American Stories

Historical Discussions 1 and 2

Historical Discussions 1, 2 and 3– Leif Ericson Explores Vinland– Columbus Reaches the Shores of the

New World– The Columbian Exchange– John Cabot leads the first English

exploration of North America– Amerigo Vespucci and the naming of

the Americas– The Encomienda System– The Founding of St. Augustine by

Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles

– Roanoke Becomes the “lost Colony”– Jamestown is Founded– Henry Hudson Looks for the Northwest

Passage– The First African Slaves are Sold to

Virginia Planters

– Pilgrims Settle at Plymouth– The May Flower Compact– Puritans Settle The Massachusetts Bay– John Winthrop, Manifest Destiny, and

“A City Upon a Hill”– Roger Williams is Exiled to Rhode Island– Anne Hutchinson Stands Trial– Thomas Hooker and Connecticut:

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut– Maryland and the Calverts– New Amsterdam becomes New York– Indian Chief King Philip Goes to War– William Penn is Granted a Charter for

Pennsylvania– Salem Puts Accused Witches on Trial– James Oglethorpe is Granted a Charter

for Georgia

Leif Ericson Explores VinlandChristopher Columbus

and The Columbian Exchange

• http://www.history.com/topics/leif-eriksson

• Basics: Leif Ericson– Born: 970 AD, Iceland or Greenland– Died: 1020, Greenland, Denmark– Full name: Leif Ericson– Nationality: Icelandic, Norwegian– Father: Eirik Thorvaldsson, known as Eirik the Red,

• Founder of Greenland – 986 CE

• The first European to set foot on the shores of North America, and the first explorer of Norwegian extraction now accorded worldwide recognition.

• Lived in 11th century CE

• Founder of New Foundland and Vineland

• In 1964 - President Lyndon B. Johnson, backed by a unanimous Congress, proclaimed October 9th "Leif Ericson Day" in commemoration of the first arrival of a European on North American soil.

• Erickson vs. Columbus:– http://www.history.com/topics/leif-eriksson/videos#lei

f-erickson-vs-christopher-columbus

• Columbus– http://www.history.com/topics/christopher-columbus– Born: October 31, 1451, Genoa, Italy– Died: May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain– Full name: Cristoforo Colombo– 1492 Sailed for Spain– 4 voyages to the New World

• 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502

– Settlement on Hispaniola – 3rd voyage he reached Trinidad and South America and

then arrested and returned to Spain in chains.– In 1502, cleared of the most serious charges but

stripped of his noble titles, he takes one last trip across the Atlantic. This time, Columbus made it all the way to Panama--just miles from the Pacific Ocean--where he had to abandon two of his four ships in the face of an attack from hostile natives. Empty-handed, the elderly explorer returned to Spain, where he died in 1506.

The Columbian Exchange• -His journeys marked the beginning of centuries of trans-

Atlantic conquest and colonization.• Disease and environmental changes resulted in the

destruction of the majority of the native population over time, while Europeans continued to extract natural resources from these territories.

History of Colonial America 1497 - 1763

• History of Colonial America 1497 - 1763 • http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=65Y1jsD3QHE&feature=related

• The Original 13 Colonies:– http://americanhistory.about.com/library/chart

s/blcolonial13.htm

• The British empire settled its first permanent colony in the Americas at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

• This was the but the first of 13 colonies in North America.

• The 13 colonies can be divided into three regions:– New England– The Middle Colonies or Chesapeake– The Southern Colonies

• The Original Thirteen Colonies:• This is a fun little video….future teachers of young st

udent might enjoy…either way:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGdUDK8qSuw

• What did the colonists eat? – The animal bones from food supplies found in a pit

dating prior to 1610 reveal that the 104 men and boys who landed at Jamestown survived primarily on fish and turtles!

– Sturgeon was the most common fish.– A sturgeon may live up to 60 years, weigh up to 800

pounds and reach lengths of up to 15 feet. – Archaeologists have found the bony plates which cover

the heads of sturgeon and the bony shields, or scutes, which cover the body.

– The sturgeon is an anadromous (returning to rivers to breed: describes fish such as salmon and shad that return from the sea to the rivers where they were born in order to breed) fish, which means that it spends most of its life in brackish or salt water, but migrates into coastal rivers to spawn.

– The Jamestown colonists report that the sturgeon were plentiful in the James River from May until September.

A New World in British America

• http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/colonial/13_original_colonies.htm

• The original thirteen colonies were:– Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia

American Literature Meets American History

• The four voyages of Columbus (1492-93; 1493-96; 1498-1500; 1502-04) opened the way for the exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas by Europe.

• There are no surviving manuscripts in Columbus' own hand describing these voyages.

• Instead, historians have relied upon the following documents:– Letters– Journals : The journal that Columbus kept of his first voyage to America

and presented to Ferdinand and Isabella upon his return to Spain has not survived in its original form.

– The journal is known to us today only in the abridgement of Bartolome de las Casas, a partly quoted and partly summarized version of the original.

John Cabot• John Cabot’s explorations– 1. Giovanni Caboto (Italian – sailed for the English – reached N.A.)– 2. He was the first European since the Vikings to explore the

mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage.

• John Cabot’s Discovery of North America (1497): http://www.bartleby.com/43/4.html

• John Cabot:– Born in Genoa, Italy around 1450– His name was actually Giovanni Caboto, but he would be

remembered by the English translation, John Cabot.– In 1476, Cabot lived in Venice, Italy, the main trading center for the

entire Mediterranean region.– He worked there as a merchant and a navigator.

• The Letters Patents of King Henry the Seventh Granted unto Iohn Cabot and his Three Sonnes, Lewis, Sebastian and Sancius for the Discouerie of New and Unknowen Lands. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/cabot01.asp

• Search for the Northwest Passage:– In 1483, Cabot moved to Bristol, England. – He believed that Asia could be reached by sailing west. – In 1493, when word of Columbus’ reports of his successful

journey to the New World arrived, Cabot convinced King Henry VII that England did not have to sit still while the Spaniards helped themselves to the New World.

– Even though the Pope had given Spain control of all the new lands in the New World, King Henry VII wanted in: • He paid for Cabot to begin an exploration of the New

World because Cabot convinced him that it was possible to reach Asia on a more northerly route than Columbus had taken, and this route would be even shorter!

• Search for the Northwest passage:– Cabot sailed out of Bristol with his ship, the Matthew,

on May 2, 1497.– He landed in the New World, believing that he had

landed on the east coast of Asia. – Even now, we don’t know exactly where he landed -

He may have landed in Maine or Newfoundland, Canada.

– Wherever he landed, he claimed it in the name of King Henry VII.

– Cabot became the first European explorer to discover the mainland of North America (Canada and the United States).

