AMOGH WASTI SUBASH K.C. ANUDEEP SIVA SAI AGASTYA
Transcript of AMOGH WASTI SUBASH K.C. ANUDEEP SIVA SAI AGASTYA
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
2320 –5547 @ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com All rights Reserved. Page | 2108
AMOGH WASTIGraduate Student,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCEK (A),Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
(JNTUK), Kakinada, East Godavari,Andhra Pradesh, India
SUBASH K.C.Graduate Student,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCEK (A),Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
(JNTUK), Kakinada, East Godavari,Andhra Pradesh, India
ANUDEEP SIVA SAI AGASTYAGraduate Student,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCEK (A),Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada (JNTUK)
Kakinada, East Godavari,Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract — With the increase in the development activities, the utilization of nonrenewable and non-biodegradable resources has increased exponentially. This has led to the environmental pollution and hasattracted the attention of quite a number of researchers. In these past few years, the researchers havebeen probing to synthesize new category of materials and products that are eco-friendly, sustainable forusage and have better physical and chemical properties.
The fibers extracted from the natural sources provide a wide range of advantages when compared to thesynthetic reinforcement materials in the composites. Natural fibres are low in cost, low in density, non-toxic in nature, have comparable strength and possess minimum waste disposal problems during thefabrication of composite materials.
The main objective of this experimental study is to fabricate natural fibre based composite materials andto evaluate its mechanical properties. As a result, Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites isfabricated taking three different fibre weight ratios. Wet layup technique is used to manufacture thecomposites and the fibres are laid unidirectional i.e. along 90° orientation.
After the fabrication, the mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, Flexural strength, ImpactStrength and Hardness are evaluated. It is found out that the mechanical properties are enhanced withincreasing fibre weight ratio in the composite and the flexural properties are enhanced by 28%, onincreasing the fibre weight ratio by 10%.
Keywords — Natural Fibres; Banana Fibres; Polyester Resin; Wet Layup; Weight Ratio; UnidirectionalReinforcement;90° Orientation.
List of Abbreviations
B Width of specimen T Tensile load applied
BHN / HB Brinell Hardness Number Volume of composite
D Thickness of specimen Volume of fibres in composite
D1 Diameter of indentation ball Mass of fibres in composite
D2 Diameter of indentation Mass of resin in composite
E Impact energy absorbed Density of fibres
F Flexural load applied Density of resin
L Span length of specimen Flexural stress
P Hardness load applied Tensile stress
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
2320 –5547 @ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com All rights Reserved. Page | 2109
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Banana Fibre
Banana is in Musa family. Banana plant is a largeperennial herb with leaf sheaths that form pseudostem. Its height can be 3.0 m to 12.2 m surroundingwith 8 to 12 large leaves. The leaves are up to 2.7m long and 0.61 m wide. Its fruits areapproximately 10.2 cm to 30.5 cm in size. Differentparts of banana trees serve different needsincluding fruits as food sources, leaves as foodwrapping, and stems for fiber and paper pulp. It isavailable throughout Thailand and Southeast Asian,India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Hawaii,and some Pacific islands. This source of fibersprovides great strength that is used generally inproducts such as tea bags and Japanese Yen Notes.Typically, Banana plants are grown for threepurposes, viz., Food Source, Decoration or Starchand Fibre Source [1].
Figure 1. Banana Fibre
Banana fiber (Fig. 1) is a multiple celled structure.The lumens are large in relation to the wallthickness. Cross markings are rare and fiber tipspointed and flat, ribbon like individual fiberdiameter range from 14 µm to 50 µm and thelength from 0.25 cm to 1.3 cm, showing the largeoval to round lumen. Banana fiber is a natural fiberwith high strength which can be blended easilywith cotton fiber or other synthetic fibers toproduce blended fabric and textiles. It is mainlyused by cottage industry in Southern India atpresent. Banana Fiber also finds use in high qualitysecurity or currency paper, packing cloth foragriculture produce, ships towing ropes, wetdrilling cables etc. [2].
The different properties of Banana fibres are listedin Table I [3]:
TABLE I. PROPERTIES OF BANANAFIBRES
Property Range
Cellulose (%) 63- 64
Hemi Cellulose (%) 19
Lignin (%) 5
Moisture (%) 10-11
Lumen size (mm) 5
Density (g/cm3) 1.48
Young’s Modulus (GPa) 20
Flexural Modulus (GPa) 2-5
Tensile Strength (MPa) 54
B. Polyester Resin
Polyester resins are unsaturated syntheticresins formed by the reaction of dibasic organicacids and polyhydric alcohols. Polyester resins areused in sheet moulding compound, bulk mouldingcompound and the toner of laser printers. Wallpanels fabricated from polyester resins reinforcedwith fiberglass — so-called fibreglass reinforcedplastic (FRP) — are typically used in restaurants,kitchens, restrooms and other areas that requirewashable low-maintenance walls.
