AMERICAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE• Must be analyzed under the 4th, 5th, 6th and 14th Amendments. • 4th...
Transcript of AMERICAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE• Must be analyzed under the 4th, 5th, 6th and 14th Amendments. • 4th...
AMERICANCRIMINALPROCEDURE
ProfessorDelaineR.Swenson
USCONSTITUTION
• AmendmentIV:SearchesandWarrants
• AmendmentV:GrandJuries;DoubleJeopardy;SelfIncrimination;DueProcessofLaw.
• AmendmentVI:PublicTrial;Juries;RighttoNotice;RightofConfrontation;RighttoCounsel
• AmendmentVIII:Bail,CruelandUnusualPunishments
• AmendmentXIV:ApplicationofBillofRightstotheStates.
HowaCriminalCaseProceeds
• CriminalIncident• PoliceInvestigation• ProsecutorInvolvement• CriminalCharges:InformationorInditement• Arrest• FirstAppearance:NoticeofCharges;RightsRead;CounselAppointed
• Arraignment:PleaEntered
HowaCriminalCaseProceeds2• DiscoveryProcess• PleaBargaining• Pre-TrialHearing• Trial:
-JurySelection-OpeningStatements-State’sCase-DefenseCase-ClosingArgument-JuryInstructions-Verdict
HowaCriminalCaseProceeds3
• Sentencing• AppellateProcess• Punishment
NoRightwithoutaRemedy
• Punishthegovernmentofficial–policeorprosecutor.
• Allowforprivatelawsuits.• ButwhatdowedowithanyevidencethatisgainedinviolationoftheConstitution?
EXCLUSIONARYRULE
• AJudgemadedoctrinedesignedtobearemedyforconstitutionalrightsviolationsincriminalcases.
• EvidenceobtainedinviolationoftheUnitedStatesConstitutioncannotbeusedasevidenceincourtagainstthedefendant.
• Rational:(1)DeterPolice/ProsecutorMisconduct;(2)CourtSystemdoesnotbecomepartofConstitutionalViolation;(3)Onlyeffectiveremedy.
FRUITOFTHEPOISONOUSTREEDOCTRINE
• Notonlydoweexcludeallillegallyobtainedevidence,butallevidenceobtainedorderivedfromthatevidence.
• Exceptions:(1)IndependentSource;(2)InevitableDiscovery.
LIMITATIONSONTHEEXCLUSIONAYRULE
• RequiresGovernmentalConductorprivateindividualsactingatthedirectionofthegovernment.
• DefendantmusthaveaReasonableExpectationofPrivacy–thingsheldouttothepublicnoexpectationofprivacy.
• Defendantmusthave“standing”:(i)personownedorhadarighttopossessionoftheplacesearched;(ii)placewasinfacthome;or(iii)alegitimateguestoftheowner.
CONCEPTOFSTANDING
• DoestheDefendanthave“standing”tobringaclaimorargumenttothecourt.
• Wasthedefendant“standing”intheshoesofapersonwhowasharmedbygovernmentalaction?
• Nostanding,thennocourtauthorityovertheissueortheperson.
• Rakasv.Illinois
4thAMENDMENT
Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,shallnotbeviolated,andnoWarrantsshallissue,butuponprobablecause,supportedbyOathoraffirmation,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andthepersonsorthingstobeseized
4THAMENDMENTSEARCHES
• GeneralApproach:(1)DidDefendanthavea4thAmendmentRight?
- Wastheregovernmentalconduct?- Didthedefendanthaveareasonableexpectationofprivacy?
(2)DidthePolicehaveavalidwarrant?(3)Ifnowarrant,thendidthePoliceuseavalidexceptiontothewarrantrequirement?
WARRANTS
• Awrittenlegalorderofthecourttosearchorseize.
• Required:Awarrantmustbe(a)issuedbyaneutralanddetachedmagistrate,(b)bebasedonprobablecauseestablishedfromfactssubmittedtothemagistratebyagovernmentagentunderoath,(c)mustparticularlydescribetheplacetobesearchedandtheitemstobeseized.
ExceptionstotheWarrantRequirement
• SEARCHINCIDENTTOALAWFULARREST– Arrestmustbelawful,mustbecontemporaneousintimeandplacewiththearrest.
