America’s History, Chapter 6: Making War and Republican ... · America’s History, Chapter 6:...

America’s History, Chapter 6: Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789

The Trials of War, 1776–1778

War in the North (p. 184-185)1. Identify 4 factors that seemed to give the British an advantage in the war.

2. What setbacks did the Continental army endure between August and December, 1776?

3. Explain the significance of Washington’s “crossing the Delaware” on Dec. 25, 1776.

Armies and Strategies (p. 185-186)4. What challenges did Patriot leaders face in raising and maintaining an effective military force?

Victory at Saratoga (p. 186-187)5. Give two reasons the Patriot forces were able to defeat the British at Saratoga in October, 1777.

6. What pivotal diplomatic success was an outcome of the American victory at Saratoga?

AP U.S. History: Chapter Guides Chapter 6

Key Concept: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.

The Perils of War (p. 187-188)7. Give 2 examples of the role Patriot women played in the war effort.

Financial Crisis (p. 188-189)8. How did individual states and the Continental Congress pay for the war effort?

What were some of the drawbacks to these methods?

Valley Forge (p. 189)9. Cite one fact that helps explain why the winter Washington’s army spent at Valley Forge in 1777-78 is

usually considered the low point in the war for the Americans.

The Path to Victory, 1778–1783

The French Alliance (p. 189-190)10. What motivated France to make an alliance with the Americans?

War in the South (p. 190-195)11. How did the presence of large numbers of African American slaves help the British carry out their “southern

strategy?”

12. What developments enabled Washington able to obtain Cornwallis’s surrender at Yorktown in Oct. 1781?

The Patriot Advantage (p. 195-196)13. List 3 factors that contributed to the American victory in the war.


Diplomatic Triumph (p. 196)14. What territorial gains did the Americans obtain in the Treaty of Paris?

15. What allowances were the British given in the treaty?

Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787

The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? (p. 196-198)16. Why did conservative Patriots like John Adams object to the pro-democratic elements of Pennsylvania’s new state constitution?

Women Seek a Public Voice (p. 198-199)17. What legal rights did women like Abigail Adams demand?

Were they successful?

18. What significant principle was declared by the attorney general of Massachusetts in 1790?

The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves (p. 199-200)19. Who were the primary recipients of the property seized from Loyalists?

The Articles of Confederation (p. 200-201)

Characteristics of the Articles of ConfederationCharacteristics of the Articles of Confederation

Votes granted per state

Votes required to pass laws

Votes required to change the Articles

Powers the Confederation held

Weaknesses of the Confederation


20. The land ordinances of the 1780s are usually seen as the greatest success of the Confederation Congress. Why?

Shays’s Rebellion (p. 201-204)21. Explain the connection between state governments’ Revolutionary War debts and Shays’s Rebellion in 1786.

The Constitution of 1787The Rise of a Nationalist Faction (p. 204-205)22. Explain how these money issues convinced some Americans of the need for a stronger central government:!! Tariffs -

! Debts-

! Taxes -

The Philadelphia Convention (p. 205-207)

Constitutional Issue James Madison’s“Virginia Plan”

William Paterson’s“New Jersey Plan”

Sovereignty: national or state?

Basis of state representation in the national legislature

Favored by: large or small states?

23. How did the “Great Compromise” resolve the dispute over the apportionment of votes per state?

24. Identify 3 slavery-related compromises included in the Constitution of 1787.

The People Debate Ratification (p. 207-211)25. Explain the Antifederalists’ argument that republican government could only work in small political states.!


26. How did James Madison attempt to counter this claim in “Federalist No. 10?”

27. In states like Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York, delegates voted to ratify the Constitution only on the condition that this be added to it:

SUMMARY: Use the chapter summary on p. 211 to fill in the blanks.

!

! In this chapter, we examined the unfolding of two related sets of events. The first was the war

between Britain and its rebellious colonies that began in _______ and ended in _______. The two great

battles of _______________ (1777) and _________________ (1781) determined the outcome of that

conflict. Surprisingly, given the military might of the British Empire, both were _______________

victories. These triumphs testify to the determination of _________ __________________, the resilience

of the ____________________ __________, and support for the Patriot cause from hundreds of local

___________ and tens of thousands of _______________ _____________.

! This popular support reflected the Patriots’ second success: building effective institutions of

___________________ ___________________. These elected institutions of local and state governance

evolved out of colonial-era __________ ___________________ and ________________________

__________________. They were defined in the ________ _________________________written

between 1776 and 1781, and their principles informed the first national constitution, the _____________

____ ___________________________. Despite the challenges posed by conflicts over ____________,

_____________ _____________, and _____________ policy, these self-governing political institutions

carried the new republic successfully through the war-torn era and laid the foundation for the

__________________ ____ ________, the national charter that endures today.


America’s History, Chapter 7: Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787-1820

The Political Crisis of the 1790s

The Federalists Implement the Constitution (p. 216)1. How did the following pieces of legislation help establish the legitimacy of the new federal government?! Judiciary Act of 1789-

! Bill of Rights -

Hamilton’s Financial Program (p. 216-218)2. List 2 controversial aspects of Hamilton’s proposals for dealing with war debts.

