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Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Fisheries Research

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merican Fisheries Society Special Session: Assessing the Role of Marinerotected Areas in Restoring, Sustaining, and/or Enhancing Fisheries. September, 2011. Seattle, Washington, USA

MPAs Matching the Tools to the Objectives

ay Hilborn

chool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington,eattle, WA, United States

Marine Protected Areas are one tool for marine ecosystem man-gement. As a tool for fisheries management evidence suggestshat MPAs are often an important tool in overexploited fisheriesr fisheries where direct output controls such as catch limits,r input controls such as effort limits cannot be implementednd enforced. In many places MPAs may be the only enforceableethod of regulating catch. In regulated fisheries that typify

eveloped countries it is well demonstrated that overfishing cane controlled and good biological outcomes and achieved withoutreas permanently closed to fishing, although closed areas forpecific gears and or for specific times are a common tool. MPAsan also serve as reference sites for maintenance of more intactcosystems and habitats. It is unclear what the appropriate sizend or scale of MPAS should be to achieve these objectives. Inhe implantation of the California Marine Life Protection Act bothsheries impacts and ecosystem protection were considered. I willrovide a personal perspective on how I believe the objectives ofhe act and the science were integrated.

National Perspective on the Role of Marine Protected Areasn Sustaining Fisheries

auren Wenzel

OAA National Marine Protected Areas Center, Silver Spring, MD,nited States

The U.S. has over 1600 MPAs, most of which focus primarilyn the natural heritage conservation (70%), with 24% focusing onustainable fisheries. This presentation will: (1) present data fromhe MPA Inventory to provide a national perspective on the usef MPAs as a tool for fisheries management, protecting habitat,nd conserving ecosystem function; (2) highlight geospatial toolshat have been created to view MPAs and patterns of human uses

f the ocean, including commercial and recreational fishing; and3) discuss the role of the National System of MPAs in sustainingsheries.

165-7836/$ – see front matter Published by Elsevier B.V.ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.03.007

The National Marine Protected Areas Center’s MPA Inventoryincludes MPAs managed by federal, state and territorial agencies,and includes information on MPA conservation focus, managingagencies, authority, scope, level of protection, ecoregion, and GISshapefiles. The Center is currently expanding the Inventory to addinformation on natural and cultural resources located within MPAs,such as habitat types. These data will contribute to regional andnational analyses of MPA objectives, functions and gaps. The Centerhas also developed mapping tools to make spatial information fromthe Inventory readily available to non-GIS users.

In addition to MPA information, the Center is gathering andanalyzing information related to human uses of the ocean. Thedistribution of human uses is essential information for ecosystemapproach to management, but comprehensive, consistent infor-mation on a wide range of human uses is often unavailable. TheCenter is working with partners using a participatory GIS processto gather human uses data from the shoreline to the EEZ, includingrecreational and commercial fishing, as well as non-consumptive,military and industrial uses. Ocean use mapping projects havebeen completed for the California coast, Southern Maine and NewEngland, and parts of Hawaii, and the process is being expanded toother regions. This information has many applications, includingMPA planning and Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning.

The National System of MPAs is a partnership to enhanceconservation of the nation’s natural and cultural marine heritageand represent its diverse ecosystems and resources. AlthoughMPAs in the system are managed by their individual federal, stateand territorial programs, they work together at the regional andnational levels to achieve common conservation goals. Focal areasinclude fostering connectivity and MPA networks; capacity build-ing; and information sharing. Currently, there are 258 MPAs in thenational system, including four federal fisheries sites managed byNMFS and the Mid Atlantic Fishery Management Council.

MPAs as Management Tools in Northern Boreal Ecosystems:What are Our Goals and How Do We Get There?

