AMERICAN HISTORY

CHAPTER 23JFK ADMINISTRATION

BOARD QUESTIONS

1)WHO WERE THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES IN 1960?

2) WHO WON THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?

3) WHAT WAS THE NEW FRONTIER?

4) WHAT WERE THE FAMOUS WORDS SPOKE BY JFK ON JANUARY 20TH 1961?

BOARD QUESTIONS

1)WHAT ARE TWO ECONOMIC IDEAS JFK USED?

2) WHAT WERE THE MAIN ISSUES OF THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL RACE?

3)WHAT WAS JFK’S DOMESTIC AGENDA?

4)WHAT IS DEFICIT SPENDING?

5)WHAT IS SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS?

BOARD QUESTIONS

1)WHAT WERE TWO NEW FRONTIER POLICIES PASSED BY CONGRESS?

2) LIST 3 COURT CASES DEALING WITH DUE PROCESS.

3) WHAT IS DUE PROCESS?

4) WHO DOES THE 14TH AMENDMENT PROTECT?

5)WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE PEACE CORPS?

BOARD QUESTIONS

1) WHO WAS THE FIRST MAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH?

2) WHO WAS THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH?

3) HOW TALL WAS THE SATURN V ROCKET?

4) WHO WERE THE 3 MEN ON THE APOLLO MISSION TO WALK ON THE MOON?

5)WHAT WERE NEIL ARMSTRONG’S FAMOUS WORDS FROM THE MOON?

BOARD QUESTIONS

1) WHAT HAPPENED AT THE BAY OF PIGS?

2) WHAT WAS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS?

3)WHAT WAS LA BRIGADA?

4) WHAT HAPPENED ON APRIL 19, 1961?

5) WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT TO END THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS?

BOARD QUESTIONS

1)WHO KILLED JFK?

2) WHEN WAS JFK KILLED?

3) WHO WAS JACK RUBY?

4) WHERE WAS JFK KILLED?

5) HOW MANY TIMES WAS JFK SHOT?

ELECTION OF 1960n RICHARD M. NIXON, REPUBLICAN AND

VICE PRESIDENT OF THE U.S. UNDER EISENHOWER. HE WAS A QUAKER FROM CALIFORNIA.

n NIXON HAD BEEN IN POLITICS FOR A LONG TIME. HE HAD A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IT TOOK TO DEAL WITH OTHER COUNTRIES AND HOW TO HANDLE DOMESTIC PROBLEMS IN THE U.S.

ELECTION 1960n JOHN F. KENNEDY (JFK), DEMOCRAT

WAS AS YOUNG AS A PERSON COULD BE RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT. HE WAS CATHOLIC FROM A WEALTHY FAMILY IN MASSACHUSETTS.

n KENNEDY WAS A NEWBY TO WORLD POLITICS, BUT HE HAD A WAY OF CONVINCING PEOPLE THEY COULD ACHIEVE GREATNESS.

THE MAIN ISSUESn THE ECONOMY AND THE COLD WAR.

n BOTH CANDIDATES PROMISED TO BOOST THE ECONOMY AND TO DEFEND CAPITALISM FROM COMMUNISM.

n KENNEDY BELIEVED THE U.S. WAS FALLING BEHIND THE SOVIET UNION.

n NIXON BELIEVED THE U.S. WAS ON THE RIGHT TRACK UNDER THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.

THE FIRST T.V. DEBATE

n THE T.V. DEBATES PLAYED A BIG ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF KENNEDY.

n THE PEOPLE WHO WATCHED THE DEBATES ON T.V. BELIEVED KENNEDY DID A MUCH BETTER JOB OF EXPLAINING THE ISSUES.

n PEOPLE WHO LISTENED ON THE RADIO BELIEVE NIXON DID A BETTER JOB.

JFK

n ON JANUARY 20, 1961, JFK TOOK THE OATH OF OFFICE AND GAVE HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

n HE SAID “ THE TORCH HAS BEEN PASSED TO A NEW GENERATION,” AND HE CALLED ON HIS FELLOW CITIZENS TO TAKE A MORE ACTIVE ROLE IN MAKING THE U.S. A BETTER PLACE.

