American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
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Transcript of American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
Hypothesis:Hypothesis:
American Prohibition: “War on Drugs” American Prohibition: “War on Drugs” and Subsequent Incarceration has and Subsequent Incarceration has
Significantly Reduced the Educational Significantly Reduced the Educational Attainment of American Students.Attainment of American Students.
Amy RomanusTexas A&M University-Commerce Graduate School of Sociology
Clarifications
This research will define:American Alcohol Prohibition
As the 1920-1933 Alcohol ProhibitionThis research will define:
American Prohibition: “War on Drugs”Or American Prohibition
As the Current Drug War Prohibition1970’s to date
VariablesIndependent Variable Independent Variable (Causes Change)(Causes Change)
American Prohibition: “War on Drugs” American Prohibition: “War on Drugs” and and
Subsequent Incarceration RatesSubsequent Incarceration Rates
Dependent Variable Dependent Variable (Effect)(Effect)
The Significantly ReducedThe Significantly Reduced Educational Attainment Educational Attainment
of of American Students.American Students.
Measurement of Change
This research will measure: This research will measure: The rate of change in:
The Educational Attainment of the American Student
Before
The Prohibition “War on Drugs” Policies
And.. After
The Prohibition “War on Drugs” Policies have taken effect
Rational
The rationale of this research is that the American prohibition and subsequent incarceration rates effects all Americans. The broader benefit gained from this research is that American prohibition, the drug war and financial aid policies are revisited to evaluate and improve the quality of life in all Americans.
Positioning
This research will add to the body of knowledge of present and historical social policies, social influence and normative social influence.
The work will also support some research and challenge others, and investigate new contexts for existing theories and social policies.
MethodologyMethodology Using Available Data: Secondary and Historical Analysis
This research will utilize
secondary sourcessecondary sources
A method in which a researcher uses data collected by others.
This research will also compile the collected data into a meta-analysis.
EXAMPLES OFEXAMPLES OF
Secondary ResourcesSecondary Resources
And And
Key Points of Literary Key Points of Literary ReviewReview
utilized for this research will be........
In 1968, Congress passed the Higher Education Act (HEA) to expand In 1968, Congress passed the Higher Education Act (HEA) to expand educational opportunities through the creation of federal grant and loan educational opportunities through the creation of federal grant and loan programs. programs.
Federal financial aid programs are the single largest source of student aid Federal financial aid programs are the single largest source of student aid in the U.S., which provide an estimated $40 billion to 7 million students in the U.S., which provide an estimated $40 billion to 7 million students each year.each year.
Secondary source oneSecondary source one
Present and Past Laws, Policies, Government Documents and Reports, and U.S. Census Data.
Secondary Source Two: Reports, Journal Articles, Advocacy Studies
Most states have cut aid to Colleges and Universities over the past year, resulting in faculty layoffs, cancelled classes and large tuition increases.
Federal expenditures for drug enforcement have soared, rising from 2.9 billion in 1976 to 17.1 billion in 1999.
Convictions for drug offences were responsible for half of the increase in the prison population between 1980 and the mid 1990’s.
Source: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in America (New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, 1995), p.21.
Secondary Source Three: current newspapers and magazines Secondary Source Three: current newspapers and magazines
Secondary Source Four: Changes in Political Policies, Laws, Amendments, Secondary Source Four: Changes in Political Policies, Laws, Amendments, Department of Education, Department of Education,
In 1998, Congress passed an amendment authored by Rep. Mark Souder that denies federal financial aid to any student with a drug conviction.
1. The Souder-amendment has a tremendous impact on minorities, and it only punishes working class students, since wealthy students do not rely on financial aid to attend college.
2. This amendment focuses on the college student and punishes twice for the same conduct and it cannot be enforced equally.
3. There are no similar laws denying aid to violent or other criminal offenders.
4. The Souder-amendment does nothing to help those who have drug abuse problems and it ignores the most widely abused drug on college campuses - alcohol.
(Source: United States Congressman U.S. Reps. Mark Souder (R-IN) Website) http://souder.house.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Home.Home
Secondary Source five: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Monitoring the Future Secondary Source five: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Monitoring the Future and other publications. and other publications.
Source: Education and Incarceration Justice Policy Institute www.justicepolicy.org
Secondary Source Six:Secondary Source Six:
U.S. Department of Labor, Educational and Correctional U.S. Department of Labor, Educational and Correctional Populations, Bureau of JusticePopulations, Bureau of Justice
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that in the late twentieth The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that in the late twentieth century, more than 68% of prison inmates had not received a high school century, more than 68% of prison inmates had not received a high school diploma.diploma.
