Amra 2 - Intro to Distribution

A Compilation on AÉqÉë

INTRODUCTIONTO

AÉrÉÑuÉåïS, SìurÉaÉÑhÉ &

AÉqÉë


INTRODUCTION

AÉrÉÑuÉåïS

There is an intimate relation between man and nature. Man cannot survive without Mother Nature, which has fulfilled basic needs for him and his life. Especially biological environment, which includes plant kingdom and animal kingdom. Almost all plants of Universe are used both as food and medicine.Ayurveda is one of ancient systems of medicine, which is still practiced in India. In recent years it has been a topic of interest in developing and exporting the depth of science.

Ayurveda is combination of 2 words--Ayu – means life span that is from first breath to death

-Veda – KnowledgeWhich in total means nature of life. The science which gives full knowledge of life

span is called Ayurveda. On the basis of “ xÉuÉïÇ SìurÉÇ

mÉÉgcÉpÉÉæÌiÉMÇü AÎxqÉlÉç AjÉåï” every material substance in the

universe is a medicine. Ayurveda has dealt with hundreds of medicines and has

also given freedom to utilize any substance as medicine which helps to alleviate

the disease. A finished medicinal product of other mineral or animal or plant origin

is said to be a Dravya, because these contain a specific quality and actions that

gives relief to patients from the sufferings. It is traditionally considered as part of

Vedas. Both Charakacharya and Sushrutacharya considered Ayurveda as an

Upaveda of Atharvaveda.

This medicinal science is as old as the Vedas. It is an outcome of practical experiences of trial and error and careful investigations perceived by sages in ancient days. Medicine is naturally born out of primary instinct for self preservation. Each and every systems of medicine from various parts of world


including Indian system of medicine must have grown out of a necessity of overcoming injury, sickness and pain. The pre historic art of selecting substances which could be assimilated with the help of boiling, cooking, pounding, drying and compounding and thereby not only alleviating the disease but also providing nourishment and protection to different organs. “Ayurveda” is mainly concerned with prolongation of healthy life and prevention of diseases and curing the diseases or uprooting the diseases from cellular level.Ayurveda, the science of life was brought to earth by sage Bharadwaja. It was recalled by Lord Brahma, and passed to Dakshaprajapathi from there to Indra and passed to Ashwini kumaras in this way it had traveled long way. On reaching the earth, served many living beings in attaining healthy life – According to some scholars this science is Upaveda of Atharvaveda. It is the scientific discipline, which was discovered and developed by our sages, in ancient times to keep the people and themselves to live longer life free from disease, pain and sorrow and also to attain the purusharthas – Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha

The science of Ayurveda is having 8 branches viz. Kaya, Bala, Graha, Urdhwanga, Shalya, Damstra, Jara and Vrisha. In all branches there in active usage of drugs.

Entire science of Ayurveda is revolving around 3 Sutras and they are like 3 pillars

on which Ayurveda is built. They are –

1. Hetu or Nidana

2. Linga or Lakshana

3. Aushadha

And are for both rogi and swastha. Among these Aushadha is very important,

without which aim of Ayurveda can’t be achieved. Aushadha has become part of

treatment. It is an instrumental aid for the physician.

The drugs can be classified as Dravya, Bhutha and Adravya Bhuta according to line of treatment.The dravyabhuta drugs are classified into 3 types.1. Drugs of Herbal Origin2. Drugs of Animal Origin3. Drugs of Mineral Origin

Among the innumerable known and unknown drugs present in this world, I have

made a humble attempt to compile details about a drug Amra.


INTRODUCTION TO SìurÉaÉÑhÉ

The study of drugs is branched into a subject known as Dravyaguna Vijnana.

Though not separately dealt as one among the Asthangas, it is having scattered

references in all its branches. Man has always been a keen observer of nature. He

observed what other animals did or ate when they got injured and then tried it on

himself and his fellow beings. At first he used the drugs as such in its raw form

but later he developed certain techniques to make drug more conducible and potent

along with it being palatable. This process is called samskara.

Then he started to quest into season for its action and disease with help of certain

parameters namely-Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka, Prabhava and Karma.

Thus actual form of Dravyaguna Vijnana came into existence along with the

development of itself based on experiences of great Acharyas while treating

different conditions.

The author of various textbooks has given classification of drugs into categories

for easy understanding. The description of drugs was later dealt by Nighantukaras

in their Nighantus. It flourished till Muslim invasion on India. At that time there


was addition of diseases and also inclusion of drugs, which acted as medicine for

same.

INTRODUCTION TO AÉqÉë

Amra is a popular fruit in use since early days. It is mentioned in Jaimineeya

Brahmana (2,156), Brihadaranyaka (4, 3, 36) and other Upanishads.

The commentator on Sankhyayana grihya sutra (1, 11, 2) calls it as “Phalottama”.

