American Academy of Arts and Sciences - Subject Categories ......Subject Categories of the American...
Transcript of American Academy of Arts and Sciences - Subject Categories ......Subject Categories of the American...
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Subject Categories Click on a Subject Category below:
Anthropology Archaeology Astronomy and Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Business and Finance Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Chemistry Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Computer Sciences and Technology Economics Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Engineering and Technology Geology and Mineralogy Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences History Law and Jurisprudence Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Literature (Creative Writing) Mathematics and Statistics Medicine and Health Microbiology and Immunology Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Performing Arts and Music – Criticism and Practice Philosophy Physics Physiology and Pharmacology Plant Sciences Political Science / International Relations Psychology / Education Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Sociology / Demography Theology and Ministerial Practice Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Zoology
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Anthropology Adams, Robert
McCormick Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa Appadurai, Arjun Bailey, Frederick George Barth, Fredrik Bateson, Gregory Beall, Cynthia M. Benedict, Ruth Fulton Berlin, Overton Brent Blumenbach, Johann
Friedrich Boas, Franz Bourgois, Philippe Bowditch, Ingersoll Braidwood, Robert John Brettell, Caroline B. Brew, John Otis Brigham, William Tufts Brooks, Alison Spence Brown, James Allison Byers, Douglas Swain Cabot, William Brooks Callison, Candis Campbell, Clarence
Gordon Carneiro, Robert L. Carr, Lucien Chang, Kwang-chih Clark, John Desmond (J.
Desmond) Clifford, James Cohn, Bernard Samuel Colson, Elizabeth
Florence Comaroff, Jean Comaroff, John Lionel Conklin, Harold Colyer Coon, Carleton Stevens Cordell, Linda S. DaMatta, Roberto
Augusto D’Andrade, Roy G.
Das, Veena Davis, Allison (William
Allison) Descola, Philippe DeVore, Irven (Boyd
Irven) Dillehay, Tom D. Dixon, Roland Burrage Dodge, Ernest Stanley Donnan, Christopher B. Douglas, Mary Margaret Du Bois, Cora Alice Dumont, Louis Charles
Jean Dundes, Alan Durand, Jorge Duranti, Alessandro Dyson, Jr., Robert Harris Earle, Timothy Eckert, Penelope Dorothy Edgerton, Robert B. Eggan, Fred Russell Eiseley, Loren Corey Ellison, Peter T. Erlandson, Jon McVey Evans-Pritchard, Edward
Evan Fallers, Lloyd Ashton Farabee, William Curtis Farmer, Paul Edward Fash, Jr., William L. Feld, Steven Fernandez, James W. Firth, Raymond William Ford, Richard Irving Fortes, Meyer Foster, Jr., George
McClelland Fowler, Catherine S. Freyre, Gilberto de Mello Friedl, Ernestine Friedrich, Paul Fu, Bojie Gal, Susan Garn, Stanley Marion Geertz, Clifford James
Gellner, Ernest Andre Gluckman, Max (Herman
Max) Goddard, Pliny Earle Goodenough, Ward Hunt Goody, John Rankine Grayson, Donald K. Greenberg, Joseph
Harold Greenhouse, Carol J. Grove, David C. Gumperz, John J. Guyer, Jane I. Hammel, Eugene Alfred Hannerz, Ulf Harvey, David Haury, Emil Walter Hawkes, Kristen Helm, June Herzfeld, Michael Hill, Jane H. Holmes, William Henry Hooton, Earnest Albert Howell, Francis Clark Howells, William White Hrdlicka, Ales Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer Hurtado, Ana Magdalena Hymes, Dell Hathaway Irvine, Judith Temkin Jablonski, Nina G. Johnson, Frederick Kenoyer, J. Mark Kertzer, David I. Kirch, Patrick Vinton Klein, Richard George Kluckhohn, Clyde Kay
Maben Konner, Melvin J. Kottak, Conrad Phillip Kroeber, Alfred Louis Kusimba, Chapurukha M. Kuzawa, Christopher W. Lamberg-Karlovsky,
Clifford Charles Latour, Bruno
Leach, Edmund Ronald Leakey, Mary Douglas
Nicol Leakey, Richard Erskine
Frere Lee, Richard Borshay LeVine, Robert Alan Levi-Strauss, Claude Levy, Robert Isaac Levy, Thomas Evan Lewis, Oscar Li, Ling Linton, Ralph Lock, Margaret Lomawaima, K. Tsianina Lounsbury, Floyd Glenn Lovejoy, C. Owen Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Marcus, Joyce Margolis, Maxine L. Maudslay, Alfred Percival Maybury-Lewis, David
Henry Peter McAllester, David Park Mead, Margaret Milton, Katharine Mintz, Sidney Wilfred Moore, Sally Falk Morgan, Lewis Henry Morris, Craig Moseley, Michael Edward Murdock, George Peter Nader, Laura Nicolaisen, Agnes Ida
Benedicte Ochs, Elinor Ruth Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko Oliver, Douglas Llewellyn Ortner, Sherry Beth O’Shea, John Michael Peacock III, James Lowe Pelzel, John Campbell Pickering, Charles Pilbeam, David Roger Piperno, Dolores Rita Plog, Stephen
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Powell, John Wesley Putnam, Frederic Ward Rainey, Froelich
Gladstone Rappaport, Roy Abraham Redfield, Robert Redmond, Elsa M. Reichel-Dolmatoff,
Gerardo Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Richards, Audrey Isabel Roberts, John Milton Romney, Antone Kimball Roosevelt, Anna
Curtenius Rosaldo, Jr., Renato
Ignacio Rouse, Irving Sahlins, Marshall David
Sapir, Edward Schneider, David Murray Seler, Eduard Shapiro, Harry Lionel Shapiro, Judith R. Sharer, Robert James Shweder, Richard Allan Singer, Milton Borah Smith, Bruce David Spencer, Charles S. Sperber, Dan Spier, Leslie Spinden, Herbert Joseph Spiro, Melford Elliot Srinivas, Mysore
Narasimhachar Stanish, Charles Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf
Stocking, Jr., George Ward
Strathern, Marilyn Strier, Karen B. Tambiah, Stanley
Jeyarajah Tozzer, Alfred Marston Traxler, Loa Paulette Turner, Victor Witter Verdery, Katherine
Maureen Vogt, Jr., Evon Zartman Wagley, Charles Walter Walker, Alan Cyril Wallace, Anthony Francis
Clarke Warner, William Lloyd Washburn, Sherwood
Larned
Watson, James Lee Watson, Rubie S. Wertsch, James V. Whiting, Beatrice Blyth Whiting, John Wesley
Mayhew Wissler, Clark Wolf, Eric Robert Woolard, Kathryn Ann Worthman, Carol M. Wrangham, Richard W. Wulsin, Frederick
Roelker Yalman, Nur Osman Zeder, Melinda A. Back to Subject Index
Archaeology Albright, William Foxwell Ballard, Robert D. Bard, Kathryn A. Bass, George F. Beazley, John Davidson Bernal, Ignacio Betancourt, Philip P. Bieber, Margarete Bietak, Manfred Bittel, Kurt Blegen, Carl William Bowditch, Charles
Pickering Brown, James Allison Buikstra, Jane E. Caskey, John Langdon Caso y Andrade, Alfonso Chase, George Henry Clark, John Grahame
Douglas Clarke, Joseph Thacher Cooke, Richard G. Curtius, Ernst
Deagan, Kathleen A. di Cesnola, Luigi Palma Dillehay, Tom D. Dinsmoor, William Bell Dorpfeld, Wilhelm Earle, Timothy Evans, John Flannery, Kent Vaughn Glueck, Nelson Goldman, Hetty Hanfmann, George
Maxim Anossov Harrison, Evelyn Byrd Haynes, Henry
Williamson Hencken, Hugh O’Neill Hill, Bert Hodge Hoppin, Joseph Clark Karkanas, Panagiotis Kenoyer, J. Mark Kidder, Alfred Vincent Kramer, Samuel Noah Lechtman, Heather Nan Lemerle, Paul Emile Lepsius, Karl Richard
MacNeish, Richard Stockton
Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles
McCormick, Michael Mellink, Machteld
Johanna Meltzer, David J. Milanich, Jerald T. Miyamoto, Kazuo Movius, Jr., Hallam
Leonard Mylonas, George
Emmanuel Nilsson, Martin Persson O’Shea, John Michael Perrot, Jean Joseph
Francois Pietrasanta (Duke of
Serradifalco), Domenico Lo Faso
Piggott, Stuart Plog, Stephen Pollock, Harry Evelyn
Dorr Porada, Edith
Rawson, Jessica Redmond, Elsa M. Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Richardson, Emeline Hill Richardson, Rufus Byam Robert, Louis Robinson, David Moore Rose, C. Brian Rostovtzeff, Michael
Ivanovitch Sabloff, Jeremy Arac Shear, Theodore Leslie Sjoqvist, Erik Stanish, Charles Stein, Aurel Thompson, Homer
Armstrong Toynbee, Jocelyn Mary
Catherine von Falkenhausen, Lothar Warren, Peter M. Watson, Patty Jo Weinberg, Saul S. Willey, Gordon Randolph Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Astronomy and Astrophysics Abbot, Charles Greeley Adams, John Couch Adams, Walter Sydney Agassiz, George Russell Airy, George Biddell Alcock, Charles R. Alexander, Stephen Aller, Lawrence Hugh Ambartsumian, Viktor
Amazaspovich Angel, James Roger Prior Arago, Dominique
Francois Jean Argelander, Friedrich
Wilhelm August Arnett, David (William
David) Auwers, Arthur Julius
George Friedrich von Babcock, Horace
Welcome Backlund, Jons Oskar Backus, George Edward Bahcall, John Norris Bahcall, Neta Assaf Bailey, Solon Irving Baily, Francis Baker, James Gilbert Baldwin, Ralph Belknap Barnard, Edward
Emerson Bartlett, William Holmes
Chambers Batalha, Natalie M. Becklin, Eric E. Beckwith, Steven Van
Walter Bell Burnell, Jocelyn Bennett, Charles L. Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Biddle, Owen Blaauw, Adriaan
