Americans join war effort
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Transcript of Americans join war effort
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Americans join war effort
Needed soldiers• 5 million volunteered
• 10 million drafted
Labor shortage at home 6 million women join labor
force2 million minorities hired
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Industrial response
• Automobile plants were converted to build tanks, armored vehicles, etc.
• Factories across nation convert to war production
• Shipbuilder Henry J Kaiser– Liberty ships could be built in 2 weeks– 2,700 would be built during the war
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The HomefrontThe Homefront
• The United States gov’t stirs The United States gov’t stirs patriotic feelings patriotic feelings
• Movies are used to build moraleMovies are used to build morale• Propaganda is used to keep war Propaganda is used to keep war
effort goingeffort goingEducation for DeathRacist Propaganda cartoon
• civilians rationed goods/supplies civilians rationed goods/supplies and planted “Victory Gardens”and planted “Victory Gardens”
http://www.ethicurean.com/wp-content/uploads/image/plant-victory-garden.jpg
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PropagandaPropaganda
http://www.teacheroz.com/images/homes.gifhttp://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/R/O/propaganda_quiet.jpg
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http://www.usmm.org/p/looselips.jpghttp://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1940sphotos/posters/ridewithhitler.jpg
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Women Enter the WorkforceWomen Enter the Workforce
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Japanese Americans Interned Japanese Americans Interned • Many Americans Many Americans
distrusted Japanese –distrusted Japanese –Americans Americans (Nisei)(Nisei)
• Thousands of Thousands of Japanese -Americans Japanese -Americans were forced into were forced into Internment Camps in Internment Camps in the Midwest the Midwest throughout WWIIthroughout WWII
http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/images/japanese-evacuation.jpg
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http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/imagefolder/japaneseinternment.jpg
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Internment CampInternment Camp
http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/wwcod/image8-2.gif
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With the U.S. now at war
• We’ll divide our study of the war into 2 geographic areas:
• The European Theater of Operations (the ETO)…Europe and No. Africa
• The Pacific Theater of Operations (the PTO)
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The Nazis had broken their pact w/USSR:Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)
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By 1942 : War not going well for the Allies:– Germany controlled all of Europe and
N. Africa and were deep into Russia
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Gloomy Prospects for the Allies The chain of spectacular victories disguised a
fatal weakness within the Axis alliance: Japan and Germany fought separate
wars, they never coordinated strategies.
The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union and
the productive capacity of the U.S.
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Turning Points of the War: The Battle of Stalingrad
• The Pivotal battle in the war in Europe
The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) had already lost 2 million men on the eastern front.
• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.
• Scenes from Enemy at the Gates: Enemy at the Gates
• The Germans then lost the battle of Kursk and began a long retreat.
• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January 1944.
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Stalingrad
House by house…
Brick by brick
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North Africa: El AlameinNorth Africa: El Alamein
• In 1942 German forces In 1942 German forces tried to seize Egypt tried to seize Egypt and the Suez Canaland the Suez Canal
• American invasion: American invasion: “Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”
• Yanks and Brits drove Yanks and Brits drove Germans outGermans out
• Turning point in N. Turning point in N. Africa: Africa: El AlameinEl Alamein
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Defeat of Italy (1943)Defeat of Italy (1943)
• Invasion of Sicily opened door for Invasion of Sicily opened door for invasion of Italyinvasion of Italy
• Allies fought their way north up Allies fought their way north up the “boot”the “boot”
• Mussolini forced to flee… Mussolini forced to flee… captured , executed, and hung by captured , executed, and hung by his heels by anti-Mussolini Italianshis heels by anti-Mussolini Italians
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The Doolittle Raid• April, 1942
• Col. Jimmy Doolittle (related to me!) put together mission to bomb Tokyo & other targets IN Japan
• Bombers taking off a carrier?
• Military value? Not much
• Psychological value? HUGE moral boost for American public
• Movie Trailer: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
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The Pacific Theater: Early Battles
• American Forces halted the Japanese advance in two decisive naval / air battles.