JFK n “ MY FELLOW AMERICANS,ASK NOT

WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU-ASK WHAT YOU CAN DO FOR YOUR COUNTRY.”( JFK)

n PRESIDENT KENNEDY AND HIS WIFE JACQUELINE AND THEIR CHILDREN CAROLINE AND JOHN WERE FOLLOWED AROUND BY THE MEDIA LIKE MOVIE STARS.

NEW FRONTIERn DOMESTIC AGENDA, INCREASE AID TO

EDUCATION, PROVIDE HEALTH INSURANCE TO THE ELDERLY, CREATE A DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AFFAIRS, AND HELP MIGRANT WORKERS.

n EVEN THOUGHT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY HAD LARGE MAJORITIES IN BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS.

n KENNEDY HAD A HARD TIME GETTING LEGISLATION PASSED.

NEW FRONTIERn KENNEDY HAD TRAILED NIXON IN

MANY DEMOCRATIC DISTRICTS AND DIDN’T HELP ANY CONGRESSMAN GET ELECTED.

n SO THE DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS DIDN’T FEEL ANY NEED FOR LOYALTY PRESIDENT KENNEDY.

n MOST CONGRESSMAN SAID THE NEW FRONTIER PROGRAMS WOULD COST TO MUCH MONEY.

ECONOMIC PLAN

n THE ECONOMY OF THE U.S. SOARED THROUGHOUT MOST OF THE 1950’S.

n BUT LATE IN 1958 IN TO 1961 THE ECONOMY HAD BEGAN TO SLOW QUICKLY.

n KENNEDY WANTED TO JUMPSTART THE ECONOMY BY BRINGING BACK THE IDEA OF FDR, DEFICIT SPENDING.

ECONOMIC PLANn DEFICIT SPENDING - SPEND MONEY

TODAY YOU EXPECT TO MAKE IN THE FUTURE.

n JFK BELIEVED BY USING THIS STRATEGY TO INVEST IN DEFENSE AND THE SPACE PROGRAM THE U.S. COULD BYPASS U.S.S.R.

n HIS PLAN DID CREATE MORE JOBS AND STIMULATE THE ECONOMY.

ECONOMIC PLANn DEFICIT SPENDING DOES TEND TO

INCREASE INFLATION.

n TO TRY AND COMBAT INFLATION JFK SOUGHT TO BOOST THE ECONOMY BY INCREASING BUSINESS PRODUCTION AND EFFICIENCY.

n HE ASKED BUSINESS OWNERS TO HOLD DOWN PRICES AND HOLD DOWN PAY RAISES.

U.S. STEEL COMPANIES

n THE U.S. STEEL COMPANIES DIDN’T WANT TO SELL THEIR STEEL FOR CHEAPER, SO JFK SAID HE WOULD IMPORT CHEAPER STEEL AND TAKE THE STEEL COMPANIES TO COURT FOR PRICE GOUGING.

n THE STEEL COMPANIES BACKED DOWN, BUT JFK LOSE SUPPORT OF THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY.

ECONOMYn JFK ALSO ADOPTED SUPPLY-SIDE IDEAS

AND PUSHED FOR A CUT IN TAXES.

n PEOPLE WHO OPPOSED THE TAX CUT SAID IT WOULD ONLY HELP THE WEALTHY.

n JFK ASSERTED THAT LOWER TAXES MEANT BUSINESSES WOULD HAVE MORE MONEY TO EXPAND, WHICH WOULD CREATE NEW JOBS AND BENEFIT EVERYBODY.

ECONOMY

n “ A RISING TIDE LIFTS ALL BOATS”, KENNEDY EXPLAINED AS A WAY TO ILLUSTRATE HOW TAX CUTS WOULD STIMULATE THE ECONOMY AND HELP ALL AMERICANS.

n CONGRESS REFUSED TO PASS THE TAX CUT AFRAID OF INFLATION.