– He sailed further north, making the first recorded attempt to find the Northwest Passage, only to find ice-crusted waters.

• Final Voyage:– When Cabot arrived back in England, he was given a

hero’s welcome for (supposedly) reading the "Land of Spices.“

– He was made an admiral and sent immediately back to find Japan.

– This time he sailed with five ships, but instead of finding Asian spices, he found dark forests and horrible rivers.

– Some historians believe that Cabot returned from his second expedition and died around 1499 in England.

– Others believe that he never returned from his second voyage and was never heard from again.

Amerigo Vespucci• Early Explorer of the New World

• The continents of North and South America were named in his honor.

• Born in Florence, Italy in 1454 and Moved to Spain in 1491

• He might have been there when Christopher Columbus returned from his first journey to the New World – but he helped Columbus get ships ready for his second and third voyages to the New World.

• Vespucci was a skilled navigator.

• As a trader, he was very interested in finding a quicker way to sail to Asia.

• He went on at least two, and possibly four, voyages to Central and South America between 1497 and 1504 for Spain and Portugal.

• He went to many places, including Venezuela and Brazil.

• After his explorations in 1501-1502, he was one of the first explorers to come up with the idea that these places he had visited were not part of Asia (as Columbus thought) but rather were part of a "New World In 1507, a pamphlet was published called "The Four Voyages of Amerigo" and the author suggested that the new land that Amerigo had explored be named in his honor.

• At first, the name of America was only meant to apply to South America, but later on, both continents of America became known by his name.

After his explorations, Amerigo returned to Seville and became its Master Navigator - He stayed in that job until he died in 1512.

• Amerigo Vespucci’s Account of His First Voyage (1497) : http://www.bartleby.com/43/3.html

• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497vespucci-america.asp

• His name was given to the American continents by Waldsmuller in 1507.

• If his claims are accurate he reached the mainland of the Americas shortly before Cabot, and at least 14 months before Columbus. "The Four Voyages of Amerigo”

•

The Encomienda System• Columbus's successor, Francisco de Bobadilla, who

established the encomiendas.

• It should be noted that this system was not hugely different from the feudal system then in place in Spain and much of the rest of Europe; but the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans was far harsher than a Spanish peasant would tolerate, primarily because most Spanish colonists on Hispaniola were, in our modern context, unbridled racists.

• This system established a serfdom for the Native Americans, with the Spanish acting as the "nobility", entitled to the fruits of their labor.

• Under this system, many Native Americans were simply worked to death.

• However, Columbus himself had no role in the establishment of this system; in fact, he viewed all Spanish territory in the New World as his personal demesne, and was bitterly disappointed when the Spanish Sovereigns relieved him of his role as governor of Hispaniola in 1500.

• The establishment of the encomienda system and subsequent decline of the Native American population did not escape the notice of the Spanish clergy, who by 1511 began preaching against the harsh conditions under which the Native Americans were forced to work.

• Although a number of Spanish clerics advocated for humane treatment of the Indians, by far the most eloquent and prolific spokesman for the rights of Native Americans during the 16th century was Bartolome de las Casas (1474 - 1566).

• His masterwork, the Historia de las Indias, still has never been completely translated into English; and his better-known indictment of Spanish treatment of the Native Americans (known as the Apologetica Historia) remains a primary source for most of what we know of this period. It is worth mentioning in this context that Las Casas was a lifelong friend of the Columbus family.

• Thanks to the work of Las Casas and others, the encomienda system was officially abolished by the "New Laws" of 1542, but sadly, these laws were never actually enforced.

The Founding of St. Augustine by Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles

• The oldest permanent European settlement in North America was not Jamestown, but rather St. Augustine

• The mainland of the North American continent was first sighted by the Spanish explorer and treasure hunter:– Don Juan Ponce de Leon on Easter, March 27, 1513.– He claimed the land for Spain and named it La Florida,

meaning "Land of Flowers".

• Between 1513 and 1563 the government of Spain launched six expeditions to settle Florida, but all failed.

• The French succeeded in establishing a fort and colony on the St. Johns River in 1564 and, in doing so, threatened Spain's treasure fleets which sailed along Florida's shoreline returning to Spain.

• As a result of this incursion into Florida, King Phillip II named Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles, Spain's most experienced admiral, as governor of Florida, instructing him to explore and to colonize the territory.

• Menendez was also instructed to drive out any pirates or settlers from other nations, should they be found there.

• Saint Augustine was established by a Spanish Admiral and Governor named Pedro Menendez de Aviles on September 8, 1565.

• The French, having witnessed the wealth Spain was gaining from the New World were becoming interested in establishing a foothold there themselves.

• The French King, being Catholic, had a small problem of Papal recognition of the Spanish as the rightful owners of all the lands there, even those they had not attempted to settle.

• One such area was “Florida.” To the Spanish, this name applied to basically all the lands north of Cuba.

• Taking advantage of the “heretic” status of French Huguenots in the eyes of the Pope, the French King (or more likely his scheming de Medici mother) made secret arrangements for a colony of these protestant Frenchmen in “Florida.”

• St. Augustine was founded forty-two years before the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts - making it the oldest permanent European settlement on the North American continent.

Roanoke Becomes the “Lost Colony” 1590

• In 1590 a shipload of settlers, hoping to join a colony established (1857 – 107 men, women, and children) a few years earlier by Sir Walter Raleigh ( the 31 yr old favorite of Queen Elizabeth I), arrived at Roanoke Island on present day North Carolina’s Outer Banks to find that the village and its inhabitants had vanished, leaving behind only some rusted debris and the “Croatoan” carved on a tree trunk.

• The Roanoke Colony– Primary Source:

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HARIOT/1590titl.html A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, Sir Walter Raleigh

– A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia , 1590 by Thomas Hariot http://manybooks.net/titles/hariotthetext038nflv10.html

• Present-day North Carolina - A late 16th-century attempt to establish a permanent English Settlement - The enterprise was financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh and carried out by Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville, Raleigh's distant cousin.

• The final group of colonists disappeared during the Anglo-Spanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England.

• The settlement is known as "The Lost Colony," and the fate of the colonists is still unknown.

• First person of English descent born in North America…– Virginia Dare - @ August 18, 1587– born to Ananias Dare and his wife, Elinor White.

• Virginia's grandfather was John White, a scientific illustrator and painter who had previously been to Roanoke as part of a failed expedition in 1585. – Under the authority of Walter Raleigh, the elder White acted as

governor of the new colony. – Nine days after his granddaughter was born, White returned to

England for supplies.– His return was delayed by England's war with Spain, and when he

reached Roanoke again in 1590 the settlement had been abandoned and there was no trace of the colonists.

