American Architecture PresentationNicole StebnitzAmerican Architecture | ART3020 P02 | Dr. Rachelle Starr

Table of Contents

Title Page Page: 1 W1A2 Pages: 2-11 W2A2 Pages: 12-20 W3A2 Pages: 21-31 W4A2 Pages: 32-41 W5A2 Pages: 42-51 w6A1 Pages: 52-55 Works Cited Pages: 56-57 Images Cited Page: 58

Week One:Assignment TwoSurvey of Architecture Guide

Swedish Colonial Architecture

Dutch Colonial Architecture

1. Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification

Image 1

Name of Structure:The Lower Swedish Cabin Date of Construction:Sometime after 1638 but before 1655 Geographical Location:Drexel Hill, PA along the Darby Creek in Delaware County At site on Creek Road Clifton Heights Primary Architecture

Style used in structure.Swedish Colonial Log Construction-Notched Log-Clay-Nails-Wooden Pegs

Image 4

Image 2

Image 3

Sketches SwedishColonial Architecture

Notched horizontal

logs

Steep roofWooden Pegs

Stone fireplace

Part 2: Cultural Analysis Swedish Colonial Architecture

The log cabin shown above is one of the last standing log cabins that were built during this time. This cabin was built where the first settlers from Sweden had arrived. It was sturdy and easy to construct. When they arrived all they had to do was to chop down some trees with axes, fit the logs together, stack them horizontally, fill them with clay, and put a roof over the top as seen in the pictures above. Sometime in the winter of 1679 to 1680 there was a Dutch traveler named Jaspar Dankers that stayed in this cabin. He said it was “made according to Swedish mode” and that he slept well because the house was “quite tight and warm”.(ExplorePA, web) One reason why the colonies may have been so short lived is due to the fact that they had little support from Sweden and the Dutch had become stronger so they relinquished all political sovereignty to them in those regions. (Young, web).

The Swedish Log Cabin shown above is the oldest example of Swedish colonial architecture. It was built at that location because there was an abundance of oak and chestnut trees with large flat stones for building. There is not a written record of the construction of the building. But typical Swedish colonials would be made with horizontal log construction, small windows, clay or mud chinking between the logs, side gabled roof, brick, stone or clay chimneys, and irregularly shaped windows and doors. When William Penn and the English came to the new colony they found all of these log structures and copied it all across America.(White, Web)

The most important thing to note is that although there is not a lot of physical evidence left from that time because it was so short, yet the Swedish colonial cabins architecture is still replicated all over America to this day. Although methods have changed and how they are built may have changed the general structure and design is still the same.

Part 3: Topical Issue: Building design in relation to the climate.Swedish Colonial Architecture

There is not much said about colonial Swedish log cabin construction that is certain because there were so few left to observe. A typical cabin like the one above was built from hewn logs that were stacked horizontally. They were put together with notched ends and the chimney would be in the corner. When looking at the cabin and how it was built it was the best way to make shelter with the least amount of tools. So when the settlers came to areas where there were plenty of trees they used them to build shelter to keep the cold out. There were different ways to stack the logs. The Swedes used chinking and filling in between the logs to keep the cold air out. The shingles they placed on the roof were also for the same purpose. In warmer climates like the south they would not fill in between the logs and let the air in to dry leaf tobacco. Swedish cabins would typically be very small with a fireplace in order to be able to warm up the area. If it would have been too large the fireplace would not have been sufficient enough to heat. That also changed in warmer climates where they started building two story log homes. Depending on what the climate was would depend on how the log structures would be built and what they would be used for. In what is now Delaware when they found structures that the Swedish colonies had built, they were used for all different types of uses.

1. Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification

Image 1

Name of Structure:The Bronck House Date of Construction:1663 First building constructed Geographical Location:Coxsackie, in Greene county New York Primary Architecture

Style used in structure.Dutch Colonial Architectural Style-Steeply pitched roof-Side Gabled entrance-Small casement windows-Massive Central Chimney-Asymmetrical door and window openings

Image 4

Image 2

Image 3

Sketches Dutch Colonial Architecture

Centrally located large

fireplace

Steep Gable Roof

Side Entrance

with gable roof

Part 2: Cultural Analysis Dutch Colonial Architecture

The house was first built by it owner Pieter Bronck. He was a relative of Jonas Bronck which the Bronx, New York was named after. Pieter and his Dutch wife bought a plot of land from the Mohican Indians in the location where the first structure was built. When talking about Dutch colonial architecture they were originally built in New York State and other close areas like Delaware, New Jersey, and western Connecticut. Although Pieter was from Sweden, apparently his wife made the decisions in the design of the house. They were mainly of brick or stone construction, had Dutch doors (the top and bottom of the door could be opened apart from the other), matching chimneys on each side, (or a gigantic chimney on the front of the home that looked like a wishbone), eaves that were flared, or gambrel roofs (these types of roofs look like a barn roof and have two separate pitches), or they could have both the gambrel roof and slightly flared eaves. ( Craven, 10 May, web)

The Dutch colonies, just the Swedish colonies did not last for a very long time. They only had control of the Hudson Valley from about 1609 to 1664. Even with that being said they were too (just like the Swedes) able to create trading posts, towns, and forts all through that area that set up for some areas that still are there today. Due to a first unsuccessful trip two years after Jamestown was founded, the Dutch Government founded the West Indies Company. They sent over settlers who started a colony on what is now Manhattan. Progress was slow to expand and it caused problems with the Native Americans and English colonists in the Area. They then moved throughout the Hudson Valley to avoid any armed conflict. They were able to maintain and set up colonies throughout the area. Due to corruption and poor relations with Native Americans because of lax trading policies tensions were always high.(nps.gov, web)

Although the Dutch were able to thrive for those years, the Dutch lost the New Netherlands during the second Anglo-Dutch war in 1664. Even though they were only able to own and set up colonies for 60 years the architectural style of the Dutch home has continued on today.