JFK’S SUCCESSES

n JFK DID MANAGE TO GET MINIMUM WAGE LIMIT RAISED.

n ALSO AN AREA REDEVELOPMENT ACT AND HOUSING ACT.

n BOTH OF THESE HELPED THE POORER CLASSES OF SOCIETY LIVE BETTER LIVES AND SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES.

LANDMARK CASES

n THEIR WERE MANY LANDMARK SUPREME COURT CASES DURING THE 1960’S HAVING TO DO WITH DUE PROCESS OF THE LAW. PROTECTED UNDER THE 14TH AMENDMENT.

n MAPP V. OHIO, GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT, ESCOBEDO V. ILLINOIS, AND MIRANDA V. ARIZONA.

LANDMARK CASESn DUE PROCESS - MEANS THAT THE LAW

MAY NOT TREAT AN INDIVIDUAL UNFAIRLY, ARBITRARILY, OR UNREASONABLY, AND THAT COURTS MUST FOLLOW PROPER PROCEDURES AND RULES WHEN TRYING CASES.

n DUE PROCESS INSURES THAT ALL PEOPLE ARE TREATED THE SAME BY THE COURTS.

NATIONAL DEFENSE

n JFK HAD TO FIGURE OUT A WAY TO MATCH SOVIET AGGRESSION WITHOUT RELYING SO HEAVILY ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS.

n FLEXIBLE RESPONSE - IF NATIONS NEEDED HELP AGAINST COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS, THE PRESIDENT PUSHED FOR A BUILD UP OF CONVENTIONAL TROOPS AND WEAPONS.

NATIONAL DEFENSE

n KENNEDY LIKE THE IDEA OF SPECIAL FORCES. SMALL GROUPS OF ELITE SOLDIERS THAT COULD GO INTO AN AREA AND FIGHT GUERRILLA WARFARE IN LIMITED CONFLICTS.

n HE ALLOWED THEM TO WEAR GREEN BERET TO DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES.

LATIN AMERICA

n KENNEDY WANT TO HAVE GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE COUNTIES OF LATIN AMERICA.

n MUCH OF LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY WAS NOT GOOD. THEY WERE RULED BY THE WEALTHY FEW AND MOST OF THE PEOPLE LIVED IN EXTREME POVERTY.

LATIN AMERICA

n KENNEDY WAS AFRAID THAT THESE CONDITIONS WOULD LEAD TO COMMUNIST UPRISINGS IN LATIN AMERICA.

n ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS - WAS A DEAL MADE WITH LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES WERE THE U.S. PLEDGED $20 BILLION IN AIDE OVER 10 YEARS.

LATIN AMERICA

n THIS MONEY WAS TO BE USED TO ESTABLISH BETTER SCHOOLS, HOUSING, HEALTH CARE, AND FAIRER LAND DISTRIBUTION.

n THE RESULTS WERE MIXED. THE PROGRAM DID SEE RESULTS IN CHILE, COLOMBIA, AND VENEZUELA.

PEACE CORPS

n PEACE CORPS WAS A PROGRAM DESIGNED TO HELP LESS DEVELOPED NATIONS FIGHT POVERTY.

n AFTER RIGOROUS TRAINING VOLUNTEERS SPENT 2 YEARS IN COUNTIES THAT HAD REQUESTED ASSISTANCE.

PEACE CORPS

n THE PEACE CORPS DID WHAT WAS NEEDED FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL NATION.

n SEWAGE SYSTEM IN BOLIVIA, TRAINED MEDICAL TECHNICIANS IN CHAD, TAUGHT ENGLISH, AND HELPED TO BUILD ROADS.

n BY 1963 THOUSANDS OF VOLUNTEERS WORKED IN OVER 30 COUNTIES.

THE SPACE RACE

n IN 1957 THE SOVIET UNION LAUNCH SPUTNIK THE FIRST SATELLITE.

n IN 1961 YURI GAGARIN, A SOVIET ASTRONAUT, BECAME THE FIRST PERSON TO ORBIT THE EARTH.

n THE SOVIETS HAD BEATEN THE UNITED STATES TO SPACE.