But in Ashtanga Hridaya, Draaksha is said as phalottama. Probably in earliest

times, Amra had a position much lower than that of Draksha but gradually it

occupied its due place.

Geographical factors also might have played an important role in this process.

While Rasala denotes succulent and juicy nature. Sahakara signifies magnificent

fragrance of its fruits. Sahakara was in great demand in ancient days in perfumery.

(Be.Sam.77.27). Panini has mentioned Amra (8, 4, 5) and also Patanjali at several

places (1, 1, 1; 1, 2, 45; 4, 3,155; 6, 1, 91). In classical literature the synonyms चू�त

and सहका�र are mostly used.

It’s a tree growing to about 20 m ht bearing clusters of yellow flowers in all over

India.

Ripened, unripened, artificially ripened and dried fruits of amra are used in various

ways and forms to attain different benefits.


EimÉÌ¨É & ÌlÉÂÌ£ü

– आम्रः� अम्यत� प्रा�प्यत� आर�ग्य� बलं� चू अने�ने ।

अम्यत� अभि�लिलंष्यत� आम्रः� ।

Historical Review


Mango is the main fruit of Asia and this fruit has developed its own importance all over the world. Being an useful and delicious fruit, it was the part of culture and religion since long time. Besides its fine taste and good qualities, it is called as the king of fruits. Mango, Mangifera indica, is the natural fruit of India and since long, it is the choicest fruit in India and abroad. This fruit has been in cultivation in India sub-continent for well over 4000 years and has been the favourite of the kings and commoners because of its nutritive value, taste, attractive fragrance and health promoting qualities and now it is recognized as one of the best fruits in the world market.

Historical and philological facts bear that M. indica has been introduced to the archipilogic regions of India from the mainland. The mango is said to have originated in the Indo-Burma region (Decandolle, 1903; Popenoe, 1920; Vavilov, 1949-50). On the basis of the presence of maximum number of allied species growing in Malaysia, some workers are lead to believe that Malaysian region is the original home of mango, as about 20 species are grown there. Mango is undoubtedly under cultivation for more than 4000 years in eastern India and Burma (Decandolle, 1904).

The mango had been introduced into certain islands of Asiatic archipelago within the memory of living men. The name common in Philippines ‘Manga’ shows a foreign origin. Vavilov (1926) supported that mango originated in Indo-Myanmar region. Hwen Sang, a Chinese traveller who visited India between 632-645 AD, was the first person to take mango to outside world. Early in fifteenth century, pish voyagers, Muslim missionaries and Portuguese carried mango to South East Asia and Philippines. In the beginning of sixteenth century, Portuguese introduced mango from Goa into South Africa and from Bombay to Egypt in 1825.

Mango was introduced into western hemisphere when it was first planted in Brazil in 1700 and thereafter, it was introduced into West Indies around 1740 (Chandler, 1958). Hayes (1957) advocated that mango was being cultivated at the head of the Persian Gulf by sixteenth century. It was introduced in Philippines after 1600, in the Moluccas in 1865 and in the later part of eighteenth century (Burns and Prayag, 1921).

It is also reported that the mango was being grown in England under glass house conditions as early as 1690 and trees at Kew were in fruiting during 1818. In Mexico, it was introduced before 1778 by the pish travellers from the Philippines. It was cultivated in Barbados in 1742 and in Jamaica in 1782.


According to Pope (1929), it was introduced in Hawaii between 1800 and 1820.In 1809, it was carried from Mexico to Hawaii.

Mango was first planted in Florida and California in 1861 and 1880, respectively. Later in 1889, USDA introduced grafted Mulgoba variety from India into Florida. This genus Mangifera belongs to family Anacardiaceae, originated in South-East Asia at an early date. According to Mukherjee (1958), the natural spread of the genus is limited to the Indo-Malaysian region, stretching from India to the Philippines and New Guinea in the east. There are 41 valid species of Mangifera which are distributed throughout the world.

Mukherjee (1949) observed that this genus had its origin in the continental region of Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and Malaysia peninsula. The highest concentration of Mangifera species is reported to be in the Malay Peninsula followed by Sunda Islands and the eastern peninsula.

He further reported that occurrence of wild form of M. indica, allied species M. sylvatica and M. coloneura, fossil leaf impressions of M. pentandra and presence of numerous varieties in India indicates that M. indica had originated in Indo-Burma region (Mukerjee, 1958).

A few other species M. foetida, M. caesia and M. odorata are confined to Malaysian region.

The cultivar M. khasiana recorded earlier is no longer traceable.

Synonyms & their etymology

Cha. Su. Ash. Aa. Bha. Ra. Sha. Kai. Chakra. Ra. Gad. Sho. vri. A. A. M


Sa. Sa. Hri Ni Pra Ni Sa Ni Mar Ni Ni Mad K

CHUTA

RASALA

ATISOUBHE

SAHAKARA

KAMASHARA

KAMAVALLABHA

KAMANGA

KEERASTA

MADHAVADRUMA

BHRAGABHISTA

SHEEDHURASA

KOKILOTAMA

VASANTHADOTA

AMLAPHALA

MEDHAKHYA

MANMATHALAYA

MADHVAVASA

Cha. Sa.