John Olsona, Susanne McDermottb, Dvora Hartc, Paul Spencerd,William Stockhausene, Alan Haynief

a Habitat Conservation Division, NMFS Alaska Field Office, Anchorage,

AK, United States; b Resource Ecology and Fisheries Manage-ment/Fisheries Interaction Team, NOAA Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenter, Seattle, WA, United States; c Population Dynamics Branch,

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OAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, Unitedtates; d NMFS – Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, Unitedtates; e National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic andtmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States; f Economicsnd Social Sciences, National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheriescience Center, Seattle, WA, United States

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become increasingly pop-lar as management tools in recent years. While many MPAs haveeen successfully established in tropical reef systems, fewer MPAxamples exist in temperate or subarctic systems (e.g. North Pacific,ering Sea) where species diversity is lower, abundance of singlepecies is higher, and many fish species exhibit large amounts ofovement in one or more of their life history stages thus cover-

ng large geographic areas. In addition, in the subarctic systems,PAs are often located in remote locations that are expensive to

tudy and therefore data on local habitat and fauna are difficulto obtain. These conditions may present a different set of chal-enges for designing successful MPAs than the ones for tropicalystems.

This presentation will review the most common goals andechanisms for MPAs as successful management tools in subarc-

ic ecosystems and discuss possible scenarios for implementation.any times successful MPA design is hampered by difficul-

ies in communication between scientists, decision makers, andser groups. The author will examine the different expecta-ions of each group and provide possible suggestions on howo improve the MPA design implementation process. The goals to stimulate discussion and communication between the dif-erent groups involved in the MPA design and implementationrocess.

Ideas for this presentation were developed during several jointorkshops on MPAs between the NMFS Alaska Fisheries Scienceenter (Seattle), Northeast Fisheries Science Center (Woods Hole),nd the Institute of Marine Research (Bergen).

hat are We Protecting? The Challenges of Marine Protectedreas for Multispecies Fisheries

oshua Abbotta, Alan Haynieb

School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Unitedtates; b Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, United States

In the quest to limit the bycatch of non-target species, fisheriesanagers have wielded a range of policy tools. One instru-ent that has achieved substantial use is marine protected areas

MPAs) to protect vulnerable aggregations of bycatch species.PAs are often popular with ecologists and fishery managers

ecause of their relative ease of administration, the potentialor multiple benefits due to protection of habitat from damage,nd the widespread acceptance of MPAs as an instrument ofhoice for “ecosystem-based management” of fisheries. Despitehese merits, we argue that MPAs may have significant limi-ations that should figure in their adoption. First, closures canisplace fishermen from favored fishing grounds, potentiallyeducing the productivity of fishing effort and increasing theariable costs of fishing. Second, by reducing fishermen’s spa-ial choice set, closures can create significant spillovers for the

anagement of other species. For instance, a closure intended torotect one vulnerable species may increase fishing pressure onnother.

To provide empirical context for our criticisms, we examine thelosure of grounds in the Bering Sea flatfish trawl fishery for therotection of red king crab. We utilize the availability of detailedpatial data on fishing effort and catch before and after the closure

d Areas in Restoring, Sustaining / Fisheries Research 144 (2013) 111– 116

to estimate zero-inflated negative binomial models of king craband halibut bycatch. We demonstrate that, while the MPAs wereeffective in reducing crab bycatch, they also displaced fishermen togrounds with increased density of an alternative bycatch species– halibut. By utilizing novel simulation techniques from the preand post-closure data, we demonstrate how the spatial “cornersolution” presented by the MPAs is not cost effective and how apolicy that allows fishing over the entire grounds while providing adisincentive for both crab and halibut bycatch (as in a multispeciesindividual quota system) can achieve the multispecies bycatchconservation targets adopted by managers while increasing fisheryprofits.

