AMP-AC-Project-2015_V4 (1)
1
and weekends, winter/spring/summer breaks, and holidays, but also for during-day better control of the temperatures of the classrooms. In Powers Annex, Chilled Water Air Handler Unit is used and controlled by analog controller set to 73°F. 30% of air is conditioned outside air which is an important aspect of the classroom – air quality for students. Simple physics is used to calculate the amount of energy used for cooling. Someone said “a Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system is like a faucet and your building envelope like a cup. The leakier your cup is, the more you have to open up the faucet 1 .” For example, a room may be hot in the morning and cooler in the afternoon because the temperature outside of the building is in constant movement, and therefore more or less cooling is needed based on the outside temperature. Other factors impacting heat gain are location of the room; equipment in the room; the number of students in the room and their activity level. To be precise, heat flow depends linearly on the difference of temperatures of the inside and outside, ΔT, insulation of the building, U-value, and square footage of the surface area of the perimeter envelope, A, i.e., in BTU/h. A more modern formula for heat gain is given in BTU, where CDD stands for Cooling Degree Days. CDD is the number of degrees a day’s temperature is higher than a set room temperature. Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161 Efficiency of Air Conditioning at Barry University Riann Zabaleta , Cassandra Denning , Vania Arboleda, Brittni Bent, Suheyl Cloak, Wesam Azaizeh, Megan Henneberry, Thalia Altamirano , Michael Wise, Maurizio Giannotti, Sanja Zivanovic Department of Biology & College of Health Sciences Barry University 11300 NE 2 nd Ave. Miami Shores, FL 33161 Phone: (305) 899-3212 [email protected] Abstract Introduction Arduino Configuration Data & Results Conclusions & Future Directions References After years of complaints from professors, staff, and students that certain rooms and/or buildings at Barry University are very cold, we decided to look into efficiency of air conditioning (A/C) that is in use. There are several items that can be looked into when it comes to improving A/C efficiency such as temperature of the room, humidity, air quality, A/C unit itself, and level of CO2 in the room. For the purpose of this project we will focus on evaluating room temperature and humidity based on the outside climate conditions. In particular, we will collect temperature and humidity measurements of several classrooms. We use the Arduino platform to develop an economical temperature and humidity logger. Arduino is an open-source microcontroller unit that utilizes an 8-bit AVR chip and other hardware which allow it to be easily programmable and interfaceable . We interface an Arduino Uno R3 with a data logging shield for SD data storage and real time clock capabilities, and an HTU21D-F high precision temperature and humidity sensor. The Arduino is programmed to awaken from sleep at set intervals of time to write the sensor values to the SD card. Once data is collected, we will compare it with recommended room temperature and humidity, calculate possible energy savings, and essentially obtain cost savings. A/C Efficiency An Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller is used as the platform for the sensors and SD memory card. The HTU21D- F by Adafruit is used as a dual sensor. It is able to detect humidity with an accuracy of ±2% and temperature with an accuracy of ± 1%. For data logging, the Adafruit Data Logging Shield ** was used. For convenience, it houses a built-in Real Time Clock (RTC) with a dedicated coin cell battery for persistent time keeping. The shield does not come with soldered headers to plug in to the Arduino pins, so stacking headers were purchased and soldered onto the shield. Likewise, plain headers were soldered onto HTU21D-F sensor, which in turn was soldered onto the prototyping area in the center of the data logging shield. Both components communicate with the Arduino using I 2 C protocol, a communication standard that uses only two pins and can handle interfacing many complex boards together. The SCL pin is the clock (timing) signal, an the SDA pin is the data signal. Connections as shown below were soldered from the sensor pinouts to the Arduino pins. The software libraries “SD.h”, “Wire.h”, “Adafruit_HTU21DF.h”, and “RTClib.h” were used to call sensor values and write data. Finally, the Arduinos were powered from 6 AA batteries in series. Figure 1. Left: Arduino Uno R3. Middle: HTU21D-F temperature and humidity sensor. Right: Adafruit Data Logging Shield. 1. Trane. Trane Air Conditioning Manual. 53rd ed. South Florida: Trane, 1977. 2. Turner, Wayne C., and Steve Doty. Energy Management Handbook. 8th ed. N.p.: 1466578289, 2012. 3. http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/50152/If-You-Think-Thermostat- Setbacks-Don-t-Save-Energy-You-re-Wrong. 4. "R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials." Architect's Technical Reference. http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moisture-protection/rvalues.html. Archtoolbox. 5. "Wall Assembly R - Value.