3. Explain how the dispute between Hamilton and Jefferson over the Bank of the United States illustrates the difference between “strict” and “loose” interpretations of the Constitution.

4. What were the main sources of revenue for the new federal government?

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision (p. 218-219)5. What kind of society did Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans believe would ensure a

democratic future for America?

The French Revolution Divides Americans (p. 219-223)6. What did the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 have in common with the the protests of the Sons of Liberty in 1765 and Shays’s Rebellion in 1786?


Key Concept: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.

Key Concept: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.

How were the Whiskey Rebellion protestors influenced by the French Revolution?

7. Why was Jay’s Treaty considered too pro-British by Jefferson’s Republicans?

8. Track the shifting U.S. policies toward the Haitian Revolution between 1791 and 1803.

President Policy toward Haiti

Washington

Adams

Jefferson

The Rise of Political Parties (p. 223-226)9. In the “First Party System,” which Americans tended to support the Federalist Party?

Which Americans were part of the Republican coalition?

10. Why did America become engaged in an “undeclared maritime war” with France in 1798?

11. 3 controversial measures were passed by the Federalists during the Adams presidency: why did Republicans argue that they were were being targeted in each case?

Naturalization Act -

Alien Act -

Sedition Act -

12. What constitutional interpretation did Madison and Jefferson offer in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798?

13. Why is the presidential election of 1800 referred to as the “Revolution of 1800?”


A Republican Empire Is Born

Sham Treaties and Indian Lands (p. 226-227)14. How did U.S. population patterns change as a result of the Treaty of Greenville?

15. In what sense did the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake seek a middle ground between preserving traditional Indian culture and assimilating to white culture?

Migration and the Changing Farm Economy (p. 228-231)16. Identify the 2 “streams” of migrants who moved west from southern states during the 1790s.

17. What technological innovations encouraged the spread of cotton growing to new regions?

18. What was the destination of most migrants from New England in the early 1800s?

The Jefferson Presidency (p. 231)19. Why did the U.S. Navy bombard the North African city of Tripoli during Jefferson’s first term?

20. In its Marbury v. Madison (1803) ruling, the Supreme Court asserted its authority to do what?

21. Give 3 examples of how Jefferson reversed Federalist policies during his presidency.

Give 1 example of what Jefferson retained from the Federalists.

Jefferson and the West (p. 231-234)22. What factors motivated Naopleon to sell the Louisiana territory in 1803?


What factors motivated Jefferson to agree to the purchase by the U.S.?

23. What were Jefferson’s reasons for sending Lewis and Clark on their expedition of 1804-1806?

The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics

Conflict in the Atlantic and the West (p. 234-236)24. Explain the British navy’s practice of “impressment.”

25. What motivated Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807?

How did the embargo impact the U.S. economy?

26. What complaints against Britain did the “war hawks” in Congress voice?

The War of 1812 (p. 236-241)27. In an 1814 attack up the Chesapeake Bay, what did British troops do?

28. Although it was fought after the treaty was negotiated, what was the impact of the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in early 1815?

The Federalist Legacy (p. 241-244)29. List the 3 principles that informed John Marshall’s legal reasoning during his time as Chief Justice.

Cite a Supreme Court decision from Marshall’s tenure that illustrates one of these principles.


30. Summarize these diplomatic successes initiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) -

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) -

Declaration of the “Monroe Doctrine” (1823) -


!

! In this chapter, we traced three interrelated themes: public policy, _______________ expansion, and

__________ politics. We began by examining the contrasting public policies advocated by Alexander

_______________ and Thomas ________________. A _________________, Hamilton supported a strong

______________ government and created a ________ infrastructure (the national debt, ________, and a

____________ _______) to spur trade and ___________________. By contrast, Jefferson wanted to preserve

the authority of ________ governments, and he envisioned an America enriched by __________ rather than

industry.