Part 3: Topical Issue: Building design in relation to the climate.Dutch Architecture

The Bronck farmhouse was built in the lower Hudson River valley and other areas mentioned above were usually of stone or wood, or made with both types of materials. They had the gambrel roof, but these types of houses are not found in the Netherlands. So some think that the construction of the homes built here was due to combining Dutch and Flemish construction techniques changed to fit the weather of the region along with the materials that were available to build the homes.

The construction of the homes from brick and the fact that they were normally small with a big fireplace lends to the fact that the climates was cold in these areas. The settlers were building these by hand and on their own. So they were simple in design and built to withstand the cold long winters and to provide heat.

Buildings during this time were built simplistically and to survive the elements. As climates could be a little different than where they were coming from and the types of materials they had to work with were different, they may have had to change some things to adapt to the current environment. The Bronck farmhouse was built with materials that were easy to find nearby from that geographical location. The materials were also used to withstand the cold in the winter by adding the fireplace as seen above. The steep roofs would help to keep the snow and ice from staying on the top of the roof. They also had the porch to enjoy the warm summer months on them.

The overall design of the Bronck house is somewhat from the owners Dutch heritage but then they took that and had to adjust to what materials were available along with what the climate was. It is very important to see that while still using some of their constructions techniques they had to adapt to the climate and landscape to build their homes

W2A2:Survey of Architecture Guide

GOTHIC REVIVAL

ARCHITECTURE

EGYPTIAN REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification: 1. Name of Structure: HENRY BOODY HOUSE2. Date of Construction: 18493. Geographical Location: 256 Maine St. Brunswick ME4. Primary Architectural Style: GOTHIC REVIVAL5. Architectural elements present in structure: Board and Batten surface Steeply pitched Roof Heavy corner posts Porches Incised Wooden Trim Roof Gables Vertical Board & Batten Wood Siding

Photo: Henry Boody House, ca. 1849, 256 Maine Street, Brunswick, ME. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. (Image 1)

Henry Boody House: (Image 2)GOTHIC REVIVAL

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:GOTHIC REVIVALExamples of the different architectural elements that were found in Gothic Revival Buildings.

Heavy Columns and corner posts

Incised Wooden Trim

Vertical board and batten wood siding associated with Carpenter

Gothic Style

Steep Roof

Gables and

Dormers Porches with delicate wood trim

Part II:Cultural Analysis:Gervase Wheeler and Henry Hill Boody

English architect Gervase Wheeler was an English architect that came to the United States in 1846. There is little found on his education or training in architecture, but research found that possible social connections with the Anglican church in England were what sparked his interest in working in the United States. This was a transitional time as there was just becoming the idea that there needed to be some type of professionalism in this trade. In and excerpt that tried to explain what moved Gervase Wheeler and how he designed this building there was a theory that was evolving. Wheeler liked things that were vivid, charming, colorful, etc.. He wanted to take into account what the landscape was outside of the building and build it so that the views of the landscape could be seen from the inside. If you look at how the house is on the land and all of the windows you can see that they are placed to see the beautiful nature around it. The new theory came about that “ building and design conceived in relation to the landscape.” He also put that same consideration into the exterior of the building. He wanted things that stood out and were large and out of the ordinary. This was something that was different than the order of classicism. (Tribert, Renee, Web)Henry Boody was a professor, politician, and later and entrepreneur. He wanted to build a house that mirrored his personality. He was said to be ambitious and at the top of his class in college. Gervase Wheeler was in Brunswick, ME at the time working on Richard Upjohn's’ College Chapel. It is not found anywhere how the two actually met each other (and although Wheeler would write two books later they had not been published yet), but seeing Wheelers’ design and how it was dramatic, grand, and detailed, it would make sense that Boody would decide to go with his Gothic Revival Design. The intricate details of the exterior along with the strong structural element of the design were perfect for Boody whose personality matched that. (Henry Boody, Web)

Part III: Topical IssueHow does the function and use of the structure relate to their design.

Henry Boody used this as his primary residence while he was working as a professor at the college. The inside carried all of the elements that would be expected and then some. The first story held a parlor and a sitting room on the left of a central hall, and on the right of the hall was a library and a dining room. It would make sense that someone of Boodys’ stature would require such rooms in his home. The interior was also symmetrically arranged. There were three stories with bedrooms on the second story. The third story carried the gabled areas with windows. The exterior design of the house was built to show that it was sturdy and grand and give a preview of what the interior would be. It was important for Wheeler to design a house that was going to fit the owner. This home is actually considered to be a precursor to the upcoming Stick Style homes that would emerge.(Henry Boody, Web). The batten board siding also reflected the structure and gave a feeling of sturdiness, but the intricate details of the wood trim and carvings softened the lines. The function and design relate to the owner and what he was looking for in his home. Wheeler created a building that would emulate its owner while also revealing his own type of style and design. Wheeler was able to create a space that fit to the needs of the occupant, both functionally and aesthetically.

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification 1. Name of Structure: Egyptian Building, VA Commonwealth University2. Date of Construction: 18453. Geographical Location: Richmond, VA4. Primary Architectural Style: Egyptian Revival5. Architectural elements present in structure: Use of hieroglyphics Open Lotus Bud Capitals Large massive columns Flat roofing Solar Disk

All images below: (Image 3)EGYPTIAN REVIVAL

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:GOTHIC REVIVAL

Massive Columns

Flat Roof with

Replication of hieroglyphics.

Here is the beetle with a sun disk

Open Lotus Bud Capitals

Part II: Cultural Analysis: Thomas Stewart

Thomas Stewart started out as a carpenter and worked under his uncle as a master carpenter in Philadelphia. It is not known where he trained but he started to enter architectural competitions. The Egyptian Revival was growing from the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon and finding the Rosetta Stone. Tombs were being excavated and the findings were showing the Egyptians as very philosophical and knowledgeable people. Stewart who was asked to design the Medical College decided that it would be best to design it in the image of the Egyptian buildings.(D.OK., Web) America is a place of thought and learning, a place where people believe they are great. Using Egyptian architecture in buildings of education such as this show that we are just as knowledgeable as the Egyptians. That we can learn and be great. Although there is no specific reason stated why Thomas Stewart liked the Egyptian Revival Style, he chose this for this building based on what the school was going to be doing in the building and what the building would stand for.