The Use of Monitoring Data from In and Around No-take MarineReserves for Fishery Management

Elizabeth Babcock

Marine Biology & Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine & AtmosphericScience, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States

Monitoring data from inside and outside marine reservescan provide useful information on the size and abundance ofharvested fishes under fished and relatively unfished conditions.A proposed control rules that reduces allowable relative fishingeffort as a function of the ratio of fish density outside versus insideno-take marine reserves (as a measure of depletion) was foundto be effective at maintaining spawning stock biomass and yieldin a management strategy evaluations based on five nearshoreCalifornia fish species. Scenarios with fish movement, illegalfishing in the reserve, or post-dispersal density dependence inrecruitment required higher density ratio targets, such as 60% ofmature fish or 80% of all fish, to avoid stock depletion. In additionto density data, monitoring data can provide information on fishlengths, which may be informative about fishing mortality rates.A Bayesian length-based cohort analysis of length frequency ineach year inside and outside the Channel Islands marine reserves,both before and after the reserve were established, was able toestimate both natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) rates,which were comparable to rates found in the stock assessmentfor California sheephead. There is a need for greater researchinvestment in methods to use marine reserves to inform fisherymanagement.

Legitimacy and Collaborative Process: Factors InfluencingPublic Support of Puget Sound Marine Protected Areas

Kristin Hoeltinga, Patrick Christieb, Clara Harda andRichard Pollnacc

a School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washing-ton, Seattle, WA, United States; b School of Marine and EnvironmentalAffairs and Jackson School of International Studies, University ofWashington, Seattle, WA, United States; c Department of MarineAffairs, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States

Success of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is often equatedwith biological improvement or prevention of further degra-dation. Local communities’ perceptions of MPA legitimacy andlevel of public support are additional indicators of manage-ment success. Collaborative processes are increasingly viewedas a mechanism to increase public support and legitimacyof environmental regulations. This paper examines public

involvement in the establishment of 7 Puget Sound MPAs.Using social survey data, relationships between measures ofcollaboration and measures of legitimacy and public support areexplored.

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ow Marine Reserves Could affect the Performance of Spatialnd Conventional Stock Assessments

arey R. McGilliarda, André E. Puntb, Ray Hilbornb

School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington,eattle, WA, United States; b School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,niversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

Fish populations occur heterogeneously in space naturally, ands a result of anthropogenic influences such as spatial management.ew stock assessments account for spatial heterogeneity, assum-ng instead that populations (or fishing mortality) are distributedvenly across space. A special case of spatial management is these of no-take marine reserves. In this study we use simulationodeling to analyze the ability of several stock assessment meth-

ds to estimate current biomass, unfished biomass, and depletionfter the implementation of a single large no-take marine reserve.e use age- and sex-structured two-dimensional spatial operatingodels with five patterns of ontogenetic movement to represent

he “true” underlying population dynamics. Results show thatssessing populations as a single stock without accounting forhe no-take marine reserve results in severe underestimation ofiomass. Performing separate assessments for fished and pro-ected areas leads to improved estimation performance in thebsence of movement between assessment areas, but can severelyverestimate biomass otherwise.

o Split or Not to Split? Assessment of Georges Bank Sea Scallopsn the Presence of MPAs

vora Hart, Larry D. Jacobson

opulation Dynamics Branch, NOAA Northeast Fisheries Scienceenter, Woods Hole, MA, United States

MPAs create challenges for stock assessments because mostodels are based on the assumption that fishing mortality risk is

niform in space. Here we explore two approaches to the stockssessment of Georges Bank Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten mag-llanicus), where fishery closures were implemented in December994 that differ in biological realism and model complexity. Onepproach is to model the stock in aggregate, using domed com-ercial selectivity functions for the periods when the MPAs were

ully closed to scallop fishing. The second approach is to constructeparate models for the populations inside and outside the MPAs.he latter requires splitting landings inside and outside the MPAsrior to the MPA’s establishment, and also requires assumptionsegarding the level of illegal landings within the MPAs afterheir establishment. Both these procedures carry considerablencertainty. Results from the two analytic approaches are similar,

n part due to the priors imposed on survey catchability. However,he split models allow for examination of the responses to the

PAs and other measures both inside and outside the MPAs.dditionally, an estimate of natural mortality can be obtained from

he model of the MPAs. While arguments can be made for each ofhe two approaches, exploring both can give more confidence inhe results.