! Jefferson and the ________________ promoted a _______________ movement that transformed the

agricultural economy and sparked new _______ with __________ peoples. Expansion westward also shaped

American ______________ and ____________ policy, leading to the ________________ _____________,

the War of _______, and the treaties negotiated by ______ ___________ _________.

! Finally, there was the unexpected rise of the _______ __________ ____________. As Hamilton’s

policies split the political elite, the _________ ________________ divided Americans into hostile ideological

groups. The result was two decades of bitter conflict and controversial measures: the Federalists’

___________ _______, the Republicans’ ___________ _______, and Madison’s decision to go to war with

_____________. Although the _____________ _________ faded away, it left as its enduring legacy

______________ ____________ ______________ and _______ ________________ constitutional

____________________.


America’s History, Chapter 8: Creating a Republican Culture, 1790-1820

The Capitalist Commonwealth

Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets (p. 250-255)1. What was the economic benefit of the proliferation of banks in the early 1800s?!

What were the risks?

2. List 3 factors that contributed to the Panic of 1819.

3. Briefly describe the “outwork” system that was the basis for textile production up to 1820.

4. Identify 2 impacts the rural manufacturing system had on the natural environment of the northeast.

5. Give 2 examples of the role played by state governments in creating improved transportation systems.

Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System (p. 255-256)6. How did state governments and courts justify the granting of special legal privileges to private corporations?

Toward a Democratic Republican Culture

Opportunity and Equality — for White Men (p. 257-258)7. Explain how the phrase “He rose from nothing” illustrates a difference in the social order between Europeand America.

8.Although the general pattern in this period was one of increased individual opportunity, which two groups actually saw their legal rights diminished?


Key Concept: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

Toward Republican Families (p. 258-262)9. What factors contributed to the shift toward “companionate” marriages?

10. In practice, how equal were the partners in most marriages?

11. According to the advocates of “republican motherhood,” how could American women best exert their influence on society?

Raising Republican Children (p. 262-264)12. How did region, class, and gender determine the likelihood of a young American receiving a formal education?

13. What motivated Noah Webster’s literary efforts?

Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery

The Revolution and Slavery, 1776–1800 (p. 264-266)14. Early in the Revolutionary War, behind whose lines did thousands of African American slaves flee in the quest for freedom?

15. Identify the two developments in the late 18th century - one religious, one intellectual - that encouraged the manumission of slaves.

16. Although the early 1800s slavery was abolished in all the northeast states, what evidence demonstrates the continued lack of equality for African Americans in the North?

17. Give one example of a step taken in the post-Revolutionary South that affirmed the centrality of slavery in the region.


The North and South Grow Apart (p. 266-268)18. What did Congress outlaw in 1808?

19. What was the goal of the American Colonization Society?

20. Why was the colonization movement largely unsuccessful?

The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821 (p. 268-269)21. What political leader devised the set of agreements known as the “Missouri Compromise?”

Contested issue Resolution under the Missouri Compromise

Status of Missouri

Status of Maine

Status of slavery in the territories acquired via the Louisiana Purchase

Protestant Christianity as a Social ForceA Republican Religious Order (p. 270-271)22. Give one example that illustrates how religious freedom grew in the years following the American Revolution.

23. Which Christian denominations were most successful in attracting new members?

Why were these more appealling than other Christian institutions?

The Second Great Awakening (p. 271-273) 24. How did evangelical preachers in the South adapt their message to make it more acceptable to white men?

25. Identify one element of the Christian religious tradition that appealed to African American slaves.


Religion and Reform (p. 273-275) 26. Give one example of how the Second Great Awakening led many Protestant to support efforts to improve society.

Women’s New Religious Roles (p. 275-276) 27. Why did Protestant churches become places where women could take on a larger public role?

28. By the 1820s, what profession were women beginning to dominate?

SUMMARY: Use the chapter summary on p. 276-277 to fill in the blanks.

!

! Like all important ideologies, ____________________ has many facets. We have explored three of

them in this chapter. We saw how ________ ____________________ used government-granted charters and

______________________ to support ___________ ___________________, with the goal of enhancing the

commonwealth of society. This republican-inspired ________________________ policy of ________

______________________ remained dominant until the 1840s, when classical liberal doctrines partially

replaced it.

! We also saw how republicanism influenced _________ and __________ __________. The principle

of __________ ______________ encouraged _________ _______________ among _________ ______ and

prompted men and women to seek ____________________ _______________. Republican-ism likewise

encouraged parents to provide their children with _________ ___________________ and to allow them to

choose their _____________ partners. In the _________, republican doctrines of ________ and ___________

coexisted uneasily with ________ ____________ and ________ ______________, and ultimately they

benefitted only a ____________ of the __________ population.