Part III: Topical IssueHow does the function and use of the structure relate to their design.

This building was originally the Medical College of Richmond, then it was changed to the Egyptian Building as a part of the Medical College of Virginia. Now it is part of the Virginia Commonwealth University. It was believed that the Egyptians had invented philosophy, medicine, and other forms of advanced knowledge. There was an Egyptian king Imhotep who people thought was a doctor and an architect. When the Egyptian Revival came about it was mainly used in buildings that were used for public and educational facilities, cemeteries, and churches. This building was built in this design to function as a place for higher learning, and it made sense to emulate the knowledge of the Egyptians of old. An article on architecture Richmond website actually sums up the function and design of the medical building with a statement by Dr. Wyndham Blanton. Nothing could more meaningfully convey the building’s significance than a remark by Dr. Wyndham Blanton at a Founder’s Day function in 1940. He stated:

“It is a shrine, a sanctuary of tradition, the physical embodiment of our genius. It is a spiritual heritage. In a world often accused of cold materialism, with an ideology of human self-sufficiency, and an adoration of objects that can be handled and seen, there is a need for things of the spirit, if science is to do more than make life safer, longer and more comfortable.”(D.OK.,Web)It was important at this time in America where we were growing and becoming more powerful to show that in our buildings. Our thinking at finding these tombs and Egyptian architecture was that this was a civilization that was smart and knew many things. So it would make sense that we would want to convey that in our institutions such as this one of higher learning. As the world was in awe at what was being found in research about the Egyptians this was being placed into buildings here to follow suit and say we were just as advanced if not more so. I think this is shown in the remark shown above. This building along with others like it were a reflection of how Americans felt about our country. The importance of the Egyptian society and what was thought of them had an integral part in the design of Egyptian Revival Architecture in the 19th Century and the design of this building

W3A2:Survey of Architecture Guide

PRAIRIE SCHOOL

1893-1920

HISTORICIST SKYSCRAPERS

1900-1940

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification: 1. Name of Structure: FREDERICK C. ROBIE HOUSE 2. Date of Construction: 1908-19103. Geographical Location: 5757 S. Woodlawn Ave. Chicago IL 606374. Primary Architectural Style: PRAIRIE SCHOOL5. Architectural elements present in structure: Strong exterior horizontal lines. Low pitched roofs. Long bands of windows. Natural materials like brick and wood. Art glass windows.

Exterior: (Image 1)

PRAIRIE SCHOOL

Exterior: (Image 1)

Exterior: (Image 1)Exterior: (Image 1)

Robie House Images: Interior

Art Glass Windows Image 1

Image 1

Living Room Image 1

Image 1

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:Prairie SchoolExamples of the different architectural elements that were found in Prairie School Buildings

Long row windows Glass

windows with leaded design

Low pitched roof

Brick and wood

exterior

Part II:Cultural Analysis:Frank Lloyd Wright and Frederick C. Robie

Frank Lloyd Wright was a very prominent architect during the 1900’s. He was born in Richland Center, WI in 1867. His mother was determined that he would be an architect and put drawings of cathedrals around his crib. She bought him a set of Froebel blocks that Wright would later say taught him lifelong lessons in geometry and design (About the, web). His love of Wisconsin and its beautiful landscape of woods, lakes, wildlife, and different seasons would all prove to give him a great love of nature which shows up in his designs. He studied engineering and then worked for a couple of very important architects (the last one being Louis Sullivan), before he started his own architectural firm in 1893. During these first years up until 1909 was considered his “first golden age”, and this is when the Prairie style type of architecture emerged that is seen in the Robie House. Frederick C. Robie was a successful businessman that wanted to build a house in this very influential neighborhood. He wanted a house that would be flowing and open, yet also private. He did not like blocked off small rooms. Seeing the prairie style homes of Wrights’ designs he went to him to design his home. The early 1900’s, specifically 1900 to 1929 is considered the Progressive era to the New Era. This period of time would bring about the modern business corporation, modern politics, the modern presidency, a modern vision of the international order, and modern consumer capitalism. (Rodgers, Web) When you look at what was going on in America during this time, Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style home reflects a modern twist on Architecture. He also believed in God and that we are all a part of Nature. He actually capitalized Nature in an article he wrote. That was how strong his love for nature and how he designed the buildings directly correlated to that. He created a modern design that incorporated his love of nature. He believed that nature and the home should be one and flow together. This would also explain why Frederick Robie chose him as his architect. He wanted a home that was modern and flowed. There were many new things that were going to come about during this time period, and Frank Lloyd Wrights new Prairie Style type of architecture was one of them.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the local vernacular architecture in relation to the design of the structures you select. Do your buildings reject or embrace the local vernacular? Why, or why not?

There were several architectural style homes that were being built in the Chicago area in the early 1900’s. The first one was the Bungalow. It consisted of one and a half stories, made of brick, verandas that faced the street, and a basement. The interior was broken up into rooms such as living, dining and kitchen on one side and the bedrooms and a bathroom on the other side. There was an attic with a lot of storage and a porch in the back. It was usually decorated with Arts and Crafts style woodwork. The second type of home being built was the Frame Two-Flat. These were a way for the working class to go from life in an apartment to owning a home. The first floor was where the owner lived and the second floor would be rented out. These were made from wood, brick or stone and could come in a variety of architectural styles. The third style was the Chicago Greystone. The limestone exterior was brought in from quarries around Bedford, Indiana. It had stacked apartments with one entrance that faced the street. It looked large and had spacious interiors and gave the illusion of a single family dwelling. The fourth style was the courtyard building. It was a U-shaped that was built around a green space that could be seen from the street. These were considered luxury units, usually with a brick exterior. The fifth type of building was the worker cottage. Built from wood at first but then from brick after the Chicago fire of 1871. Either one or one and half stories with gabled roofs that faced the street. They could also be built in different architectural styles.

