INDONESIA: USURPATIONS

CHAPTER 1 & 2ASSAULTS & Sitor: Reconstructing the

Past

SYNOPSIS:-

CHARACTERS PLACESEVENTS

MAIN ISSUE

CRITICAL ANALYSIS:-

DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPHS

• ROADS OF JAKARTA: “roads were edged with red mud”, “corrugated-iron fences”, buses with smoking exhausts”, “a

feeling of great choked city”, the highways marked with rising smog”. “News-boys and beggar-boys with deformities worked the road intersections”.

HISTORICITY OF INDONESIA

•Hindu-Buddhist past of Indonesia •the abolition of Dutch language by the Japanese when they occupied Indonesia in 1942

DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION

• “Suryadi was in his mid fifties, he was small, dark frown, frail looking. He was born in east Java…….”•ABOUT SITOR “a small man of fifty-six, with a small bony face, Chinese-Negvito, with bristling eye-brows, a canvas shoulder bag with books gave him an odd touch of contemporary undergraduate style”.

ETHNOGRAPHIC DETAILS :

• Sitor’s village, for being reinitiated into the tribe. • the skull of his grandfather was taken out of the stone sarcophagus with the lizard of good luck carved on the lid. • Sitor held a plate with this skull and a lemon, the lemon an agent of cleansing.

DIALOGUES:

•A dialogue between Suryadi and his daughter,

he said, “But don’t you have a mind any longer? Do you have to go to that book every time? Can’t you

think yourself now?” she said’ “The Quran is the source of all wisdom

and virtue”.

VIVID AND LONG DESCRIPTIONS :

• of the hotel logo of Borobudur Intercontinental. • The ground plan of the Buddhist temple in cultural Java was the basis of that logo; three concentric dotted circles within five rectangles, stepped at the corners with the rippling effect. It was stamped on ashtrays; it was woven into carpets; in the elevators; it was rendered in tiles on the floor of large pool where the ripple of blue water added to the ripple of pattern.

CHAPTER 3

•Synopsis •CHARACTERS PLACESEVENTSMAIN ISSUE

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

•Authorial Perspective•Naipaul has always positioned himself alone stateless observer , devoid of ideology but he makes assumptions in very settle way.• Naipaul added his personal view about Muslims.

DESCRIPTIVE PASSAGES

• Naipaul’s works explore the themes of dissatisfaction , decay and he focuses on the ugly or darker aspects of Indonesia.

• land as overpopulated and the rivers were muddy and there were rice fields around Surabaya. The houses were narrow, they were at a little distance from the road and the yards were clean but shady. there were banana trees, coconut, mango and sugar cane cultivated at the land of Surabaya. The rice fields began right at the back of houses. The population was four million at the beginning of the last century and now it has reached to eight millions.

CHARACTERIZATION•Prasojo , a nineteen year old college student… Prasojo had been to Arizona for a year on scholarship given by the American Field service. He spoke English well, with an American accent…he was just above the medium height and of Chinese appearance.

DIALOGUES

•Dialogue between Naipaul and Prasojo:•Prasojo: you can’t say that. You can’t spend fifteen minutes in a place and make your mind about it.•Naipaul we didn’t spend fifteen minutes

HISTORICITY

• Pesantrens• In Hindu—Buddhist days in Java, a Pesantren was a monastery which was supported by the community in return for spiritual guidance.• In the end of the 19th century, in the Dutch time, villagers want to educate their children and they began to change the Pesantren into the schools for children.

HISTORICITY

IMAGERY•Highlighted the condensed, stinky and dark images.•we walked about the narrow dirt lanes and muddy gutters between the houses at the back of the compound...there was mud and rubbish outside the rough kitchen shed"

ETHNOGRAPHY

•Description of the people and their houses.•They built their houses with distinct style and these houses has hat shaped roof. The houses containing red tile roofs and walls of woven were of poor and concrete were for not so poor. In traditional house ventilation was permitted by walls of woven bamboo and light came through gaps is the roof and they didn’t require a window

CHAPTER 4 & 5

SYNOPSIS

CHARACTERS AND PLACES

Umar kayam

Linus

Muslim ‘ KOUM’ elder

Prosojo

Darma-sastro

Village below mount merapi

Village of LinusYOGYAKARTA

JAKARTA

EVENTS • With Umar visited mount marapi , they visited Linus house • Hospitality was fabulous • With Umar and Linus they visited Home of koum ‘elder’• Koum performs religious duties of Muslim• He was satisfied with his life and present condition of village• He share his experiences when Japanese occupied Java• On asking about Sukarno he praised his leader• Sukarno was leader in Indonesia against dutch after 1945• Umar also showed traditional house of Javenese.