Blandford, Roger David Bok, Bart Jan Bolton, John Gatenby Bond, George Phillips Bond, J. Richard (John
Richard) Bond, William Cranch Borucki, William J. Boss, Alan Paul Boss, Lewis Bowditch, Nathaniel Bowen, Ira Sprague Bracewell, Ronald
Newbold Brinkley, John Brouwer, Dirk Brownlee, Donald E. Burbidge, Eleanor
Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey R. Burckhardt, Johann Karl Burg, Johann Tobias Burke, Bernard Flood Burnham, Sherburne
Wesley Burrows, Adam Seth Butler, R. Paul Cacciatore, Niccolo Cameron, Alastair
Graham Walter Campbell, William
Wallace Canizares, Claude Roger Canup, Robin M. Carlstrom, John E. Cassini, Jean Dominique,
Comte de Caswell, Alexis Chandler, Jr., Seth Carlo Chandrasekhar,
Subrahmanyan Charbonneau, David Chiang, Eugene Clark, Alvan Clark, Alvan Graham Clark, George Bassett
Clayton, Donald Delbert Clemence, Gerald
Maurice Code, Arthur Dodd Cohen, Marshall H. Comstock, George Cary Córdova, France A. Dalgarno, Alexander Damoiseau (Baron de),
Marie Charles Theodore
Darwin, George Howard Davidson, George Davis, Marc Delambre, Jean Baptiste
Joseph Delaunay, Charles
Eugene Dollen, Johann Heinrich
Wilhelm Drake, Frank Donald Draper, Henry Drell, Persis Sydney Dressler, Alan Michael Duncan, John Charles Eddington, Arthur
Stanley Edmands, John Rayner Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. Elmegreen, Debra M. Emanuel, Kerry A. Encke, Johann Franz Evans, Jr., John
Wainwright Ewen, Harold Irving Faber, Sandra Moore Faye, Herve Auguste
Etienne Albans Field, George Brooks Filippenko, Alexei V. Fischer, Debra Ann Fowler, William Alfred Fox, Philip Freedman, Wendy Laurel Frieman, Joshua A. Frost, Edwin Brant
Garnett, John Gebbie, Katharine
Blodgett Gehrels, Neil Geller, Margaret Joan Ghez, Andrea M. Giacconi, Riccardo Gill, David Gilliss, James Melville Gingerich, Owen Jay Glatzmaier, Gary A. Gold, Thomas Goldberg, Leo Goldreich, Peter Martin Gould, Jr., Benjamin
Apthorp Greenstein, Jesse Leonard Gunn, James Edward Gurnett, Donald A. Gylden, Johan August
Hugo Hagen, John Peter Hale, George Ellery Hall, Asaph Hamilton, William
Rowan Hansen, Peter Andreas Hansteen, Christopher Harrison, Fiona Anne Haynes, Martha Patricia Heckman, Timothy M. Heeschen, David Sutphin Heiles, Carl Eugene Herbig, George Howard Hernquist, Lars Herschel, John Frederick
William Herschel, William
(Frederick William) Hertzsprung, Ejnar Hewish, Antony Hewitt, Jacqueline Hildebrand, Roger Henry Hill, George William Hogan, Craig James
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Holden, Edward Singleton
Hopkins, Albert Hornsby, Thomas Hoyle, Fred Hu, Wayne Hubbard, Joseph Stillman Huchra, John Peter Huggins, William Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien Jewitt, David C. Johnson, Manuel John Johnson, Torrence V. Jones, Harold Spencer Kahn, Steven Michael Kamionkowski, Marc Kaspi, Victoria M. Kauffmann, Guinevere
Alice Mei-ing Keeler, James Edward Kellermann, Kenneth
Irwin Kennicutt, Jr., Robert
Charles King, Edward Skinner King, Ivan Robert Kirshner, Robert P. Kolb, Edward W. Kouveliotou, Chryssa Kraft, Robert Paul Krook, Max Kuiper, Gerard Peter Kulkarni, Shrinivas
Ramchandra Lalande, Joseph-Jerome le
Francais Lamb, Frederick Keithley Lamb, Jr., Donald Quincy Lampland, Carl Otto Lange, Andrew Evan Langley, Samuel Pierpont Laplace, Pierre Simon,
Marquis de Latham, David Winslow Layzer, David Raymond
Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph
Lee, Typhoon Leighton, Robert
Benjamin Lightman, Alan Paige Liller, William Lilley, Arthur Edward Lin, Douglas N. C. Lin, Robert Peichung Lindblad, Bertil Linde, Andrei
Dmitriyevich Lindenau, Bernhard
August, Freiherr von Lockyer, Joseph Norman Loeb, Abraham Loomis, Elias Lovell, Bernard (Alfred
Charles Bernard) Low, Frank J. Lowell, Percival Lubbock (Baronet), John
William Luyten, Willem Jacob Lynden-Bell, Donald Marcy, Geoffrey W. Maskelyne, Nevil Mather, John Cromwell Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich Mayor, Michel Gustave McKee, Christopher F. Meinel, Aden Baker Menzel, Donald Howard Merrill, Paul Willard Mészáros, Péter István Metcalf, Joel Hastings Michelson, Peter F. Miller, John Anthony Miller, Joseph Standard Milne, Edward Arthur Minnaert, Marcel Gilles
Jozef Mitchel, Ormsby
McKnight Mitchell, Maria
Mitchell, Samuel Alfred Mitchell, William (1791-
1869) Moran, James Michael Morgan, William Wilson Moulton, Forest Ray Munch, Guido Murray, Bruce Churchill Nassau, Jason John Neugebauer, Gerry Newcomb, Simon Ney, Edward Purdy Norman, Michael Lester Oke, John Beverley Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm
Matthias Oort, Jan Hendrik Opik, Ernst Julius Osterbrock, Donald E. Ostriker, Jeremiah Paul Page, Jr., Lyman
Alexander Paine, Robert Treat
(1803-1885) Parker, Eugene Newman Payne-Gaposchkin,
Cecilia Helena Peebles, P. James E.
(Phillip James E.) Pekeris, Chaim Leib Penzias, Arno Allan Perlmutter, Saul Peters, Christian August
Friedrich Peters, Christian
Heinrich Friedrich Pickering, Edward
Charles Pickering, William
Hayward Pickering, William Henry Plana (Barone), Giovanni
Antonio Amedeo Plantamour, Emile Plaskett, Harry Hemley Poirier, Jean-Paul
Pond, John Poor, Charles Lane Press, William Henry Pritchett, Henry Smith Quataert, Eliot Readhead, Anthony
Christopher Sanford Rees, Martin John Rieke, George H. Rieke, Marcia J. Riess, Adam G. Ritchie, Jr., John Rittenhouse, David Roberts, Morton S. Roberts, Walter Orr Rogers, William
Augustus Rosner, Robert Rubin, Vera Cooper Ruderman, Malvin
Avram Russell, Henry Norris Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris Ryle, Martin Sadoulet, Bernard Safford, Truman Henry Sagan, Carl Edward Saha, Meghnad Salpeter, Edwin Ernest Sandage, Allan Rex Sargent, Anneila Isabel Sargent, Wallace Leslie
William Sawyer, Edwin Forrest Schechter, Paul L. Schlesinger, Frank Schmidt, Johann
Friedrich Julius Schmidt, Maarten Schonfeld, Eduard Schramm, David Norman Schubert, Friedrich
Theodor Schumacher, Heinrich
Christian Schwarzschild, Martin
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Sciama, Dennis William Seager, Sara Searle, Arthur Searle, George Mary Shapiro, Irwin Ira Shapley, Harlow Shayn (Shajn), Grigory
Abramovitch Shectman, Stephen A. Shklovsky, Josif
Samuilovich Shoemaker, Carolyn
Spellman Shu, Frank H. Silk, Joseph I. Sitter, Willem de Slipher, Vesto Melvin Slocum, Frederick Smarr, Larry L. Smyth, William Henry Spergel, David Nathaniel Spitzer, Jr., Lyman
Squyres, Steven W. Staggs, Suzanne T. Stansbury, Daniel Stebbins, Joel Sterne, Theodore Eugene Stetson, Harlan True Stockwell, John Nelson Strittmatter, Peter Albert Stromgren, Bengt Georg
Daniel Struve, Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Sunyaev, Rashid Alievich Swings, Polidore F. F. Szalay, Alexander Sandor Taylor, Jr., Joseph
Hooton Teukolsky, Saul A. Tremaine, Scott Duncan
Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold
Truran, Jr., James Wellington
Turner, Michael Stanley Tyson, J. Anthony Urry, C. Megan van de Hulst, Hendrik
Christoffel van Dishoeck, Ewine
Fleur Vogel, Hermann Carl Walker, Sears Cook Ward, William R. Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm Watson, Fletcher Guard Watson, James Craig Wendell, Oliver Clinton West, Benjamin (1730-
1813) Westphal, James Adolph
Weymann, Ray John Whipple, Fred Lawrence Whitford, Albert Edward Whitney, Charles Allen Wild, John Paul Williams, Robert E. Willson, Robert Wheeler Wilson, Robert Woodrow Winlock, Joseph Wisdom, Jack Leach Wolfe, Arthur Michael Woltjer, Lodewijk Woosley, Stanford E. Wright, Edward L. Yendell, Paul Sebastian Young, Charles Augustus Yung, Yuk Ling Zach, Franz Xaver,
Freiherr Back to Subject Index
Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Abbe, Cleveland Austin, James Murdoch Bigelow, Henry Bryant Bjerknes, Jacob Aall
Bonnevie Bjerknes, Vilhelm
Frimann Koren Brooks, Charles Franklin Cane, Mark Alan Charney, Jule Gregory Cicerone, Ralph John Clayton, Henry Helm Crutzen, Paul Josef Davis, Russ Erik Davis, Walter Gould Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm Fassig, Oliver Lanard Fergusson, Sterling Price
Ferrel, William Fye, Paul McDonald Hall, Jonathan Patten Hemmer, Johann Jacob Houghton, Henry Garrett Imbrie, John Ingersoll, Andrew Perry Isaacs, John Dove Iselin II, Columbus
O’Donnell Junge, Christian Eduard
Friedrich Kalnay, Eugenia Keeling, Charles David Kondratyev, Kirill
Yakovlevich Landsberg, Helmut Erich Lindzen, Richard
Siegmund Loomis, Elias Lorenz, Edward Norton Malone, Thomas Francis Mauersberger, Konrad
McAdie, Alexander George
McElroy, Michael Brendan
McEwen, George Francis Miles, Edward L. Mollo-Christensen, Erik
Leonard Monin, Andrei
Sergeevich Murray, John Namias, Jerome Palmer, Timothy N. Parkinson, Claire L. Pedlosky, Joseph Philander, S. George H.