In some ways the Robie House and Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style homes embraced the local vernacular. The Robie House was also made from brick and wood and used materials that were from the area. The suburban homes built were larger than in the city but would still usually be more than one story with the main living spaces on the first floor and the more private ones on the second floor. Many of the building built during this time would have had some type of architectural style that was reproduced from a different culture or era. The Robie House was actually a new style altogether but it still embraced the local vernacular as far as composition of the building. The interior would probably be considered different as the most buildings rooms would have been separated. In the Robie house one room flowed to another and wasn’t sectioned off. This building was also one of the first residential buildings that incorporated steel beams to support the cantilevered roof. But this type of construction was also being used in the skyscrapers of the city. Although this house had its own architectural style it still embraced the local vernacular through the materials used and what homeowners wanted in that area.(Latrace, Web)

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification 1. Name of Structure: The Waldorf Astoria2. Date of Construction: 18933. Geographical Location: 5th Ave and 33rd St. NY4. Primary Architectural Style: Historicist Skyscrapers5. Architectural elements present in structure: Stone and brick Cladding Steel Frame Mansard Roof architectural elements from any previous style

Waldorf Astoria 1893-1929

All images: (Image 2)

HISTORICIST SKYSCRAPERS

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification 1. Name of Structure: The Waldorf Astoria2. Date of Construction: 1931 Completed3. Geographical Location: 301 Park Ave NY4. Primary Architectural Style: Historicist Skyscrapers (Arts and Deco Style)5. Architectural elements present in structure: Arts and deco rectilinear shapes Symmetry, bold geometric shapes.

Waldorf Astoria 1931 to PresentAll images: (Image 3)HISTORICIST SKYSCRAPERS

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:Historicist

Part II: Cultural Issue

The original Waldorf Astoria was designed by Henry J Hardenbergh for William Waldorf Astor. Mr. Astor commissioned him to build the best, most luxurious hotel in the world. The corner of 5th Ave and 33rd street was originally Mr. Astor's home. He wanted the best of society to gather and stay at his new hotel. Mr. Hardenbergh built many of the hotels from this time. The original building was built in a revival of German Renaissance architecture. Mr. Hardenbergh had received his education and opened his own business in New York, and because of family connections was able to get his first three contracts for buildings there. This is what would get his foot in the door for future buildings. Society at this time was starting to flourish. This area was where the influential lived. Mr. Astor was of German descent which explains why that type of architectural design was used. The historicist period of architecture also refers to the revival of all of the architectural styles that came before. When the building was taken down in 1929 so the Empire State Building could be built, it was relocated. The new building had new architects that decided to use arts and deco style architecture throughout. This was done as many things were changing in the way buildings were being built because of technology. Machine style imagery replaced hand sculpted or carved motifs to save on costs. The new hotel was built with the backing of several investors. It was thought that there still had to be a luxury hotel in New York. The stock market hadn’t crashed yet and the economy was great. The New York Central Railroad owned the land, so they with other investors decided to build the new hotel. The growth of the country was related to the hotel in a comment by President Hoover in a broadcast from the White House: "The opening of the new Waldorf Astoria is an event in the advancement of hotels, even in New York City. It carries great tradition in national hospitality...marks the measure of nation's growth in power, in comfort and in artistry...an exhibition of courage and confidence to the whole nation“(Hotel History, web) It is important to note that this building was and still is an important reminder of how architecture of the early 1900s related to the economy of America. The arts deco design of the second building was and embrace of technology.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the local vernacular architecture in relation to the design of the structures you select. Do your buildings reject or embrace the local vernacular? Why, or why not?

Skyscrapers at that time were being built in the same type brick with steel frame that the Waldorf was. Because these were historicist buildings they could be made after any number of prior different architectural styles. As seen with this building, the original was based on German renaissance architecture and the later building was based on arts and deco architecture style. In many was it was very much in relation to other structures in the local area. The design of the larger hotels and skyscrapers all had to follow codes and regulations so in that sense they were all the same. The different architectural elements led to an eclectic type style throughout the city. At this time this building was one of the tallest in the city. It seems that this building definitely embrace the architecture of the buildings surrounding it. One reason was because the architect who built it had also built several of the other ones in the city.

W4A2:Survey of Architecture Guide

International Style: ModernistMid 20thCentury

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification: 1. Name of Structure: Clark House2. Date of Construction: 19573. Geographical Location: 1780 Devon Rd. Pasadena, California4. Primary Architectural Style: INTERNATIONAL-MODERNIST5. Architectural elements present in structure: Rectilinear Forms Open fluid interior spaces Glass for façade Steel exterior support Concrete for support and floors Cantilevered upper floor/ balcony Smooth wall surfaces No ornamentation

Exterior: (Image 1)

International Style Modernist

Photo of Neutra with the Clark Family circa 1958(Image 2)

Exterior: (Image 1) Exterior: (Image 1)

Exterior: (Image 2)

Clark House

Images: Exterior/Interior

Image 1

Image 3

Image 3

Image 3Image 3

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:International Modernist

Flat Roof Brick and rectilinear

objects

Cantilevered roof

Rows of Glass walls/windows with

steel structural beams

Part II:Cultural Analysis:Richard Neutraand John and DeVee Clark

Richard Neutra was born into a wealthy Jewish family in 1892 in Vienna, Austria. From 1910 to about 1920 he studied at the Sophiengymnasium in Vienna, Vienna University of Technology, and The University of Zurich. He moved with his wife to the United States in 1923. At a funeral he met Frank Lloyd Wright, who offered him a job at Talesian in Wisconsin while he worked in Japan. When the work was completed he moved to Californian to work with Rudolf Shindler. They had a falling out and he went on his own. From 1927 to 1967 he built over 300 homes. The Clarks attended a lecture that he had in 1955. They liked Frank Lloyd Wrights work and the were impressed with Neutras’ work as well. It was based on what Neutra called bio realism…”The inherent and inseparable relationship between man and nature.” (NCMH, Web). The Clarks asked him if he would be interested in designing their home. They had a 39,000 dollar budget. The international style architecture was normally used for public buildings and things of that nature. Richard Neutra was one of the few architects that used this style in residential buildings. When he was in Austria he had briefly worked for a landscape architect by the name of Gustav Ammann. This along with his work with Frank Lloyd Wright could have been what started his way of designing the buildings with the nature and landscape that they were being built on. Neutra was an architect like many others that wanted to design something that was new and not mixed with a bunch of architectural elements from previous periods. This is why his homes would be rectilinear in nature and used new types of building materials that were available because of technology. The Clarks and Neutra were both living in a time when architecture was taking on a new modern look while also taking into consideration the environment surrounding it. The fact that Neutra had also been able to work with other like minded architects and his family had money for him to go to school were reasons why he was so successful. The Clarks were a wealthy family and were able to afford the design that they wanted. Neutra actually had to change his first design as the living room wasn’t big enough to house John Clarks piano. So the final cost of the home ended up being around 43,000 dollars.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the relationship between the materials used in construction and each structure’s design.

