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Contemporary Meaning(s) of Penance• Society for the Scientific Study of Religion

– November 8, 2013 – D-12: Drugs, Alcohol, & Addiction

• Fernando Linhares, JD

Drew University (PhD Student)flinhares@drew.edu

approved by US Catholic Church*“The perfect aid for every penitent” *Guide to Sacrament of Confession*Helps assess sins; Still need a priest*Portion of $1.99 fee goes to charity

http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20030992-1.html , accessed 11/1/2013

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Secularization of Penance

*http://marvel.wikia.com/Penance_Relentless_Vol_1_3 , accessed 11/1/2013*http://forums.comicbookresources.com/showthread.php?452814-Will-X-Men-1-reach-100-000-copies-sold/page20,accessed 11/1/2013

*http://static.comicvine.com/uploads/original/10/105906/1973775-penance2.jpg , accessed 11/1/2013*http://samaritanxp.blogspot.com/2010/10/homer-simpson-is-not-catholic-nor.html , accessed 11/1/2013

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Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation• Antiquity: Public Confession• Medieval: Private Confession• Contemporary:

– Communal Confession

*http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/9804212/Lance-Armstrongs-Oprah-Winfrey-confession-has-no-legal-substance-says-Wada-chief-Dave-Howman.html, accessed 11/1/2013

*http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/religion/2509557/posts, accessed 11/1/2013

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Reconciliation in the „Information Age‟ • Defining, Reporting, Recording•

Stigmatization – CCH/Rap sheets

• Enhanced Penalties – first offender‟s program

• Determinate Sentence – minimum mandatory

• Diversionary Programs – Drug Courts – Mental Health/Veterans – Community Courts

http://hiscrivener.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/confessional-cartoon.gif , accessed 11/1/2013

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ReintegrativeShaming

http://www.tower.com/crime-shame-reintegration-john-braithwaite- paperback/wapi/100842913 , accessed 11/1/2013

http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/Forgiveness_Shaming_2005.pdf , accessed 11/1/2013

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Is Structural Penance Possible?*Sociologist Loïc Wacquant‟s Urban Outcasts , 2008

*Race and Ethnic Studies Professor MichelleAlexander „s The New Jim Crow , 2010

*Law Professor William J. Stuntz „s The Collapse of

American Criminal Justice , 2013*Ecological Criminologist David Weisburd‟s TheCriminology of Place , 2012

*Public Health Professor TimothyAkers‟ EpidemiologicalCriminology , 2013

http://www.peaceofthecircle.com/murder-life-without-parole-and-our-youth/ , accessed 11/1/13

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Era of Mass Incarceration*Todd Clear. American Corrections, 10 th Ed. (2013)

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Crime Clusters

www.justicemapping.org (2006)

• Consequently, contemporary reflection onpenance, of institutional entities (not ofoffenders) is necessary

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Characteristics of State Prisoners*Todd Clear. American Corrections, 10 th Ed. (2013)

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Disparity and Disenfranchisement • 2011: Total Incarcerated, Prison and Jail 2,257,267

– Prison Population (Rate per 100,000) 1,504,150 (492) – Jail Population (Rate per 100,000) 735,601 (236)

• Probation Population 3,971,319• Parole Population 853,852•

Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Incarceration – Black: White Ratio 5.6:1 – Hispanic: White Ratio 1.8:1 – Juveniles in Custody 70,792 – State Corrections Expenditures (In Millions) $51,984 ($70 billion?) – Felony Disenfranchisement

• Total Disenfranchised (%) 5,852,180 (2.5%)• African American (%) 2,231,022 (7.7%)

• http://www.sentencingproject.org/map/map.cfm#map , accessed August 9, 2013

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Relevant Statistics • Bureau of Justice Statistics, Advanced Prisoner Counts,

–

1.5 million (state & federal, July, 2013) – Local/county-city 735k (Nov., 2012) – 6.98 million in adult system (yearend 2011) – w/o juvenile/immigration. Department of Justice.

• www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/p12acpr.cfm , accessed August 9, 2013.• Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Mental Health Problems of

Prison and Jail Inmates.” DOJ (Dec. 2006). – Over 50% of inmates have mental health problem(s).

• www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=789 , accessed August 9, 2013.

• U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Health Care: JailInmates' Mental Health Care Neglected, State and FederalAttention Needed.” (June, 2013) Ggd -81-5.

– Up to 60% of jail population have mental health problems; need to set standards, provide training, explorecommunity-based alternatives. (1980s).

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*Mental health problem definedas receiving a clinical diagnosisor treatment by a mental health

professional.

*Nearly two thirds of inmates in

local jails satisfying thissomewhat conservative diagnosisat the time of the study or in the

previous year.

*DOJ Survey of Inmates (state &federal 2004;local jails 2002).

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Reconcil iation thr ough individual ini tiativeI nformal justice mechani sms based on science and faith