So the relation between
word and lexeme can be describing like this. Lexeme ----------(process
morphology)---------word.20
A lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category, has a certain
meaning (semantic value), and in inflecting languages, has a responding
inflectional paradigm; that is a lexeme in many languages will have many
different forms. For example, the lexeme RUN has a present third person
singular from runs, a present non-third-person singular from run (which
also function as the past participle and non-finite form), a past from ran,
and a present participle running. (It does not include runner, runners,
runnerable etc.) The use of the forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of
19
The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Description of Lexeme. Accessed on March 19, 2011,
http://www.freedictionary.com/lexeme, p.1. 20
Kushartanti, et.al (2005), op,cit.p. 138.
15
grammar; in the case of English verbs such as RUN, these include subject-
verb agreement and compound tense rules, which determine which form of
a verb can be used in a given sentence.
The lexical meaning is the meaning which is owned by a lexeme
without context.21
For example, lexeme “horse” has a lexical meaning is
a kind of four-footed animals that can be driven. Lexeme “pencil” has a
lexical meaning is a kind of writing instruments made of wood and
carbonic.
Lexical meaning is the basic meaning of word that is according in
the dictionary. This basic meaning attached to the stem of a wood. Lexical
meaning can also be referred to the original meaning of a wood that has
not affixation. However, the most people prefer to define of the lexical
meaning as the dictionary meaning. For example a word in Indonesia
language:
(a) Rumah
(b) Berumah
The first example (a) is a word that not has affixation, derivation or
inflection. Based on dictionary of KBRI, the meaning word “rumah” is a
home stay building. While the second example (b) is a derivative word,the
second example (b) has different meaning with the first meaning (a),
although the word is essentially the same, “rumah”. The addition of a
21
Abdul Chaer, LinguistikUmum, (Jakarta: PT RinekaCipta, 2007), p.289.
16
prefix “ber-“ in the word “rumah” makes the meaning of ”rumah”
changes is not only a home stay building but also become to have a home
stay building.
D. Semantic Field
Semantic field is a group of words that are related because they are
from the same area of knowledge or interest.22
Richard, Platt and Weber
defines “semantic field” is organization or group of each word in a system
that showed relation of a word with other words.
Besides that Harimurti states that semantic field is part of semantic
system of languages which illustrates part of culture or some certain reality
that is realized by correlated-lexical elements.23
For example the semantic
field of agriculture includes: farm, farming, tractor, meadow, crop etc. A
semantic field is a technical term in discipline of linguistics to describe a
set of words grouped in a certain way. The term is also used in other
academic disciplines, such as anthropology and computational semiotics.24
Brinton defines “semantic field” or “semantic domain” relates the
linguistics concept to hyponymy: “Related to the concept of hyponymy,
but more loosely defined, is the nation of a semantic field or domain. A
semantic field denotes a segment of reality symbolized by a set of related
22
Anonymous, Englishbiz: Semantic Field Grammar. Accessed On November 19, 2007,
http://www.englishbliz.co.uk/grammar/mainfiels/definitionsn-z.htm, p.1. 23
WahyuSundayana (2007),loc.cit. 24
Peter Bogh Andersen, A Theory of Computer Semiotics: Semiotic Approaches to
Construction and Assessment of Computer Systems (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press,
1990), p.237.
17
words. The words in a semantic field share a common semantic
property”.25
A general and intuitive description is that words in a semantic field
are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general
phenomenon. A meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to
other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic vary from
culture to culture and anthropologists use them to study belief systems and
reasoning across cultural group.
Andersen identifies the traditional usage of “semantic field” theory
as: “Traditionally, semantic fields have been used for comparing the
lexical structure of different languages and different states of the same
language.26
Lyons suggests several primitive semantic relationships, such as
synonymy, incompatibility, class inclusion, antonym, hyponymy,
complementary, homonymy, and conversances, although a few others
should be added, and perhaps some of this can be further divided. These
relationships apply principally to paradigmatic contrasts-words which
areal nouns, adjectives, or verbs.27
25
Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure Modern English : A Linguistics Introduction .(New
York: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2000), p.122. 26
Wedhawati, “Lexical fields Componential Analysis and Definition of Lexical Sense”,
RintisandalamnKajianLeksikologi and Leksikografi, no 2 (2002), January 27, 2011, p. 122. 27
Adrienne Lehrer, Semantic Field and Lexical Structure (New York: North Holland
Publishing Company, 1974), pp.22-23.