The Clark House is a great example of the International Style type of home in the United States. The way it was built and the materials that were used to build it were a direct relation to three things that architects were faced with in the 19th Century. One was that they were tired of the mixture of architectural elements from different periods in the buildings, and the designs had nothing to do with how the building functioned. Second was the rise of the age of technology and economic factors. Third, technology brought about the ability to use new materials that are seen in this home, such as steel, iron, reinforced concrete and glass. (International Style, Web) The technology was the most important factor. It made great amounts of these product that were mass produced and therefore were less expensive. In this home the use of reinforced concrete for the floor and the glass walls throughout the home created a design that was aesthetically pleasing, affordable, and functional. Neutra also used Japanese Ash throughout the home. This was so that it could be custom cut and the grain would run in long spans across the home. This would add to the open flowing design and the need to incorporate nature into the design. It would be modern, functional and aesthetically pleasing to the eye. The house was built in the foothills and at one point the there was a landslide because of heavy rain. This left the pool unsupported. So the technology of concrete retaining walls and pilings that were drilled down into the bedrock were built so that the pool would be supported in the case of another landslide. The fact that there were so many new materials being made and that they were learning that these materials would be better for support was a huge determining factor in why these were used in building. Neutras philosophy was also a determining factor. He believed the building should be a part of its surroundings. There was a Japanese garden put into the back yard that was actually made larger when the pool support was fixed. The design of this house and the materials used were a direct relation in that the new modern materials used lent to the modern look of the home. It is also interesting that using less decoration and ornamentation (materials) also added to the structures modern look. This time was all about new technology, new materials, and a whole new style that reflected what was going on in America and it is seen in The Clark House.

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification 1. Name of Structure: Orange County Govt. Center2. Date of Construction: 19713. Geographical Location: Goshen, New York4. Primary Architectural Style: Brutalist5. Architectural elements present in structure: Raw materials Concrete Modular Elements that form a whole with a distinct purpose for each space

Orange County Government Center (Image 4)

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:Brutalism

Rectilinear Sections

Flat Roof

Concrete with Brick

“raw” materialsAnd Glass

Part II: Cultural Issue: Paul Rudolph and The OrangeCounty Government Center

Paul Rudolph grew up in Elton Kentucky. His father was a minister who traveled a lot which introduced him to architecture in the southern United States. Her received his bachelors degree in architecture in 1940 from Auburn University. He worked with E.B. Von Koeren in Birmingham and Ralph Twitchell in Sarasota. He earned a masters from Harvard in 1947 after serving three years as a naval officer. He won 100,000 in Harvard's annual fellowship. This sent him traveling in Europe and in 1949 Twitchell offered him a full partnership. After working with him for 8 years Rudolph started his own firm. He like other architects were going for the modern design. (NCMH, Paul, Web). The Orange County Government Center was commissioned to him in 1970. The Brutalist Style designed in this building was seen throughout Europe and the United States. The name came from the French term Breton brut which means rough concrete.(WordPress, Web). This building is also designed somewhat from Le Corbusier's ideas from “Ville Radieuse”. It is built in sections that are all similar. Each section serves a certain function. This style would be seen in many public buildings during this time. Paul Randolph and adopting the type of architectural style was conforming with what many young architects of this time were. They were going against the old style and mixture of previous eras of architecture. The flat roof, rectilinear shapes, and glass walls were all things you found in the international style and Brutalism just took it a step further by adding the rough material and concrete. This building like many others is now the object of critism. Many of these buildings have been demolished and the Orange County Government Center has lost and will either be totally demolished or updated to something different. It is important to note the relation of the technological age, Le Corbusier's ideas on urban planning, and the idea of moving toward a completely new type of architectural design that is functional. Without looking at both the urban planning aspects and the architectural elements you can not get a full idea of what this building was and why it was built the way it was.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the relationship between the materials used in construction and each structure’s design.

The main materials used to build this was concrete. It was a raw material and was used to build many buildings during this period. This building along with others often also followed the International modernist style of architecture so it included the rectilinear shapes, flat roofs, glass walls or large windows and the use of modern new materials that appeared due to the new age of technology. The concrete used to build these was a response to wanting to reject the idea of taking elements of different eras of architecture and put them into one building. They wanted to create modern new designs that emulated the time. This building was built for function and the form followed from what the function was. The concrete was something that would look uniform and that idea came from some of Le Corbusier's ideas on urban planning. City officials would be working here so spaces were divided up and each one served a purpose. The different sections and green space were all part of a design that would create a space that would function properly. Although it is closely related to the International style, it is different due to the fact that it more flexible with its forms and designs, as seen in this building. The jutting out and different layers of floors creates a more interesting look but still goes along with sectioning and categorizing different areas. The interior of this building would show that all the areas were pretty bland and the same. This also following the ideas that came from Corbu. These materials were all mass produced and therefore more affordable. This would also make sense because this building was a government building and the taxpayers were paying for it. The building itself being made from reinforced concrete was the result of the modernist movement also. There was no ornamentation on the building which was also saved money and was a reaction to dismissing the eclectic styles from previous periods. This building is a perfect example of how the materials that were used had a direct correlation to the design of the building.