“ http://www.easternct.edu/sustainenergy/EnergySeminars/documents/RValueTables.pdf. Eastern Connecticut State University. Many buildings in Florida are perhaps much cooler than necessary, the reason being not just high temperature outside, but the combination of high temperature and high humidity. “To most people 75°F and 60% RH feels like 79°F and 30% RH 1 .” Turning the A/C on is the easiest way to get rid of moisture in the air, but what is the aftermath of that? In recent years we have been hearing a lot about global warming due to human impact; scientists have predicted the rise of the ocean, with a great impact on Florida’s coast; many organizations are promoting Earth/energy saving. “Florida’s per capita residential electricity demand is among the highest in the country, due in part to high air-conditioning use during hot summer months” (FESC). The situation at Barry University is not different. Most classrooms are freezing. We watch students wearing sweaters inside while outside is 90°F and at the same time we fear the rise of the ocean? It is clear that over-cooling means wasting energy, so should we sit and watch or should we do something about it? In this project, we investigate A/C efficiency of Powers Annex building; we calculate possible energy savings per year and turn this into cost. Finally, based on our results, we give an estimate of the possible energy and cost saving of the whole university. Many factors impact efficiency of A/C such as temperature, humidity, air quality, A/C unit itself, insulation of the building, etc. For the purpose of this project we are looking into energy savings if analog controllers were replaced by digital ones and controlled remotely. This does not just allow for temperatures setbacks when classrooms are not in use, such as nights 0 20000000 40000000 60000000 80000000 100000000 120000000 140000000 65 70 75 80 85 90 Temp in F 166C Temp in F 166B 3/13/15 6:15pm - 3/15/15 1am Ceiling R VALUE 5/8" GYPSUM BOARD 0.56 6" BALT INSULATION 19 ACOUSTICAL CEILING TILE 1.485 total R 21.045 u value 0.048 total A 442.17 UA 21.01 Window R VALUE ALUM. SINGLE HUNG WINDOW 2.78 1/4" GLASS 0.91 ALUMINIUM WINDOW SILL (TYPICAL) 0.05 total R 3.74 u value 0.27 Total A 13.14 UA 3.51 Total UA 365.51 Q(weekdays) 5976124.54 Q(weekends) 1676761.13 Q(nights) 1746626.18 Q(breaks) 1342160.81 total Q without body heat 10741672.6 5 Body Heat 4074000 total Q with body heat 14815672.6 5 Kilowatts 4296.55 Cost (one room) $386.69 Total Cost (Powers Annex) $1,546.76 Wall R VALUE 8" CONTRETE MASONRY UNIT 1.11 CEMENT PLASTER 0.2 5/8" GYPSUM BOARD 0.56 total R 1.87 u value 0.53 total A 634.48 UA 339.29 Door R VALUE insulated metal door 15 total R 15 u value 0.067 Total A 25.40 UA 1.70
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Transcript of AMP-AC-Project-2015_V4 (1)
and weekends, winter/spring/summer breaks, and holidays, but also for during-day better control of the temperatures of the classrooms. In Powers Annex, Chilled Water Air Handler Unit is used and controlled by analog controller set to 73°F. 30% of air is conditioned outside air which is an important aspect of the classroom – air quality for students. Simple physics is used to calculate the amount of energy used for cooling. Someone said “a Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system is like a faucet and your building envelope like a cup. The leakier your cup is, the more you have to open up the faucet1.” For example, a room may be hot in the morning and cooler in the afternoon because the temperature outside of the building is in constant movement, and therefore more or less cooling is needed based on the outside temperature. Other factors impacting heat gain are location of the room; equipment in the room; the number of students in the room and their activity level. To be precise, heat flow depends linearly on the difference of temperatures of the inside and outside, ΔT, insulation of the building, U-value, and square footage of the surface area of the perimeter envelope, A, i.e.,
in BTU/h. A more modern formula for heat gain is given in BTU, where CDD stands for Cooling Degree Days. CDD is the number of degrees a day’s temperature is higher than a set room temperature.
Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161
Efficiency of Air Conditioning at Barry UniversityRiann Zabaleta, Cassandra Denning, Vania Arboleda, Brittni Bent, Suheyl Cloak, Wesam Azaizeh,
Megan Henneberry, Thalia Altamirano , Michael Wise, Maurizio Giannotti, Sanja Zivanovic
Department of Biology & College of Health Sciences
Barry University
11300 NE 2nd Ave.
Miami Shores, FL 33161
Phone: (305) 899-3212
Abstract
Introduction
Arduino Configuration
Data & Results
Conclusions & Future Directions
References
After years of complaints from professors, staff, and students that certain rooms and/or buildings at Barry University are very cold, we decided to look into efficiency of air conditioning (A/C) that is in use. There are several items that can be looked into when it comes to improving A/C efficiency such as temperature of the room, humidity, air quality, A/C unit itself, and level of CO2 in the room. For the purpose of this project we will focus on evaluating room temperature and humidity based on the outside climate conditions. In particular, we will collect temperature and humidity measurements of several classrooms. We use the Arduino platform to develop an economical temperature and humidity logger. Arduino is an open-source microcontroller unit that utilizes an 8-bit AVR chip and other hardware which allow it to be easily programmable and interfaceable . We interface an Arduino Uno R3 with a data logging shield for SD data storage and real time clock capabilities, and an HTU21D-F high precision temperature and humidity sensor. The Arduino is programmed to awaken from sleep at set intervals of time to write the sensor values to the SD card. Once data is collected, we will compare it with recommended room temperature and humidity, calculate possible energy savings, and essentially obtain cost savings.