18
1. Synonymy
Synonymy is different words with almost identical or similar
meanings, synonym word are said to be synonymous. The word comes
from ancient Greek syn (“equal” or “similar” ) and onama (“name”).28
Therefore synonym is the relationship of semantic which states the
similarity of meaning between utterances with other utterances. For
example, between the words “right” and “correct” or “buy” and
“purchase”, “quickly” and “speedily”, “sick” and “ill”, and between
sentences ; “Dika kick the ball” with “the ball is kicked by Dika”.
The relation of synonymy is two way, if unit of speech A
synonymous,, with the unit of speech B, so the unit of speech B were
synonymous with the unit of speech A.29
In correctly, if the word
“correct” synonymous with the word “right”, so the word “right”
absolutely was synonymous with the word “correct”.
Right Correct
Correct Right
Synonymous not only describe general ideas but also make a
distinction between meanings of the words. Although the meaning of the
28
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Description of Synonym.Accessed on April 8, 2011,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synonym, p.1. 29
Abdul Chaer (2007), op.cit.p.297.
19
words; pretty, comely, good, nice, beautiful, gorgeous, kind, etc, have
same meaning, people never say:
a. A kind woman
b. The girl is gorgeous
But
a. A pretty woman
b. The girl is comely
Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain sense of words; for
instance, pupil as the “aperture in the iris of the eye” is not synonyms with
student. Similarly, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has
expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died.
2. Class Inclusion
The highest term in the taxonomy has been called by various names: head
word, cover word, superordinate or arch lexeme.30
Occasionally there is no
appropriate head word for taxonomy, though of course speakers have number of
devices for failing the gap. For example, in English there is a set of terms, pot, jar,
glass, vase, bottle, etc. referring to containers capable of holding liquids.
Container is too general since it is also a head word for box, basket, and sack. The
word vessel might be used, though speakers feel the vessel is odd. A simpler
example is absence of a „comfortable‟ superordinate term to cover brother and
30
Adrienne Lehrer (1974), loc,cit.
20
sister, sibling is rather technical. Similarly, there is no term that includes aunt and
uncle.
3. Antonym
The word antonyms consists of “anti” or “ant” which means “opposites”
and the root “onuma” or “onim” which means “name”, so antonym is a word that
contain the opposite meaning with other a word.31
In his book “An Introduction to
Language” Fromkin says “the meaning of a word may be partially defined by
saying what it is not. Male means not female, dead means not alive. Words that
are opposite in meaning are often called antonyms”.32
Ironically, the basic
property of words that are antonyms is that they share all but one semantic
property. Beautiful and tall are not antonyms; beautiful and ugly, or tall and short,
are. The property they do not share is present in one and absent in the other. There
are several kinds of antonym. There are complementary pairs:
Alive/Dead
Present/absent
Awake/Asleep
They are complementary in that not alive = dead and not dead =
alive, and so on. There are gradable pairs of antonyms:
Big/Small
31
Henry G. Tarigan (1985), op,cit. p.30. 32
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (2003), op,cit. p.182.
21
Hot/Cold
Fast/Slow
Happy/Sad
The meaning of adjectives in gradable pairs is related to the object
they modify. The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale. Thus
we know that “a small elephant” is much bigger than “a large mouse”.
Fast is faster when we applied to an airplane than to a car.
With gradable pairs, the negative of one word is not synonymous
with the other. For example, someone who is not happy is not necessarily
sad. It is also true of gradable antonyms that more of one is less of another.
More bigness is less smallness; wider is less narrow; taller is less short.
Gradable antonyms are often found among sets of words that
partition a continuum:
Tiny-small-medium-large-huge-gargantuan- euphoric-elated-happy-sad-
gloomy-despondent.
Antonym or opposites is a relation between words that are contrary
or opposite meaning.33
The terms “antonym” is used to opposite meaning
in lexical class, such as hot with cold, is called standard antonym, because
between hot and cold, there are still other words like warmandlukewarm
stiff.
33
Kushartanti, et.al., (2005), op.cit.p.118.
22
This sentence such as “I do not want to bathe with cold water”
does not mean “I want to bathe with hot water” because it may mean “I
want to bathe with warm water” it is called complementary antonym.34
4. Homonymy
Homonymy is different words that are pronounced the same, but
may or may not be spelled the same.35
To, too, and two are homonyms
despite their spelling differences. Homonym can create ambiguity. A word
or a sentence is ambiguous if it can be understood or interpreted in more
than one way. The sentence:
I‟ll meet you by the bank
The sentences may mean I’ll meet you by the financial situation”
or “I’ll meet you by the riverside”. The ambiguity is due to the two words
bank with two different meanings. Sometimes additional context can helps
disambiguate the sentence:
I‟ll meet you by the bank, in front of the automated teller machine.