valuation of Closed Areas for Fish Stocks with Maternal Effectsn Larval Survival

aul Spencera, Sarah B.M. Kraakb, Edward A. Trippelc

NOAA Fisheries Service – Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA,nited States; b Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science,niversity College, Cork, Ireland; c Fisheries and Oceans Canada,iological Station, St. Andrews, NB, Canada

d Areas in Restoring, Sustaining / Fisheries Research 144 (2013) 111– 116 113

Recent studies have indicated that the viability of larvae forsome species, including Pacific rockfish (genus Sebastes) andAtlantic cod (Gadus morhua), may depend upon spawner age.These maternal effects imply that the age structure of the spawn-ing population is a management consideration, as older fishwould be expected to contribute disproportionately to the viableoffspring. Because even moderate amounts of fishing mortality candramatically affect spawner age structure, closed areas have beenproposed as a management tool that would allow old spawnersto accumulate. In this study, we examine several spatial recruit-ment models to evaluate the effects of closed areas on yield andrecruitment for stocks with maternal effects in larval survival.Under the assumption of only larval movement between areas,marine reserves do help ameliorate the loss of equilibrium yieldassociated with maternal effects at high fishing rates. However, thedifferences in maximum sustained yield (MSY) and its associatedfishing rate (Fmsy) between the cases with and without maternaleffects due to reduced numbers of old females were generallysmall. An effective way to address concerns regarding reducedproduction due to maternal effects may be to fish at Fmsy, wherethe loss of equilibrium yield associated with maternal effects isreduced. Because rockfish and cod stocks likely differ in theirdegree of adult mobility, the sensitivity of these results to adultmovement will be considered.

The Dependence of Biomass and Yield on Movement and FisheryRates

Louis W. Botsforda, J. Wilson Whiteb, Marissa Baskettc,Alan Hastingsd, Mark Carre

a Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California,Davis, Davis, CA, United States; b Department of Biology and MarineBiology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC,United States; c Department of Environmental Science and Policy,University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States; d University ofCalifornia, Davis, Davis, CA, United States; e Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, UnitedStates

Recent implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) alongthe California coast has provided the opportunity for monitoringand assessment of their effects, according to the principles ofadaptive management. That monitoring has begun, and earlyresults will be reported in a presentation by Carr et al. in thissymposium. Here we report on modeling studies to describethe short-term, transient responses that should be expected ofpopulations responding to MPA implementation. Earlier modelingstudies – focused on long-term equilibrium conditions – indicatedthat changes in biomass and yield in the long term dependedcritically on the level of fishing outside MPAs, as well as larvaldispersal distances and movement of juvenile and adult fish.These same factors influence transient responses of populationswithin several years of MPA implementation. We describe howthe transient responses of populations with lower fishing rates,larger home ranges and longer larval dispersal distances will bemore difficult to detect. We place these in the context of resultsfrom monitoring thus far and in the future.

Integrating MPA Monitoring with Population and EcosystemModels to Inform Fisheries Management

Mark Carra, Louis W. Botsfordb, J. Wilson Whitec, Daniel Malonea

a Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-SantaCruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States; b Wildlife, Fish, and ConservationBiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States;

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Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of Northarolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States

Networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) are hoped toontribute directly to fisheries by enhancing region-wide lar-al production and recruitment, and indirectly by identifyingcosystem-wide consequences of fishing. Long-term monitoringf population and ecosystem attributes are key to parameter-zing models of larval replenishment and ecosystem structurend dynamics. Drawing from the MPA network established byalifornia’s Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative, weescribe the approaches we are using to integrate monitoringesults with population and ecosystem models to inform theanagement of coastal fisheries.

arval Connectivity in an Effective Network of Marine Protectedreas

ark Christiea, Brian Tissotb, Mark Albinsc, James Beetsd,anli Jiae, Delisse Ortizf and Mark Hixonc

Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States;School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State

niversity, Vancouver, WA, United States; c Zoology, Oregon Stateniversity, Corvallis, OR, United States; d University of Hawaii, Hilo,nited States; e International Pacific Research Center, University ofawaii, Honolulu, United States; f National Marine Fisheries Service,nited States

Acceptance of marine protected areas (MPAs) as fishery andonservation tools has been hampered by lack of direct evidencehat MPAs successfully seed unprotected areas with larvae ofargeted species. For the first time, we present direct evidencef large-scale population connectivity within an existing andffective network of MPAs. A new parentage analysis identifiedour parent-offspring pairs from a large, exploited populationf the coral-reef fish Zebrasoma flavescens in Hawai’i, revealingarval dispersal distances ranging from 15 to 184 km. In two cases,uccessful dispersal was from an MPA to unprotected sites. Givenigh adult abundances, the documentation of any parent-offspringairs demonstrates that ecologically relevant larval connectiv-

ty between reefs is substantial. All offspring settled at sites tohe north of where they were spawned. Satellite altimetry andceanographic models from relevant time periods indicated ayclonic eddy that created prevailing northward currents betweenites where parents and offspring were found. These findingsmpirically demonstrate the effectiveness of MPAs as usefulonservation and management tools and further highlight themportance of coupling oceanographic, genetic, and ecologicalata to predict, validate and quantify larval connectivity amongarine populations.

esign and Implementation of a Monitoring Framework forregon’s Marine Reserves

lix Laferriere

arine Reserves Program, Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Newport,R, United States

In 2008, the state of Oregon began a process to designate andmplement a limited system of marine reserve sites within state

aters. The biological goal is to conserve marine habitats and bio-iversity and to provide a framework for scientific research andonitoring. In 2009, the Oregon Legislature mandated the desig-

ation of two pilot marine reserve sites and the Oregon Department

d Areas in Restoring, Sustaining / Fisheries Research 144 (2013) 111– 116

of Fish & Wildlife (ODFW) established a Marine Reserves Program,including staff responsible for the design and implementationof a Biological Monitoring Program. The Monitoring Program isdesigned for the long-term monitoring of Oregon’s marine reservesystem. Monitoring is to provide information for the evaluation ofmarine reserves and be used to support nearshore resource man-agement, including management of fisheries.

The Redfish Rocks Marine Reserve and Marine Protected Areawere developed for nearshore groundfish species, predominantlycaught in the live fish fishery. The Otter Rock Marine Reserve wasdeveloped to protect the unique ecology and potential juvenilegroundfish habitat of the site. These two pilot sites will be closedto extractive uses once baseline data have been collected and willserve as reference areas over time, enabling the measurement ofchange due to natural influence versus those caused by humaninduced stressors. In 2010 we conducted baseline surveys at thetwo pilot sites to assess oceanographic condition, characterizehabitat and determine species presence, abundance and distri-bution within the reserves and associated comparison areas. Wepresent here the design framework and methods employed as wellas summer oceanographic conditions, habitat characterization,species abundance and distributional data. From the baselinestudies and analyses we will implement long-term monitoringfrom which to evaluate changes in habitat, invertebrate anddemersal fish populations.

Common Fishing Effects on Reef Fish Trophic Structure AcrossDiverse Coral Reef Ecosystems in the Tropical Atlantic andPacific

Burton Shanka, Les Kaufmanb, Jean-Francois Bertrandb

a Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, United States;b Boston University Marine Program, Boston University and Conser-vation International, Boston, MA, United States