(Samuel George Harker)
Phillips, Norman Alton Pillsbury, John Elliott Plantamour, Emile Prather, Kimberly A.
Ramanathan, Veerabhadran
Redfield, William C. Rhines, Peter B. Robinson, Allan Richard Rossby, Carl-Gustaf
Arvid Rossby, Hans Thomas Rotch, Abbott Lawrence Salmon, Richard
Lawrence Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Shaw, William Napier Smagorinsky, Joseph Solomon, Susan Starr, Victor Paul Stern, Melvin Ernest Stocker, Thomas F. Stommel, Henry Melson Suomi, Verner Edward Swallow, John Crossley Talley, Lynne Thiemens, Mark H.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Toole, John Merrill von Arx, William Stelling von Hann, Julius
Ferdinand Wallace, John Michael
Ward, Robert DeCourcy Washington, Warren
Morton Wexler, Harry White, Robert Mayer
Wild, Heinrich Willett, Hurd Curtis Wunsch, Carl Isaac Yung, Yuk Ling
Back to Subject Index
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Abeles, Robert Heinz Abelson, John Norman Abraham, Edward Penley Adams, Elijah Adler, Julius Agard, David A. Ahn, Natalie G. Alberts, Bruce Michael Ambros, Victor Ames, Bruce Nathan Ames, Giovanna Ferro-
Luzzi Anfinsen, Christian
Boehmer Arnold, Frances
Hamilton Arnon, Ruth Aronson, Peter S. Artavanis-Tsakonas,
Spyros Axel, Richard Babior, Bernard Macy Baker, David Baker, Tania Ann Baldwin, Robert Lesh Ball, Eric Glendinning Banerjee, Utpal Barker, Horace Albert Barres, Ben A. Bass, Brenda L. Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Baumeister, Wolfgang P. Bax, Adriaan Beachy, Philip Beadle, George Wells Bean, Charles Palmer
Bear, Richard Scott Beinert, Helmut Bell, Alexis T. Benson, Andrew Alm Berg, Howard Curtis Berg, Jeremy M. Berg, Paul Berger, James M. Berger, Shelley L. Bergstrom, Sune (Karl
Sune Detlof) Berman, Helen M. Biggins, Sue Bjorkman, Pamela J. Blackburn, Elizabeth
Helen Bloch, Konrad Emil Block, Steven M. Bloom, Kerry Steven Blout, Elkan Rogers Blumenthal, Thomas Boeke, Jef D. Borst, Piet Botchan, Michael R. Bovie, William T. Boyd, William Clouser Boyer, Herbert Wayne Boyer, Paul Delos Braunstein, Aleksandr
Evseyevich Brenner, Sydney Brink, Jr., Frank Britten, Roy John Brown, Gene Monte Brown, Michael Stuart Brunori, Maurizio Buchanan, Bob Branch Buchanan, John Machlin Burger, Max Marcell Burris, Robert Harza
Bustamante, Carlos J. Butler, Warren Lee Cairns, Bradley R. Cane, David E. Cantoni, Giulio Leonardo Cantor, Charles Robert Carbon, John Anthony Carlson, John R. Carroll, Dana Carter, Herbert Edmund Caruthers, Marvin Harry Caspar, Donald Louis
Dvorak Cate, Jamie H.D. Cech, Thomas Robert Chagas, Carlos Chakraborty, Arup K. Chamberlin, Michael
John Chambon, Pierre Chance, Britton Chargaff, Erwin Cheng, Yifan Chittenden, Russell
Henry Christensen, Halvor Niels Ciechanover, Aaron
Judah Clapham, David E. Clarke, Hans Thacher Claude, Albert Cleland, William Wallace Cleveland, Don W. Clevers, Johannes Carolus Cline, Thomas Warren Clore, G. Marius Cobb, Melanie H. Cohen, Carolyn Cohen, Fred E. Cohen, Georges N.
Cohen, Seymour Stanley Cohen, Stanley Cohn (elected as Mildred
Cohn Primakoff), Mildred
Cohn, Edwin Joseph Cohn, Melvin Cohn, Waldo E. Cole, Kenneth Stewart Collins, Francis Sellers Collip, James Bertram Conaway, Joan W. Conaway, Ronald C. Coon, Minor Jesser Cori, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Court, Donald Lee Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. Craig, Elizabeth Anne Craig, Nancy L. Cravatt III, Benjamin F. Crick, Francis Harry
Compton Croce, Carlo M. Crothers, Donald Morris Cuatrecasas, Pedro
Martin Curran, Tom Dahlberg, James E. Dai, Hongjie Daley, George Q. Daly, Joseph Michael Davidson, Norman Ralph Davie, Earl Warren Davies, David R. Davis, Mark M. Dawid, Igor Bert de Duve, Christian Rene
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
De Robertis, Edward Michael
DeGrado, William F. Delbruck, Max Ludwig
Henning DeLuca, Hector Floyd DeRisi, Joseph L. DeRosier, David John Deshaies, Raymond J. Dickerson, Richard Earl Dikic, Ivan Dill, Kenneth A. Dixit, Vishva Dixon, Jack Edward Dobson, Christopher M. Doe, Chris Q. Doisy, Edward Adelbert Doolittle, Russell F. Dorfman, Ralph Isadore Doty, Paul Mead Doudna Cate, Jennifer A. Dreyfuss, Gideon du Vigneaud, Vincent Durbin, Richard M. Eaton, William A. Ebashi, Setsuro Ebright, Richard H. Edelman, Gerald Maurice Edelman, Isidore Samuel Edmonds, Mary Patricia Edsall, John Tileston Eisenberg, David Samuel Eisenman, George Elgin, Sarah Carlisle
Roberts Elledge, Stephen Elson, Elliot Lawrence Elvehjem, Conrad Arnold Engel, Lewis Libman Engelhardt, Vladimir
Aleksandrovich Engelman, Donald Max Englander, Solomon
Walter Erikson, Raymond Leo Ernster, Lars
Evans, Ronald M. Fasman, Gerald David Fedoroff, Nina V. Feinberg, Andrew Paul Felsenfeld, Gary Fernandez-Moran,
Humberto Ferro-Novick, Susan Fersht, Alan Roy Fiers, Walter Charles
Cornelius Fischer, Edmond Henri Fiske, Cyrus Hartwell Folch-Pi, Jordi Folin, Otto Knut Olof Fox, Maurice Sanford Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz
Ludwig Frank, Joachim Fraser, Scott E. Frey, Perry Allen Fridovich, Irwin Frieden, Carl Friedkin, Morris Enton Friedman, Jeffrey M. Fruton, Joseph Stewart Frydman, Judith Garbers, David Lorn Geiduschek, E. Peter
(Ernest Peter) Gelbart, William Michael Gellert, Martin Frank Gelles, Jeff Gibson, Quentin
Howieson Gierasch, Lila M. Gilbert, Lawrence Irwin Gilbert, Walter Glaeser, Robert M. Glazer, Alexander
Namiot Glomset, John A. Goeddel, David
VanNorman Goff, Stephen Payne Gold, Lawrence Marshall
Goldsmith, Timothy Henshaw
Goldwasser, Eugene Goodenough, Ursula W. Gorski, Jack Gottesman, Maxwell E. Gottesman, Michael Marc Gottesman, Susan Gottschling, Daniel E. Gourse, Richard L. Granick, Sam Green, David Ezra Green, Michael R. Green, Rachel Greider, Carol W. Griffith, Jack D. Gros, François Grossman, Alan D. Grunberg-Manago,
Marianne Guidotti, Guido Gunsalus, Irwin Clyde Gustafsson, Jan-Ake Guthrie, Christine Ha, Taekjip Haber, Daniel Arie Hajjar, David P. Hall, Benjamin D. Hall, Cecil Edwin Hammes, Gordon G. Hanahan, Douglas Hanawalt, Philip C. Handler, Philip Harington, Charles
Robert Harrington, William
Fields Harrison, Stephen