W5A2:Survey of Architecture Guide

Deconstructionism:Mimetic Architecture

Sustainable Architecture

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification: 1. Name of Structure: The Sustainable Treehouse2. Date of Construction: 20133. Geographical Location: Summit Betchel Reserve Glen Jean, West Virginia4. Primary Architectural Style: Sustainable Architecture5. Architectural elements present in structure: Wind Turbines Locally harvested fsc wood Recycled content mega steel structure Layered design built around its environment

Exterior: (Image 2)

Sustainable Architecture

Exterior: (Image 2) Exterior: (Image 2)

Exterior: (Image 2)

The SustainableTreehouseImagesExterior/Interior

Image 2

Image 2

Image 2

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:Sustainable Architecture

Wood materials harvested locally and

used in design

Natural Light

Wind turbines for energy saving

Part II:Cultural Analysis:Mithun Architects,Trinity Works,andThe Boy Scoutsof America

Mithun architects were employed by Trinity works and the Boy Scouts of America to design this building. They are like many other new and upcoming architects that are focusing on creating buildings that are sustainable. Trinity Works is a company that works with different organizations to help them create what they want through real estate and land development. The Boy Scouts of America added a new badge that shows that they are committed to working towards a sustainable future. The building is now home for the Boy Scout Jamboree, a High Adventure Base, and leadership training. It was built to the toughest standards of LEED and is a place for them to learn what sustainable architecture is and how it will impact the future. Now in the 21st century it is becoming more important to meet these standards and technology has allowed for vast improvements in this area. It only made sense that these two organizations would choose and architectural firm that has LEED certified architects along with a landscape architect so that it could be built to impact the environment and its surroundings as little as possible. It is a place where it “captures the wonder of childhood exploration and places environmental education at the forefront of meaningful experiences and camp messages for thousands of annual visitors to take home.”(Seller, web) These companies together were able to create a place that teaches sustainability through various ways. People are able to climb and perch in the trees, explore the area, and watch and learn about nature from several different places. They have interactive exhibits that were designed to show visitors how they work and making them feel like they are part of the environment that surrounds them. The climate in America during this time is that of companies being very aware of how important it is to use sustainable products and try to create spaces that energy efficient and not wasteful. This type of architecture is adding another layer that not only considers the form and function, but also the materials that are used and how they affect the environment. The Boy Scouts have always been about nature and how to treat it with respect so it makes sense that they would want to do a project like this with a company that is very serious about sustainable design.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the relationship between the structures you select and the design and/or personal philosophy of their architect or architectural firm.

The Sustainable Treehouse is a building that has very specific reasons for being there. The design of it was realizes by first looking at what sustainable architecture is then incorporating that into every aspect of the design. To understand the philosophy of the architects and how it relates to the design of the building you first have to understand what sustainable architecture is. In an excerpt from a solar company they explain sustainable architecture as “Sustainable design or ecological design (also referred to as green design, or sustainable architecture) is a philosophy of designing buildings to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.” (Sustainable, web). It is important to note that this could change by location as nature changes by location. The main idea is that you look at the surroundings and adapt the design accordingly. In the case of the treehouse they used landscape architects to make sure that the design of the building did not affect or change nature. It was also created to actual accent nature and use it to create a place that people would enjoy and learn from. They created a highly interactive facility that is a place that exemplifies what the scouting adventure is, shows environmental stewardship, and a high performance building design. They included innovative green building systems that have a 6,450 watt photovoltaic array output, two 4,000 watt wind turbines, and 1,000 gallon cistern and water cleansing system. All of these together create a system that yields a net-zero energy and a net-zero water facility that only very slightly affects its surroundings. (Seller, web)Mithun architects Is made up of leading interior designers, landscape architects, urban designers, and planners that “work to inspire a sustainable world through leadership, innovation, and integrated design.” (Mithun, web). They practice what they preach as well. Their offices are perfect examples of sustainability and how it is important that the building be an extension of nature and its surroundings and that it doesn’t affect its surroundings in a negative way. They are also continually educating their employees in new technology as well as new advancements in sustainability. They always stay up to date on what the standards are as well trying to surpass them and come up with new design ideas for sustainability and green building. The philosophy of this firm on sustainability is directly seen in the above design and technology that is seen in the Sustainable treehouse.

Part One: Structural and Stylistic Identification 1. Name of Structure: Binoculars (Chiat/Day) Bldg.2. Date of Construction: 19913. Geographical Location: 340 Main Street, Venice, CA 902914. Primary Architectural Style: Post Modern: Deconstructionism Mimetic5. Architectural elements present in structure: A. Unrelated Forms B. Abstract in Nature C. Smooth Exterior Surfaces D. Contrast of Shapes and Forms E. Large areas of one type of material (concrete, metal, stone etc..) F. Window frames hidden G. Simple metal framed doors

Image 1

Image 1

Image 1

SKETCHESARCHITECTURALELEMENTS:Deconstructivist

Abstract in Nature

Hidden window frames

Unrelated forms

Part II: Cultural Issue: Frank Gehry and the Chiat/Day (Binoculars)Building

Frank Gehry was born in Toronto Canada in 1929. He was very creative as a young boy and would build imaginary cities out of many different types of material from his grandfathers hardware store. The items he would use were not typical materials that would be used in designing buildings and this will reflect in his designs later in life. In 1949 he moved to Los Angeles where he studied at the Southern California School of Architecture. He started a furniture line (Easy Edges), which were made from corrugated cardboard between 1969 and 1973. His love was with designing so he took the money he made from that line and started designing residences. His new and unusual design ideas quickly became noticed and took his career to new heights.( Biography, web) TBWA/Chiat/Day was a full service advertising agency that was also based in Los Angeles. The company is known for its very exciting, new, and disruptive advertising. Founded in 1968 when a merger between Jay Chiat and Associates and Faust/Day advertising group brought them together. Guy Day became president because he won the coin toss. The companies owners were fast paced and creative and moving with the technology of the time(About, web). This explains why they would choose Frank Gehry as their architect. They were all very creative and chose to look outside of the box to come up with solutions for their designs. They started on the design of this project in 1985. Gehry designed the two outer buildings one boat like and one tree like and now he just needed to figure out what would connect the two. He was friends with sculptors Claes Oldenburg and his wife Coosje van Bruggen. They both were well known for creating large sculptures that resembled common objects. They had designed a pair of binoculars for a library that was never built. They gave the model of the binoculars to Gehry and it was sitting on his desk in his office. He had the model completed with the two buildings and it just so happened that the model of the binoculars was the right size. He placed it in his model and that is how the binoculars were added to the building. Chiat/Day was creating advertising that was bold, new and exciting and Gehry’s designs would be reflection of what the company offered, so it made perfect sense that they would get together.