I‟ll meet you by the bank. We can go skinny-dipping.
Homonymy are good candidates for humor as well as for
confusion.
“How is bread made?”
34
Ibid. 35
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (2003), op.cit..p.179.
23
“I know that!” Alice cried eagerly.
“You take some flour_____”
“Where do you pick the flower?” the white queen asked, “In
garden or the hedges?”
“Well, it isn‟t picked at all” Alice explained; “it‟s ground_____”
“How many acres of ground?” said the White Queen.
The humor of this passage is based on the two sets of homonyms;
flower and flour and the two meaning of ground. Alice means ground as
the past tense of grind, whereas the white queen is interpreting ground to
mean “earth”.
A related concept is heteronym. Two words are heteronyms if they
are spelled the same, but pronounced differently, and have different
meanings. Dove the bird and dove the past tense of dive are heteronyms, as
are bass, bow, lead, wind and hundreds of others.
Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different
meanings, such as dove the bird, and dove, the past tense of dive. When
homonyms are spelled the same, they are also homographs, for example
bear and bear, but not all homonyms are homographs (bear and bare). On
the other hand, by definition, all heteronyms are also homographs. The
following table should help sort out these confusing, over-lapping terms.
24
Homonyms Heteronym Homographs
Pronounced identically yes no yes/no
Spelled identically yes/no yes yes
5. Hyponymy
The people know that the words red, white, and blue are “color” words,
that is their lexical representations have the feature (+color) indicating a class to
which they all belong. Similarly lion, tiger, leopard, and lynx have the feature
(+feline). Such sets of words are called hyponyms.36
The relationship of hyponym
is between the more general term such as color and the more specific instance of it
such as red. Thus red is a hyponym of feline; or equivalently, color has the
hyponym red and feline has the hyponym has the hyponym lion.
Besides that, Kushartanti and UntungYuwono in “PesonaBahasa : langkah
awal memahami linguistic” said that “hyponym is a relation of meaning related to
the coverage of specific meaning in the generic meaning, like the meaning of
orchids in featured flower, the meaning of cat in featured animal.37
In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is
include within that of another word, its hypernym (sometimes spelled hyperonym
outside of the natural language processing community). In simpler terms, a
hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For example,
36
Ibid, pp. 180-184. 37
Kushartanti, et.al, (2005), op,.cit.p.119.
25
Scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red (their
hypernym), which is, in turn, a hyponym color.
6. Converseness
Converseness is the relationship that holds between such as pairs of words
a buy-sell and husband-wife.38
Kin terms like husband-wife, parent-child are also
given as an examples of convers terms, and similar kinds of sentential
relationships hold. Some members of converse pairs seem more dispensable than
others. If buy were to disappear from the vocabulary of English, it would still
possible (and not too difficult) to talk about certain transaction just using sell.
7. Component Analysis
Componential analysis or lexical decomposition is a basic study of lexical
fields in determining semantic relations of different lexical items in one lexical
field.39
It can also be used to define the sense of lexical items in dictionary
making. The sense of lexical item is the composition of semantic components.
Such composition of semantic components can be analyzed into its component
part.
Besides that, A. Lehrer says that “componential analysis is any word,
lexeme or lexical items that have a specifically meaning, the meaning of every
word that consists of several components that make up the whole meaning of the
word. From the pedagogic point of view „componential analysis‟ (CA) offers a
38
Adrienne Lehrer (1974), op,cit,.p.27. 39
Wedhawati (2002), op,.cit,p.125.
26
systematic and easy way of describing similarity and difference in meaning. It
consists of breaking down the meaning of a word into what are known as semantic
components or features.
A lexeme can be analyzed by the componential analysis based on notation
that has it. For example, the word “father” has a component of meaning /+human/,
/+ adult /, /+ male /, /+ married/ , and /+ have a child/; and the word “mother” has
a component of meaning /+ human /, /+ adult /, /- male /, /+ married /, and /+
have a child /. When is compared between the component of father and mother is
visible as the following table.
Table 1: The componential analysis of the meaning words: father and mother
Description: The sign (+) means have components, and the sign (-)
means it has no component.
From the table shows that the different meaning of the father and
mother only on the components of meaning /male/; father has a
component of meaning male, whereas them other does not have it. To
No. Components of
meaning
Father Mother
1. Human + +
2. Adult + +
3. Males + -
4. Married + +
5. Have a child + +
27
more clearly, consider the analysis component of meaning the words:
man, woman, boy, girl, and bull.