Coplan Hartline, Haldan Keffer Haselkorn, Robert Haskins, Caryl Parker Hassid, William Zev Hastings, Albert Baird Hastings, John Woodland Haurowitz, Felix Michael
Hawley, R. Scott Hayaishi, Osamu Heidelberger, Michael Heldin, Carl-Henrik Helinski, Donald
Raymond Henderson, Lawrence
Joseph Hendrickson, Wayne A. Hentze, Matthias W. Heppel, Leon Alma Hershko, Avram Herskowitz, Ira Hess, George Paul Hieter, Philip Andrew Hill, Robert Hill, Robert Lee Hinnebusch, Alan G. Hoagland, Mahlon Bush Hochstrasser, Mark W. Hockett, Robert Casad Hogness, David Swenson Hollaender, Alexander Holley, Robert William Honig, Barry Hirsh Hood, Leroy Edward Hopfield, John Joseph Horecker, Bernard
Leonard Horwitz, Susan Band Hotchkiss, Rollin Douglas Hubbard, Ruth Hubbell, Wayne Lester Huennekens, Frank
Matthew Hughes, Jr., Walter Lee Hunt, Donald Frederick Hunt, Richard Timothy Hunter, Tony (Anthony
Rex) Hurwitz, Jerard Hutchison III, Clyde A. Huxley, Hugh Esmor Ingber, Donald E. Ingram, Vernon Martin Inouye, Masayori
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Itano, Harvey Akio Jacks, Tyler E. Jacobson, Allan S. Jan, Lily Y. Jan, Yuh Nung Jencks, William Platt Jensen, Lyle Howard Jenuwein, Thomas P. Johnston, Mark Jones, Mary Ellen Joshua-Tor, Leemor Joyce, Gerald Francis Kaback, Howard Ronald Kadonaga, James T. Kaiser, Armin Dale Kaiser, Emil Thomas Kalckar, Herman Moritz Kamen, Martin David Kaplan, Nathan Oram Karlin, Arthur Karnovsky, Manfred
Leslie Katchalski (see also
Katzir, Ephraim), Ephraim
Katchalsky (Katzir-Katchalsky), Aharon
Kaufman, Seymour Kaushansky, Kenneth Keasling, Jay D. Keilin, David Kelly, Jr., Thomas J. Kendall, Edward Calvin Kendrew, John Cowdery Kennedy, Eugene Patrick Kenyon, Cynthia J. Khorana, Har Gobind Kim, Peter S. Kim, Stuart K. Kim, Sung-Hou Kingston, Robert E. Kirschner, Marc Wallace Kleckner, Nancy
Elizabeth Klee, Claude Elise Blanc Klinman, Judith Pollock
Klotz, Irving Myron Klug, Aaron Kobilka, Brian K. Kolodner, Richard D. Koonin, Eugene V. Kornberg, Arthur Kornberg, Hans Leo Kornberg, Roger David Koshland, Jr., Daniel E. Kouzarides, Tony Kowalczykowski, Stephen C. Krebs, Edwin Gerhard Krebs, Hans Adolf Kuriyan, John Kuroda, Mitzi Irene Lake, James A. Lamb, Robert Andrew Lambowitz, Alan Marc Lander, Eric S. Landick, Robert C. Landy, Arthur Lardy, Henry Arnold Lehman, Israel Robert (I.
Robert) Lehninger, Albert Lester Leloir, Luis Federico Lerman, Leonard
Solomon Lerner, Richard Alan Lester, Henry Allen Levine, Lawrence Levinson, Arthur D. Levinthal, Cyrus Levitt, Michael Liao, Shutsung Lifton, Richard P. Lima, Christopher D. Lindquist, Susan Lee Linn, Stuart Michael Lipman, David J. Lipmann, Fritz Albert Lis, John T. Loeb, Lawrence A. Long, Cyril Norman Hugh Long, Sharon Rugel Loofbourow, John Robert
Lorand, Laszlo Losick, Richard Marc Low (Mrs. Metchie
Budka), Barbara Wharton
Lowey, Susan Luger, Karolin Lynen, Feodor Felix
Konrad Macallum, Archibald
Byron Maniatis, Thomas Peter Manley, James L. Maquat, Lynne E. Margoliash, Emanuel Marians, Kenneth J. Marletta, Michael A. Marqusee, Susan Marshall, Alan George Mattaj, Iain William Matthews, Brian Wesley Matthews, Rowena Green McClain, William H. McElroy, William David McKnight, Steven Lanier Meister, Alton Melton, Douglas A. Merchant, Sabeeha Meselson, Matthew
Stanley Meyer, Karl Miller, Jeffrey H. Mirsky, Alfred Ezra Mitchell, Peter Dennis Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi Moazed, Danesh Modrich, Paul Lawrence Monod, Jacques Lucien Moore, Melissa Moore, Peter Bartlett Moras, Dino Morimoto, Richard I. Mueller, Paul Hubert Munro, Hamish Nisbet Mutt, Viktor Nachmansohn, David
Nakanishi, Shigetada Nash, Howard Allen Neher, Erwin Nesbitt, David John Neuberger, Albert Neufeld, Elizabeth Fondal Neurath, Hans Newport, John W. Niemann, Carl George Nirenberg, Marshall
Warren Nishimura, Susumu Nishizuka, Yasutomi Nisonoff, Alfred Nogales, Eva Noller, Harry F. Nomura, Masayasu Northrop, John Howard Nossal, Nancy Goldman Nudler, Evgeny A. Numa, Shosaku Nurse, Paul Maxime Ochoa, Severo O’Farrell, Patrick H. Okunuki, Kazuo Olivera, Baldomero M. Olson, Eric Newell Olson, Maynard V. O’Malley, Bert William Oncley, John Lawrence Onuchic, Jose Nelson Orgel, Leslie E. Osborn, Mary Jane
Merten Otto, Sarah P. Pabo, Carl O. Page, David Conrad Palmer, Jeffrey Donald Palmiter, Richard
Deforest Pappenheimer, Jr., Alwin
Max Pardee, Arthur Beck Parker, Roy R. Pastan, Ira Harry Patel, Dinshaw J.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Pavletich, Nikola Panayot Penhoet, Edward E. Perlmutter, Roger
Matthew Perutz, Max Ferdinand Peters, Rudolph Albert Petsko, Gregory Anthony Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Phillips, David Chilton Phillips, Robert B. Pickart, Cecile M. Platt, John Rader Ploegh, Hidde L. Popjak, George Joseph Porter, Rodney Robert Potter, Van Rensselaer Prives, Carol L. Ptashne, Mark Steven Puck, Theodore Thomas Putnam, Frank William Pyle, Anna Marie Racker, Efraim Radman, Miroslav RajBhandary, Uttam Lal Ramachandran,
Gopalasamudram Narayana
Randall, Linda Lea Rando, Robert Richard Rapoport, Tom A. Ratliff, Floyd Ratner, Sarah Record, M. Thomas Redfield, Alfred Guillou Reed, Lester James Reich, Edward Reichard, Peter Adolf Reinberg, Danny F. Rich, Alexander Richards, Frederic
Middlebrook Richards, JoAnne Stewart Richardson, Charles
Clifton Richardson, Jane S. Rittenberg, David
Robbins, Phillips Wesley Roberts, Eugene Roberts, Jeffrey Warren Roberts, Richard John Rodbell, Martin Roeder, Robert Gayle Roelofs, Wendell Lee Rose, Irwin Allan Roseman, Saul Rosenblith, Walter Alter Rosenfeld, Michael
Geoffrey Rossmann, Michael
George Rothman, James Edward Rothman-Denes, Lucia B. Rothstein, Rodney J. Roussel, Martine F. Rubenstein, John L. R. Ruderman, Joan V. Russell, David W. Rutter, William J. Salas (Salas Falgueras),
Margarita Sancar, Aziz Sanes, Joshua Richard Sanger, Frederick Sauer, Robert Thomas Schachman, Howard
Kapnek Schatz, Gottfried Scheller, Richard H. Schellman, John Anthony Schimke, Robert Tod Schimmel, Paul Reinhard Schmidt, Gerhard Schulman, Brenda A. Seeman, Nadrian C. Selker, Eric Ursell Setlow, Richard Burton Shapiro, Lucille Sharp, Phillip Allen Shatkin, Aaron Jeffrey Shemin, David Shi, Yigong Shokat, Kevan M.