– CHIMELv.CALIFORNIA• AUTOMOBILEEXCEPTION:Policemusthaveprobablecause.Scopeofsearchdependsonprobablecause.Probablecauseofcontainerappliesonlytocontainer.– ILLINOISv.CABALLES
ExceptionstotheWarrantRequirement
• PLAINVIEWEXCEPTION– Policemustbelegitimatelyonthepremises;discoverevidence,fruitsorinstrumentalitiesofacrime,whichisinplainview,andhaveprobablecause.
• CONSENT:Policemusthaveavoluntaryandintelligentconsenttosearch.Limitedtoconsentgiven.Personmusthaveauthoritytoconsent.– SCHNECKLOTHv. BUSTAMONTE
ExceptionstotheWarrantRequirement
• STOPANDFRISKEXCEPTION– Policemaystopapersonwithoutprobablecauseifhehasanarticulableandreasonablesuspicionofcriminalactivity.ProtectiveFriskisallowediftheybelievepersonmaybearmed.
– Scope:“patdown”allowed,furtherdependingonwhatisfound.
– TERRYV.OHIO
ExceptionstotheWarrantRequirement
• HOTPURSUIT,EVANESCENTEVIDIENCE,EMERGENCIES– HotPursuitofafleeingfelon.– EvanescentEvidence:Evidencethatmaydisappearbeforeawarrantcanbeattained.
– Emergencies:contaminatedfoodordrugs,childrenintrouble,burningfires,medicalemergencies.
– BRIGHAMCITY,UTAHv.STUARTEETAL.
CONFESSIONS
• Importance:falseconfessions.• Mustbeanalyzedunderthe4th,5th,6thand14thAmendments.
• 4thAmendment:SearchandSeizure
• 5thAmendment:ProtectionAgainstTestimonialSelfIncrimination
• 6thAmendment:RighttoCounsel• 14thAmendment:DueProcessProtectionagainstInvoluntaryConfessions
Confessions-4thAmendment
• SearchandSeizure:Arrestisaseizureoftheperson.
• Wasarrestlegal?– ProbablyCause?– ValidArrestWarrant
• IfArrestwasillegal,thenaconfessionasaresultofthatillegalarrestisfruitofthepoisonoustree.
Confessions–14thAmendment
• DueProcessClause–14thAmendmentHistory
• DueProcessrequiresthatanyconfessionbevoluntary.
• Test:LookattheTOTALITYOFTHECIRCUMSTANCEStodeterminevoluntariness.
• Factors:Suspect’sage,education,mentalandphysicalconditionalongwiththesetting,durationandmannerofpoliceinterrogation.
• PhysicalBeatingNotAllowed.• Confessionmaystillbechallengedasunreliable.
Confessions–5thAmendment
• “Nopersonshallbecompelledtobeawitnessagainsthimself..”Cannotbeimpelledtogiveselfincriminatingevidence.
• MIRANDAv.ARIZONA:– CreatedtheMirandaWarning:(1)Righttoremainsilent;(2)AnythingyousaycanbeusedagainstyouinCourt;(3)RighttoanAttorney;(4)ifyoucannotaffordanattorney,onewillbeappointedatnoexpensetoyou.
Confessions–5thAmendment
• MirandaWarningneednotbeverbatim,butmustbesubstantiallythesame.
• Re-warningrequiredaftersubstantialbreak.
• Waiver:knowing,voluntaryandintelligent.Nopresumptionfromsilence.
• Whenrequired:– GovernmentalConduct– MustbeinCustody– MustbeInterrogation:wordsoractionsreasonablylikelytoleadtoanincriminatingstatement.
RighttoCounsel
• 5thAmendmentRight:righttocounselincustodialPoliceinterrogations(Mirandav.Arizona)
• 6thAmendmentRight:
“andtohavetheassistanceofcounselforhisdefense.”
RighttoCounsel
• 6thAmendmentRightappliestoall“criticalstages”ofthetrial.
• CriticalStages:CustodialPoliceInterrogation;Post-Inditementinterrogation;preliminaryhearingstodetermineprobablecause;arraignments;post-chargelineups;guiltypleas;sentencing;trials,appealsasamatterofright.