Table 2: The componential analysis of the meaning words:
Man, woman, boy, girl and bull
No. Components
of meaning
Boy Girl Man Woman Bull
1. Human + + + + -
2. Adult - - + + -
3. Male + - + - +/-
The table shows that man, woman, boy, girl have a component of
meaning / + human /, while the bull has not a component of meaning /
+ adult /, while the boy and the bull has not a component of meaning /
- adult /. Furthermore, it appears that man and the boy have a
component of meaning / + male /, while the woman and girl have not
component of meaning / - male /. And the bull may has or has no
because the bull including male and female.40
Componential analysis can provide some benefits for semantic
analysis.
40
A. Lehrer, Semantic Field and Lexical Structure, pp.318-319.
28
The benefits of componential analysis are:
1. The words meaning of componential analysis can provide the
answer of why some sentence is right and the other is wrong. There
is some sentences which is an anomaly.
2. Through the componential analysis, we can have prediction the
relation of words. The relation of the meaning can be generally
divided into some types: synonymy, antonym, contradiction, and
hyponymy.
3. Componential analysis to give an explicit representation of the
systematic relation between words.41
4. According to Bierwisch (1970), Katz (1972) and Leech (1974) who
have a designed a logic system that componential analysis may be
used as experiment tool device that those sentences are analytic,
anomaly, contradictions. 42
41
Ruth M, Kempson, Semantic Theory (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977),
p.18. 42
J.D.Parera, TeoriSemantik: Second Edition (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p.161.
29
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of the lexemes
of healthy which are taken from the Health text in The Global Health and Travel
Magazine include the types of semantic field. The selected data can be tabulated
as follows:
Table 3: The Data of Types of Semantic Field, Lexemes, and the Sentence.
No. Types of Semantic
Field Lexeme The Sentence
1. Medical Treatment
Surgery
“The photo sharing
phenomenon was also
identified as a contributing
factor to the uptick in demand
for facial plastic surgery”
Therapy
“How has hormone-
replacement therapy (HRT)
advanced from treating
menopausal symptoms to
become an anti-aging
aesthetic treatment?”
Biopsy “Historically, estrogen-
replacement biopsy has
received a lot of attention.”
Chemotherapy
“In newly-diagnosed lung
cancer patients with EGR
mutation, one tablet of
Afatinib a day is more
effective than
chemotherapy”.
Radiotherapy
“Treatment options, including
whether surgery,
radiotherapy, or
chemotherapy.”
30
2.
Chronic/non-
communicable illness
Leukemia
“Cord blood also contains
blood-forming stem cells that
have the potential to treat
disease such as certain types
of leukemia or lymphoma,
aplastic anaemia and some
immunodeficiency”.
Diabetes
“Researchers at McMaster
University have found a novel
way to suppress one
potentially devastating side
effect of statins, one of the
world‟s most widely-used
drugs for lowering cholesterol
and preventing heart disease-
which has been found to
cause diabetes.
Heart Disease
“Researchers at McMaster
University have found a novel
way to suppress one
potentially devastating side
effect of statins, one of the
world‟s most widely-used
drugs for lowering cholesterol
and preventing heart disease-
which has been found to
cause diabetes.
Cancer
“Breast cancer remains the
leading cause of death in
women and the most common
cancer in women.”
Stroke
“Swedish scientists have
devised a helmet which can
quickly detect if a patient has
had a stroke.”
3. Medical Center
Hospital
The hospital has seen many
great achievements since the
second half of 2013, and Tan
attributes these successes to
the team‟s ability to leverage
its expertise.
Maternity
Hospital
“The hospital’s maternity
packages start from around
U$$2,440 ($G3,006) for a
standard single room”.
31
Clinic
“There will always be
avenues to better ourselves-
this is way we promote
regular conversations, to
spearhead new clinic
solutions and to raise the
standard of care extended to
our patients,” she says.
4. Healthy Occupations
Doctor
“Dr. Kwong says she realized
that a percentage of many
young women in Asia who
develop breast cancer likely
inherited the genes that cause
the disease.”.
Nurse
“Women are no longer just
homemakers or caretakers;
they are also providers –
teachers, nurse, lawmakers,
businesspeople, and activists,
with a wide range of abilities
and experience.
Dentist
“Professional whitening can
be done in the clinic by a
dentist or by the patient at
home, using prescription
products.”
5. The Liquid of Body
Blood
“Finding out if the stroke is
due to a leaky blood clot is a
prerequisite for proper
treatment.”
Urine
“The team successfully
identified biomarkers that
could assess the exposure of
62 additional chemicals which
are present in blood, urine, or
other biological samples.”
Sperm
“At present, viable sperm for
IVF procedures are usually
chosen by looking at them
through a microscope.”