Shooter, Eric Manvers Shuman, Stewart Shuvalov, Vladimir A. Sigler, Paul Benjamin Simon, Melvin I. Simons, Kai Lennart Simpson, Larry Singer, Maxine Frank Singer, Seymour Jonathan Sinsheimer, Robert Louis Skalka, Anna Marie Skou, Jens Christian Smith, Emil L. Snell, Esmond Emerson Sober, Herbert Alexander Solomon, Arthur Kaskel Sonenberg, Nahum Southern, Edwin Mellor Spudich, James Anthony Spudich, John Lee Stadtman, Earl Reece Stadtman, Thressa
Campbell Stein, William Howard Steiner, Donald Frederick Steitz, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Thomas Arthur Stent, Gunther Siegmund Sternberg, Paul W. Stetten, Jr., DeWitt Stillman, Bruce William Stoker, Michael George
Parke Storb, Ursula Beate Storz, Gisela T. Strominger, Jack Leonard Stroud, Robert M. Struhl, Kevin Stryer, Lubert Studier, F. William
(Frederick William) Sturtevant, Julian
Munson Sumner, James Batcheller Sundquist, Wesley I. Sutherland, Earl Wilbur
Szabo, Attila Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert
von Nagyrapolt Szent-Gyorgyi, Andrew
Gabriel Szilard, Leo Tabor, Herbert Tait, James Francis Tanford, Charles Tatum, Edward Lawrie Taylor, Edwin William Taylor, Susan Serota Temin, Howard Martin Theorell, Hugo (Axel
Hugo Theodor) Thomas, Jr., Charles
Allen Thorner, Jeremy W. Tilghman, Shirley Marie
Caldwell Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm
Kaurin Tjian, Robert Tomizawa, Jun-ichi Tomkins, Gordon Mayer Tonegawa, Susumu Udenfriend, Sidney Uhlenbeck, Olke Cornelis Ullrich, Axel Umbarger, Harold Edwin Umezawa, Hamao Ussing, Hans Henrikson Utter, Merton Franklin Vagelos, Pindaros Roy Vale, Wylie Vallee, Bert Lester van Deenen, Laurens L.
M. van Holde, Kensal
Edward Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Vande Woude, George F. Varmus, Harold Eliot Varshavsky, Alexander
Jacob Vaughan, Martha
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Venter, J. Craig (John Craig)
Verma, Inder M. Vickery, Hubert Bradford Villee, Jr., Claude Alvin Vinograd, Jerome Rubin Vogt, Peter K. von Hippel, Peter Hans Wagner, Gerhard Wald, George Walker, Graham Charles Walsh, Christopher
Thomas Wang, James Chuo Wang, Jean Yin Jen Wang, Jui Hsin Waterston, Robert Hugh Watson, James Dewey Waugh, David Floyd
Weber, Annemarie Weber, Gregorio Weinberg, Robert Allan Weiss, Samuel Bernard Weissmann, Charles Wells, James A. Westphal, Otto Hermann
Eduard White, Abraham Wickens, Marvin Pete Wickner, Reed Brendon Wickner, Sue Hengren Wickner, William Tobey Wieschaus, Eric F. Wigler, Michael H. Wiley, Don Craig Wilkins, Maurice Hugh
Frederick
Williams, Jr., Robley Cook
Williams-Ashman, Howard Guy
Williamson, James R. Wilson, Allan Charles Wilson, Ian Andrew Wittmann, Heinz-Gunter Wolberger, Cynthia Wolfenden, Richard
Vance Wood III, William Barry Wood, Harland Goff Wood, Richard D. Woolley, Dilworth
Wayne Workman, Jerry L. Wright, Peter Edwin Wu, Carl
Wuthrich, Kurt Wyckoff, Ralph Walter
Graystone Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman Yamamoto, Keith Robert Yancopoulos, George D. Yang, Wei Yaniv, Moshe Yanofsky, Charles Yokoyama, Shigeyuki Yonath, Ada Zakian, Virginia A. Zamecnik, Paul Charles Zhuang, Xiaowei Zipursky, Stephen
Lawrence Back to Subject Index
Business and Finance Abbot, Edwin Hale Adams, Charles Francis
(1835-1915) Adams, Charles Francis
(1866-1954) Adams, Charles Francis
(1910-1999) Adams, Thomas Boylston
(1910-1997) Agassiz, George Russell Aig-Imoukhuede,
Aigboje I. Allen, Paul Gardner Allen, Robert Eugene Anderson, O. Kelley
(Oscar Kelley) Appleton, Nathan Appleton, Nathaniel Arnhold, Henry H. Atkinson, Edward Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis
Augustine, Norman Ralph
Balch, Francis Noyes Barger, J. Perry Barnard, Chester Irving Barnevik, Percy Nils Bartlett, Francis Bechtel, Riley Peart Beckman, Arnold Orville Benioff, Marc R. Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Beranek, Leo Leroy Berman, Mandell (Bill)
Leslie Bernard, Lewis W. Beutner, Austin M. Bezos, Jeffrey Preston Bigelow, Erastus Brigham Biggs, John Herron Bilsland (Lord),
Alexander Steven Binder, Gordon M. Bing, Peter Stephen Birkelund, John Peter Black, Samuel Bruce Block, James A.
Bloomberg, Michael R. Bodman, Samuel Wright Bogle, John Clifton Boiteux, Marcel Paul Bok, Joan Toland Bolton, Patrick Bowditch, Jonathan
Ingersoll Brace, Lloyd DeWitt Bradshaw, Thornton
Frederick Brady, Nicholas Frederick Brattle, Thomas Bren, Donald Brewster, William
Souther Brin, Sergey Broad, Eli Bronfman, Sr., Edgar M. Brooke, Peter A. Brooks, Edward Pennell Brown, Charles Lee Brown, John Seely Brown, Theodore Henry
Browne (Lord Browne of Madingley), John (Edmund John Phillip)
Bryan, John Henry Bryson, John E. Buffett, Warren Edward Burgin, Clarence Rodgers Burke, James Edward Burns, Ursula M. Byers, Brook H. Cabot, George Cabot, Godfrey Lowell Cabot, Louis Wellington Cabot, Paul Codman Cabot, Philip Cabot, Thomas Dudley Cape, Ronald Elliot Carter, Marshall N. Cary, Frank Taylor Cary, Thomas Greaves Case, Jean N. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Cavanagh, Richard E. Chambers, Anne Cox Chambers, John T. Chan, Gerald L.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Chan, Ronnie C. Chapman, Richard
Palmer Chenault, Kenneth Irvine Clark, Paul Foster Clayton, William
Lockhart Claytor, Jr., William
Graham Cobb, John Candler Cockrell, Ernest H. Cogan, Jr., John Francis Coleman, Lewis W. Collado, Emilio Gabriel Connors, John M. Conrades, George Henry Coonley, Howard Copeland, Melvin
Thomas Cordiner, Ralph Jarron Corrigan, E. Gerald
(Edward Gerald) Cowen, Scott Stephen Cranch, Richard Crown, James S. Crown, Lester Cullman, Lewis B. Culver, David M. Dachs, Alan Mark Dalton, Marshall
Bertrand Dalton, Tristram Dangote, Aliko Daniel, D. Ronald d’Arbeloff, Alexander V. David, Donald Kirk Davis, Archibald
Kimbrough Day, Robert Addison de Rothschild, David Deane, Charles Dell, Michael Saul Dennison, Henry Sturgis Dexter, Samuel (1726-
1810) Dibner, Bern
Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas)
Dilworth, Joseph Richardson
Dixwell, George Basil Doerr, John Donham, Wallace Brett Donnelley, Gaylord Doriot, Georges Frederic Dreyfoos, Jr., Alexander W. Drucker, Peter Ferdinand Dubinsky, David Eaton, Cyrus Stephen Edgerly, William Skelton Edwards, David Frank Edwards, Timothy Eliot, Samuel (1739-1820) Elliott, Byron Kauffman Ellis, Charles D. Ellis, George Hathaway Enriquez, Juan Erburu, Robert F. Erickson, Joseph Austin Erving, George Feeney, Charles Francis Ferguson, Jr., Roger W. Ferri, Paul J. Finn, David Fish, Lawrence K. Fisher, Avery Robert Fisher, Richard Welton Flanders, Ralph Edward Flom, Joseph Harold Folsom, Marion Bayard Forbes, William Cameron Ford, Horace Sayford Foster, Richard Norman Franke, Richard James Frazier, Kenneth C. French, Edward Sanborn Fudge, Ann M. Fuller, Carlton Perry Fuller, Kathryn Scott Galvin, Robert W. Gardner, Jr., George
Peabody
Gates, William Henry (Bill) Gelb, Arthur Gellert, Michael Erwin George, Edward Gerstner, Jr., Louis
Vincent Geschke, Charles M. Gibbons, Robert S. Gilbert, Carl Joyce Goldberg, Avram Jacob Golden, Clinton Strong Goldstein, Arthur L. Goldston, Eli Gordon, Bernard M. Grant, Hugh Grantham, R. Jeremy Grass, Albert Melvin Grass, Ellen Robinson Graves, Sr., Earl Gilbert Gray, Francis Calley
(1890-1976) Gray, Horace (1800-1873) Gray, William Greenberg, Sanford D. Griffin, William Lester
Hadley (W. L. Hadley) Grove, Andrew S. Guild, Benjamin Gupta, Rajat Kumar Haas, Robert D. Hall, Jonathan Patten Hambrecht, William R. Harman, Sidney Harriman, Henry
Ingraham Harris, Irving Brooks Hart, Francis Russell Hastings, W. Reed Hatch, Francis Whiting Hazard, Rowland Gibson Heineman, Sr., Ben
Walter Hellman, F. Warren
(Frederick Warren) Henderson, Ernest Henderson, Robert P.