! Finally, we observed the complex interaction of _________________ and ____________. Stirred by

republican principles, many citizens joined democratic and egalitarian ________________________,

particularly _______________ and ____________ churches. Inspired by __________________ ideas and the

enthusiastic preachers of the __________ ________ __________________, many _________ devoted their

energies to religious purposes and ________ _________ _______________________. The result of all these

initiatives — in ______________ policy, _________ relations, and ______________ institutions — was the

creation of a distinctive American ___________________ ______________.


America’s History, Chapter 9: Transforming the Economy, 1800-1860

The American Industrial RevolutionThe Division of Labor and the Factory (p. 286-287)1. Explain how Cincinnati slaughterhouses illustrate the use of a “division of labor” to increase output.

!

2. Give 2 examples of the “mineral-based economy” that began to emerge by the 1830s.

The Textile Industry and British Competition (p. 287-290)

3. Use the table to compare/contrast the competitive advantages of the two nations in the textile industry.

American advantages British advantages

4. What 2 strategies were the keys to the success of the “Waltham-Lowell System” of factory production?

American Mechanics and Technological Innovation (p. 290-291)5. Between 1820 and 1860, how did the number of patents issued by the U.S. Patent Office change?

6. Give one specific example of an American innovator from this time period.


Key Concept: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

Wageworkers and the Labor Movement (p. 291-293)7. How did industrial capitalism challenge the ideal of “artisan republicanism?”

8. What were the bargaining objectives of early labor unions?

9. How did the legal system present a hurdle for the organization of labor unions?

The Market Revolution

The Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties (p. 293-297)10. How does the Erie Canal illustrate the use of government action to promote economic prosperity?

11. Why were steamboats a dramatic improvement in river-based transportation?

12. What new form of transportation made Chicago the key city in the growing Midwest?

The Growth of Cities and Towns (p. 297-301)13. Use the table to identify characteristics of the 3 major conglomerations of cities that had grown up in the U.S. by 1840. (See map 9.5 on p. 300.)

Urban cluster Examples of cities Main type of economic activity

Atlantic ports

Great Lakes cities

Ohio River cities


New Social Classes and CulturesThe Business Elite (p. 301-302)14. List the typical occuptions of the “business elite.”

15. How did government tax policies favor this wealthy class?

The Middle Class (p. 302-304) 16. List the typical occuptions of the “middling class.”

17. List 3 examples of the “material comfort” that many middle class Americans were able to enjoy.

18. Give an example of how the emphasis on moral and mental discipline shaped middle-class life.

Urban Workers and the Poor (p. 304-305) 19. List the typical occuptions of urban workers.

20. Illustrate the challenges urban workers faced in these areas:! Employment & wages -

! Housing -

The Benevolent Empire (p. 305-306) 21. What were some of the “age-old evils” targeted by social reformers?

22. Why did the Sabbatarian movement face widespread opposition?


Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism and Reform (p. 306-310)23. Why was Finney’s message particularly attractive to the new middle class?

24. What methods were used by the American Temperance Society to curb alcohol consumption?

! What statistical evidence points to their partial success?!

Immigration and Cultural Conflict (p. 310-311)25. Where did German and Irish immigrants who arrived between 1840 and 1860 tend to settle?

26. How did religious and economic tensions both contribute to the nativist movements of this time?


!

! This chapter examined the causes of the ____________________ transformation of the first half of

the nineteenth century. That transformation had two facets: a major increase in _________________ — the

________________ _____________________ — and the expansion of ______________ — the

_____________ ______________________. Water, __________, and minerals such as ______ and _____

were crucial ingredients in both revolutions — driving __________ ________________, carrying goods to

market on __________ and rivers, and propelling ________________ and ________________ engines.

! We also explored the consequences of that transformation: the rise of an _________ __________, the

increasing similarity between the ______________ and ______________ and their growing difference from

the _________, and the creation of a society divided by _______ and ______________. To shape this

emerging society, _______________ _______________ and ________________ ________________ worked

to instill moral discipline and Christian values. However, artisan republicans, _______________ workers, and

______ and _________ immigrants had their own _____________ __________ and economic interests. The

result was a fragmented society. As the next chapter suggests, Americans looked to their ____________

__________, which was becoming increasingly _________________, to address these social divisions. In

fact, the tensions among economic ______________, cultural _____________, and political

_________________ became a troubling — and enduring — part of American life.


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