6.
The Types of
Medicine
Drug
“However, his team found
increased risk of diabetes is
associated with use of the
drug.”
Tablet “One tablet of Afatinib a day
is more effective than
32
chemotherapy, since it has
much higher chance a control,
and longer duration of the
cancer.”
33
B. Data Analysis
1. The Semantic Field of “Medical Treatment”
Table 4: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Medical Treatment
The
Semantic
Properties
The LEXEMES
SURGERY THERAPY BIOPSY CHEMOTHERAPY RADIOTHERAPY
Medical health
check
+ +/_ + + +
Something that
people do or
cause to
happen
+ +/_ + + +
Something that
happens at a
given place and
time
+ _ + + _
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are
hypernyms of medical treatment.43
The table above explained that surgery means a medical health check,
something that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given
place and time. According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of
Medicine surgery is the treatment of disease, injury, or other disorders by direct
physical intervention, usually with instruments.44
Operative surgery involves
incision (cutting) into the skin or other organ, inspection, removal of diseased
43
Wwww.wordnet2.1browser.com 44
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.956.
34
tissue or organs, relief of obstruction, replacement of structure to their normal
position, redirection of body channels, transplantation of tissue or whole organs,
and implantation of mechanical or electronic devices.45
Surgery may be minor or
major. Minor operations are usually, but not always, performed using local
anesthesia. Major operations are usually performed using general anesthesia,
although local anesthesia is sometimes used.46
In recent years there has been an
increasing trend toward further sub specialization; some surgeons now confine
their practice to such narrow limits as surgery of the hands, the cornea, the same
blood vessels, or the skin. From both of meanings above the researcher concludes
that surgery is the treatment of disease, injury and taken in hospital.
Therapy means a medical health check this therapy could be something
happen to patient and could be to prevent disease on patient‟s body. According
to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine therapy is the
treatment of any disease or abnormal physical or mental condition.47
Examples of
therapy include radiation therapy for cancer and psychotherapy for psychiatric
disorders.
Biopsy means a medical health check to patient‟s body, something that
people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and time.
According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine
biopsy is a diagnostic test in which tissue or cells are removed from the body for
45
Ibid. 956 46
Ibid, p.957 47
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.978.
35
examination under the microscope.48
Most of the procedures are minor and
require no sedation, but some require anesthesia. From both of meanings there is
correlation that biopsy is an accurate method of diagnosing many illnesses,
including cancer.
Chemotherapy means a medical health check to body‟s patient, something
that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and
time. This treatment is done when the patient was conscious and continually.
According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine
chemotherapy is the treatment of infections of malignant disease by drugs that act
selectively on the cause the disorder, but which may have substantial effects on
normal tissue.49
Infections are treated by antibiotics, which may be bacterial
(killing harmful bacteria), or bacteriostatic (stopping further bacterial growth and
allowing the body‟s immune system to take over and destroy the bacteria).50
One
problem with chemotherapy is that natural selection leads to the emergence of
resistant bacteria or cells. This effect is minimized by the discriminatory use of
antibiotics, and, in cancer chemotherapy, by giving several different types of
drugs simultaneously. A further problem with cancer chemotherapy is that drugs
act on all rapidly dividing cells, not just tumor cells.51
Thus, they affect the bone
marrow, the intestinal lining, the hair follicles (sometimes causing baldness), and
the mouth, sometimes causing severe side effects. Antibiotics act more selectively
because bacteria have a different structure from human cells, making side effects
48
Ibid, p.170. 49
Ibid, p.258. 50
Ibid,p. 258 51
Ibid.. p. 258
36
less of a problem for the patient.52
From both of chemotherapy‟s explanation the
researcher conclude there is a similar meaning that chemotherapy is treatment for
when the patient was conscious and continually illness.
Radiotherapy means medical health check to body‟s patient something
that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and
time. This treatment is done with frequently of time. According to the American
Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine radiotherapy is treatment of
cancer (an occasionally other diseases) by X rays or other sources of radioactivity,
both of which produce ionizing radiation.53
The radiation, as it passes through the
diseased tissue, destroys or swallows the development of abnormal cells. Provided
the correct dosage of radiation is given, normal cells suffer little or no damage.54
From the description of the table above, it can be concluded that the
lexeme “therapy” is superordinate of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The table
above shows that radiotherapy and chemotherapy have a close meaning, because
it have some component, except on the using material (chemical substances/x-
ray), radiotherapy uses X-ray whereas chemotherapy uses chemical substances in
treatment to patients. Besides that the lexeme surgery and biopsies have a same
meaning (synonym) because the component of each feature on the table are the
same.