Part III: Topical IssueDiscuss the relationship between the structures you select and the design and/or personal philosophy of their architect or architectural firm.

Frank Gehry was considered a leader in deconstructivist architecture and the Chiat/Day building is a perfect example of this. Frank Gehry began his love of the unconventional as a child. He created imaginary buildings and cities from anything he could find in his grandfathers hardware store. In this building you see how the buildings seem to each contradict one another in shape, but the placement of the binoculars seems to bring the design together. This building represents the oppositions to the strict ideas of the modernist movement. He didn’t design it based on the notion that form of this building HAD to follow its function. He designed different structures based on what he wanted for the design and then created the interiors from that. While he studied at the Southern California School of Architecture he found himself more interested in hanging out with the art students. He became very interested in Corbu’s paintings and how the shapes and forms were in his paintings and buildings. He also was interested in the movement of shapes and how they flow while still being still. If you look the front side on the left has the shape of a boat and on the right of the binoculars resembles trees. One moves and one stands still yet the two together with the binoculars in the middle all seem to work aesthetically. He designed the outside of the building based on form and art. He then took that and made it function for the client. This building flows from one end to the other. His mother was and artist and he loved getting ideas from different artists and incorporating them into a design. If you look at the pictures of the buildings and the model picture from above, you could actually envision this as something that could be drawn on a canvass as a painting with the abstract shapes and different colors and materials. He believed you could create buildings that were like art forms and still have them function for whatever the space was going to be used for and he did that with this building.

W6A1: Study of Architecture

Nearby

WILLIS TOWER: FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE SEARS TOWER

CHICAGO IL

Name of structure:WILLIS TOWERApproximate date of construction:1973Geographical location:233 S. WACKER DR.CHICAGO ILPrimary architectural style used in structure: INTERNATIONAL STYLE/MODERNISMArchitectural elements present in structure:RECTILINEAR SHAPESASYMMETRICALSMOOTH WALL SURFACESNO ORNAMENTATIONLARGE AREAS OF GLASSMaterials used:EXTERIOR-BLACK IONIZED ALUMINUMWINDOWS- TINTED BRONZESTEEL FRAMED BUNDLED TUBESArchitect (if known)BRUCE GRAHAM FROM SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL

EXAMINATIONOF THE WILLIS TOWERFORMERLY KNOWN AS THE SEARS TOWERCHICAGO ILBUILT IN 1973

The Willis Tower has always fascinated me. I have visited it about 30 times in my lifetime and it always feels like a new experience when I visit. The construction of it started in 1970 and it was completed in 1973. The architecture firm who was commissioned by Sears Roebuck had just built the John Hancock Center a few years before in a trussed tube construction. They decided to come up with a new design for this building because of the size it was going to be and the wind factors in the city. So they came up with a plan that bundled steel tubes together. If you think of a pack of cigarettes and take each one out that goes up higher than the rest. The Willis tower has nine tubes that are bundled together with the shortest ones being 50 stories, the second set goes up 66 stories, the third set goes to 110 stories, and the last set to 110 stories. (The Willis Tower, Web). These are divided into 75 foot by 75 foot squares that are separate spaces but put together into one building. This would create a building that would meet the setback requirements because it was staggered which also gives it a very interesting look. It also allowed for the office spaces to be open on the lower floors and the smaller upper floors would give awesome views as they were unobstructed by a frame. Another very important result from this type of bundling saved millions of dollars in steel materials that didn’t need to be used. (AD Classics, Web) At first Sears only wanted a smaller building but they were talked into making their space the lower floors and then they could lease out the rest of the spaces. Sears decided after getting their financials at the end of a quarter was not growing. So the Willis holding group leased the top floors and retained the naming rights. The building has had renovations done. In 1985 there was a revitalization project and a new atrium was completed. Then in 2000 a multi-million dollar renovation was done to the sky deck. The architecture of this was the international style architecture but it was also using new materials and new methods of building as that style of architecture was starting to fade out. So it also could be considered part of the postmodern style architecture because of its staggering and using the new type of tube bundling for the construction of it.

FUN FACTWILLIS TOWER

Completed in 1973 110 stories 1450 feet high; 1750 feet high including antenna 8th tallest building in the world; tallest in the Western Hemisphere World’s tallest building until 1998 First Steel framed bundled tube construction method You can see four states: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan 76,000 tons of steel Took 2,000 workers 3 years to complete 25,000 miles of electrical cable 43,000 miles of telephone cable Approximately 16,100 windows Weighs 222,500 tons Approximately 25,000 daily visitors 76,000 tons of steel 104 elevators moving 1,20o feet per minute Cost more than $175 million to build 4.5 million gross square feet Accommodates more than 12,000 occupants(Michon, Gary, Web)

WORKS CITED1. About Money. "Advertising Agency Profile: TBWAChiatDay." Get To Know Advertising Agency TBWAChiatDay. © 2016 About, Inc. — All Rights Reserved., 01 Sept. 2015. Web. 21 June 2016.2. "About the Robie House." PDF About the Robie House - Scholastic. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 7 June 2016.