The First Permanent English Settlement: Jamestown 1607

• In May 1607, a group of English settlers under the command of Captain Christopher Newport breached the Chesapeake Bay and sailed 30 miles up the James River to densely wooded area boarding a swamp, where they founded Jamestown, the first permanent English colony.

• * Capt. James Smith• *The Powhatan Indians• *Pocahontas - Rebecca• *John Rolfe• * “The Starving Time” 1609-10• *Tobacco – 1610-1612• * The First Indentured Servants/Slaves brought to an English

colony 1619

• The colony was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the venture.

• Chartered in 1606 by King James I, the company also supported English national goals of counterbalancing the expansion of other European nations abroad, seeking a northwest passage to the Orient, and converting the Virginia Indians to the Anglican religion.

• Primary Sources:– The First Virginia Charter 1606

http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1600-1650/the-first-virginia-charter-1606.php

– The Second Virginia Charter 1609 http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1600-1650/the-second-virginia-charter-1609.php

• Jamestown was the first settlement of the Virginia Colony, founded in 1607, and served as capital of Virginia until 1699, when the seat of government was moved to Williamsburg.

• The founding of Jamestown, America’s first permanent English colony, in Virginia in 1607 – 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts – sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world.

• The government, language, customs, beliefs and aspirations of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today

• The Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery, carrying 105 passengers, one of whom died during the voyage, departed from England in December 1606 and reached the Virginia coast in late April 1607.

• Initially, the colony was governed by a council of seven, with one member serving as president.

• Virginia was started for profit…by men…Unlike New England that was founded by families for permanent change:

• The first two English women arrived at Jamestown in 1608, and more came in subsequent years.

• Men outnumbered women, however, for most of the 17th century.

Tobacco Saves Virginia• The economic solution to Virginia's problem grew on vacant lots of Jamestown.

• Only Indians bothered to cultivate tobacco until John Rolfe realized the future of this weed.

• In order to make a profit for the Virginia Company, settlers tried a number of small industries, including glassmaking, wood production, and pitch and tar and potash manufacture.

• However, until the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop about 1613 by colonist John Rolfe, who later married Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas, none of the colonists’ efforts to establish profitable enterprises were successful.

• Tobacco cultivation required large amounts of land and labor and stimulated the rapid growth of the Virginia colony.

• Settlers moved onto the lands occupied by the Powhatan Indians, and increased numbers of indentured servants came to Virginia

The Head right System: System of land distribution through which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. The system

encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force.

• How Virginia is settled: Sir Edwin Sandy’s (stockholder in the Virginia Company that sponsored Jamestown) method of distributing land: Colonists who covered their own transportation costs to America were guaranteed a HEADRIGHT, a 50-acre lot for which they paid only a small annual rent.

• Adventures were granted additional head rights for each servant they brought to the colony.

• The procedure allowed prosperous planters to build up huge estates while they also acquired dependent laborers.

The First African Slaves are Sold to Virginia Planters

• The first documented Africans in Virginia arrived in 1619.

• They were from the kingdom of Ndongo in Angola, West Central Africa, and had been captured during war with the Portuguese.

• While these first Africans may have been treated as indentured servants, the customary practice of owning Africans as slaves for life appeared by mid-century.

• The number of African slaves increased significantly in the second half of the 17th century, replacing indentured servants as the primary source of labor.

The First Representative Government`

• The first representative government in British America began at Jamestown in 1619 with the convening of a general assembly, at the request of settlers who wanted input in the laws governing them.

• After a series of events, including a 1622 war with the Powhatan Indians and misconduct among some of the Virginia Company leaders in England, the Virginia Company was dissolved by the king in 1624, and Virginia became a royal colony.

• Jamestown continued as the center of Virginia’s political and social life until 1699 when the seat of government moved to Williamsburg.

• Although Jamestown ceased to exist as a town by the mid 1700s, its legacies are embodied in today’s United States.

Henry Hudson Looks for the Northwest Passage - 1609

• In 1609, Henry Hudson – an English sea dog in the hire of the Dutch – sailed the Half Moon out of Amsterdam for the Atlantic coast in search of the fabled Northwest Passage and discovered instead the river that bears his name, launching the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam….later named New York

• New Amsterdam: A settlement established in 1624 by the Dutch at the mouth of the Hudson River on the southern end of Manhattan Island. It was the capital of New Netherland from 1626 to 1664, when it was captured by the British and renamed New York.

Pilgrims Settle at Plymouth 1620• In 1620, rough seas off the coast of Nantucket - forced Captain

Christopher Jones of the Mayflower to alter his course from the mouth of the Hudson river toward Cape Cod, where he deposited his passengers – including some 35-50 members of a religious sect who would soon come to be called “Pilgrims” – outside the jurisdiction of Virginia, making many of the non-Pilgrims not happy.

• The two groups settled their differences by signing a brief statement of self-government drafted by the Pilgrims, which became known as the Mayflower Compact, the first written constitution of North America – but signed on the Atlantic Ocean.

• The MayFlower Compact: William Bradford, a leader of the Separatist congregation who wrote the still-classic account of the Mayflower voyage and the founding of Plymouth Colony. While still on board the ship, a group of 41 men signed the so-called Mayflower Compact, in which they agreed to join

together in a "civil body politic." This document would become the foundation of the new colony's government

• The SEPERATISTS:– September 1620 included 35-50 members of a radical

Puritan faction known as the English Separatist Church – who had illegally broken from the Church of England in 1607.

– Bradford and the other Plymouth settlers were not originally known as Pilgrims, but as "Old Comers." This changed after the discovery of a manuscript by Bradford in which he called the settlers who left Holland "saints" and "pilgrimes."

• http://www.ushistory.org/documents/mayflower.htm

• The Mayflower Compact:– In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are

underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civill body politick, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just and equall laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape-Codd the 11. of November, in the year of the raigne of our sovereigne lord, King James, of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fiftie-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620.

•

The MayFlower Compact• Mayflower Compact – What is it?

The Mayflower Compact is a written agreement composed by a consensus of the new Settlers arriving at New Plymouth in November of 1620. They had traveled across the ocean on the ship Mayflower which was anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The Mayflower Compact was drawn up with fair and equal laws, for the general good of the settlement and with the will of the majority. The Mayflower’s passengers knew that the New World’s earlier settlers failed due to a lack of government. They hashed out the content and eventually composed the Compact for the sake of their own survival.

All 41 of the adult male members on the Mayflower signed the Compact. Being the first written laws for the new land, the Compact determined authority within the settlement and was the observed as such until 1691. This established that the colony (mostly persecuted Separatists), was to be free of English law. It was devised to set up a government from within themselves and was written by those to be governed.