52
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.258 53
Ibid, p. 846 54
Ibid,. p. 846
37
2. The Semantic Field of “Chronic Illness”
Table 5: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Chronic Illness”
The Semantic
Properties
The Lexemes
LEUKEMIA DIABETES HEART
DEASE CANCER STROKE
Being long-
lasting + + + + +
Developing
slowly or of long
duration)
+ + + + +
Marked by
gradual
deterioration of
organs and cells
along with loss of
function
+ + + + +
Diseases of old
age _ _ _ +/_ +
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 5 are
hypernyms of chronic illness.
From the explanations of the table Leukemia means a disease being a lost-
lasting in human‟s body, the disease can attack young or old people no matter
how old are they .According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia
of Medicine, any of several types of cancer in which there is usually a
disorganized proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow (from which all
blood cells originate) one of them is leukemia.55
The production of red blood
cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells are impaired as they are crowded out
55
Ibid,.p.635
38
from the marrow by the leukemia cells.56
Other organs, such as the liver, spleen,
lymph nodes, testes, or brain, may cease to function properly as they become
infiltrated by the leukemic cells. The number of leukemic cells circulating in the
blood may be high.57
From the explanations above both of meanings have correlation this
disease can make the patient death because attack the white blood cells.
Diabetes means a Marked by gradual deterioration of organs and cells along with
loss of function. According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of
Medicine diabetes, bronze is a rare disease in which excessive amounts of iron are
deposited in tissues such as the liver, pancreas, and skin. Its name comes from the
bronze skin coloration and diabetes mellitus that usually develop in people who
suffer this disorder.58
From the definitions above there is similar meaning the disease can make
patient death because the patient always is thirsty and produces a lot of urine.
Heart disease means an unhealed disease that can cause death; heart
disease attacks the blood circulation system that is caused by high cholesterol
amount in body. So this interfere circulation of blood from or to the heart.
According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine about
700 babies per 100,000 are born with a congenital heart defect.59
The errors of
development leading to defects arise early in the life of the embryo. In most cases,
56
Ibid,. p.635 57
Ibid,.p. 635 58
Ibid, p. 349 59
Ibid,. p. 349
39
there is no known cause. Of known causes the most significant is rubella in the
mother during the first of pregnancy. This can be prevented by vaccination. About
one third of babies with Down’s syndrome have a congenital heart defect, and
congenital heart disease often accompanies other birth defects.60
From both of meanings, heart disease meaning and literal meaning have
correlation that heart disease attacks the blood circulation systems of human body
and cause the patient death.
Cancer means a serious disease in which grows in a cell, this disease is
caused by virus that attacks the cell system of the body. Cancer is difficult to be
cured, so it can cause death to the patient. According to The American Medical
Association Encyclopedia of Medicine cancers are not the only type of abnormal
growth, or neoplasm, that occur in the body.61
However, a cancer differs from a
benign in two tumors, such as a wart or lymphoma, in two important ways. As it
grows, it spreads and infiltrates the tissues around it and may block passageways,
destroy nerves and erode bone. Cells from the cancer may spread via the blood
vessels and lymphatic channels to other parts of the body, where these metastases
for new, satellite tumors that grow independently.62
From the explanations above the cancer attacks the cells of body and can
cause the patient death.
60
Ibid, p. 518 61
Ibid, p. 227 62
Ibid,. p. 227
40
Stroke means a serious illness that caused death, stroke attacks the body‟s
nervous system, because someone has high cholesterol amount so it can interfere
stimulus of blood from or the brain. According to The American Medical
Association Encyclopedia of Medicine strokes are fatal in about third of cases and
are a leading cause of death in developed countries.63
Possible complications of a
major stroke include pneumonia and the formation of blood clots in the veins of
the leg, which may travel to the artery supplying the lung to cause a potentially
fatal pulmonary embolism.64
“Virulence Illness” is superordinate or the lexemes cancer and leukemia. It
explains that cancer and leukemia have a close meaning because it has some
component, except on the forming process (attack the blood circulation system).
The other lexemes which have close meaning are stroke and heart disease, those
lexemes has the same component except on the system is attacked (the body‟s
nervous/ the blood circulation system).
63
Ibid, p. 947 64
Ibid,. p. 947
41
3. The Semantic Field of “Medical Center”
Table 6: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “medical center”
The Semantic Properties The Lexemes
HOSPITAL MATERNITY
HOSPITAL
CLINIC
Medical checkup area + + +
Physical entity + +/_ +/_
A feature of the mental life
of a living organism
+/_ _ _
The work of inquiring into
something thoroughly and
systematically
+ + +/_
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are
hypernyms of medical center.