Figure 2. Polyester Resin
Unsaturated polyesters (Fig. 2) are condensationpolymers formed by the reaction of polyols (alsoknown as polyhydric alcohols) which are organiccompounds with multiple alcohol or hydroxylfunctional groups, with saturated or unsaturateddibasic acids. Typical polyols used are glycols suchas ethylene glycol and typical acids usedare phthalic acid and maleic acid. Water, a by-product of esterification reactions is continuouslyremoved driving the reaction to completion. Theuse of unsaturated polyesters and additives suchas styrene lowers the viscosity of the resin. Theinitially liquid resin is converted to a solidby cross-linking chains as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 3. Curing of Polyester Resin
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
2320 –5547 @ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com All rights Reserved. Page | 2110
This is done by creating free radicals at unsaturatedbonds which propagate in a chain reaction to otherunsaturated bonds in adjacent molecules therebylinking them in the process. The initial free radicalsare induced by adding a compound that easilydecomposes into free radicals. This compound isusually and incorrectly known as the catalyst.Substances used are generally organic peroxidessuch as Benzoyl Peroxide or Ethyl Methyl KetonePeroxide.
Polyester resins are thermosetting and, as withother resins, cure exothermically. The use ofexcessive catalyst can, therefore, cause charring oreven ignition during the curing process. Excessivecatalyst may also cause the product to fracture orform a rubbery material [4]. The differentproperties of Polyester resin are listed in Table II.
TABLE II. PROPERTIES OF POLYESTERRESIN
Property Values
Density (g/cm3) 1.37
Young’s Modulus (GPa) 3.45
Flexural Modulus (GPa) 3.45
Tensile Strength (MPa) 55
Shear Modulus (GPa) 1.4
Poisson’s Ratio 0.25
Breaking Strain (%) 2.1
C. Literature Review
Banana fibres are abundantly available fromagricultural resources; they are cheaper than theconventional natural fibres like bamboo, sisal, etc.Moreover they have high mechanical propertiesand hence can be used for a variety of applicationslike housing, automobile and packaging industry,etc.
The mechanical properties of a natural fiberreinforced composite depend on many parameters,such as fiber strength, modulus, fiber length andorientation, in addition to the fiber-matrixinterfacial bond strength. High mechanicalproperties of composites can be achieved through astrong fiber-matrix interface bond. A goodinterface bond is required for effective stresstransfer from the matrix to the fiber where bymaximum utilization of the fiber strength in thecomposite is achieved [5].
S. Raghavendra et al. [6] studied short banana fibrereinforced natural rubber composites andconcluded that the incorporation of fibre intorubber matrix increases the hardness of thecomposite which is related to strength and
toughness. Modification to the fiber also improvesresistance to moisture induced degradation of theinterface and the composite properties. Theultimate tensile strength of composite materialreinforced with NaOH treated banana fibre ishigher than those reinforced with untreated fibres.
In addition, short banana fiber reinforced polyestercomposite was studied by Pothan et al. [7]. Thestudy concentrated on the effect of fiber length andfiber content. The maximum tensile strength wasobserved at 30 mm fiber length while maximumimpact strength was observed at 40mm fiberlength. Incorporation of 40% untreated fibersprovides a 20% increase in the tensile strength anda 34% increase in impact strength.
As the fiber concentrations increases tensilestrength also increases. When fibre concentrationsare less the matrix and fiber interface shows weakbonding. P. Shashi Shankar et al. [8] tested theultimate strength of composites with different fibrepercentage and found that the ultimate tensile loadfirst increases with increase in fibre percentage andthen starts decreasing. The study of the impact testshowed the similar variation.
A number of investigations have been conductedon several types of natural fibers such as kenaf,hemp, flax, bamboo, banana and jute to study theeffects of these fibers on the mechanical propertiesof composite materials [9] [10]. In dynamicmechanical analysis, Laly et al. [11] haveinvestigated banana fiber reinforced polyestercomposites and found that the optimum content ofbanana fiber is 40%.
Mechanical properties of banana-fiber-cementcomposites were investigated physically andmechanically by Corbiere-Nicollier et al. [12]. Itwas reported that Kraft pulped banana fibercomposite has good flexural strength. Also theincorporation of these fibers with glass fiberimprove the tensile and flexural strength and thesecomposites can be used for medium strengthapplications [13].
Zainudin et al. [14] experimented on the thermaldegradation of banana pseudo-stem (BPS) filledun-plasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC)composites. The results indicated that the thermalstability of acrylic modified BPS/UPVCcomposites was greater than that of unmodifiedBPS/UPVC composites.