One common goal of spatial management of marine resourcesis to create a refuge for commercially targeted fishes, both tostabilize or enhance fisheries and help return food webs to aless impacted structure. Studies in the least disturbed tropicalreef systems have found a found remarkable food web structureswith greater biomasses of apex predators than the remaining fishassemblage. We synthesize monitoring datasets from managedareas in the Caribbean, Brazil, the Eastern Pacific and Fiji tocompare the structure of fish assemblages across diverse systemsand across management regimes. Using general additive mixedmodels, we characterize the relationship between the biomassof piscivores and non-piscivores and examine how this relation-ship interacts with reef systems and management. We find thatpiscivore biomass increases linearly with non-piscivore biomassat most reefs but that piscivores constitute increasingly largerportions of the fish biomass in high-biomass studies. Very few reefshave a higher biomass of piscivores than non-piscivores (invertedtrophic pyramids) suggesting that such a food web is not commonor easily attained through management. Relationships betweenpiscivores and non-piscivores vary more across reef systems thanacross management regimes, suggesting that at sufficiently largescales, fish assemblage structure is more influenced by ecosystemprocesses than management of fishing activities.

Assessing Reef Fish Changes and Marine Reserve Dynamics inthe Dry Tortugas, Florida

a a b

Jerald S. Ault , Steven G. Smith , James A. Bohnsack

a Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University ofMiami, Miami, FL, United States; b Southeast Fisheries Science Center,NOAA Fisheries, Miami, FL, United States

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The efficacy of no-take marine reserves in Florida’s Dry Tortugaso enhance regional coral reef fisheries was assessed through aeries of synoptic research cruises spanning 2 years before and0 years after implementation. Principles of statistical samplingesign were used to guide fishery-independent diver visual surveys

nvolving more than 10,000 research dives over a broad range ofeef habitats to provide precise estimates of population abundancend size structure of more than 250 exploited and non-targetshes. We report on changes in size-structured abundance, habitatccupancy rates and community metrics such as diversity insidend outside reserves over time. Our findings suggest that no-takearine reserves, in conjunction with traditional management, can

elp build sustainable fisheries while protecting the Florida Keysoral-reef ecosystem.

he Effects of a Network of MPAs in Hawaii to Promoteustainability in An Aquarium Fishery

rian Tissota, William Walshb, Todd Stevensona

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State Uni-ersity, Vancouver, WA, United States; b Hawaii Division of Aquaticesources, Kailua-Kona, HI, United States

Few MPA studies have shown direct connections between MPAffectiveness and fishery benefits. In 2000 an MPA network wasstablished along the Kona-Kohala coast of the Island of Hawai’i toddress conflict among stakeholders and promote sustainabilityf a live-caught aquarium fishery. Through a series of studies wexamined MPA metrics including replenishment, spillover andarval seeding combined with measures of fishery productivity,eet dynamics, and spatial variation in catch. MPA studies haveemonstrated successful replenishment of fishes within MPAs,eeding via larval connectivity between local populations, anddult spillover into fished areas. Fishery studies have shown anncrease in fishery productivity subsequent to MPA establishment,lthough most of the increase may be attributed to changes in fleetynamics rather than spillover and replenishment. Our findingsurther indicate that MPAs in Hawaii negatively impact aquariumshing operations, but fishers adjust to spatial management byxpanding their operating range, leading to increased profits thataintain, or slightly improves their socioeconomic well-being.dditional studies indicate that conflict among stakeholders haseen slightly reduced over time and that divers felt that MPAsere more effective at enhancing fish populations than fishers.ur work demonstrates the difficulty of linking MPA effectiveness

o fishery productivity and underlines the importance of examineoth ecological and socio-economic parameters to fully under-tand the interplay between MPA and fishery dynamics.

nvestigating the Spillover Effect for A Marine Protected Arean Hawaii

ostantinos Stamoulisa, Alan Friedlanderb

Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, Unitedtates; b Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Pacific Islandcosystems Research Center, Honolulu, HI, United States