Hewson, Marillyn A. Hiatt, Arnold Selig Higgins, Robert F. Higginson, Henry Lee Hobson, Mellody L. Hodgkinson, Harold
Daniel Hoffman, Paul Gray Hoffman, Reid G. Hogg, Christopher
Anthony Holliday, Jr., Charles O. Hostetter, Jr., Amos B. Houghton, Amory Houghton, Jr., Amory Houser, Theodore Virgil Hubbard, Jr., William
Neill Hunnewell, Horatio
Hollis Hutchins, Glenn H. Iger, Robert A. Immelt, Jeffrey R. Ingersoll, Robert Stephen Jackson, Jr., Charles Jassy, Andrew R. Jefferson, Edward
Graham Jenrette, Richard Jensen, Michael Cole Johnson 3d, Edward
Crosby Johnson, James A. Jones, Matt Bushnell Kahle, Brewster Kaiser, Edgar Fosburgh Kaufman, Henry Kavli, Fred Kearns, David Todd Kekst, Gershon Keller, Carl Tilden Kelly, Edmund Francis Kelly, Mervin Joe Kemper, David Woods Kendall, Henry Plimpton
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Keough, Donald Raymond
Kidder, Henry Purkitt Kidder, Nathaniel Thayer Kim, Peter S. Kimmel, Sidney Kluge, John Werner Knight, Charles Field Knight, Philip H. Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Koller, Daphne Kovner, Bruce Kraft, Robert K. Kravis, Marie-Josee Kresa, Kent Kuehler, Jack D. Lamont, Thomas William Lane, Gardiner Martin Larsen, Ralph Stanley Laubach, Gerald David Lauder, Leonard Alan Lawrence, Abbott Lazarus, Maurice Lee, David L. Lee, George Gardner Lee, John Clarke Lee, Seng Tee Leeds, Morris Evans Leghorn, Richard Sully Leibowitz, Martin L. Leighton, Frank
Thomson (Tom) Leventhal, Norman B. Levinson, Arthur D. Lewent, Judy C. Lincoln, Frederic Walker Linde, Edward H. Livermore, George Lorsch, Jay William Lowell, Augustus Lowell, Francis Cabot
(1803-1874) Lowell, John Amory Lowell, Ralph Lynch, Peter S. Mallinckrodt, Jr., Edward
Mandel, Morton L. Marshall (Lord Marshall
of Knightsbridge), Colin
Martin, Jr., William McChesney
McCune, Jr., William James
McDonnell, John F. McGovern, Patrick J. McNerney, Jr., W. James Mead, Dana G. Mettler, Ruben Frederick Meyer, Jack R. Meyerson, Morton H. Millard, Robert Brian Miller, Arjay Miller, Joseph Irwin Miller, William I. Minehan, Cathy E. Mitchell, William (1791-
1869) Mogae, Festus G. Moore, Ann S. Morita, Akio Morss, Everett Morton, R. Alastair
(Robert Alastair) Munnell, Alicia H. Murdock, Harold Neubauer, Joseph Nicholas, Peter M. Nichols, Guy W. Nilekani, Rohini Nooyi, Indra Nora Johnson, Suzanne
M. Nora Novogratz, Jacqueline O’Donnell, Peter Olds, Irving Sands Olsen, Kenneth Harry Olson, Ronald L. Omidyar, Pierre O’Neill, Paul Henry Orr, Susan Packard Packard, David
Page, Larry Palmisano, Samuel J. Parsons, Richard Peabody, Francis Pearce, Edward Penhoet, Edward E. Peretsman, Nancy Beth Perkin, Richard Scott Peterson, Peter G. Pforzheimer III, Carl H. Phillips, Thomas Leonard Pirie, Robert Poorvu, William James Pounds, William Frank Pozen, Robert Charles Preston, Lewis Thompson Pritzker, Penny S. Pritzker, Thomas J. Putnam, George (1926-
2019) Quelch, John A. Rabb, Irving William Rabb, Sidney Rabinowitz Rafinesque-Schmaltz,
Constantine Samuel Rajan, Raghuram G. Rand, William McNear Randall, Clarence Belden Reed, John Shepard Reilly, William K. Reuther, Walter Philip Ripley, Alfred Lawrence Robinson, Jr., Dwight
Parker Rock, Arthur Rockefeller, Jr., David Roe, Mark J. Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules Rogers, Jr., John
Washington Rogers, Theodore C. Rohatyn, Felix George Roosa, Robert Vincent Ropes, Joseph Samuel Rose, Daniel Rose, Elihu
Rose, Marshall Rosenberg, Richard M. Rosenblum, Mendel Rosenfeld, Gerald Rosenwald, Jr., E. John Ross, Arthur Ross, Ian Munro Rothenberg, James F. Rothschild, Loren R. Rothschild, N. C. Jacob Rowe, John W. Rowe, John Wallis Rubenstein, David M. Rubin, Robert E. Ruml, Beardsley Russell, Thomas Ryan, Patrick G. Sagan, Paul Sandler, Herbert M. Sant, Roger W. Savitz, Maxine L. Scardino, Marjorie M. Schacht, Henry Brewer Schell, Erwin Haskell Schlaifer, Robert Osher Schmidt, Eric Schrempp, Juergen E. Segel, Arthur I. Selekman, Benjamin
Morris Sever, William Shanker, Albert Shapiro, Robert Bernard Shaw, David E. Shaw, Henry Southworth Sherwin, Martin Jay Shinn, George Latimer Shipley, Walter Vincent Siebel, Thomas M. Simons, James Harris Simonyi, Charles Sloan, George Arthur Sloan, Jr., Alfred
Pritchard Smith, Raymond W. Smith, Richard Alan
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Soros, George Spangler, Jr., C. D.
(Clemmie Dixon) Spaulding, Huntley
Nowell Spector, Alfred Z. Spencer, Edson White Speyer, Jerry I. Stamp, Josiah Charles Stata, Raymond Stuart Steinert, Alan Stephenson, Randall L. Steyer, Thomas F. Stone, James M. Stone, Jr., Robert Gregg Stonebraker, Michael Storer, Ebenezer Swett, Samuel Sylla, Richard E. Tanenbaum, Morris Tang, Oscar Tata, Ratan N.
Tatlock, Anne M. Teele, Stanley Ferdinand Termeer, Henri A. Thayer, Nathaniel Thomas, Charles Allen Thornton, John L. Tilden, Joseph Tisch, James S. Tisch, Laurence Alan Tisch, Preston Robert Tracy, Nathaniel Tuttle, Robert H. Tyson, Bernard J. Ubiñas, Luis A. Ueberroth, Peter Victor Vasella, Daniel Vaughan, Benjamin Vaughan, Charles Vaughan, Sr., Samuel Vaughan, William Wadsworth, Eliot Wallach, Kenneth L.
Wang, An Warnock, John E. Watson, Jr., Thomas John Webster, William Weill, Sanford I. Weinberg, John
Livingston Weinberg, Jr., Sidney
James (Jim) Weinstein, David Welch, Jr., John Francis Wells, William Welters, Anthony Wexner, Leslie H. White, Erskine Norman White, Miles D. Whitehead, John
Cunningham Whitman, Margaret C. Wiener, Malcolm H. Williams, Ronald A.
Williams, Samuel (1760-1841)
Wilson, Carroll Louis Wilson, Charles Edward Wilson, Joseph
Chamberlain Winthrop, Thomas
Lindall Wolfensohn, James David Wriston, Walter Bigelow Wyss, Hansjorg Young, John Alan Young, Owen D. Zaffaroni, Alejandro
Cesar Zraket, Charles Anthony Zuckerman, Paul
Sebastian Back to Subject Index
Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Ackerman, Susan L. Adhya, Sankar Allis, C. David Altman, Sidney Altshuler, David Matthew Amon, Angelika Anderson, David J. Anderson, Everett Anderson, Kathryn
Virginia Andrews, Nancy C. Ashburner, Michael Ausubel, Frederick M. Banerjee, Utpal Bartel, Bonnie Beckerle, Mary Catherine Beckwith, Jonathan Roger
Beerman, Wolfgang Wilhelm Walter
Belfort, Marlene Benirschke, Kurt Bennett, G. Vann Berger, Shelley L. Berridge, Michael John Beutler, Bruce A. Biggins, Sue Billingham, Rupert
Everett Bissell, Mina J. Blobel, Gunter Klaus-
Joachim Bloom, Kerry Steven Bodmer, Walter Fred Bonini, Nancy Bonner, John Tyler Borisy, Gary G. Botstein, David Boyse, Edward Arthur Breakefield, Xandra
Owens
Bretscher, Anthony P. Brink, Royal Alexander Brinster, Ralph Lawrence Bronner, Marianne Brown, Donald David Brugge, Joan S. Bucher, Nancy Leslie
Rutherfurd Bunting-Smith, Mary
Ingraham Burridge, Keith W.T. Cantley, Lewis Clayton Cao, Xuetao Capecchi, Mario R. Carlson, Marian B. Caspersson, Torbjorn
Oskar Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca Chalfie, Martin Chilton, Mary-Dell
Matchett Clark, Andrew G. Cohen, Stanley Norman
Cooper, Kenneth Willard Cotran, Ramzi Suliman Croce, Carlo M. Cyster, Jason G. Darnell, Jr., James Edwin De Camilli, Pietro V. de Lange, Titia Demerec, Milislav DePinho, Ronald A. Dikic, Ivan Doermann, August
Henry Dove, William F. Drubin, David Gil Dubinin, Nikolay
Petrovich Duboule, Denis Dunn, Leslie Clarence Dutcher, Susan K. Dymecki, Susan M. Eagle, Harry Ecker, Joseph R. Edgar, Robert Stuart
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Eisenman, Robert N. Elowitz, Michael B. Emlen, Douglas J. Emr, Scott D. Ephrussi, Boris Esposito, Rochelle Easton Farquhar, Marilyn Gist Fields, Stanley Fink, Gerald R. Fire, Andrew Z. Forget, Bernard G. Francke, Uta Fuchs, Elaine V. Full, Robert J. Fuller, Margaret Tatnall Gall, Joseph Grafton Garcia-Bellido, Antonio Garen, Alan Gehring, Walter Jacob Geiger, Benjamin Ginty, David D. Glass, Hiram Bentley Goldberg, Alfred Lewis Goldstein, Lawrence
Steven Goodenough, Ursula W. Gottesman, Michael Marc Green, Howard Green, Michael R. Green, Rachel Greenough, William
Tallant Greenwald, Iva S. Grewal, Shiv I. S. Gross, Jerome Gross, Paul Randolph Groudine, Mark Grunstein, Michael Gruss, Peter Guarente, Leonard P. Gurdon, John Bertrand Haber, James E. Hadorn, Ernst Hall, Jeffrey C. Harlan, Jack Rodney Harland, Richard M.