Samal et al. [15] fabricated and evaluated theproperties of banana and glass fiber reinforcedpolypropylene (BSGRP) composites. From theresults, it is known that the BSGRP composites inthe presence of MAPP is cost effective hadimproved storage modulus, crystallization and
2320
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [morphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nanocomposites im79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties withmatrix.
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
A.
fabrication of the composite material:
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
2320 –
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [morphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nanocomposites im79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties withmatrix.
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
II.
A. Selection Of Constituent Materials
The following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Fibre
Resin
Catalyst
Accelerator
Hardener
Releasing Agent
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
–5547
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [morphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nanocomposites im79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties withmatrix.
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Fibre
Resin
Catalyst
Accelerator
Hardener
Releasing Agent
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
5547
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [morphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nanocomposites im79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Fibre
Resin
Catalyst
Accelerator
Hardener
Releasing Agent
Figure 4.
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [morphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nanocomposites improves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Accelerator
Hardener
Releasing Agent
Figure 4.
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
Biswal et al. [16] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Releasing Agent
Figure 4.
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
Naik and Mishra [properties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Releasing Agent
Figure 4.
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
Naik and Mishra [17] studied thproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Banana
Polyester
Ethyl MethylPeroxide
Cobalt
Styrene
Palm Oil
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
] studied thproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Banana
Polyester
Ethyl MethylPeroxide
Cobalt
Styrene
Palm Oil
Banana Fibre
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nanoobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
] studied thproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Banana
Polyester
Ethyl MethylPeroxide
Cobalt
Styrene
Palm Oil
Banana Fibre
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of pmodified banana fiber nano-composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
] studied thproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surfaceresistivity and volume resistivity.
PROCEDURE
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Polyester
Ethyl MethylPeroxide
Palm Oil
Banana Fibre
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
@ 2013
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement inmelting point, and optimum viscosity.
] examined the mechanical andmorphological properties of polypropylene
composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
] studied thproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surface
PROCEDURE
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for thefabrication of the composite material:
Ethyl Methyl Ketone
Banana Fibre
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
@ 2013
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement in
] examined the mechanical andolypropylene
composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
] studied the electricalproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydrideagave fiber composites showed minimum surface
PROCEDURE
Selection Of Constituent Materials
he following constituents were selected for the
Ketone
Banana Fibre
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
@ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement in
] examined the mechanical andolypropylene
composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
e electricalproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity andvolume resistivity while maleic anhydride-treatedagave fiber composites showed minimum surface
PROCEDURE
he following constituents were selected for the
Ketone
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
http://www.ijitr.com
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement in
] examined the mechanical andolypropylene
composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
e electricalproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity and
treatedagave fiber composites showed minimum surface
PROCEDURE
he following constituents were selected for the
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
http://www.ijitr.com
thermal degradation temperature, enhancement in
] examined the mechanical andolypropylene
composites andobserved that the mechanical properties can beimproved by treating the mercerized banana fiberswith NaOH solution. Addition of 30 weight %mercerized banana fibers to polypropylene nano-
proves the tensile strength up to79.9% and the flexural strength by 68.8%.Morphological observations confirmed that theremoval of cementing agents from raw bananafibers enhanced the fiber adhesion properties with
e electricalproperties of natural fiber reinforced high densitypolyethylene composites and found that theuntreated banana fiber showed better resistivity and
treatedagave fiber composites showed minimum surface
he following constituents were selected for the
[From Top Left] Resin, Catalyst and Hardener
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B.
Thefabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
banana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally intoshown in Fig.in water for a period of two weeks so that the stemgot loosened.
then loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
being extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manuallyusiFinally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
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B. Preparation Of Fibre
The process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
1)banana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally intoshown in Fig.in water for a period of two weeks so that the stemgot loosened.
2)then loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
3)being extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manuallyusing water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Cuttingbanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally intoshown in Fig.in water for a period of two weeks so that the stemgot loosened.
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Figure 6.
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Cuttingbanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally intoshown in Fig.in water for a period of two weeks so that the stemgot loosened.
Figure 5.
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Figure 6.
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Cuttingbanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally intoshown in Fig.in water for a period of two weeks so that the stemgot loosened.
Figure 5.
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Figure 6.
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
6. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Figure 5.
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Figure 6.
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Figure 5.
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in thesteps mentioned below.
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig.
Extracted Banana Fibre
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of3 hours as shown in Fig. 8
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April -
Preparation Of Fibre
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in the
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Banana Stem
Extraction Of Fibresthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired lengproperly, as shown in Fig. 7.
Extracted Banana Fibre
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
8.
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
- May 2015,
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in the
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Banana Stem
Extraction Of Fibres: The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treatsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired leng
.