• Mayflower Compact – What did it say?The original document is said to have been lost, but the writings of William Bradford’s journal Of Plymouth Plantation and in Edward Winslow’s Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth are in agreement and accepted as accurate.

• When creating the Mayflower Compact, the signers believed that covenants were not only to be honored between God and man, but also between each other. They had always honored covenants as part of their righteous integrity and agreed to be bound by this same principle with the Compact. John Adams and many historians have referred to the Mayflower Compact as the foundation of the U.S. Constitution written more than 150 years later.

• The Mayflower Compact reads: "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

The Pilgrim Legacy in New Englandhttp://www.history.com/topics/pilgrims

• Repressive policies toward religious nonconformists in England under King James I and his successor, Charles I, had driven many men and women to follow the Pilgrims' path to the New World. Three more ships traveled to Plymouth after the Mayflower, including the Fortune (1621), the Anne and the Little James (both 1623). In 1630, a group of some 1,000 Puritan refugees under Governor John Winthrop settled in Massachusetts according to a charter obtained from King Charles I by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Winthrop soon established Boston as the capital of Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would become the most populous and prosperous colony in the region.

• Compared with later groups who founded colonies in New England, such as the Puritans, the Pilgrims of Plymouth failed to achieve lasting economic success. After the early 1630s, some prominent members of the original group, including Brewster, Winslow and Standish, left the colony to found their own communities. The cost of fighting King Philip's War further damaged the colony's struggling economy. Less than a decade after the war King James II appointed a colonial governor to rule over New England, and in 1692, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger entity of Massachusetts.

• Bradford and the other Plymouth settlers were not originally known as Pilgrims, but as "Old Comers." This changed after the discovery of a manuscript by Bradford in which he called the settlers who left Holland "saints" and "pilgrimes." In 1820, at a bicentennial celebration of the colony's founding, the orator Daniel Webster referred to "Pilgrim Fathers," and the term stuck.

5 Things You May Not Know About the Pilgrims• 1. Not all of the Mayflower’s passengers were motivated by religion.

– The Mayflower actually carried three distinct groups of passengers within the walls of its curving hull. About half were in fact Separatists, the people we now know as the Pilgrims. Another handful of those on board were sympathetic to the Separatist cause but weren’t actually part of that core group of dissidents. The remaining passengers were really just hired hands—laborers, soldiers and craftsmen of various stripes whose skills were required for both the transatlantic crossing and those vital first few months ashore. Community leader John Alden, for instance, was originally a cooper, brought along to make and repair barrels on board the ship. Myles Standish, who would eventually become the military leader of Plymouth Colony, was a soldier hired for protection against whatever natives the settlers might encounter.

• 2. The Mayflower didn’t land in Plymouth first.– The Mayflower first landed at the tip of Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown. The settlers had originally hoped to make for the mouth of the

Hudson River and find fertile farmland somewhere north of present-day New York City, but bad weather forced them to retreat. They intended to try again for the Hudson, but the approaching winter and dwindling supplies eventually convinced them to continue on across Cape Cod Bay to Plymouth.

• 3. The Pilgrims didn’t name Plymouth, Massachusetts, for Plymouth, England.– In fact, the Pilgrims didn’t name Plymouth, Massachusetts, at all. It had been dubbed that years earlier by previous explorers to the region, and was

clearly marked as Plymouth (or Plimoth—spellings varied somewhat) on maps that the Mayflower’s captain surely had on hand. It’s sheer coincidence that the Mayflower ended up sailing from a town called Plymouth in England and then landing in a town called Plymouth in America. And it’s unlikely that the Mayflower’s passengers felt any emotional connection to Plymouth, England, at all. Most of the Separatists had been living in exile in Holland for 10 years before sailing for America, and the rest of the passengers were drawn from the greater London area. The Mayflower only ended up departing from Plymouth because bad weather and misfortune had prevented the settlers from making the crossing on two earlier attempts—first from Southampton and then from Dartmouth—before they finally succeeded in sailing from the port of Plymouth.

• 4. Some of the Mayflower’s passengers had been to America before.– Several of the Mayflower’s crew had made the journey at least once before, on either fishing or exploration trips. One notable figure, Stephen

Hopkins, had even tried to settle in the New World 10 years earlier, in the Jamestown colony of Virginia. On his way to join the settlement, his ship was wrecked off the coast of Bermuda, stranding him and his fellow passengers for several months. The story of the Virginia settlers’ shipwreck and rescue made waves back home in England, and William Shakespeare freely admitted that he based his play “The Tempest” on the tale. He even may have named one of the characters, Stephano, after Stephen Hopkins, who was once one of Shakespeare’s neighbors. Hopkins eventually returned to England and later joined the Mayflower as a member of the sympathetic group of supporters from London.

• 5. The Pilgrims were relatively tolerant of other religious beliefs.– The Puritans, who settled the region north of Plymouth, were known for their strict approach to how religion was practiced within their borders. The

Pilgrims, on the other hand, never made any attempts to convert outsiders to their faith, including the Native Americans they encountered in America and the nonbelievers who’d joined them as laborers in England. Generally speaking, they didn’t even try to impose their unique observances on their friends and neighbors. For instance, while the Pilgrims themselves didn’t themselves Christmas, they didn’t stop others from taking the day off and celebrating it as they wished. They also allowed men who were not part of their faith to hold public office, and they apparently had no problem with the intermarriage of believers and nonbelievers. As a matter of fact, they didn’t consider marriage to be a religious matter at all, preferring instead to view it as a civil contract outside the church’s jurisdiction.

• http://www.history.com/news/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-pilgrims?cmpid=INT_Outbrain_HITH_HIS&obref=obnetwork

Puritans and The Great Migration 1630-1642

• Members of reformed Protestant sects in Europe and America who insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practice.

• Migration of 16,000 Puritan men and women from England to the MA Bay Colony during the 1630s.

• A “New” England in America:– The Mayflower Compact: Agreement among the

Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to cerate a civil government at Plymouth Colony.

– Puritan: Members of reformed Protestant sects in Europe and America who insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholics from popular religious practices.

– John Winthrop: The Arabella, First Gov. of MA BAY – Manifest Density…”City Upon a Hill” A Model of Christian Charity.

• In 1629, five English ships bursting with Puritans émigrés sailed into Massachusetts Bay, the first of many that would bring to Britain's newest colony the 20 thousand –odd settlers who participated in the Great Puritan migration

• John Winthrop – The Arabella – the Arabella Covenant – “City Upon a Hill” – A Model of Christian Charity

• Puritans vs. Pilgrims: How did the differences between Pilgrims and Puritans help shape the states of New England? http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-states-got-their-shapes/videos/puritans-vs-pilgrims

•

PURITAN BELIEFS• TYPOLOGY:• The belief that God’s intentions are present in human action

and in natural phenomenon.