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely utilized as a man-gement tool to conserve biodiversity and to protect and restoresh populations within their borders. Another potential benefit

f MPAs is that they supplement adjacent fisheries through tworimary mechanisms: increased production due to export ofelagic eggs and larvae, and the net emigration of adults and

uveniles (spillover). While it is generally accepted that larval

d Areas in Restoring, Sustaining / Fisheries Research 144 (2013) 111– 116 115

export provides greater overall fishery benefits, adult spillover canmitigate costs associated with marine reserves providing incentivefor fishermen to accept this form of management. This effect wasinvestigated for a marine reserve on the north shore of Oahu inthe Hawaiian Islands. Underwater visual surveys were conductedboth inside and outside of the MPA at varying distances from theboundary. Habitat information was also collected at each transect.The relationship between fish assemblage metrics and habitatparameters at two distinct scales (in situ and remotely sensed)was explored and found to account for a large portion of thevariability. The remaining variation in fish abundance and biomasswas correlated with distance from the reserve boundary show-ing a decreasing gradient from inside to outside. This indicatesthe emigration or spillover of adult fish. These results improveunderstanding of the ecological and fishery effects of marinereserves in Hawaii. Lessons learned can help inform MPA design,ecosystem-based management, and marine spatial planning.

Evaluating the Efficacy of US Virgin Islands Marine ProtectedAreas: Look Before You Leap

Mark Monaco

NOAA Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States

Marine protected areas (MPA) are an important tool for man-agement of marine ecosystems. In 2001, the Virgin Islands CoralReef National Monument (VICR) in St John, US Virgin Islands wasestablished by Presidential Executive Order under the AntiquitiesAct. The primary objectives of this study were to characterizeand monitor coral habitat and reef fish assemblages to assessthe efficacy of the MPA. The VICR is comprised of five areas andthis investigation addressed the mid-shelf reef (MSR) area thatranges from approximately 2–7 km offshore south from St. Johnand within Coral Bay (CB), a southeast shore embayment. The VICRprohibits almost all extractive uses. Surveys of habitat and fishesinside and outside of the VICR-MSR and VIC-CB were conductedin 2003–2010. Areas outside the VICR-MSR had significantlymore scleractinian corals, greater habitat complexity, and greaterspecies richness and abundance of reef fishes than areas withinthe VICR. No significant difference in reef fish richness or biomasswas detected between inside and outside the VICR-CB, but thedensity of fishes was significantly greater outside VICR-CB. For bothcomponents of the VICR over the study period, a decreasing trendwas observed in scleractinian corals for both inside and outsidesites, while an increasing trend in macro-algal cover was observedboth within and outside VICR. Due the administrative process usedto delineate the boundaries of the VICR and possibly the ecologicalimpacts of the coral bleaching event, the enhancement of themarine ecosystem within and outside the VICR may not be fullyrealized or increases in economically important reef fishes maytake longer to detect.

Thirty Years of Change in Reef Fish Communities in the FloridaKeys: The Importance of Habitat, Protection, and the Long-view

Benjamin I. Ruttenberga, James A. Bohnsacka, Jerald S. Aultb, StevenG. Smithb, David McClellana, Jack Javecha, Joseph E. Serafyc

a Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Miami, FL,United States; b Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; c Protected Resources,National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center,Miami, FL, United States

The Florida Keys reef tract contains a suite of importantcommunities, but there are indications that human activity has

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16 American Fisheries Society Special Session: Assessing the Role of Marine P

ramatically altered these communities. Historical data haveocumented declines in trophy fish size and live coral cover, buthese datasets often lack spatial and temporal resolution. As the

anagement focus in marine systems shifts to ecosystem-basedanagement, more precise data on the status and trends of these

ommunities are needed. We use data from NOAA’s long-termeef visual census reef fish monitoring program to examine trendsnd changes in reef fish communities over the past 30 years. Weound a variety of trajectories for different species and functionalroups, including increases and decreases in abundance. For somepecies, trajectories were strongly influenced by MPA protection,ut others showed no response to MPA implementation. Despitehe variety of single-species patterns, multivariate analyses showshat reef fish communities have been changing in a clear andonsistent manner over the past 30 years, and that these patternsiffered significantly between MPAs and unprotected areas. Ourata suggest that different factors drive these patterns for differentpecies, and include loss of live coral and decline of species directlyr indirectly dependent on live coral habitat, and slight recovery ofhe most heavily targeted fishery species, likely resulting from MPArotection. Despite the increase in abundance of some commercialpecies, the Florida Keys is still a heavily exploited ecosystem thatequires improvements in management, including expansion ofPAs, and a long time frame to restore these communities.