Extracted Banana Fibre
Straightening Of Fibresbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
process of readying the fibre (fabrication of composite was carried out in the
Of Banana Stembanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Banana Stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. Afterthis the extracted fibre was treated with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired leng
Extracted Banana Fibre
Straightening Of Fibres:being extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
process of readying the fibre (Figfabrication of composite was carried out in the
Of Banana Stem:banana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mmand was sliced longitudinally into four pieces as
. The pieces were then submein water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Banana Stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,the fibres were cut into desired length and stor
Extracted Banana Fibre
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015, 2108
Page |
Fig. 4fabrication of composite was carried out in the
The maturebanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mm
four pieces as. The pieces were then subme
in water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
Banana Stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,
th and stor
Extracted Banana Fibre
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2108 –
Page |
. 4) for thefabrication of composite was carried out in the
The maturebanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mm
four pieces as. The pieces were then subme
in water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,
th and stor
Extracted Banana Fibre
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
– 2118
Page | 2111
for thefabrication of composite was carried out in the
The maturebanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mm
four pieces as. The pieces were then submerged
in water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,
th and stor
Extracted Banana Fibre
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.Finally they were left for drying for a period of 2 to
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2118.
2111
for thefabrication of composite was carried out in the
The maturebanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mm
four pieces asrged
in water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,
th and stored
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.2 to
for thefabrication of composite was carried out in the
The maturebanana pseudo stem was cut into length of 500mm
four pieces asrged
in water for a period of two weeks so that the stem
The wet stem wasthen loosened and removed. The extra pieces of thestem was also removed by manual combing. After
ed with 5% NaOHsolution for four hours while keeping it deeplyimmersed to prevent the oxidation. Then the treatedfibres were cured in an oven at 105°C for 24 hoursto completely eliminate the water content. Finally,
ed
The fibre afterbeing extracted and dried, got curled up togetherand became difficult to process. To overcome thisproblem, the fibres were first cut down to thedesired length depending upon the size of themould. They were then straightened manually
ng water and were clipped together in the ends.2 to
2320
Figure 7.
C.
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adheredFig. 9
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
D.
Theca
catalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid win Fig. 10time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
2320 –
Figure 7.
C. Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adheredFig. 9
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
D. Preparation Of Resin
The preparation of the resin materialcarried in the steps mentioned below.
1)catalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid win Fig. 10time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Figure 9.
–5547
Figure 7.
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adheredFig. 9.
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid win Fig. 10time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Figure 9.
5547
Figure 7.
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adhered
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid win Fig. 10. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Figure 9.
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adhered
Figure 8.
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid w
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Figure 9.
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adhered
Figure 8.
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid w
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used.and glass pieces adhered
Figure 8.
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid w
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)form separate layers.
Resin
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locallymade mould was used. Itand glass pieces adhered
Figure 8.
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid w
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Resin
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Preparation Of Mould
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
It consisted of marble tilesand glass pieces adhered together as shown in the
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Preparation Of Resin
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalystcatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catamixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid w
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Resin Mixed with Catalyst
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
Mould
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
Addition Of Catalyst:catalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for100ml of resin. Then the catalyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colourliquid or a purplish liquid was obtained, as shown
. The mixing was carried out from time totime so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
Mould
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
First of all, thecatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
@ 2013
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
Mould
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
preparation of the resin materialrried in the steps mentioned below.
First of all, thecatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
@ 2013
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
preparation of the resin material (Fig. 5
First of all, thecatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide)was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
@ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a goodsurface finish in the fabricated composites.
Fig. 5
First of all, thecatalyst (Ethyl Methyl Ketone Peroxide) (Fig. 5was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
http://www.ijitr.com
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a good
Fig. 5) was
First of all, theFig. 5
was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
Mixed with Catalyst
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
http://www.ijitr.com
Straightening of Banana Fibre
Since wet layup method was used for thefabrication of the composites and since the curingprocess was exothermic in nature, so a locally
consisted of marble tilestogether as shown in the
The dimensions of the mould were 330 mm x 250mm x 5 mm. The use of marble tiles, as thematerial for the mould, helped to obtain a good
was
First of all, theFig. 5)
was added into a given volume of polyester resin.The catalyst was added in the proportion of 1ml for
lyst was thoroughlymixed in the resin until a darker yellow colour
as obtained, as shown. The mixing was carried out from time to
time so as not to let the liquids (Catalyst and Resin)
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
http://www.ijitr.com
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
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(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
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was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
E.
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,ratiosfabrication of the composites.
A
B
C
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of thecomposfibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 asshown below.
composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and canreduce chTaking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
2)was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
E. Estimation
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,ratiosfabrication of the composites.
TABLE III. DIFFERENT
A
B
C
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of thecomposfibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 asshown below.
Where,composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and canreduce chTaking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Estimation
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,ratios, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
TABLE III. DIFFERENT
Specimen
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of thecomposite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 asshown below.