• Failure to understand these intentions are human limitation.

• Puritans believe in cyclical or repetitive history; they uses “types”- Moses prefigures Jesus, Jonah’s patience is reflective in Jesus' ordeal on the cross, and Moses’ journey out of Egypt is played out in the Pilgrim’s crossing of the Atlantic.

• God wrath and reward are also present in natural phenomena like flooding, bountiful harvest, the invasion of locusts, and the lightening striking a home

• The Style of Their Writings:• 1. Protest – against ornateness; reverence for the Bible

• 2. Purposiveness – there was a purpose to Puritan writing : The Function as described in the previous slide

• 3. Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion

• * Puritans viewed the Bible as God’s covenant with them; they saw themselves as a Chosen People and identified strongly with the tribes of Israel in the Book of Exodus.

• In reading both Testaments, they included that God, though sometimes arbitrary in his power, is neither malicious nor capricious.

• * Doers of evil suffer and are destroyed; true believers and doers of good may suffer as well, as worldly misfortune as both a test of faith and a signifier of God’s will.

• * Covenant theology taught that although no human being can ever know for certain whether or not he or she is among the saved, the only hope lay in rigorous study of Scripture; relentless moral self-examination, and active, whole-hearted membership in these congregations

Manifest Destiny

• The concept of manifest destiny is as old as the first New England settlements. Without using the words, John Winthrop articulated the concept in his famous sermon, the Arabella Covenant (1630), when he said: “…for we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us;…

Social Stability: New England Colonies of the 17th Century

• 17th century New Englanders successfully replicated in America a traditional social order they had known in England.

• The transfer of a familiar way of life to the new World seemed less difficult for these Puritan migrants than it did for the many English men and women who settled in the Chesapeake colonies.

• Their contrasting experiences, fundamental to an understanding of the development of both cultures, can be explained, at least in part, by the extraordinary strength and resilience of New England families.

Immigrant Families and New Social Order• Early New England believed God ordained for human benefit.

• It was essential to the maintenance of social order, since outside the family, men and women succumbed to carnal temptation.

• The godly family, at least in theory, was ruled by a patriarch, father to his children, husband to his wife, the source of authority and object of unquestioned obedience.

• The wife shared responsibility for the raising of children, but in decisions of importance, especially those related to property, she was expected to defer to her spouse.

• Puritan Women:– New England relied heavily on the work of women.– Women usually handled separate tasks form men: cooking,

washing, clothes making, dairying, gardening– Their production of food was absolutely essential to the survival of

most households.– Some wives – and the overwhelming majority of adult 17 th century

women were married – raised poultry – which gave some an economic independence.

– Women joined churches – within a few years, the women outnumbered the men 2 to 1

– Politically and Legally: society sharply curtained women’s rights…according to English common law, a wife exercised no control over property. – she could not sell land.

– Divorce existed but was extremely difficult to obtain in an colony before the American Revolutionary War.

• The New Englanders’ concern about the character of the godly family played a central role in their society.

• In contrast to those who migrated to Virginia and Maryland, New Englanders crossed the Atlantic within nuclear families.

• This comforting presence of immediate family reduced the shock of adjusting to a strange environment 3,000 miles from home.

• Even in the 1630s, the ratio of men to women in New England was fairly well balanced, about three males for every 2 females.

• Early N E marriage patterns did not differ substantially from 17th century England. The average age for men in a 1st marriage = mid20’s, wives were slightly younger @ 22.

• New England males lived longer – to see their grandchildren. This may have been one of the 1st societies in recorder history in which a person could reasonably anticipate knowing his grandchildren, a demographic surprise that contributed to social stabiliy

MA BAY COLONY

• Once settled, the Bay colonists developed a highly innovative form of government known as Congregationalism:– Under the system, each village church was

independent of outside interference. – The American Puritans wanted nothing of

bishops, etc. – The people were the church, and as a body, they

pledged to uphold god’s law.

MA BAY COLONY Exhibited these characteristics:– 1. it was more Puritan than Separatist– 2. it included family groups from the onset– 3. it quickly produced several settlements– 4. it developed a small fur trade w the local

Indians

• The government of MA was neither a democracy nor a theocracy: – The magistrates elected in MA did not believe

they represented the voters, much less the whole populace.

– They ruled in the name of the electorate, but their responsibility as rulers was to God.

• JOHN WINTHROP:– In 1638, Winthrop warned against overly

democratic forms, since “the best part [of the people] is always the least, and of that best part the wiser is always the lesser.”

– And second, the Congregational ministers possessed no formal political authority in MA BAY.

– They could not even hold civil office, and it was not unusual for the voters to ignore recommendations of a respected minister

– Dominated colonial politics: 1630 Sails for New England; writes first journal entry of Bay Colony; delivers his lay-sermon, "Modell of Christian Charity," aboard the Arbella.

– 1634 Voted out of the governorship. – 1637 Reelected governor. – 1640 Voted out of governorship. – 1642 Reelected governor. – 1645 Stands trial, having been accused for

overstepping authority. – 1646 Reelected governor and serves until his

death.

Establish a New Social Order• During the 17th century, N E colonists gradually sorted themselves into

distinct social groups.

• Persons who would never have been “natural rules” in England became provincial gentry in the various northern colonies.

• Wealth and Education helped, but these attributes alone could not guarantee a newcomer would be accepted into the ruling elite.

• In MA and CT, Puritan voters expected their leaders to join Congregational churches and defend orthodox religion.

• Most Northern colonists were yeomen ( independent farmers) who worked their own land.

YEOMEN: Independent farmers• Their daily lives, especially for those who settled in New England,

centered on scattered little communities where they participated in village meetings, church-related matters, and militia training.

• Possession of land gave agrarian families an independence.

• It was not unusual for northern colonists to work as servants at some point in their lives.

• This system of labor differed greatly from VA and Maryland. New Englanders seldom recruited servants from the Old World. The forms of agriculture practiced in this region, mixed cereal and dairy farming, made employment of large gangs of dependent economic workers uneconomic.

Anne Hutchinson

• Deeply fascinated by intricate theological issues, Hutchinson began to hold weekly discussion groups in her home following Sunday services. Attendance at these meetings grew rapidly and included young governor Henry Vane as well as several of the colony’s other leading citizens. After establishing her skill as the discussion leader, Hutchinson revealed her support of the efficacy of faith alone (the covenant of grace) as they key to salvation, as opposed to the standard Puritan emphasis on good works (the covenant of works). She also expressed her belief that God revealed himself to individuals without the aid of clergy.