– Coral Sea (May 1942) • U.S. stopped a fleet carrying Japanese troops to New
Guinea
• Japanese designs on Australia ended
– Midway (June 1942)• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway
Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again
• U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers, 332 planes, and 3500 men.
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U.S. strategy to defeat Japan:
““Island-hopping”Island-hopping”• No need to capture EVERY No need to capture EVERY
island…”hop” over some, leaving island…”hop” over some, leaving Japanese troops isolatedJapanese troops isolated
• 1 island chain after another1 island chain after another
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U.S. Marines assault an island
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Allied Island – Hopping (1942-45)
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Europe: Operation Overlord
• Stalin had pressed FDR and Churchill for over a year to open a 2nd front against the Nazis…a cross-Channel invasion
• All logistics in place for the invasion of Normandy, France in June, 1944
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June 6, 1944: D - DayJune 6, 1944: D - Day
• Combined American, British, Canadian assaultCombined American, British, Canadian assault• Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied CommanderDwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander
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Invasion of Europe (con.t)
• Allies cont. drive into France…by Aug., 1944: liberation of Paris
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The Allies Advance
•Into Holland: “Operation Market Garden”•Into Belgium:•Nazis mount major counter-offensive•Battle of the Bulge
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Germany’s Defeat
Americans advanced into Germany from the west while the Russians closed in on Berlin from the east
American and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe River
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Berlin 1945
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Hitler’s Last DaysIn the underground bunker: committed suicide with companion Eva Braun
With Berlin in ruins, the Nazis surrendered May,
1945
Victory in Europe at last
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Time Magazine cover - 1945
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Sec. 4 The Politics of War
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The Wartime Conferences
• The Allied Leaders met several times during the War to discuss goals and to map strategy :
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• The most important conference was at Yalta: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin
• The Allies were clearly winning the war and the end seemed near. The questions of what would happen once Germany was defeated were of huge importance:
Yalta Conference: Feb. ‘45
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The Polish Question
• Stalin maintained that historically, Poland had been used as a corridor to invade Russia…
• He therefore believed it was critical that Poland become a “buffer zone” , meaning that a Polish gov’t friendly to Russia was necessary
• Translation: “friendly” gov’t = communist gov’t.• The Big 3 agreed that free elections were to be
held in Poland…let the people choose their own gov’t.
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Yalta Conference (1945)
• A 2nd point:
USSR would enter war against Japan once Germany was defeated
• A 3rd point:
Germany would be divided and occupied by the Allies
• Other points of agreement:– War-crimes trials– Further discussion on creating a United Nations
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Potsdam Conference: July ‘45
• In the Berlin suburb of Potsdam:
– Churchill– Truman (FDR had
died)– Stalin
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Potsdam
• Stalin balked at free elections in Poland
• Specifics of Germany’s occupation after the war
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Berlin
• The capital city which lay entirely in the Russian zone of occupation was ALSO divided into 4 zones
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Sec. 5 War, the Bomb, and Final Victory
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After V-E Day: After V-E Day: War in the PacificWar in the Pacific
• Focus turns to Focus turns to JapanJapan
• US continues US continues “island-hopping” “island-hopping” strategystrategy
• Goal: control of Goal: control of islands close enough islands close enough to Japan to stage to Japan to stage bombing raidsbombing raids
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Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa
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Hiroshima & Nagasaki
FDR had died in office and new
President Harry S. Truman
learned of a new weapon.
He ordered it to be used
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Atomic BombAtomic Bomb
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Hiroshima: Aug. 6th, 1945
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No surrender: Japanese military attempted a coup to seize power from the Emperor…wanted to continue to fight
Aug. 9th: 2nd bomb on Nagasaki
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Victory over Japan:
VJ-DAY Aug 15, 1945
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Victory Over Japan DayVictory Over Japan Day
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Formal Japanese Surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
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The U.S.S. Indianapolis
Quint's monologue: (Jaws, 1976)