RighttoCounsel
• 6thAmendmentRightappliestoall“criticalstages”ofthetrial.
• NON-Criticalstages:bloodsampling,handwritingorvoicesamples;pre-chargelineups,photoidentification,preliminaryhearingsondetention,discretionaryappeals,paroleandprobationrevocation
Pre-TrialDetention
• Firstmusthaveprobablecausetodetain.• PresumptionofInnocence–presumesthattheinnocentpersonwillnotbeheldinjailuntilfoundguilty.
• Reasonsforpre-trialdetention:likelihoodofappearanceattrial;dangertocommunity.
• Factors:tiestothecommunity;criminalhistory;natureofthecrime,etc
SpeedyTrial
• 6thAmendmentRighttoSpeedyTrial• StatutoryRightunderStateLaw:smalllimits–60/90daysfromarraignment.
• Constitutionaltest:looktothetotalityofthecircumstances.Factors:(1)lengthofthedelay;(2)thereasonforthedelay;(3)whetherthedefendantassertedhisrightand(4)prejudicetothedefendant.
• Remedy:dismissalofcharges.
SpeedyTrial
• Rightattacheswhenthedefendanthasbeenarrestedorcharged.Pre-arrestinvestigationdoesnotcount.
• Waiver:maybeaknowingandvoluntarywaiverofyourrighttospeedytrial(quitecommon).
• Multiplejurisdictions:secondjurisdictionmustmakeareasonableefforttoobtainthedefendant.
DisclosureofEvidence
• Prosecutorhasanaffirmativedutytodiscloseallinculpatoryandexculpatoryevidencetothedefense.
• Remedy:convictionmaybeoverturnedoranewtrialwillbeheldwithoutthatevidence.
• Defensedutytodisclose:Onlyaffirmativedefenses:selfdefense;aliabi,insanity.
• Witnesslistsareexchanged.• Pre-TrialEvidencehearingheld.
Pre-TrialIdentification
• DueProcessrightnottohaveundulysuggestivepre-trialidentificationprocedures.
• Line-Up’s:Acriticalpartofthetrial.Attorneycanbepresentasarightifthedefendanthasbeencharged.
• Line-Up’sonseriouscasesnowvideotaped.
CompetencytoStandTrial
• DistinguishwithInsanityattimeoftheCrime.• ADueProcessRequirement:unfairtotrysomeonewhoisunabletoparticipateintheirowndefense.
• Doetheyunderstandthenatureoftheproceedings?Cantheyassisttheirattorneyinthetrialprocess?Dotheyhaveareasonabledegreeofunderstanding?
• Remedy:treatmentuntilcompetencecomes.
DoubleJeopardy
• 5thAmendmentRightnottobeplacedtwiceinJeopardyforthesamecriminalact.
• Attaches:InaJuryTrial–whentheJuryisempaneledandswornin.JudgeTrial–whenfirstwitnessisswornin.
• Exceptions:(1)HungJury(2)Mistrial(3)Retrialaftersuccessfulappeal(4)Breachofapleabargain.
• MustbetheSameOffense:Crimesmusthavethesameelements.
• SeparateSovereigns:NotDoubleJeopardy
TRIALRIGHTS
BurdenofProof
• PresumptionofInnocence.• Prosecutionhastheburdenofproof:IftheStatefailstomeetit’sburdenthenthedefendantcannotbeconvicted.
• BurdenofProof:Proofbeyondareasonabledoubt.Adoubtforwhichareasonexists?
• AffirmativeDefenses:Prosecutionstillhasinitialburden,butdefensemustconvincejuryondefense.(Insanity,SelfDefense)
RighttoaFairTrial
• AnecessarypartoftheDueProcessElementoftheConstitution.AppliestoallcriminaltrialsintheUnitedStates.
• RighttoaPublicTrial:CanonlybeclosediftheJudgefindsitisnecessarytoafairtrial.-PublicincludesthePress.-Television–uptothepresidingJudge.