• http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h577.html

• John Winthrop was leery of Hutchinson’s views and cautioned that women could do irreparable damage to their brains by pondering deep theological matters — a view not uncommon for the day. Winthrop and John Cotton led the opposition to Hutchinson and charged that she and her followers were guilty of the antinomian heresy. She was brought to trial before the General Court in 1637, found guilty and banished from the Bay Colony.

• Hutchinson joined other dissenters in the establishment of Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Following her husband’s death, she moved to Long Island and finally to Pelham Bay. In 1643, Hutchinson and other family members were killed in an Indian attack.

• Anne Hutchinson’s religious views were a threat not only to the Puritan clergy, but also to the civil authorities of Massachusetts Bay. If an individual's beliefs and conduct were strictly matters between that person and God, then what was the need for ministers and government officials? Hutchinson ranks with Roger Williams as a leading voice of dissent in early New England.

Antinomianism

• Religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that an individual could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy.

• Anne Hutchinson 2 very tense days in 1637… “by an immediate revelation…By the voice of his own spirit to my soul.”

The 13 Original Colonies• http://www.timepage.org/spl/13colony.html

• Roger William’s founded Rhode Island: 1636 – Roger Williams: Religious Ideas - created controversy – preached

extreme separatism…said MA Bay was impure as long as they remained even nominal member of the Church of England.

– Believed it was God who would punish…not the men of MA Bay

• Thomas Hooker founded Connecticut: 1636– The father of Connecticut was Thomas Hooker, who arrived in

boston in 1632.

Roger Williams is Exiled to Rhode Island

• Banished in his time, beloved in ours, Roger Williams represents a paradoxical early expression of the American ideals of democracy and religious freedom

• VOICES OF THE PAST:– William Bradford described him as “godly and zealous...but very

unsettled in judgment” with “strange opinions.”– John Winthrop said Williams held “diverse new and dangerous

opinions.”– Cotton Mather vilified him as a kind of Don Quixote, the “first

rebel against the divine-church order in the wilderness” with a “windmill” whirling so furiously in his head that “a whole country in America [is] like to be set on fire.”

• Founder of: Providence, Rhode Island, which prospered under his tolerance, became a haven for heretics, runaways, and malcontents, a “Rogue’s Island.”

• Symbolizes: Since the nineteenth century, Americans have enshrined Roger Williams as a symbol of liberty of individual conscience and toleration of racial and religious differences, an apostle of civil and spiritual freedom.

• BUT IS HE A HERO? – Williams’ liberal inclusiveness was paradoxical, since it was based

on his own rigid adherence to the doctrine of separatism. – He was a friend of the Narragansett Indians and defender of

religious dissenters because he was a devout Separatist Puritan, whose political ideas were founded on his belief that Christianity must be free from the “foul embrace” of civil authority.

– Rather than liberalism, it was his literalism—his literal-minded reading of Christian scripture—that led him toward policies of religious tolerance.

• HIS PATH: – Williams grew up in the Smithfield district of London, a center of

Separatist activity – he graduated from Cambridge University with a Master’s degree

– And then…..it is said that he: Having “forsaken the university” for Puritanism, he became a chaplain in 1629

– His religious beliefs grew increasingly radical. – He met John Winthrop and John Cotton, who would become his

chief adversary.– On December 10, 1630, Williams sailed with the Great Migration

on the LYON.– His unorthodoxy started trouble almost as soon as the Puritans

arrived in February 1631.– Called to be minister of Boston’s First Church, he told the

community he “durst not officiate to an unseparated people.” – He insisted that they separate and repent worshiping with the

Church of England. – Also, he denounced magistrates for punishing violations of the

Sabbath, arguing that they had no authority to enforce the first four Commandments, thus beginning a battle with the Puritan leaders over separation of church and state.

• Moving first to Plymouth and then to Salem, he continued to preach three extreme positions:– (1) the Puritans should become Separatists (a position that

endangered the Massachusetts Bay Company charter and the relative freedom it granted);

– (2) the charter was invalid because Christian kings had no right to heathen lands (a position based on separation of spiritual and material prerogatives);

– and (3) the civil magistrates had no jurisdiction over matters of conscience and soul, only material and social matters (a position that undermined the Puritan oligarchy).

Roger Williams

• The governor and magistrates saw the dangerous implications of Williams’s positions, and on July 8, 1635, he was indicted for heresy and divisiveness, then sentenced to banishment on October 9.

• To avoid deportation, Williams fled south to an Indian settlement in January 1636. Roger and Mary Williams arrived at Boston on February 5, 1631,– he was welcomed and invited to become

the Teacher (assistant minister) in the Boston church

– He said no…. it was "an unseparated church“– He asserted that the civil magistrates may

not punish any sort of "breach of the first table [of the Ten Commandments]", such as idolatry, Sabbath-breaking, false worship, and blasphemy, and that every individual should be free to follow his own convictions in religious matters. Right from the beginning, he sounded three principles which were central to his subsequent career:• Separatism, freedom of religion, and

separation of church and state.

• As a Separatist:– concluded that the Church of England was

irredeemably corrupt – one must completely separate from it to

establish a new church for the true and pure worship of God.

– His search for the true church eventually carried him out of Congregationalism, the Baptists, and any visible church.

– From 1639 forward, he waited for Christ to send a new apostle to reestablish the church, and he saw himself as a "witness" to Christianity until that time came.

– He believed that soul liberty freedom of conscience, was a gift from God, and that everyone had the natural right to freedom of religion

– Religious freedom demanded that church and state be separated.

– Williams was the first to use the phrase "wall of separation" to describe the relationship of the church and state. He called for a high wall of separation between the "Garden of Christ" and the "Wilderness of the World".

Thomas Hooker 1636 and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts.

• He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage.

• Called today “the Father of Connecticut,” Thomas Hooker was a towering figure in the early development of colonial New England.

• He was one of the great preachers of his time, an erudite writer on Christian subjects, the first minister of Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of the first settlers and founders of both the city of Hartford and the state of Connecticut, and cited by many as the inspiration for the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut," cited by some as the world's first written democratic constitution that established a representative government.– http://www.constitution.org/bcp/fo_1639.htm

Thomas Hookervs.

John Winthrop

• The Rev. John Cotton became the Puritan pastor at Boston

• Hooker at the adjoining village of Newtown, now Cambridge.– Hooker was a great a preacher– Very powerful and influential– He was a great statesman

• The Disagreement between Winthrop and Hooker:– Governor Winthrop - was an aristocrat to the core.– He believed in the government of the many by the few,

and it was he that influenced the Bay colony to create freemen out of the citizens but slowly, and to limit the suffrage to members of the Church.

– To this Hooker could not agree. – A sharp controversy ensured between him and the

governor of Massachusetts.