• Umar told story about PRAMBANAM villager as they were in conflict about religion …at once they appeared to be Muslims and on other hand they liked epics of Hindu’s• Bt as no one was their to guide them as religion of Hinduism they decided remain on composite religion• As Islam was part of composite religion.• One day in Yogyakarta tourists visited from Japan, Germany and Australia. One of them were preparing a scholarly paper on the charcoal-burners of Java• Australian apparently discovered about people who were selling tomatoes or repairing shoes or pushing food carts are Charcoal-burners.

• Naipual left for Jakarta and their he met Darma-sastro• Darma-sastro shared that ‘Among us there are now people who have lost their identities and personalities. He said that people who migrated from villages to town had left their associations with villages as they thought that going back to their villages would be degenerations.

• Darma-sastro shared that some of them have been abroad but their minds have stayed in the country.

This country needed wealth and skills but there was rage about the loss of old order and the old knowledge of good and bad .

Finally holidays ended all the multinationals and economists returned.There was peace in the corridors everything came back to its order.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

•Chapter 4 and Chapter 5

V.S NAIPAUL TRAVELOGUE EXISTS IN THIRD CATEGORY INTELLECTUAL-ANALYTIC.IN THIS VOICE OF AUTHOR EMERGES. ITS ‘OBSERVATION AND DEPTH OF ANALYSIS’

•Dissyanake and Wickramagamage gave three types of travel writing; experiential information-oriented and intellectual- Analytic

•During the course of travelogue ‘Among the Believers’ Naipaul’s personal point of views on observations and his analysis about different instances is prevalent. He has given every single detail starting from setting of locations to characterization, dialogues, imagery, and history, social and political aspects of Indonesia in detail depending on his own observations as well as on his interaction with different characters

NAIPAUL’S ASSUMPTIONS, ACTUAL TRAVEL AND NOTE TAKING , RETURN TO CENTER AND RE-ORGANIZATION OF EVENTS COULD NOT BE SAID AS ACTUAL TRAVEL WRITINGS. . . . .

• it is more influenced by author’s personal interpretations and views based on notes that he took during his travel experiences.

•Travel writing strategies

JOURNALIZING

ETHNOGRAPHY

Historical background

•Fictional Elements

IMAGERY THEMES

CHARACTERIZATION

DIALOGUE

CHAPTER 6 AND CHAPTER 7

SYNOPSIS

•Characters•Places•Events•Major Issues

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

DESCRIPTIVE PASSAGES•“in the darkness and lamplight, of wide”, “silent streets”, “past vegetable and fruit stalls, to tea plantations, over which raincloud and mist drifted, mixed with the black exhaust of buses and trucks”

CHARACTERIZATION

• Imaduddin is introduced as, His skin was smooth, his dark eyes bright, and he had a wide, humorous mouth. He was attractive, full of welcome.• another character named Sitor Situmurang: a poet is

introduced as; Sitor was a man of power in Indonesia. He had made his name with his early lyrical poems. He was now more political, general secretary of the League for National Culture; and he was represented in the anthology by three poems he wrote after a visit to China.

HISTORICITY

• the mass slaughter in Indonesia. In 1965 the communists had been wiped out. A million people had been killed, not half a million, as was now given out. And more should have been killed: there were two and a half million communists at the time. So a million and a half had escaped killing, and many of them were still around.

DIALOGUES

•a dialogue between the narrator and Imaduddin, when narrator asked; “Is there an Islamic state where that has happened?” Imaduddin replied; “Yes. In the time of Abu Bakr and Omar and all the first four Caliphs.”

IMAGES•Naipaul has shown the image of Islam in Indonesia as being passive, sarcastic which he authenticates by saying; “One day the students from the pesantren will come to Jakarta and burn down this nice hotel. Islam can become cocaine. It makes you high. You go to that mosque and you get high. And when you get high, everything that happens becomes Allah’s will.”

VIVID AND LONG DESCRIPTION

•he described the color of langsat fruit was considered the perfect colour for an Indonesian woman. The fruit was pale-ochre, a pale adobe colour; and the girl on the scooter had a clear, southern-Chinese complexion.

CONCLUSION