SPACE RACE

n PRESIDENT KENNEDY WORRIED ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THE SOVIETS IN SPACE ON COLD WAR. HOW WOULD THE REST OF THE WORLD SEE CAPITALISM AND COMMUNISM.

n HE DIDN’T WANT THE SOVIET’S IN SPACE TO CONVINCE THE WORLD COMMUNISM WAS THE WAY TO GO.

SPACE RACEn KENNEDY GAVE A SPEECH WERE HE

ANNOUNCED, “ I BELIEVE THAT THIS NATION SHOULD COMMIT ITSELF TO ACHIEVING THE GOAL, BEFORE THIS DECADE IS OUT, OF LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON.”

n SETTING IN MOTION A MASSIVE EFFORT BY NASA AND AMERICAN INDUSTRY TO PRODUCE THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGY.

SPACE RACEn IN EARLY 1962 JOHN GLENN BECAME

THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH.

n BY 1965 AMERICAN SPACE CRAFT WAS CARRYING TWO MEN INTO ORBIT AT A TIME.

n BY 1968 THE SATURN V ROCKET ON APOLLO MISSIONS WAS LAUNCHING 3 MEN AT A TIME INTO SPACE.

SPACE RACEn THE SATURN V ROCKET STOOD 363 FT

TALL.

n ON JULY 16, 1969 BUZZ ALDRIN, NEIL ARMSTRONG, AND MICHAEL COLLINS LAUNCHED FROM FLORIDA HEADED FOR THE MOON 238,000 MILES AWAY.

n ON JULY 20, 1969 NEIL ARMSTRONG BECAME THE FIRST MAN TO WALK ON THE MOON.

SPACE RACEn NEIL ARMSTRONG’S FAMOUS WORDS

FROM THE MOON, “ ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.”

n THE UNITED STATES HAD BEATEN THE SOVIET UNION TO THE MOON. AND EVEN THOUGH KENNEDY HAD BEEN ASSASSINATED STILL STRIVED AFTER HIS DREAM TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON.

CUBAn CUBA IS LOCATED 90 MILES FROM

AMERICAN SHORES.

n IN 1959 FIDEL CASTRO OVER THREW THE DICTATOR FULGENCIO BATISTA.

n ALMOST IMMEDIATELY, CASTRO ESTABLISHED TIES TO THE SOVIET UNION.

n HE SEIZED MANY FOREIGN OWNED BUSINESSES INSIDE CUBA.

LA BRIGADAn CUBA BEING A COMMUNIST NATION

RIGHT OFF AMERICAN SHORES WORRIED MANY AMERICANS.

n PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AUTHORIZED THE CIA TO TRAIN AND ARM CUBAN EXILES, KNOWN AS LA BRIGADA, TO INVADE CUBA.

n THE U.S. FEARED THE SOVIETS WOULD TRY TO SPREAD COMMUNISM IN THE WEST.

BAY OF PIGS

n WHEN JFK TOOK OFFICE HIS ADVISERS APPROVED OF THE LA BRIGADA AND TOLD JFK HE SHOULD CONTINUE THE MISSION.

n ON APRIL 17, 1961 1,400 CUBAN EXILES LANDED AT THE BAY OF PIGS ON THE SOUTHERN COAST OF CUBA.

n THE INVASION WAS A DISASTER.

BAY OF PIGSn THE POPULAR UPRISING AGAINST

CASTRO THAT JFK’S ADVISERS THOUGHT WOULD JOIN THE EXILES IN THE INVASION DID NOT HAPPEN.

n SO THE U.S. DID NOT SEND AIR SUPPORT TO TRY AND HIDE U.S. INVOLVEMENT.

n BUT U.S. INVOLVEMENT WAS KNOWN AND THE U.S. LOOKED WEAK AND DISORGANIZED.

THE BERLIN WALLn JUNE 1961, JFK AND KHRUSHCHEV HAD

A MEETING IN VIENNA TO DISCUSS EAST AND WEST BERLIN.

n KHRUSHCHEV WAS UPSET ABOUT THE POURING OF EAST BERLIN RESIDENTS ACROSS THE BOARDER TO DEMOCRATIC CONTROLLED WEST BERLIN.

n KHRUSHCHEV TOLD JFK HE WANTED THE U.S., G.B., AND FRANCE OUT OF WEST BERLIN.