Su. Sa.

Ash. Hri

Aa. Ni

Bha. Pra

Ra. Ni

Sha. Sa

Kai. Ni Chakra.

Ra. Mar

Gad. Ni

Sho. Ni

vri. Mad

A. K

A. M

SUMADANA


PIKARAGA

NRIPAPRIYA

PRIYAMBU

KOKILAVASA

MAKANDA

MADHUVRATHA

VASANTHADRU

PIKAPRIYA

STHREEPRIYA

GANDHABANDHU

ALIPRIYA

MADIRASAVA

पय��य��

आम्रः� – अम्यत� प्रा�प्यत� आर�ग्य� बलं� चू अने�ने ।

It provides good health and strength.


अम्यत� अभि�लिलंष्यत� आम्रः� ।(निने.आ.)

Many people like this fruit.

चू�त� – च्य�तनित रस� चू�त� । (निने.आ.)

चू�ष्यत� इनित वा� । चूष्यत� रस� । चू�ष प�वा� (��.दी%.)

It possess plenty of juice.

Its juice is sucked by many.

रस�लं� – रसमलंनित रस�लं� । अलं ��षणा�दी( (��.दी%.)

Its taste is very much palatable and lovable.

सहका�र – ……सहका�र�ऽनितस(र�� । . अनितशयियत� स(र�मस्य। (��.दी%.)

The plant appears beautiful with its flowers and fruits. का�मशर� का�मवाल्लं� का�म�ङ्ग का/र�ष्टः� मधु2वादृम� �4ङ्ग��5ष्टः� स5धु2रस� मधु�लं5 का�निकालं�त्सवा� वासन्तदूत� अम्लंफलं� म�दी�ढ्य मन्मथा�लंय� मध्वा�वा�स� स2मदीने� निपकार�गः� ने4पनिप्राय� निप्रायम्ब2 का�निकालं�सवा

( इनित र�जनिनेघन्टु2)


म�कान्दी� षटुAप�दी�नितलिथा� मधु2व्रत� वासन्तद्रुः� निपकानिप्राय� स्त्री5निप्राय� गःन्धबन्ध2� अनितनिप्राय�

( इनित शब्दीरत्ने�वालं5) मदिदीर�सखः�

( इनित जटु�धुर�)

Vernacular names

English: Mango tree, spring tree, cupid’s favourite, cuckoo’s joy.

Bengali: amri.

Hindi: aam, amb, aamchur.

Kannada: maavu, ambo, mavinahannu.

Malayalam: maavu, amram, chutam, mampalam, maava, manna.

Marathi: amba.

Panjabi: am, amb, mawashi.

Tamil: maanga, mau, manpalam.

Telugu: mamidi, amramu.

Arab: ambaj.

Assam: am, ghariam

Konkani: ambo.


Oria: am

Parsi: amba, naghzak, naghyak.

Santhal: ul.

Sing: makandamu, etamba, amba.

Sindh: amb,amu

Classical categorization

Charaka:

Hridya

Chardinigraha

Pureesha sangrahaniya

Mutrasangrahaniya.

Sushrutha: Nyagrodhadi gana.

Vagbhata: Nyagrodhadi gana.


Habit & Habitat (Morphology)

LATIN NAME: Mangifera indicaFAMILY: Anacardecea

Botanical description

A large spreading evergreen tree, up to 45 m height with a heavy doom shaped crown, straight, stout bole and thick rough dark grey bark; leaves simple, crowded at the ends of branches, linear-oblong or elliptic, lanceolate, acute, acuminate or sub obtuse, flowers small, pungent odour, reddish white or yellowish green in large many-flowered pubescent panicle, longer than the leaves, fruits large, freshly drupes, green, orange, yellow or red in colour. Seed solitary, enclosed in a hard compressed fibrous endocarp.Leaves-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 10-30 cm long.Flowers- small, reddish white or yellowish green, in large panicles.Fruits- variable in form and size, green, yellowish or red, fleshy.Seeds- solitary, ovoid-oblique, encased in a large hard fibrous endocarp.


Tree Leaves Flowers

Fruit Seed

Distribution

Throughout India in forests up to 1200m also widely cultivated.

It occurs wide or semi-wild nearly throughout India in tropical and semi-tropical

hilly forests, particularly nullahs and ravines.

Its common in sub-tropical Himalayas, Chota Nagpur, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa,

Assam, hill forests of eastern and western Ghats, Deccan and Andaman islands.

Commonly cultivated its fruits throughout the country.

Amra 2 - Intro to Distribution

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