A/C Efficiency
An Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller is used as the platform for the sensors and SD memory card. The HTU21D-F by Adafruit is used as a dual sensor. It is able to detect humidity with an accuracy of ±2% and temperature with an accuracy of ± 1%. For data logging, the Adafruit Data Logging Shield** was used. For convenience, it houses a built-in Real Time Clock (RTC) with a dedicated coin cell battery for persistent time keeping. The shield does not come with soldered headers to plug in to the Arduino pins, so stacking headers were purchased and soldered onto the shield. Likewise, plain headers were soldered onto HTU21D-F sensor, which in turn was soldered onto the prototyping area in the center of the data logging shield.
Both components communicate with the Arduino using I2C protocol, a communication standard that uses only two pins and can handle interfacing many complex boards together. The SCL pin is the clock (timing) signal, an the SDA pin is the data signal. Connections as shown below were soldered from the sensor pinouts to the Arduino pins. The software libraries “SD.h”, “Wire.h”, “Adafruit_HTU21DF.h”, and “RTClib.h” were used to call sensor values and write data. Finally, the Arduinos were powered from 6 AA batteries in series.
Figure 1. Left: Arduino Uno R3. Middle: HTU21D-F temperature and humidity sensor. Right: Adafruit Data Logging Shield.
1. Trane. Trane Air Conditioning Manual. 53rd ed. South Florida: Trane, 1977. 2. Turner, Wayne C., and Steve Doty. Energy Management Handbook. 8th ed. N.p.: 1466578289, 2012. 3. http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/50152/If-You-Think-Thermostat-Setbacks-Don-t-Save-Energy-
You-re-Wrong.4. "R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials." Architect's Technical Reference. http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-
systems/thermal-moisture-protection/rvalues.html. Archtoolbox. 5. "Wall Assembly R - Value.“ http://www.easternct.edu/sustainenergy/EnergySeminars/documents/RValueTables.pdf. Eastern
Connecticut State University.
Many buildings in Florida are perhaps much cooler than necessary, the reason being not just high temperature outside, but the combination of high temperature and high humidity. “To most people 75°F and 60% RH
feels like 79°F and 30% RH1.” Turning the A/C on is the easiest way to get rid of moisture in the air, but what is the aftermath of that? In recent years we have been hearing a lot about global warming due to human impact; scientists have predicted the rise of the ocean, with a great impact on Florida’s coast; many organizations are promoting Earth/energy saving. “Florida’s per capita residential electricity demand is among the highest in the country, due in part to high air-conditioning use during hot summer months” (FESC). The situation at Barry University is not different. Most classrooms are freezing. We watch students wearing sweaters inside while outside is 90°F and at the same time we fear the rise of the ocean? It is clear that over-cooling means wasting energy, so should we sit and watch or should we do something about it? In this project, we investigate A/C efficiency of Powers Annex building; we calculate possible energy savings per year and turn this into cost. Finally, based on our results, we give an estimate of the possible energy and cost saving of the whole university.
Many factors impact efficiency of A/C such as temperature, humidity, air quality, A/C unit itself, insulation of the building, etc. For the purpose of this project we are looking into energy savings if analog controllers were replaced by digital ones and controlled remotely. This does not just allow for temperatures setbacks when classrooms are not in use, such as nights
0 20000000 40000000 60000000 80000000 100000000 120000000 14000000065
70
75
80
85
90
Temp in F 166C Temp in F 166B
3/13/15 6:15pm - 3/15/15 1am
Ceiling R VALUE5/8" GYPSUM BOARD 0.566" BALT INSULATION 19
ACOUSTICAL CEILING TILE 1.485total R 21.045u value 0.048total A 442.17
UA 21.01Window R VALUE
ALUM. SINGLE HUNG WINDOW 2.78
1/4" GLASS 0.91ALUMINIUM WINDOW SILL
(TYPICAL) 0.05total R 3.74u value 0.27Total A 13.14
UA 3.51
Total UA 365.51Q(weekdays) 5976124.54Q(weekends) 1676761.13
Q(nights) 1746626.18Q(breaks) 1342160.81
total Q without body heat 10741672.65
Body Heat 4074000total Q with body heat 14815672.65
Kilowatts 4296.55Cost (one room) $386.69
Total Cost (Powers Annex) $1,546.76
Wall R VALUE8" CONTRETE MASONRY
UNIT 1.11CEMENT PLASTER 0.2
5/8" GYPSUM BOARD 0.56total R 1.87u value 0.53total A 634.48
UA 339.29Door R VALUE
insulated metal door 15total R 15u value 0.067Total A 25.40
UA 1.70