From the explanations of the table hospital means a medical checkup area,
physical entity, the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and
systematically. The hospital is opening every day, provides Opname services and
usually owned by the government. According to Free medical of dictionary
hospital is an institution which is managed, staffed and equipped for providing
healthcare services, including in patient care, surgery, emergent and urgent care
and has facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.65
Many hospitals are
65
The Free Dictionary.Accessed on January 8th
2015.
42
owned and run by religious orders.66
Though graduate medical education is
conducted in many hospitals, teaching hospitals generally have a close affiliation
with universities and medical school. Far more are community hospitals that
depend on community-generated contributions.67
From both of meanings there is
correlation that hospital is owned by government or others institutions.
Maternity Hospital means a treatment place that provides service for birth
it is opening everyday (available in 24 hours) and has many doctors and nurses. It
is usually owned by privacy. According to Free dictionary, maternity hospital is a
hospital that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for
newborn infants.68
From both meanings the writer concludes there is similar
meaning maternity hospital is providing care for women during pregnancy.
Clinic means a treatment place that owned by privacy. The most of clinic
have a complete maintenances facility but clinic not provide opname services.
According to Oxford dictionary, clinic is a building or part of a hospital where
people can go for special medical treatment or advice.69
The table above shows that the lexemes HOSPITAL is superordinate of
maternity hospital and clinic.
66
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989),p.547 67
Ibid,. p. 547. 68
The Free Dictionary. Accessed on August 16th
2011,
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/maternity+hospital. 69
Ibid, 233
43
4. The Semantic Field of “Healthy Occupations”
Table 7: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field “Healthy Occupation”
The Semantic Properties
The Lexemes
DOCTOR NURSE DENTIST
The principal activity in people‟s
life that people do to earn money
+ + +
Serving patients + + +
Fundamental quantity + + +
Take care of people‟s teeth _ _ +
Providing care to patients +/_ + +/_
Can set up a privacy clinic /
institution
+ _ +
Responsible to patient + _ +
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are
hypernyms of healthy occupation.
The table above shows that Doctor means a person has principal activity
that people do to earn money, works in hospital to serve patients and has a
responsible to make a patient get well. Doctor can prescribe medication to patient
and also can set up a privacy clinic. According to Medicine.net doctor: in a
medical context, any medical professional with an MD, a PhD, or any other
doctoral degree. The term doctor is quite unspecific. A doctor may, for example,
44
be a physician, psychologist, biomedical scientist, dentist, or veterinarian.70
In
nonmedical context, a professor of history might be addressed as a doctor, an
eminent theologian might be named a doctor of a church, and a person awarded an
honorary doctorate by a college or university might also be called a doctor.71
Nurse means a person has principal activity that people do to earn money,
works in hospital to serve patient with providing care to patients but nurse cannot
give prescribe medication to patient and has not a responsible to make a patients
get well, beside that a nurse cannot set up a privacy clinic or medics institution.
According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medical nurse
is a person trained in nursing care.72
Registered nurses (RNs) are registered and
licensed by a state to care for the sick and to promote health. They work in
hospitals, nursing homes, physicians‟ offices, clinics, workplaces, schools, and
patients‟ homes.
Types of nurses
1. Nurse Midwifery has a special training in prenatal and postnatal care,
labor, and delivery.
2. Nurse Practitioners or nurse clinicians are trained to provide health
services (such as preventive care, physical examinations, and health
counseling) under the supervision of a physician.
70
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9237 71
Ibid. 72
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989),p.735
45
3. Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), who are trained to provide basic
care for patients under the supervision of physicians and RNs.
Nurses‟ aides assist nurses in hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics.73
Dentist means a person has principal activity that people do to earn
money, that works in hospital to serve patient with take care of people‟s teeth and
has a responsible to make a patient get well. A dentist can set up a privacy clinic
or institution. According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of
Medicine dentist is the equivalent of the family practitioner for teeth.74
Dentist
perform regular checkups, clean teeth, fill cavities, extract teeth, correct the
problems with tooth alignment, and provide and fit bridges and/or dentures to
replace missing teeth. They also check for cancer of the mouth, perform cosmetic
procedures and give general advice on how to care for the teeth and gums.75
The table shows that the lexemes “doctor” is superordinate of the lexemes
dentist.