istribution of Sensitive Habitats and Trawl-marks (Resultsrom MAREANO): Implications for Sustainable Management,election and Monitoring of MPAs

ene Buhl-Mortensena, Pål Buhl-Mortensenb

Norway Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; b Instituteor Marine Research, Bergen, Norway

What is the relationship between the physical environment,pecies diversity and biological resources? This is one of the ques-ions addressed by the MAREANO program (Marine Areal Databaseor Norwegian Coasts and Sea Areas). The project partners, Institutef marine Research, Geological Survey of Norway and Norwegianydrographic Service co-operate closely to perform mapping of

he environment and fauna. Through the MAREANO-program theorwegian government wants to map the continental shelf and

lope off Norway starting in the Barents Sea. This is done to getew knowledge needed for the implementation of the Barentsea management plan. The goal is to obtain information for theegulation of human activities such as petroleum industry andsheries. The project was launched as an interministerial financial

ollaboration between the ministries of the Environment, Fisheriesnd Coastal Affairs, Trade and Industry and the Research Councilf Norway in 2005. The area mapped by MAREANO in 2006–201050,000 km2) covers: banks, troughs, ridges, canyons, large sand

d Areas in Restoring, Sustaining / Fisheries Research 144 (2013) 111– 116

waves, cold seeps and coral reef areas at depths ranging from 40to 2700 m. In these areas fauna and bottom substratum has beendocumented with a suite of sampling gears (video, multicorer,grab, boxcorer, beam-trawl, and epibenthic-sled). We will presentresults from the mapping including the detailed distribution ofsensitive and threatened habitats in the areas that now are closedto petrol industry while new information is gained on naturalrecourses. The video recording of bottom environment and orga-nisms has provided detailed information on fisheries impact onthe bottom substratum. The implication of this vital informationfor ecosystem based management of the natural resources in theBarents Sea will be discussed.

Can Sport Fishing be Ecological Sustainable in a Marine Reserve?– A Case Study from the Galapagos Islands

Anna Schuhbauer

Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Ecuador

The Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR), created in 1998, covers133,000 km2, making it one of the largest marine protected areasin the world. Situated at the confluence of major ocean currents,it is home to a large number of endemic marine species. Sincethe implementation of the Galapagos Special Law in 1998, fishingrights in the GMR have been given exclusively to local fishermenand only small-scale fishing is permitted producing approximately800 t/year. As tourism is exponentially increasing in Galapagos,and several fisheries resources have almost collapsed, fishermenhave been seeking alternative work in the more profitable tourismsector. A new form of recreational fishing called “Pesca ArtesanalVivencial” (PAV) was established in 2005. Tourists are being takenout by local fishermen on their fishing boats to experience anauthentic day at sea with a Galapagos fisherman. Unfortunately,this activity turned out to be less lucrative than anticipated andinstead sport fishing activities are being carried out under the ban-ner of PAV. Regulated sport fishing with catch and release practicecan be a profitable and an ecologically sustainable alternative tocommercial fishing and reduces fishing effort. The question is if amarine reserve which was until just recently on the IUCN red list ofendangered natural World Heritage Sites can support an activitysuch as sport fishing. A monitoring, including onboard observa-tions, in collaboration with the fishing sector and the NationalPark of Galapagos was carried out to understand the impact onthe marine reserve both ecologically as well as socio-economically.Main problems are for example the lack of capital from tradi-tional Galapagos fishermen to start of a recreational fishing activity

and the fact they do not have an aptitude to be tourist guides.Therefore most profit is made by tourism agencies in mainlandEcuador and abroad, consequently there is little benefit for the localeconomy.