As the educational prospects of most wealthy Americans improved As the educational prospects of most wealthy Americans improved during the twentieth century, the growth of the prison system masked during the twentieth century, the growth of the prison system masked how millions of Americans with little education are ending up behind how millions of Americans with little education are ending up behind bars.bars. Source: Harlow, Caroline Wolf.(2002)Educational and Correctional Populations. Washington D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs.
Secondary Sources Seven : Secondary Sources Seven : Statistics of Educational and Correctional Populations, Bureau of Statistics of Educational and Correctional Populations, Bureau of
Justice Statistics and various magazine publications. Justice Statistics and various magazine publications.
Drugs are the focal point of Drugs are the focal point of the crime problem in the the crime problem in the United StatesUnited States
Many U.S. states have cut their budgets for higher Many U.S. states have cut their budgets for higher education funds to compensate for rapid growth in education funds to compensate for rapid growth in prison populations and prison construction, fueled prison populations and prison construction, fueled in part by increasing numbers of drug offenders in in part by increasing numbers of drug offenders in state and federal prisons. state and federal prisons.
In both New York and California, prison expenditures In both New York and California, prison expenditures now exceed university financing and more Black now exceed university financing and more Black men are admitted as prisoners than graduate from men are admitted as prisoners than graduate from the state universities.the state universities.
State Department of Correctional Services, data analysis unit, measuring new State Department of Correctional Services, data analysis unit, measuring new court commitments, 1973 to 1997, by race and ethnicity.court commitments, 1973 to 1997, by race and ethnicity.
Gangi, Robert, Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Zeidenberg. (1998) New York Gangi, Robert, Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Zeidenberg. (1998) New York
State of Mind?: Higher Education vs. Prison Funding in the Empire State of Mind?: Higher Education vs. Prison Funding in the Empire State, 1988-1998. Washington DC: The Justice Policy State, 1988-1998. Washington DC: The Justice Policy Institute.Sources:Institute.Sources:Currie,
Mother Jones Special report: Debt to Society. (2001). http://www.motherjones.com retrieved 3/3/2008.
Secondary Source Eight:Scholarly Journal Articles
War on Drugs FactsSource: A 25-Year Quagmire: The War on Drugs and Its Impact on American Society September 22, 2007
• Drug arrests have more than tripled since 1980 to a record 1.8 million by 2005.
• Four of five (81.7%) drug arrests were for possession offenses, and 42.6% were for marijuana charges in 2005.
• Nearly six in 10 persons in state prison for a drug offense have no history of
violence or high-level drug selling. • Only 14% of persons in 2004 who report using drugs in the month before
their arrest had participated in a treatment program, a decline of more than half from participation rates in 1991.
• A shortage of treatment options in many low-income neighborhoods
contributes to drug abuse being treated primarily as a criminal justice problem, rather than a social problem.
Examples of Secondary Analysis Nine:
Historic and Contemporary video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LayaGk0TMDclaw enforcement video
Advantages and Limitations of Secondary Analysis
The advantage of secondary analysis is that it saves time and the expense of data
collection, and makes Historical research Possible
The limitations of secondary analysis is that the Researcher has no control over
possible data bias in data and that data may not be suitable for current research
needs
MethodologyMethodology: : Frequency DistributionFrequency Distribution
In order to organize the raw data of the secondary analysis...
This project will employ frequency distribution.
This project is interested in studying the prohibition: “war on drugs” policies and subsequent incarceration rates and the
effect on college-aged students
Unit of Analysis
My Unit of analysis
is
the Individual
What is the frequency of the student age population that are classified as going to
jail, college, work, or the military?
Frequency Distribution Frequency Distribution ContinuedContinued
Where frequency equals the number of the student-aged population in each category the proportion is f/total N that compares
the number of cases in a category with the total size of the distribution. The
percentage is (100) times f/ total N: frequency of occurrence of a category. The ratio would be f1/f2: compares the
frequencies in two categories.
Double Variable Organization
This research would then employ a double variable organization cross tabulation to show the distribution (frequencies and percents) of the dependent variable of
higher education across the categories of the independent variable of incarceration.
American Prohibition and Subsequent Incarceration American Prohibition and Subsequent Incarceration has Significantly Reduced the Educational Attainment has Significantly Reduced the Educational Attainment
of American Students.of American Students.
The War On DrugsProhibition
If the hypothesis is correct We need to put new policies in place,
End The PROHIBITION “War on Drugs”
and bring to an end The Incarcerated student body count.
Furthermore:We must cease the monopolization of government funds
of a single institution and focus on
The Educational Attainment of Our Bright American Students