Where,composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and canreduce chTaking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Estimation
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
TABLE III. DIFFERENT
Specimen
No.
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 asshown below.
Where,composite
ρ is the density of the fibres used
ρ is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and canreduce chemical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Estimation
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
TABLE III. DIFFERENT
Specimen
No.
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 asshown below.
Where,
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Of Composition
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
DIFFERENT
Specimen
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
V
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different compositespecimens were determined as shown in Table
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
All rights Reserved.
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Of Composition
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
WEIGHTDIFFERENT COMPOSITE
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
V
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of theconstituents uniformly.
Of Composition
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
WEIGHTCOMPOSITE
30
50
70
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April -
Addition Of Hardenerwas added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
Of Composition
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III,fabrication of the composites.
WEIGHTCOMPOSITE
Fibre
(%)
30
50
70
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
- May 2015,
Addition Of Hardener:was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jellyroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
Of Composition
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
, as shown in Table III, were used during thefabrication of the composites.
WEIGHT RATIOSCOMPOSITE
Fibre
(%)
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
ρ
ρ
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
Hardener (was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidifythe resin material and form a jelly-roughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
were used during the
RATIOSCOMPOSITE SPECIMEN
Fibre
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
ρ
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin i
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
Hardener (was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
-like subroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this,
were used during the
RATIOSSPECIMEN
70
50
30
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
is the mass of the resin in the composite
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015, 2108
Page |
Hardener (was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
like subroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixinsolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratiosof fibre and the composites. For this, the
were used during the
RATIOS USEDSPECIMEN
Resin
70
50
30
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
n the composite
is the density of the resin used
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2108 –
Page |
Hardener (Fig. 5was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
like substance isroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once thehardener was added, a thorough mixing of thesolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratios
the wwere used during the
USEDSPECIMEN
Resin
(%)
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
……
is the mass of fibres in the
is the density of the fibres used
n the composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
– 2118
Page | 2112
Fig. 5was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
stance isroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once the
g of thesolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratios
weightwere used during the
USED INSPECIMEN
Resin
(%)
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
……
is the mass of fibres in the
n the composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
determined as shown in Table IV
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2118.
2112
Fig. 5)was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
stance isroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once the
g of thesolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratios
eightwere used during the
IN
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
……(1)
is the mass of fibres in the
n the composite
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
IV.
was added into the solution of the resin and thecatalyst just before the beginning of the mouldingprocess. The time taken by the hardener to solidify
stance isroughly 20 minutes. So, absolute care was taken inthis task. Also, the other thing to be taken care wasnot to mix the catalyst and the hardener directly. Ifdone so, it would result in an explosion. Once the
g of thesolution was done, so as to distribute each of the
The composition of the various constituents wereestimated and calculated based on the weight ratios
eightwere used during the
Using the given weight ratios of the constituents,the mass of the constituents were estimated usingthe concept of fibre volume fraction. Fiber VolumeFraction V is defined as the ratio of the volume offibres in the composites to the volume of the
ite as a whole. Its relation to the mass offibres and that of resins is given by Equation 2.1 as
is the mass of fibres in the
A higher volume fraction generally gives highermechanical properties, better dimensional stabilityand reduced shrinkage and wrapping. On the otherhand, it can also induce bond failure and can
emical resistance, which is undesirable.Taking all these matters into account, the mass ofthe constituents for the different composite
2320
TABLE IV.
Specimen
F.
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
all, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Figthe side faces of the mould.
Figure 10.
dried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12help of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
addition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13
2320 –
TABLE IV. IN
Specimen
No.
A
F. Moulding
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
1)all, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Figthe side faces of the mould.
Figure 10.
2)dried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12help of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
3)addition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13
–5547
TABLE IV. IN DIFFERENT
Specimen
No.
A
B
C
Moulding
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Figthe side faces of the mould.
Figure 10.
Skin Coatdried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12help of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Figure 11.
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13
5547
TABLE IV. DIFFERENT
Specimen
Moulding
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Figthe side faces of the mould.
Figure 10.
Skin Coatdried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12help of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Figure 11.
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13
TABLE IV. MASSDIFFERENT
Mass ofFibre (g)
Moulding
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Figthe side faces of the mould.
Figure 10.
Skin Coatdried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12help of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Figure 11.
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13
MASSDIFFERENT
Mass ofFibre (g)
120
200
280
The process of moulding was carried out in thefollowing steps.
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dryas shown in Fig.11the side faces of the mould.
Application of Releasing Agent
Skin Coat:dried, a thin layer of resin was addedshown in Fig. 12. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Figure 11.
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminshown in Fig. 13.
MASS OFDIFFERENT COMPOSITE
Mass ofFibre (g)
120
200
280
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
.11. Palm oil was alsothe side faces of the mould.