Harlow, Jr., Edward Everett
Harper, J. Wade Harris, Henry Hartl, Daniel Lee Hartl, Franz-Ulrich Hartwell, Leland
Harrison Hawley, R. Scott Hay, Elizabeth Dexter Henkin, Tina M. Heuser, John E. Hilleman, Maurice Ralph Hobbs, Helen Haskell Hoffmann, Ary A. Hogan, Brigid L. M. Holter, Heinz Hopkins, Nancy Horowitz, Norman
Harold Horvitz, H. Robert
(Howard Robert) Howley, Peter Maxwell Hughes-Schrader, Sally Hynes, Richard Olding Inoue, Shinya Jacob, François Jacobsen, Steven E. Jaenisch, Rudolf Jasin, Maria Jenuwein, Thomas P. Jones, Peter A. Jost, Alfred Daniel Joyner, Alexandra Leigh Kafatos, Fotis
Constantine Kaufman, Thomas C. Kazazian, Jr., Haig H. Keating, Mark Taylor Keeney, Scott N. Kemphues, Kenneth J. Kennedy, Mary
Bernadette Kihara, Hitoshi Kimble, Judith Elisabeth Kimmel, Charles
King, Mary-Claire Kingsley, David Mark Klausner, Richard D. Klein, George Klionsky, Daniel J. Kornberg, Thomas B. Koshland, Douglas Elliott Krainer, Adrian R. Krasnow, Mark Alan Krumlauf, Robert Eugene Kunkel, Louis M. Kunkel, Thomas A. Lane, Malcolm Daniel Langley, Charles Hunt Le Douarin, Nicole
Marthe Leder, Philip Lederberg, Joshua Lehmann, Ruth Levine, Michael Steven Lewis, Edward B. Ley, Timothy James Lin, Haifan Lindsley, Jr., Dan Leslie Lippincott-Schwartz,
Jennifer Little, Clarence Cook Lodish, Harvey F. Lowe, Scott William Lupski, James R. Lyon, Mary Frances Mackay, Trudy Frances
Charlene Magnuson, Terry R. Mahowald, Anthony
Peter Mandel, Gail Markert, Clement
Lawrence Martin, Gail Roberta Massague, Joan Mazia, Daniel McClintock, Barbara McConnell, Susan K. McCormick, Frank P. McGinnis, William J.
McIntosh, J. Richard McLaren, Anne McMahon, Andrew P. Mellman, Ira Mello, Craig Cameron Messing, Joachim Meyer, Barbara Jean Miller, Elizabeth Cavert Miller, James Alexander Mintz, Beatrice Mitchison, Timothy J. Monroy, Alberto Moscona, A. A. (Aron
Arthur) Muller, Hermann Joseph Murray, Andrew W. Nabel, Elizabeth G. Nanney, David Ledbetter Nasmyth, Kim Nelson, Jr., Oliver Evans Nelson, W. James Nevins, Joseph R. Niehrs, Christof Novick, Peter J. Nowell, Peter C. Nusse, Roeland Nusslein-Volhard,
Christiane O’Brien, Stephen James O’Farrell, Patrick H. Ohno, Susumu Ohta, Tomoko Oppenheimer, Jane
Marion Orci, Lelio Oren, Moshe Orr, H. Allen O’Shea, Erin K. Oster, George F. Owen, Ray David Page, David Conrad Palade, George Emil Parada, Luis Fernando Pardue, Mary Lou Pawson, Anthony James Penman, Sheldon
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Perelson, Alan S. Perrimon, Norbert Petes, Thomas D. Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Piwnica-Worms, Helen M. Plomin, Robert Pollard, Thomas Dean Pontecorvo, Guido P. A. Porter, Keith Roberts Prescott, David Marshall Pringle, John William
Sutton Pritchard, Jonathan K. Raff, Martin Rajewsky, Klaus Ratcliffe, Peter J. Reznikoff, William S. Rine, Jasper Roman, Herschel Lewis Rosbash, Michael Ross, Russell Rossant, Janet Rothenberg, Ellen V. Rowley, Janet Davison Rubin, Gerald Mayer Rubin, Harry Ruddle, Francis Hugh Rudensky, Alexander Ruoslahti, Erkki Russell, Elizabeth Buckley
Shull Ruvkun, Gary B.
Sabatini, David Domingo Sager, Ruth Salmon, Edward D. Salzberg, Steven L. Sánchez Alvarado,
Alejandro Sato, Gordon Hisashi Scharff, Matthew Daniel Schatz, David Gilliam Schekman, Randy Wayne Schell, Jozef Stephaan Schmid, Sandra L. Schneiderman, Howard
Allen Schull, William Jackson Schupbach, Gertrud M. Scott, Matthew P. Selander, Robert Keith Seydoux, Geraldine Shenk, Thomas E. Sherr, Charles J. Shi, Yang Siekevitz, Philip Silhavy, Thomas J. Silver, Pamela A. Singer, Robert H. Slonimski, Piotr Smithies, Oliver Snell, George Davis Snyder, Michael Solter, Davor
Sonneborn, Tracy Morton
Spector, David L. Spiegelman, Bruce
Michael Spradling, Allan Charles Springer, Timothy Alan Srivastava, Deepak Stahl, Franklin William Stern, Claudio Daniel Stern, Curt Stern, Herbert Stoeckenius, Walther Strome, Susan Struhl, Gary Sturtevant, Alfred Henry Sueoka, Noboru Swaminathan,
Monkombu Sambasivan Swift, Hewson Hoyt Symington, Lorraine S. Szostak, Jack W. Tabin, Clifford J. Takeichi, Masatoshi Thorner, Jeremy W. Tocchini-Valentini,
Glauco Pasquale Truman, James William Tsien, Roger Yonchien Vale, Ronald D. Villeneuve, Anne M. Vousden, Karen H.
Waddington, Conrad Hal Waelsch, Salome
Gluecksohn Wahl, Geoffrey Myles Wallace, Bruce Wallace, Douglas C. Walter, Peter Warren, Stephen T. Weigel, Detlef Weintraub, Harold
Martin Weiss, Paul Alfred Wells, James A. Werb, Zena Wessler, Susan R. Willier, Benjamin
Harrison Wilson, Edmund Beecher Wilson, Thomas Hastings Winston, Fred M. Witkin, Evelyn Maisel Workman, Jerry L. Wright, Sewall Wysocka, Joanna K. Yanofsky, Martin F. Yuan, Junying Zakian, Virginia A. Zinder, Norton David Zwilling, Edgar Back to Subject Index
Chemistry Abruña, Héctor Daniel Adams, Roger Aizenberg, Joanna Alberty, Robert Arnold Albrecht, Andreas
Christopher Alder, Berni Julian Alivisatos, A. Paul Amdur, Isadore Anders, Edward
Andersen, Hans Christian
Anderson, James Gilbert Anson, Fred Colvig Apeloig, Yitzhak Arigoni, Duilio Arnold, James Richard Arnold, Samuel
Tomlinson Avery, Charles Avouris, Phaedon Badger, Richard McLean
Baeyer, Adolf Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von
Baird, Barbara A. Baker, William Oliver Baldeschwieler, John
Dickson Baldwin, Jack Edward Bancroft, Wilder Dwight Baran, Phil S. Barbara, Paul Frank Bard, Allen Joseph Bartlett, Neil Bartlett, Paul A.