• To Winthrop he wrote that, "In matters which concern the common good, a general council chosen by all, to transact business which concern all, I conceive most suitable to rule and most safe for relief of the whole."

• Founds: Hartford, Connecticut

• This disagreement with Winthrop led Hooker into the wilderness and founding another colony - Connecticut.

• Old Connecticut Path: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1heUu2r8rM

• Some Historians believe the overwhelming popularity of John Cotton over Hooker contributed– Cotton, the pastor at Boston, was the leading

clergyman, the religious oracle of the colony;– while Hooker, conscious of equal power and

eloquence, believed that the insignificance of the town in which he was located, away from the harbor, in the midst of an unfertile region, had much to do with curbing his influence.

Harvard University 1636• The oldest institution of higher learning in the

United States.

• Founded 16 years after the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth

• Began with nine students and a single master

• Currently - an enrollment of more than 18,000 degree candidates, including undergraduates and students in 10 principal academic units.

• Seven presidents of the United States were graduates:– John Adams, – John Quincy Adams,– Theodore Roosevelt,– Franklin Delano Roosevelt,– Rutherford B. Hayes, – John Fitzgerald Kennedy– George W. Bush, and– Our 44th president, Barack Obama

• Harvard College was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was named for its first benefactor, John Harvard of Charlestown, a young minister who, upon his death in 1638, left his library and half his estate to the new institution.

• Harvard's first scholarship fund was created in 1643 with a gift from Ann Radcliffe, Lady Mowlson.

• During its early years, the College offered a classic academic course based on the English university model but consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy of the first colonists.

• Founded by Puritans – but the College was never formally affiliated with a specific religious denomination.

• An early brochure, published in 1643, justified the College's existence: "To advance Learning and perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches."

Maryland: A Catholic Refuge• Founded in 1634 by a Catholic Nobleman:

– Sir George Calvert, later Lord Baltimore.– He was King James’ I Secretary of State but he was

CATHOLIC: In 1625, he publically declared his Catholicism (persons who openly supported the Church of Rome were immediately stripped of all govt titles and positions).

– Forced to resign, but retained the Crown's favor – Calvert sponsored a settlement on the coast of

Newfoundland - But after examining it…he said… “ayre [is] so intolerably cold.” – and turned his attention to the Chesapeake• June 30, 1632, Charles I granted George

Calvert’s son, Cecilius, a charter for a colony to be located north of VA.

• A Colony for a Profit:• Cecilius, the 2nd Lord Baltimore, wanted to create a

sanctuary of England's persecuted Catholics and ….He also intended to make $.

• He needs Protestant settlers for it to prosper• Cecilius instructed his brother Leonard, the

colony's gov. to do nothing that would frighten off Protestants.

• The gov was ordered to “cause all Acts of the Roman Catholic Religion to be done as privately as may be and...and to instruct all Roman Catholics to be silent upon all occasions of discourse concerning matters of religion.”

• Baltimore 1634:– March 25, 1634, the Ark and Dove, carrying @ 150 settlers – The colony’s charter made Lord Baltimore a proprietor with

royal powers- Settlers swore an oath of allegiance not to the King of England but to Lord Baltimore.

– As the proprietor Lord Baltimore owned outright almost 6 million acres; he possessed absolute authority over anyone living in his domain.

– Members of a colonial ruling class, persons who purchased 6000 acres from Baltimore, were called lords of the manor.

– These landed aristocrats were permitted to establish local courts of law.

– People holding less acres enjoyed fewer privileges, particularly in govt.

– Baltimore figured that land sales and rents would adequately finance the entire venture.

– Baltimore’s feudal system never took root in Chesapeake soil.– People simply refused to play the social roles the lord

proprietor had assigned and These tensions affected Maryland's govt.

– The 1st assembly convened in 1635, Baltimore allowed the delegates and for 25 years legislative squabbling almost destroyed Maryland.

• Religious Strife:– During the English Civil War Years, in 1649 “The Act

Concerning Religion” was drafted – which extended toleration to all individuals who accepted the divinity of Christ.

– Baltimore championed liberty of conscience. But The act did not heal religious division

– Local Puritans seized the colony’s government, they property repealed the act.

Tobacco in Maryland

• Tobacco:– Tobacco was the staple in Maryland– It required a steady stream of indentured servants– Eventually replaced by slaves at the end of the 17th

century.

The Mason-Dixon line

• The boundaries of the settlement, named Maryland in honor of Charles's queen, were so vaguely defined that they generated legal controversies not fully resolved until the 18th century when Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed their famous line between Pennsylvania and Maryland.

New York• 1664 - Peter Stuyvesant, director-general of the Dutch colony of New – surrenders to

John Winthrop, Gov. of CT• The colony’s origins dated to 1609, when Englishman Henry Hudson had charted the area on behalf of the

Dutch East India Company and the Dutch had laid claim to a wide swath of the East Coast.– New Netherland covered an area encompassing all or parts of five future states: New York, New Jersey, Connecticut,

Pennsylvania, and Delaware. – The colony existed in a state of constant struggle.

• Indians threatened it, and so did the English.• Thanks largely to the English Civil Wars, people had fled England in large numbers for the colonies in New England and Virginia,

and as their numbers swelled they encroached on the boundaries of New Netherland.

– A Mixed society: In the 1640s the 500 colonists in New Amsterdam communicated in 18 languages.• To deal with this diversity, the city’s elders formulated an official policy of tolerance, a genuine anomaly in Europe at the time. • Along with tolerance, the Dutch also introduced 17th-century capitalism.• The inhabitants were vigorous traders: carpenters, wheelwrights, and even prostitutes bought shares in shipments of goods being

transported to the home country.

• Restoration of the Stuart monarchy: Charles II– In the wake of the restoration of the Stuart monarchy, Charles II had set about reorganizing the American colonies. – He intended to restrict the power of the Puritans and also to make a play for the Dutch colony. – Charles granted his brother James, the Duke of York, title over the land that encompassed the Dutch colony.

• He sent four ships and 2,000 men.

• As it happened, it was fortunate for the city—whose name was changed forthwith to New York after the duke’s title—that it had gotten its start under the Dutch.

• The Dutch imprinted their tolerance and free trading • New York would grow along a different trajectory from the rest of British North America.

– New York’s distinctively multiethnic, upwardly mobile culture.– Dutch influence

King Philip’s War• Massasoit

– Wampanoag, – had cultivated harmonious relations with the colonists,– being especially helpful to the Pilgrims in their early travails, but tribal lands diminished sharply as the colonists expanded. In 1662,

Metacom, a son of Massasoit and known to the colonists as King Philip, became sachem. • The Wampanoags` dependence upon English manufactured goods led them into ever-increasing land sales, resulting in

further resentment and tension.• The Beginning of the end:

– In 1675, three tribal members were tried and executed by the English for the murder of a converted Wampanoag, touching off more than a year of hostilities.