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth lamin
OFCOMPOSITE
Mass ofFibre (g)
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was alsothe side faces of the mould.
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Skin Coat of Resin
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth lamin
CONSTITUENTSCOMPOSITE
Mass ofResin
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was alsothe side faces of the mould.
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Skin Coat of Resin
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth lamin
CONSTITUENTSCOMPOSITE
Mass ofResin
(g)
280
200
120
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was also
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Skin Coat of Resin
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth lamin
CONSTITUENTSCOMPOSITE
Mass ofResin
(g)
280
200
120
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was also
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the cornersbrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Skin Coat of Resin
Addition Of Reinforcementaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth lamin
@ 2013
CONSTITUENTSSPECIMEN
Mass ofComposite
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agentall, the mould was thoroughly cleanedThen using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was also
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent haddried, a thin layer of resin was added on top of it as
. The resin was spread with thehelp of a roller to all the corners and edges. Abrush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubblesescaped out from the moulding area.
Skin Coat of Resin
Addition Of Reinforcement:addition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformlyto create an even and smooth laminate surface as
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CONSTITUENTSSPECIMEN
Mass ofComposite
The process of moulding was carried out in the
Application Of Releasing Agent:all, the mould was thoroughly cleaned and dried.Then using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
. Palm oil was also applied to
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent hadon top of it as
. The resin was spread with theand edges. A
brush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubbles
Skin Coat of Resin
After theaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformly
ate surface as
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CONSTITUENTS USEDSPECIMEN
Mass ofComposite
(g)
400
400
400
The process of moulding was carried out in the
: First ofand dried.
Then using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
applied to
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent hadon top of it as
. The resin was spread with theand edges. A
brush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubbles
Skin Coat of Resin
After theaddition of thin layer of resin the bananareinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformly
ate surface as
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
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USEDSPECIMEN
Mass ofComposite
(g)
400
400
400
The process of moulding was carried out in the
First ofand dried.
Then using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
applied to
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent hadon top of it as
. The resin was spread with theand edges. A
brush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubbles
After theaddition of thin layer of resin the banana fibrereinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformly
ate surface as
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USEDSPECIMEN
Mass ofComposite
The process of moulding was carried out in the
First ofand dried.
Then using a clean piece of linen any dust particlesor dirt attached to the mould was removed. Then athin layer of palm oil (releasing agent) was appliedon the bottom part of the mould and was left to dry
applied to
Application of Releasing Agent
After the releasing agent hadon top of it as
. The resin was spread with theand edges. A
brush was used in the areas where roller couldn't beused. The resin was spread until all the air bubbles
After thefibre
reinforcement was laid unidirectional on top i.e.with 90° orientation. The fibre reinforcement wasstretched such that it had a uniform thickness. Withthe fibre reinforcement intact the remainingpolyester resin was poured on the top. Then using aroller and a brush, the resin was spread uniformly
ate surface as
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was dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
the polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overallcomposite tahours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14
Figure 13.
undergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.respectively.
Figure 14.
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
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4)was dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
5)the polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overallcomposite tahours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14
Figure 13.
6)undergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.respectively.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
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Figure 12.
Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curingthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overallcomposite tahours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14
Figure 13.
Finishingundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.respectively.
Figure 14.
Figure 15. Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
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Figure 12.
Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curingthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overallcomposite tahours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14
Figure 13.
Finishingundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.respectively.
Figure 14.
Figure 15. Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
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Figure 12.
Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing:the polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overallcomposite takes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14
Figure 13.
Finishingundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.respectively.
Figure 14. and
Figure 15. Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
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Figure 12.
Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up forshown in Fig. 14.
Finishing: Theundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
and Flexural Test Specimen
Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
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Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
Theundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April
Fibre Reinforcement
Removal Of Mouldwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
The composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCHVolume No.3, Issue No.3, April -
Fibre Reinforcement
Removal Of Mould:was dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
- May 2015,
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimenASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testingpurpose. The size of the specimen was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015,
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20minutes. Then, the edges of theremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part ofthe mould and was left out for curing.
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a periodof 2 days and then were taken up for
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
Amogh Wasti(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
May 2015, 2108
Page |
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20
mould wereremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part of
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a period
finishing, as
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test SpecimenFlexural Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2108 –
Page |
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20
mould wereremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part of
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a period
finishing, as
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test Specimen and Hardness Test Specimen
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
– 2118
Page | 2113
Fibre Reinforcement
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20
mould wereremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part of
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a period
finishing, as
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositmaterials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig.
[From Left] Tensile Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test
* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
2118.