RighttoaFairTrial
• RighttoanUnbiasedJudge:NoactualMalice,nofinancialinterest;mustavoidallappearanceofimpropriety.Mustbealawyer.-RighttoexcusetheJudge
• RighttofreefromTrialDisruptions:Nolongdelays,noprejudicialactions(prisonclothing,shackles,etc.)
Order of a us jury trial
• Pre-Trial Motions and Hearings. • Jury Selection • Opening Statements • Prosecution Case: Direct and Cross Examination of
Prosecution Witnesses. • Defense Case: Direct and Cross Examination of Defense
Witnesses. • Jury Instructions • Closing Arguments • Jury Deliberations and Verdict
RighttoTrialbyJury
• 6thAmendmentRight:Appliestoseriousoffenses(penaltyof6monthsofprisonormore).
• Juveniles:NoJuryTrialRight.FamilyCourt
• 12istraditional,notrequired.Atleast6required.
• Unanimity:11-1,10-2.9-3allowed.6personjuriesmustbeunanimous.
• RighttoJuryselectedfromrepresentativecrosssectionofcommunity.RaceandGenderissues.
• JuryTrialRightinCapitalCases:USv.Booker.
RighttoConfrontWitnesses
• 6thAmendmentRight:Importanceintheadversarialsystem.
• Factfindermustobservewitnesstodeterminecredibility
• Defendanthasarighttocrossexamine.
• FacetoFace:unlessthereisacompellingreason.ChildWitnesses,WitnessProtectionorActionsofDefendant.
• Co-DefendantConfessions:mustbeavailableforcrossexamination.
GuiltyPleasPleaBargaining
• Over90%ofallcasesarepleabargainedintheUnitedStates.
• Whathappensinapleabargain?
• PositivesandNegatives?• LegalRequirementsofPleaBargaining?
APPEAL
• FewcasesareappealedinAmericanCriminalCourtsincomparisontoEuropeanPractice–Reasons:-PleaBargaining-NotGuiltyVerdicts-FactualDeterminationscannotbeappealed-PreferenceforJudicialDiscretion
APPEAL
• GuiltyVerdictcanbeappealedbasedon:
- Mistakesinvolvingthelaw- Mistakesinvolvingapplicationofthefactstothelaw
- MistakesinvolvingConstitutionalRights- Mistakesinvolvingprocessthateffectaconstitutionalright
APPEAL
• Usuallyoneappealallowedasamatterofright.Additionalappealshavetoconvincethecourtthatawrongoccurredinorderforthemtoagreetohearthecase.
• Automaticappealreviewofdeathpenaltycases.
APPEAL
• TrialCourt(FactsandLaw)
• CourtofAppeals(LawOnly)
• SupremeCourt(LawOnly)
WRITOFHABEOUSCORPUS
• Civillawremedy–producethebody.• Onlyappliestothoseincustody.• Allnormalappealsmustbeexhausted.• Mustprovethatthepersonisbeingheldinviolationoftheconstitution.
• Oftenusedtoreopenanoldcasethathasexhaustedallotherremedies.
POWERTOPARDON
• STATEGOVERNORSFORSTATECRIMES
• USPRESIDENTFORALLCRIMES
• CANBE:FULL,PARTIAL,COMMUTATIONOFSENTENCE.
SENTENCING: • Post plea or finding of guilt • Sentencing Hearing Held –
decision by Judge or Jury • Purposes of Sentencing:
- RESTITUTION - RETRIBUTION (PUNISHMENT) - DETERRENCE - REHABILITATION
SENTENCING
• Courtlookstoaggravatingandmitigatingcircumstances.Pre-SentenceReport;Letters,Testimony.
• Sentencingsystems:
- Broadwithsubstantialjudicialdiscretion.- Narrow–DeterminativeSentencingSchemes,JudgesDiscretionLimited.
DEATH PENALTY: UNITED STATES
DEATH PENALTY: UNITED STATES
• 8th Amendment: Prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
• Limited to Aggravated Murder Cases: Felony Murder; First Degree Murder; Hired Killing; Treason and Desertion (Fed.)
• State Issue: Not Federal one. • Limits: Serious Crimes; No one under 18 at time
crime was committed; Must be mentally competent.
• Methods: Hanging; Firing Squad; Electric Chair; Gas; Lethal Injection
• Political Question.