American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. ECONOMIC: 1. ECONOMIC: Commercial/Business Commercial/Business

InterestsInterests

1. ECONOMIC: 1. ECONOMIC: Commercial/Business Commercial/Business

InterestsInterests

2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History (THINK: Why does a

big navy lead to more power for a nation?)

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History (THINK: Why does a

big navy lead to more power for a nation?)

3. SOCIAL: “3. SOCIAL: “Social Darwinist” Social Darwinist” ThinkingThinking

3. SOCIAL: “3. SOCIAL: “Social Darwinist” Social Darwinist” ThinkingThinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

SOCIAL: SOCIAL: Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

SOCIAL: SOCIAL: Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

3. SOCIAL: Fredrick Jackson 3. SOCIAL: Fredrick Jackson Turner…”Turner…”closing of the Frontier”closing of the Frontier”

3. SOCIAL: Fredrick Jackson 3. SOCIAL: Fredrick Jackson Turner…”Turner…”closing of the Frontier”closing of the Frontier”

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii in early 1800’s in early 1800’s

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii in early 1800’s in early 1800’s

First church built in the late 1820s

First church built in the late 1820s

Also, millions of American $ Also, millions of American $ invested in sugar/pineapple invested in sugar/pineapple

plantationsplantations

Also, millions of American $ Also, millions of American $ invested in sugar/pineapple invested in sugar/pineapple

plantationsplantations

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

“Hawaii for the Hawaiians!”

THINK: What are her views of the United States?

“Hawaii for the Hawaiians!”

THINK: What are her views of the United States?

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U.S. “protectorate” in 1849, by 1887, U.S. re-wrote their constitution, giving only white, land owning men the right to vote

Hawaii becomes a U.S. “protectorate” in 1849, by 1887, U.S. re-wrote their constitution, giving only white, land owning men the right to vote

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the land proclaims the land the “Republic of the “Republic of Hawaii” in 1894.Hawaii” in 1894.

Hawaii remains a Hawaii remains a U.S. territory until U.S. territory until 1959, when it is 1959, when it is made the 50made the 50thth state. state.

““To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the Spoils”Spoils”

““To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the Spoils”Spoils”

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan for trade with Opens Up Japan for trade with

the United States: 1853the United States: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan for trade with Opens Up Japan for trade with

the United States: 1853the United States: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

Purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million…a “mistake”?

Purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million…a “mistake”?

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

THINK: What is this political cartoon trying to say about American involvement in Cuba?

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Spain’s Spain’s “Reconcentration” Policy “Reconcentration” Policy

against Cubansagainst Cubans

Spain’s Spain’s “Reconcentration” Policy “Reconcentration” Policy

against Cubansagainst Cubans

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to his camera man Hearst to his camera man in Cuba:in Cuba: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as “McKinley as “weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party.”

““Rough Riders”Rough Riders”““Rough Riders”Rough Riders”

Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the of the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration was administration was Theo RooseveltTheo Roosevelt, , imperialist and imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as “McKinley as “having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!”chocolate éclair!”

Resigns his position Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.to fight in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

THINK: Why was this war so “splendid”?

THINK: Why was this war so “splendid”?

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

““Spheres of Influence”Spheres of Influence”““Spheres of Influence”Spheres of Influence”

REMEMBER?: Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

REMEMBER?: Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

Rebellion against Christian missionaries, and Rebellion against Christian missionaries, and people that supported imperialist (300 killed), people that supported imperialist (300 killed), U.S. put down rebellionU.S. put down rebellion

Philippines rebel against their Philippines rebel against their new “rulers”…the U.S.!new “rulers”…the U.S.!

Philippines rebel against their Philippines rebel against their new “rulers”…the U.S.!new “rulers”…the U.S.!

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising (against Spain Uprising (against Spain and then the U.S.)and then the U.S.)

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Full Philippine Full Philippine independence from the independence from the U.S.)U.S.)

Philippine WarPhilippine WarPhilippine WarPhilippine WarNearly 1 million deadNearly 1 million dead

Dissolved the Catholic Dissolved the Catholic Church in the Church in the PhilippinesPhilippines

Introduction of the Introduction of the English language as English language as the primary language the primary language

Filipinos were given Filipinos were given very limited self-very limited self-governmentgovernment

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

19041904 Theodore Theodore Roosevelt buys Roosevelt buys Panama Canal (being Panama Canal (being built by French) for built by French) for $10 million and $10 million and $250,000 a year to be $250,000 a year to be paid annually for its paid annually for its use.use.

1977 – President 1977 – President Jimmy Carter finally Jimmy Carter finally returns the canal to returns the canal to the Panamanian the Panamanian peoplepeople

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

Roosevelt in Panama

(Construction begins in 1904)

Roosevelt in Panama

(Construction begins in 1904)

Remember? Monroe Remember? Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Remember? Monroe Remember? Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary (addition) to the Monroe (addition) to the Monroe

Doctrine Doctrine

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary (addition) to the Monroe (addition) to the Monroe

Doctrine Doctrine While the Monroe Doctrine said European countries should stay out of Latin America, the Roosevelt Corollary took this idea further to say he had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries in order to keep European countries out!

Theodore Roosevelt’s Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy“Big Stick” Diplomacy

““Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But CarryBut Carry

a Big Stick!”a Big Stick!”

Theodore Roosevelt’s Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy“Big Stick” Diplomacy

““Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But CarryBut Carry

a Big Stick!”a Big Stick!”

William Taft’s “Dollar William Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

THINK: Why would investing in foreign THINK: Why would investing in foreign countries create good relations between countries create good relations between

nations?nations?

William Taft’s “Dollar William Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

THINK: Why would investing in foreign THINK: Why would investing in foreign countries create good relations between countries create good relations between

nations?nations?

Dollar Diplomacy wasn’t always Dollar Diplomacy wasn’t always peaceful: U.S. military interventions peaceful: U.S. military interventions

in in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Dollar Diplomacy wasn’t always Dollar Diplomacy wasn’t always peaceful: U.S. military interventions peaceful: U.S. military interventions

in in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Woordrow Wilson’s Woordrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”“Moral Diplomacy”Woordrow Wilson’s Woordrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”“Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism by colonialism by supporting only supporting only “moral” nations.“moral” nations.

Teller AmendmentTeller AmendmentTeller AmendmentTeller Amendment

Passed by Congress in 1898, it promised Passed by Congress in 1898, it promised the Cuban people if the United States the Cuban people if the United States helped in the revolution against the helped in the revolution against the Spanish Empire, it would not annex (take Spanish Empire, it would not annex (take control) Cuba but only leave "control of control) Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."the island to its people."

Platt AmendmentPlatt AmendmentPlatt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

Introduced to Congress in 1901to amend the Teller Amendment:.

•It restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial trade. •Cuba couldn’t make treaties with other nations.•It demanded that Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations. (at Guantanamo Bay)•Gave the U.S. the right to intervene in future wars in Cuba.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

““Spheres of Influence”Spheres of Influence”““Spheres of Influence”Spheres of Influence”

This directly relates to China. It

prevents one foreign country

from having all the power in China.

This directly relates to China. It

prevents one foreign country

from having all the power in China.

The Cares of a Growing Imperial The Cares of a Growing Imperial Family…wowee! Racist much?Family…wowee! Racist much?

The Cares of a Growing Imperial The Cares of a Growing Imperial Family…wowee! Racist much?Family…wowee! Racist much?