2113
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20
mould wereremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part of
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a period
finishing, as
[From Left] Specimen A, B and C
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen wereprepared from each of the fabricated compositematerials as shown in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16
[From Left] Tensile Test Specimen
[From Left] Izod Impact Test
The layer of the resinwas dried in approximately 10 minutes to 20
mould wereremoved by pulling and flexing. Following it, thecomposite was separated from the bottom part of
Curing is the process of setting ofthe polyester resin. Perfect curing of the overall
kes approximately 24 hours to 36hours. After removal of the mould, the compositespecimen were left out in the sunlight for a period
finishing, as
composite material was thenundergone with the finishing process. The surfaceof the composite was smoothened and its edgeswere trimmed. Then the composite material wascut into a number of specimens required for testing
was based on theASTM Standards. A total of 5 Tensile Testspecimen, 5 Flexural Test specimen, 5 Impact Testspecimen and 1 Hardness Test Specimen were
e
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
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G. Testing
Following the fabrication of the composites, thetesting for different mechanical properties wascarried out. The test pieces were cut out as per theASTM Standards. The various tests performed onthe composite materials are listed below.
1) Tensile Test: The specimen prepared wasshaped into required dimension using a powerhacksaw. It was prepared according to the ASTMD638 standards (Fig. 17). The dimensions, gaugelength and cross head speeds were chosenaccording to the ASTM D638 standard. The tensiletest was performed on the Universal TestingMachine (UTM) (Model: GOI/MHRD SM_6E)(Fig. 18), at a temperature of 308K, with 80% RH.
Figure 16. ASTM D638 Standards forTensile Test Specimen
The process involved placing the test sample in theUTM and applying tension to it until the fracture ofthe material. There were three different specimen(A, B and C) and the experiments were repeated forfive test-pieces, prepared according to the ASTMstandards, and the average values were calculated,using Equation 2.
……(2)
Where,
T is the tensile load applied at fracture, inN
b is the width of the specimen, in mm
d is the thickness of the specimen, in mm
Figure 17. [From Left] UTM for Tensile Test and Tensile Test Specimen at Failure
2) Flexural Test: The flexural specimens wereprepared as per the ASTM D790 standards (Fig.
19) and the tests were carried out using the sameUTM, at a temperature of 308K, with 80% RH.
Figure 18. ASTM D790 Standards for Flexural Test Specimen
The 3-point flexural test (Fig. 20) is the mostcommon flexural test and thus was used in thisexperiment for checking the bending strength of thecomposite materials. In this test, the specimen to betested was subjected to a load at its midwaybetween the supports until it underwent fracture or5% strain. The support span length was kept as 100mm. There were three different specimen (A, B andC) and the experiments were repeated for five test-pieces, prepared according to the ASTM standards,and the average values were calculated, usingEquation 3.
……(3)
Where,
F is the flexural load applied at fracture, inN
L is the support span length of the specimen,
in mm
b is the width of the specimen, in mm
d is the thickness of the specimen, in mm
Figure 19. [From Left] Apparatus for Flexural Test and Flexural Test Specimen at
Failure
3) Izod Impact Test: The impact test specimenswere prepared according to the requireddimensions following the ASTM D256 standards(Fig. 21). The tests were carried out on PendulumImpact Testing Machine (Fig. 22), at a temperatureof 308K with 80% RH.
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
2320 –5547 @ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com All rights Reserved. Page | 2115
Figure 20. ASTM D256 Standards for IzodImpact Test Specimen
During the testing process, the specimen wasloaded in the testing machine and the pendulum ofmass 35 lb (≈ 16 Kg) was allowed to strike it at anangle of 30°. There were three different specimen(A, B and C) and the experiments were repeated forfive test-pieces, prepared according to the ASTMstandards, and the average values were calculated,using the Equation 4.
Impact Strength = ……(4)
Where,
E is the impact energy absorbed by thespecimen, in J
d is the thickness of the specimen, in m
Figure 21. [From Left] Setup for Izod Impact Test and Izod Impact Test Specimen at
Failure
4) Brinell Hardness Test: The hardness testspecimens were prepared of the size 30 mm x 30mm x 3.2 mm (Fig. 23). The tests were carried outin Brinell Hardness Testing Machine (Model:GOI/MHRD SM_12) (Fig. 24) at a temperature of308K with 80% RH.
Figure 22. Specifiations for Hardness Test Specimen
During the testing process, the specimen wasloaded in the testing machine and a load of 90 kg
was applied on it for 15s to create three indentationspots. The diameters of the indentation spot weredetermined using a travelling microscope and theBrinell Hardness Number (BHN) was calculatedusing the Equation 5.
BHN = ……(5)
Where,
P is the load applied, in Kg
D1 is the diameter of the indentation ball, inmm.
D2 is the diameter of indented spot, in mm
Figure 23. [From Left] Setup for Hardness Test and Hardness Test Specimen after test
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained after the tests conducted onthe composites are shown in Table V.
