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ACI COMMITTEE REPORT213R-2

5.13-Specifications1.2-Historical background1.3- Tenninology1.4-Economy of lightweight concrete

Chapter 2-Structurallightweight aggregates,

p.213R-52.1-Intemal structure of lightweight aggregates

2.2-Production of lightweight aggregates

2.3-Aggregate properties

Chapter 6-High-performance lightweightconcrete, p. 213R-30

6.l-Scope and historical developments6.2-Structural efficiency of lightweight concrete

6.3-Applications of high-performance lightweight concrete

6.4-Reduced transportation cost

6.5-Enhanced hydration due to internal curing

Chapter 7-References, p. 213R-357.1-Referenced standards and reports

7.2-Cited references

7.3-Other references

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION

1.1-ObjectivesThe objectives of this guide are to provide information and

guidelines for designing and using lightweight concrete. Byusing such guidelines and construction practices, the structurescan be designed and performance predicted with the sameconfidence and reliability as normalweight concrete and

other building materials.

Chapter 3-Proportioning, mixing, and handling,

p. 213R-8

3.l-Scope3.2-Mixture proportioning criteria

3.3-Materials3.4-Proportioning and adjusting mixtures

3.5-Mixing and delivery

3.6-Placing3.7-Pumping lightweight concrete

3.8-Laboratory and field control

Chapter 4-Physical and mechanical properties ofstructurallightweight-aggregate concrete,

p.213R-124.1-Scope4.2-Method of presenting data

4.3-Compressive strength4.4-Density of lightweight concrete4.5-Specified-density concrete4.6-Modulus of elasticity4.7-Poisson's ratio

4.8-Creep4.9-Drying shrinkage4.10--Splitting tensile strength4.11-Modulus of rupture4.12-Bond strength4. 13-Ultimate strength factors

4.14-Durability4. 15-Absorption4. 16-Alkali-aggregate reaction

4.17- Thermal expansion4. 18-Heat flow properties4. 19-Fire endurance4.20-Abrasion resistance

1.2-Historical backgroundThe fIrst known use of lightweight concrete dates back over

2000 years. There are several lightweight concrete structures in

the Mediterranean region, but the three most notable structures

were built during the early Roman Empire and include the Port

of Cosa, the Pantheon Dome, and the Coliseum.The Port of Cosa, built in about 273 B.C., used lightweight

concrete made from natural volcanic materials. These early

builders learned that expanded aggregates were better suited for

marine facilities than the locally available beach sand and

gravel. They went 25 mi. (40 km) to the northeast to quarry

volcanic aggregates at the Volcine complex for use in the harbor

at Cosa (Bremner, Holm, and Stepanova 1994). This harbor is

on the west coast of Italy and consists of a series of four

piers (- 13 ft [4 m] cubes) extending out into the sea. For two

millennia they have withstood the forces of nature with only

surface abrasion. They became obsolete only because of siltation

of the harbor.The Pantheon, finished in 27 B.C., incorporates concrete

varying in density from the bottom to the top of the dome.

Roman engineers had sufficient confidence in lightweight

concrete to build a dome whose diameter of 142 ft (43.3 m)

was not exceeded for almost two millenniums. The structure

is in excellent condition and is still being used to this day for

spiritual purposes (Bremner, Holm, and Stepanova 1994).The dome contains intricate recesses formed with wooden

formwork to reduce the dead load, and the imprint of the

grain of the wood can still be seen. The excellent cast

surfaces that are visible to the observer show clearly that

these early builders had successfully mastered the art of castingconcrete made with lightweight aggregates. Vitruvius took

special interest in building construction and commented on

what was unusual. The fact that he did not single out lightweight

concrete for comment might simply imply that these early

builders were fully familiar with this material (Morgan 1960).

Chapter 5-Design of structurallightweight-aggregate concrete, p. 213R-24

5.1-Scope5.2-Genera1 considerations5.3-Modu1us of elasticity

5.4-Tensile strength5.5-Shear and diagonal tension

5.6-Development length5.7-Deflection5.8-Columns5.9-Prestressed lightweight concrete5.10- Thermal design considerations

5.1l-Seismic design5. 12-Fatigue

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