3. Biography.com Editors. "Frank Gehry Biography." The Biography.com Website. A&E Television Networks, LLC., n.d. Web. 22 June 2016.4 . "Clark, John Paul and DeVee, House, Pasadena, CA (1957." PCAD - Clark, John Paul and DeVee, House, Pasedena, CA. Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD) — © 2005-2015 Alan Michelson, n.d. Web. 14 June 2016. 5. Craven, Jackie. "1625 to mid 1800's: Dutch Colonial." Dutch Colonial House Style. About.com, 10 May 2016. Web. 25 May 20166. D.OK. "Egyptian Building." Architecture Richmond. ©2015 ARCHITECTURE RICHMOND. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 June 2016.7. Encyclopedia of Art and Design. "European Architecture Series Deconstructivism Postmodernist Style of Architectural

Design." Visual Arts Cork.com. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ART and DESIGN © Visual-arts-cork.com. All Rights Reserved., n.d. Web. 22 June 2016

8. "Henry Boody House." Living Places. The Gombach Group, n.d. Web. 1 June 2016.9. "Hotel History." Waldorf Astoria New York. © 2016 Hilton Worldwide, n.d. Web. 7 June 2016.10. . "International Style". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web.

15 Jun. 201611. Latrace, AJ. "A Handy Guide to the Most Classic Types of Chicago Houses."Curbed Chicago. © 2016 Vox Media, Inc. All Rights

Reserved, 3 Sept. 2015. Web. 7 June 2016.12. Michon, Gary. "Comprehensive Fact Sheet about Willis Tower." Willis Tower. Willis Tower, n.d. Web. 24 June 2016.13. NCMH North Carolina Modernist Houses. "RICHARD JOSEF NEUTRA (1892-1970)."Richard Neutra - NCMH Masters Gallery.

Copyright © 2008-2016, Triangle Modernist Archive, Inc., an NC 501C3 Nonprofit Educational Archive. All Rights Reserved, n.d. Web. 14 June 2016.

14. NCMH. "PAUL MARVIN RUDOLPH, FAIA (1918-1997)." North Carolina Modernist Houses. Copyright © 2008-2016, Triangle Modernist Archive, Inc., an NC 501C3 Nonprofit Educational Archive. All Rights Reserved, n.d. Web. 14 June 2016.

15. Nps.gov. "Dutch Colonies." Dutch Colonization. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 25 May 2016.16. Rodgers, Daniel T. "The Progressive Era to the New Era 1900 - 1929." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. The

Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, n.d. Web. 7 June 2016.17. Seller, Alberto. "The Sustainable Treehouse by Mithun." I Like Architecture. Copyright © 2016 ILikeArchitecture.net – All Rights

Reserved, 2014. Web. 22 June 2016.18. Sustainable Earth Technologies. "Sustainable Architecture." What Is Sustainable Architecture? Sustainable Building Design

Explained. Solar Online Austria, n.d. Web. 22 June 2016.

WORKS CITED CONT.19. "The Willis Tower: 233 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606." Chicago Architecture Info. Copyright 2016 Artefaqs Corporation., n.d. Web. 24 June 2016.20. Tribert, Renee Elizabeth. "Gervase Wheeler : Mid-nineteenth Century British Architect in America." Thesis. University of Pennsylvania, 1988. Print.21. White, Bryan. "The Swedish Cabin." Colonial Sense: Architecture. © Copyright 2009-16 by Colonial Sense, n.d. Web. 25 May 2016.22. Wordpress. "Modernism and Brutalism | Architectural Styles of America and Europe." Weblog post. Modernism and Brutalism. Wordpress, n.d. Web. 14 June 2016.23. Young, Rogers W. "Dutch and Swedish Culture in Colonial America." The Regional Review VI.1 and 2 (1941): 1-2. Nps.gov. Web. 25 May 2016.

WORKS CITEDImage 1. Living Places, and Gombach Group. Henry Boody House. Digital image.Henry Boody House, Brunswick Town, Cumberland County, Brunswick ME. Photographed by User:Magicpiano, 2014. Web. 1 June 2016.

Image 2. College Campus Map Template V09. Digital image. Images of the Henry Boody House- Google Search. Www.bowdoin.edu, n.d. Web. 1 June 2016.

Image 3. Howe, Prof. Jeffrey. Buildings | Egyptian Revival. Digital image. A Digital Archive of American Architecture. Boston College, n.d. Web. 1 June 2016.

Image 1. North Carolina Modernist Houses. 1957 John P. and DeVee Clark House. Digital image. Richard Neutra-NCMH Masters Gallery. Copyright © 2008-2016, Triangle Modernist Archive, Inc., an NC 501C3 Nonprofit Educational Archive., n.d. Web. 14 June 2016.

Image 2: Devon1780. The Clark Family with Richard & Dione Neutra in the Clark House in 1957, Pasadena, California. Digital image. Devon Clark. Wikipedia, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 14 June 2016.Image 3: Radziner, Marmol. The Clark house images. Digital image. The Clark House - Marmol Radziner. Marmol Radziner, n.d. Web. 14 June 2016.Image 4: Kieth, Kelsey. "Anti-Demolition Petion in Goshen." Dwell. Copyright © 2004 – 2016, Dwell Media LLC. All Rights Reserved., 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 June 2016. Image 1. Oldenburg, Claes, and Coosji Van Bruggen. Binoculars. Digital image. Claes Oldenburg & Coosji Van Bruggen: Exhibitions and Projects: Binoculars. Claes Oldenburg and Coosji Van Bruggen, n.d. Web. 21 June 2016.Image 2: Seller, Alberto. "The Sustainable Treehouse by Mithun.“ Digital Image I Like Architecture. Copyright © 2016 ILikeArchitecture.net – All Rights Reserved, 2014. Web. 22 June 2016.Image 1. Hienz, Thomas A., and Adelyn Perez. Frederick C. Robie House. Digital image. AD Classics: Frederick C. Robie House/ Frank Lloyd Wright/ArchDaily. ArchDaily, 16 May 2010. Web. 7 June 2016.Image 2: The Waldorf Astoria. Digital image. New York Architecture Images - The Waldorf Astoria. New York Architecture, n.d. Web. 7 June 2016.

Images Willis Tower: Perez, Adelyn. Willis Tower Images. Digital image. AD Classics: Willis Tower (Sears Tower)/Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill | ArchDaily. © All Rights

Reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2016, 1 June 2010. Web. 24 June 2016.

WORKS CITED