TABLE V. VARIATION OF MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES WITH FIBRE
WEIGHT RATION
Specimen
Average
TensileFractur
eStrength (Mpa)
Average
Flexural
Fracture
Strength (Mpa)
Average IzodImpactStrength (J/m)
BHN
Specimen A(30%Fibre) 16.845 20.367 593.170 4.6
Specimen B(50%Fibre) 23.751 72.416
1101.602
5.184
Specimen C(70%Fibre) 29.043 113.151
1779.511
6.457
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
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Figure 24. Variation of Average Tensile Fracture Strength with Fibre Weight Ratio
Figure 25. Variation of Average FlexuralFracture Strength with Fibre Weight Ratio
The variation of Average Tensile FractureStrength, Average Flexural Fracture Strength,Average Impact Strength and Hardness of thecomposite material with the Fibre Weight Ratio canbe represented in bar graphs as shown in theFig.25, Fig. 26, Fig. 27 and Fig. 28 respectively. Itcan be observed that each of the mechanicalproperties are enhanced with increasing fibreweight ratio.
Figure 26. Variation of Average ImpactStrength with Fibre Weight Ratio
Figure 27. Variation of Hardness with Fibre Weight Ratio
It can also be noted that the enhancement in theflexural strength is highest compared to other
mechanical properties. The comparative variationof the average tensile fracture strength and averageflexural fracture strength of Banana FibreReinforced Polymer Composites at different fibreweight ratios can be studied in the Fig. 29.
Figure 28. Variation of Average Tensile Fracture Strength and Average Flexural Fracture
Strength with Fibre Weight Ratio
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this experimental study, Banana FibreReinforced Polyester Composites were fabricatedusing three different fibre weight ratios viz., 30%,50% and 70%. Their mechanical properties such astensile strength, flexural strength, impact strengthand hardness were investigated. Based on theresults obtained, the following conclusions weredrawn.
A. The flexural properties have been observed tobe highly enhanced due to the reinforcement ofBanana fibres into Polyester resin, whereas thetensile, impact and hardness properties seem tohave only a slight variation.
B. The best mechanical properties were obtainedfor the composite with the highest fibre weightratio i.e. the composite with 70% weight offibres.
C. The tensile properties of the compositematerial have been observed to be increasingwith the increasing fibre weight ratio. The bestmagnitude of tensile strength i.e. 29.043 MPawas obtained for the composite with 70% fibreweight ratio.
D. The flexural properties of the compositematerial have been observed to be increasingwith the fibre weight ratio. The best magnitudeof flexural strength i.e. 113.151 MPa wasobtained for the composite with 70% fibreweight ratio. This may have been due to theincrement in the fibre reinforcement quantity,increased bonding between the fibre and theresin or due to better flexural properties of thebanana fibre.
E. The impact properties of the compositematerial have been observed to be increasingwith the fibre weight ratio. The best magnitudeof impact strength i.e. 1779.511 J/m (or 5.694J) was obtained for the composite with 70%fibre weight ratio.
Amogh Wasti* et al.(IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
Volume No.3, Issue No.3, April - May 2015, 2108 – 2118.
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F. The hardness of the composite material havebeen observed to be increasing with the fibreweight ratio. The best magnitude of hardnessi.e. 6.457 HB was obtained for the compositewith 70% fibre weight ratio.
V. FUTURE WORKS
This experimental study has opened up the scopefor a number of future works. Some experimentalstudies that can be done in the field of BananaFibre Reinforced Polyester Composites are enlistedbelow.
A. Evaluation of compressive strength, fracturetoughness, thermal conductivity,electromagnetic properties and other propertiesof Banana Fibre Reinforced PolyesterComposites.
B. Study of microstructure.
C. Evaluation of mechanical properties withdifferent fibre orientation.
D. Fabrication of hybrid composites using bananafibre as a constituent.
E. Analysis of Banana Fibre Reinforced PolyesterComposites using ANSYS.
F. Study of application of Banana FibreReinforced Polyester Composites in the field oftextile and fabrics.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, our heartfelt gratitude to our projectguide Sri V. Vara Prasad, Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCEK(A), JNTUK, without whose valuable suggestions,able guidance, continuous support andencouragement, we could not have completed thisresearch project.
Our deepest gratitude to Dr. B. Balakrishna,Professor and Head of the Department, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, UCEK (A),JNTUK,for his everlasting support and guidance,elemental in completion of this project.
Our sincere thanks to Sri Satyanarayana Reddy,Strength of Materials Lab, Department of CivilEngineering, UCEK (A), JNTUK for assisting us incarrying out the necessary mechanical tests andfacilitating us in completing this project.
Finally, we would like to thank everyone who havebeen instrumental in the completion of this researchproject.
VII. REFERENCES
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