73
Ibid.. p. 735 74
Ibid, p.324 75
Ibid, p.342
46
5. The Semantic Field of “ The Liquid of Body”
Table 8: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of
“The Liquid of the Body”
The Semantic Properties The Lexemes
BLOOD URINE
A substance that is liquid at
room temperature and pressure
+ +
A substance in the fluid state of
matter having no fixed shape but
a fixed volume
+ +
That which has mass and
occupies space; "an atom is the
smallest indivisible unit of
matter
+ +
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are
hypernyms of healthy occupation.
From the explanation of the table blood means a substance that is liquid at
room temperature and pressure, a substance in the fluid state of matter having no
fixed shape but a fixed volume, which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is
the smallest indivisible unit of matte. Blood is a much spread in human body and
has a red color. According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of
Medical blood is the sticky red fluid that circulates in our veins and arteries.76
Almost half the volume of blood consists of cells, which include red blood cells
76
Ibid,. p. 182
47
(or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leukocytes), and platelets or
thrombocytes.77
Urine means blood means a substance that is liquid at room temperature
and pressure, a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a
fixed volume, which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is the smallest
indivisible unit of matte. According to The American Medical Association
Encyclopedia of Medicine urine is the pale yellow fluid produced by the kidneys
and excreted from the body via the ureters, bladder, and urethra.78
Urine carriers
waste products, and excessive water or chemical substances from the body.
The table above shows there are no lexemes which have a close meaning
because there is no similar component of each other.
77
Ibid,. p. 182. 78
Ibid, p. 1027
48
6. The Semantic Field of “Medicine”
Table 9: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Medicine”
The Semantic Properties The Lexemes
DRUG TABLET
The science of dealing with the
maintenance of health and the
prevention and treatment of disease
+ +
A substance that is used as a medicine
or narcotic
+/_ _
The branches of medical science that
deal with nonsurgical techniques
_ +
The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are
hypernyms of medicine.
From the explanations of the table drug means the science of dealing with
the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease, a substance
that is used as a medicine or narcotic. According to The American Medical
Association Encyclopedia of Medicine drugs include prescribe medicines, over-
the-counter remedies, and the recreational, social, and illicit use of drugs, such as
cocaine.79
Many foods and drinks contain small quantities of substances classed as
drugs tea, coffee, and cola drinks, for example, all contain caffeine, which is both
a stimulant and diuretic drug.80
79
Ibid, p. 376 80
Ibid,. p. 376.
49
Tablet means the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and
the prevention and treatment of disease, a substance that is used as a medicine or
narcotic, the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
According to The Medicine.net tablet is tablet is In pharmacy, a
medication, usually mixed with a binder powder, molded and pressed into the
form of a tablet, traditionally circular or disk-shaped, but more recently also
oblong or differently shaped. From the French tablets, little table.
From the table explained that there are no lexemes which have a close
meaning because there is no similar component on each other.
50
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Semantic field is a group of words that are related because they are from
the same area of knowledge or interest. In the study of it, lexicon is the focus
of the study. This study states that lexicon in every language is all lexemes
(words) system which related in meaning, and can be restructured as phoneme
in grammatical study and a lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological
analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are
different forms of the same word.
The research data are lexemes in the semantic field in the health text of
The Global Health and Travel Magazine. The data are analyzed by using the
componential theory (a basic study of lexical field in determining semantics
relations of different lexical components in one lexical field). It also can be
used to define the sense of lexical items in dictionary making. The sense of a
lexical item is the composition of semantic components. Such composition of
semantic components can be analyzed into its component part. The theory is
used to identity components of meaning containing simultaneous semantic
reaction. Positive semantic reaction (+) means “presence of or yes”, negative
semantic reaction (-) means “absence of or not”, positive/negative semantic
reaction (+/-) means that a componential both, „can be yes‟ or „can be not at
all‟.
51
On the basis of such components, lexemes are then classified into some
features of semantic field that make on the table form.
On the basis of analysis that found on the health text in the global health
and travel magazine, there are 6 semantic fields namely, the semantic field of
medical treatment, in the liquid of body, medical center, chronic illness,
healthy occupation, and medicine. Those semantic fields are classified into
lexemes that occur on the every text. Many lexemes of those semantic fields
have a relation each other such as synonym and class inclusion
(superordinate).
B. Suggestions
The researcher suggests for understanding the definition of the
semantic field and its agencies, also the application of the componential
analysis theory. They are the important elements to make easier to analyze
the semantic field on the text and hoping the reader will be easier to know
what the message.
The research uses some health texts of the Global Health and
Travel Magazine as the unit of analysis of the research. The researcher
hopes that for further researches, the coverage can be more expanded to
include more texts, not only health text, but also more than one magazine
in order to have an extra comprehensive research in analyzing the semantic
field theory and the application of the componential analysis theory.
52
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