– Beginning in June 1675, the Wampanoag, outfitted with rifles and armor, attacked a series of settlements and took the lives of dozens of colonial men, women and children.

– English forces retaliated in kind by destroying native villages and slaughtering the inhabitants. Soon other tribes, including the Narragansett, joined the fray and the entire region fell into conflict.

• The tide turned in April 1676, when the Narragansett were decisively defeated and their chief killed.

• Philip/Metacom:– Philip was betrayed, captured and killed.– He was drawn and quartered and his severed head placed on a stake to be paraded through Plymouth Colony.– Philip`s son was sold into slavery in Bermuda and many other captives were forced into servitude in homes throughout New England. – "Praying Indians," who had been converted to Christianity, but were distrusted by both sides.

• The End:– The colonists prevailed in King Philip`s War, but the cost was tremendous. – It would be more than two decades before all of the devastated frontier settlements could be reoccupied, and longer still before they

began further expansion in the West. – The New England Native Americans had been decimated to the extent that their impact on future events would be almost

nonexistent.

Quakers in America

• Members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, who rejected formal theology and stressed each person's “Inner Light,” a spiritual guide to righteousness.

• William Penn’s Holy Experiment:– The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as Pennsylvania

Colony, was a colony in British America founded by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II of England.

– Pennsylvania got its name for William Penn's father, Admiral Sir William Penn and the Latin word silva, meaning "forest".

– The name itself means "Penn's Woods".

Salem 1692• June- Sept 1692• 19 men and women• Salem Village (Danvers)• Hundreds faced accusations of witchcraft; dozens languished in jail for months

without trials until the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts subsided.

• Samuel Parris • Elizabeth Parris• Abagail Williams• Tituba• Cotton Mather• Ann Putnam, Sr.• Spectral evidence

– Sarah Good and Sara Osborn

James Oglethorpe is Granted a Charter for Georgia

• Oglethorpe and Prison:– He ended up killing a man in a brawl and served five months in prison.

• Oglethorpe was a staunch defender of the rights of colonists and strongly against any kind of slavery. • Oglethorpe was noted as a philanthropist

– helping children and defending seamen against impressment (being forced into service against one's will). – It was his work on the Prison Discipline Committee that brought him in contact with the idea of creating a colony of debtors in the New World.– Proposed by a number of writers and in at least one book, the concept gained some acceptance before Oglethorpe became a driving force in

the group in 1728. – A friend of Oglethorpe's died in Fleet Debtor's Prison after contracting smallpox. – This event would change Oglethorpe's life.

• Oglethorpe, along with other famous military men on the Prison Discipline Committee, like Admiral Edward Vernon and Field Marshal George Wade, had witnessed first-hand the atrocities of both the Fleet and Marshalsea Debtors Prisons.

• A group of 21 men (List of Georgia trustees), including Oglethorpe and Lord Percival, created a charter for the new colony named Georgia (in honor of King George II).

• The grant included all land between the Altamaha and Savannah Rivers and from the headwaters of these rivers to the "south seas."

• The king signed the charter - June 9, 1732.

• When time came to choose the men and women who would establish the new colony none were from debtors prison because enough non-debtor colonists were found.

• Funds to pay for the trip across the Atlantic Ocean were raised, some even from the Parliament. Oglethorpe paid his own way. Today he referred to as "resident trustee" by the state of Georgia although he held no position either elected or appointed.

• After putting ashore in South Carolina in January, 1733, James Oglethorpe, William Bull (an engineer from Charles Town), Peter Gordon and a group of the militia left the colonists and headed south and turned into the mouth of the Savannah River, sailing 18 miles upstream. They landed at the site of present-day Savannah. Oglethorpe was impressed with the area because Yamacraw Bluff afforded protection against an assault from the river. Around the perimeter swampy areas added to the defensive nature of the position.

• Near the site selected for the settlers John and Mary Musgrove, the son of a former governor of South Carolina and his full-blooded Creek wife, made a living trading goods with local Creek Indians. Musgrove aided Oglethorpe in securing this land from Tomochichi, leader of the nearby Creek village, prior to the arrival of the settlers.

In Groups, Please pick a question to report back to the class on:

• 1. What conditions explain the remarkable social stability achieved in early New England?

• 2. What factors contributed to political unrest in the Chesapeake region during this period?

• 3. How did African American slaves preserve an independent cultural identity in the New World?

• 4. Why did England discourage free and open trade in colonial America?

• 5. How did colonial revolts affect the political culture of Virginia and New England?

Group Work

• Discuss the Chesapeake and New England colonies in a series of lectures that concentrate on the differences between the cultures and societies established in each of the two regions.– United States history and Literature is typically split at the Civil War ( Part 1 and Part 2); discuss the fundamental differences between

these two areas and introduce some distinctions between the two regions that will persist until the Civil War. • Some topics for coverage:

– 1. The different characteristics of the populations that originally settled these regions - how did the cultures and mores of these regions influence the societies that developed in North America?

– 2. The differences in how the original settlers of each region were motivated to come to the New World. To what extent was the state of the British economy a factor? To what extent was religion a factor? How did the differences in motivation impact the societies that emerged?

– 3. The differences in the socioeconomic characteristics of each region. Point out the distinction between the plantation society of the Chesapeake and the freeholder society of New England, explain distinctions in how land was distributed in each region and the impact that the systems of land distribution had on the nature of each area’s social structure, and point out the diversity of the New England economy versus the one-crop economy of the Chesapeake.

– 4. The difference in the level of importance placed on religion in each region. Explain the importance of Calvinist theology in defining New England society and culture. Contrast this emphasis with the lower priority placed on religion in the South (at least until the Great Awakening). How did these religious differences impact the emergence of regional ethics?

– 5. The differences in the political systems that emerged in the Chesapeake and New England. Why did the Chesapeake evolve into a political aristocracy while New England developed one of the most democratic political systems in America?

– 6. In discussing fundamental differences between the North and the South prior to the Civil War, many historians have emphasized the progressive nature of the nineteenth-century North and the conservative nature of the Old South. Begin now to discuss the meaning of these terms. Was there already, during the colonial period, a philosophical distinction between the settlers of New England and the Chesapeake? Was there something progressive, even radical, about the decision of the Pilgrims and Puritans to come to the New World? Were they seeking something new or trying to retain the old? Was there something conservative about the decision of the early settlers of the Chesapeake to come to the New World? Were they seeking something new or were they more intent on preserving the England they knew and loved