BERLIN WALL

n JFK REFUSED TO BACK OUT OF WEST BERLIN. HE REAFFIRMED AMERICAS COMMITMENT TO THE PEOPLE OF WEST BERLIN.

n THIS UPSET KHRUSHCHEV , SO HE RETALIATED BY BUILDING A WALL THROUGH BERLIN, SEALING OFF THE SOVIET SECTOR.

BERLIN WALL

n GUARDS WERE POSTED ALONG THE WALL AND GIVEN ORDERS TO SHOT AT ANYONE TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM THE EAST TO WEST BERLIN.

n THE BERLIN WALL STOOD FOR NEARLY 30 YEARS AS A SYMBOL OF THE DIVISION BETWEEN EAST AND WEST.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

n IN THE SUMMER OF 1962 THE U.S. HAD LEARNED OF SOVIET TECHNICIANS AND EQUIPMENT ARRIVING IN TO CUBA.

n ON OCTOBER 22, 1962 JFK ANNOUNCED OF T.V. THAT AMERICAN SPY PLANES HAD TAKEN AERIAL PHOTOS SHOWING THE SOVIET UNION HAD PLACED LONG RANGE MISSILES IN CUBA.

BLOCKADE OF CUBA

n JFK ORDED A BLOCKADE OF CUBA TO STOP MORE SOVIET MISSILE FROM COMING INTO CUBA.

n JFK ALSO DEMANDED THAT THE SOVIET UNION DISMANTLE THE EXISTING MISSILE SITES.

n WITH SOVIET SHIPS HEADED FROM THE BLOCKADE AMERICA BRACED FOR WAR.

BLOCKADE OF CUBA

n ON OCTOBER 28TH AFTER SECRET TALKS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIETS. A DEAL WAS MADE.

n JFK PUBLICLY AGREED NOT TO INVADE CUBA AND PRIVATELY AGREED TO REMOVE MISSILES FROM TURKEY.

n THE SOVIETS AGREED TO REMOVE THEIR MISSILES FROM CUBA.

NUCLEAR WAR

n BECAUSE OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS BOTH THE U.S. AND THE SOVIETS WERE FORCED TO FACE REALITY ON THE WORLD IMPACT NUCLEAR WAR WOULD HAVE.

n THIS LEAD BOTH COUNTRIES TO AN AGREEMENT TO BAN TESTING NUCLEAR MISSILES IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

DEATH OF JFKn ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963 PRESIDENT

KENNEDY AND HIS WIFE TRAVELED TO TEXAS WITH VICE PRESIDENT JOHNSON FOR A SERIES OF POLITICAL APPEARANCES.

n AS THE PRESIDENTS MOTOR CADE DROVE THROUGH THE CROWDED STREETS OF DALLAS, JFK WAS SHOT ONCE IN THE THOAT AND ONCE IN THE HEAD.

DEATH OF JFK

n LEE HARVEY OSWALD, WAS THE MAN ACCUSED OF KILLING JFK.

n HE APPEARED TO BE A CONFUSED AND EMBITTERED MARXIST WHO SPENT TIME IN THE SOVIET UNION.

n OSWALD WAS SHOT TO DEATH WHILE IN POLICE CUSTODY TWO DAYS LATER.

THE DEATH OF JFKn JACK RUBY KILLED OSWALD.

n RUBY WAS A NIGHT CLUB OWNER IN DALLAS WITH MOB TIES.

n MANY BELIEVED OSWALD WAS GOING TO TELL THE WHOLE STORY BEHIND THE SHOOTING OF JFK.

n RUBY KEPT HIM FROM EXPOSING OTHERS INVOLVED.

THE DEATH OF JFK

n IN 1964,CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN CONCLUDED THAT OSWALD WAS THE LONE ASSASSIN.

n SHOOTING JFK FROM THE SIXTH STORY WINDOW OF THE BOOK DEPOSITORY. AND WOUNDING GOV. CONNALLY WHO WAS IN THE FRONT SEAT OF THE PRESIDENTS CAR.