Bartlett, Paul Doughty Barton, Derek Harold
Richard Barton, Jacqueline K. Basolo, Fred Battersby, Alan Rushton Bawendi, Moungi Gabriel Baxter, Gregory Paul Beak, Peter Andrew Beattie, James Alexander Beckman, Arnold Orville Beebe, Ralph Alonzo Bell, Alexis T.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Bell, Ronald Percy Benedict, Manson Benkovic, Stephen James Bercaw, John E. Berg, Jeremy M. Bergman, Robert George Berne, Bruce J. Bernstein, Richard Barry Berry, Richard Stephen Bersohn, Richard Berson, Jerome Abraham Berthelot, Marcelin
(Pierre Eugene Marcelin)
Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte
Bertozzi, Carolyn R. Berzelius, Jons Jacob Biemann, Klaus Bigeleisen, Jacob Blagden, Charles Blake, John Harrison Blanchard, Arthur
Alphonzo Boger, Dale L. Bogert, Marston Taylor Boltwood, Bertram
Borden Booker, Squire J. Booth, Harold Simmons Bowring, Samuel A. Boxer, Steven George Brauman, John I. Bray, William Crowell Breslow, Ronald Charles
David Brewer, Leo Brinker, C. Jeffrey Brönsted, Johannes
Nicolaus Brookhart, Maurice S. Brown, Harrison Scott Brown, Herbert Charles Brown, Theodore
Lawrence Bruice, Thomas Charles
Brus, Louis Eugene Buchi, George Hermann Buchwald, Stephen Leffler Buckingham, Amyand
David Bunnett, Joseph
Frederick Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm
Eberhard Burrows, Cynthia J. Butler, Alison Butler, Laurie J. Cabot, Samuel (1850-
1906) Calvin, Melvin Cane, David E. Carreira, Erick M. Carrington, Alan Carter, Emily Ann Casey, Charles Philip Castleman, Jr., Albert
Welford Ceyer, Sylvia Teresse
Aida Chamot, Emile Monnin Chan, Sunney I. Chandler, David Chang, Christopher J. Chatt, Joseph Cheetham, Anthony K. Chevreul, Michel Eugene Chisholm, Malcolm
Harold Clardy, Jon Christel Clark, Thomas Edwards Clary, David Charles Clayton, Robert Norman Closs, Gerhard Ludwig Coates, Geoffrey W. Coggeshall, George
Whitely Cohen, Saul Gerald Cole, Robert Hugh Collins, Samuel Cornette Collman, James Paddock Colombo, Umberto
Comey, Arthur Messinger
Conant, James Bryant Cooke, Josiah Parsons Cooks, Robert Graham Coolidge, Albert Sprague Cope, Arthur Clay Corey, Elias James Cornforth, John Warcup Coryell, Charles DuBois Cotton, Frank Albert Coulson, Charles Alfred Cowan, George Arthur Crabtree, Robert Howard Crafts, James Mason Craig, Lyman Creighton Cram, Donald James Crawford, Jr., Bryce Low Crim, F. Fleming Cross, Paul Clifford Cummins, Christopher C. Curl, Robert F. Dahl, Lawrence Frederick Dailey, Benjamin Peter Dainton, Frederick
Sydney Dalton, John Dana, Samuel Luther Daniels, Farrington Danishefsky, Samuel J. Darensbourg, Donald J. Darensbourg, Marcetta
York Dauben, William Garfield Davidson, Ernest Roy Davis, Tenney Lombard Davy, Humphry de Hevesy, George Charles Denmark, Scott E. DePuy, Charles H. Dervan, Peter Brendan DeSimone, Joseph Mark Deutch, John Mark Dewar, Michael James
Steuart Dexter, Aaron
Dexter, William Prescott Diederich, François N. DiSalvo, Jr., Francis
Joseph Djerassi, Carl Doering, William von
Eggers Dougherty, Dennis A. Draper, John William Drickamer, Harry George Drown, Thomas
Messinger Dumas, Jean Baptiste
Andre Dumesic, James Anthony Dunitz, Jack David Dye, James Louis Edwards, Peter P. Eigen, Manfred Eisenberg, Richard Eliel, Ernest Ludwig Ellman, Jonathan A. El-Sayed, Mostafa Amr Ernst, Richard R. Ertl, Gerhard Ludwig Eschenmoser, Albert
Jakob Esselen, Gustavus John Evans, David Albert Evans, William Lloyd Eyring, Henry Faraday, Michael Fay, Henry Fayer, Michael D. Fenn, John Bennett Feringa, Bernard Lucas
(Ben Lucas) Ferry, John Douglass Field, Robert Warren Fieser, Louis Frederick Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. Fischer, Emil Fischer, Ernst Otto Fisher, Michael Ellis Fixman, Marshall
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Fleming, Graham Richard
Flory, Paul John Flygare, Willis H. Flynn, George William Forbes, George Shannon Fox, Marye Anne Francisco, Joseph S. Franklin, Edward Curtis Fraser-Reid, Bertram O. Frechet, Jean M. J. Freed, Jack Herschel Freed, Karl Frederick Frenkel, Daniel Freund, Hans-Joachim Fried, Josef Friedlander, Gerhart Friend, Cynthia M. Friesner, Richard A. Frumkin, Alexander
Naumovich Fu, Gregory Chung-Wei Fukui, Kenichi Fuoss, Raymond
Matthew Garland, Carl Wesley Gassman, Paul George Gates, Marshall DeMotte Gay, Martin Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis Gelbart, William Michael Gellman, Samuel H. Genth, Frederick
Augustus Gerber, R. Benny Ghiorso, Albert Giauque, William Francis Gibbs, Wolcott (Oliver
Wolcott) Giese, Bernd Gillespie, Louis John Goddard III, William A. Goldanskii, Vitalii
Iosifovich Goldberg, Karen I. Golden, Sidney
Goldschmidt, Victor Gomer, Robert Gooch, Frank Austin Good, Mary Lowe Gordon, Roy Gerald Gorham, John Graham, Thomas Gray, Harry Barkus Greene II, Frederick
Davis Greenewalt, Crawford
Hallock Grey, Clare P. Griffin, Robert Guy Gronenborn, Angela M. Groves III, John Taylor Grubbs, Robert H. Gruebele, Martin Grunwald, Ernest Max Gutowsky, Herbert
Sander Haber, Fritz Hackerman, Norman Hahn, Otto Hall, Frederick Halpern, Jack Hamilton, Andrew D. Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon Hammond, George
Simms Hannay, Norman Bruce Hare, Robert Harker, David Harris, Charles Bonner Harris, Louis Hartwig, John F. Hawker, Craig J. Hawthorne, Marion
Frederick Hayes, Augustus Allen Head-Gordon, Martin P. Heathcock, Clayton
Howell Heidt, Lawrence Joseph Heilbronner, Edgar Heller, Adam
Heller, Eric Johnson Hendricks, Sterling
Brown Herschbach, Dudley
Robert Herzberg, Gerhard Heyrovsky, Jaroslav Hill, Henry Barker Hilvert, Donald Hinshelwood, Cyril
Norman Hirschfelder, Joseph
Oakland Hirschmann, Ralph Franz Hochstrasser, Robin Main Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary
Crowfoot Hoffman, Brian M. Hoffman, Darleane
Christian Hoffmann, Roald Hofmann, August
Wilhelm Holm, Richard Hadley Hornig, Donald
Frederick Horsford, Eben Norton Houk, Kendall Newcomb Houston, Paul Lyon Howe, Henry Marion Hsieh-Wilson, Linda C. Huisgen, Rolf Huizenga, John Robert Hume, David Newton Hunt, Thomas Sterry Huntington, Oliver
Whipple Huntress, Ernest Hamlin Hush, Noel S. Hutchison, Jr., Clyde
Allen Hynes, James Thomas Ibers, James Arthur Imperiali, Barbara Ingold, Christopher Kelk Irvine, Jr., John Withers
Jackson, Charles Loring Jacobsen, Eric N. Jennings, Walter Louis Johnson, Mark A. Johnson, Samuel William Johnson, William
Summer Johnston, Harold Sledge Jonas, Jiri Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert Jones, Grinnell Jorgensen, William L. Jorgenson, James W. Jortner, Joshua Joullie, Madeleine M. Julian, Percy Lavon Kahne, Daniel Karle, Isabella Lugoski Karplus, Martin Kasha, Michael Katz, Thomas Joseph Katzenellenbogen, John
Albert Kauzmann, Walter
Joseph Kegeles, Gerson Kekulé von Stradonitz,
Friedrich August Kelly, Jeffery W. Keyes, Frederick George Khosla, Chaitan Kiessling, Laura Lee Kimball, George Elbert King, David A. King, Gilbert William Kinnicutt, Leonard
Parker Kinsey, James Lloyd Kirkwood, John Gamble Kirwan, Richard Kishi, Yoshito Kistiakowsky, George
Bogdan Klafter, Joseph Klein, Michael Lawrence Klemperer, William Aloys
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Knowles, Jeremy Randall Kohler, Elmer Peter Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits Kraus, Charles August Kubiak, Clifford P. Kuhn, Werner Lamb, Arthur Becket Langmuir, Irving Laudise, Robert Alfred Le Chatelier, Henri Louis Lea, Mathew Carey Lee, Yuan Tseh Lehn, Jean-Marie Pierre Leonard, Nelson Jordan Leone, Stephen R. Lester, Marsha I. Letsinger, Robert Lewis Levine, Raphael David Levy, Donald Harris Lewis (Lord), Jack Lewis, Gilbert Newton Lewis, Warren Kendall Libby, Willard Frank Lieber, Charles M. Liebig, Justus Freiherr von Linderstrom-Lang, Kaj
Ulrik Lineberger, William Carl Lingane, James Joseph Linschitz, Henry Lippard, Stephen James Lipscomb, Jr., William
Nunn Little, Arthur Dehon Lodge, Timothy P. Long, Franklin Asbury Long, Jeffrey R. Longuet-Higgins, Hugh
Christopher Lord, Richard Collins Mabery, Charles Frederic MacInnes, Duncan
Arthur MacMillan, David W.C. Mallet, John William Mallouk, Thomas
Marcus, Rudolph Arthur Marignac, Jean Charles
Galissard de Mark, Herman Francis Mark, Kenneth
Lamartine Marks, Tobin Jay Marshall, Alan George Martell, Arthur Earl Martinez, Todd Joseph Marvel, Carl Shipp Masamune, Satoru Mayer, Joseph Edward McCammon, J. Andrew McClure, Donald Stuart McConnell, Harden
Marsden McDermott, Ann Elizabeth McLafferty, Fred Warren McMahon, Howard
Oldford Mees, Charles Edward
Kenneth Meijer, Bert W. Meinwald, Jerrold Mendeleeff
(Mendeleyev), Dmitri Ivanowitsh
Merrick, John Mudge Meyer, Thomas J. Meyer, Victor Michael, Arthur Michl, Josef Milas, Nicholas
Athanasius Miller, Scott J. Miller, William Hughes Mirkin, Chad A. Mislow, Kurt Martin Mitscherlich, Eilhard Mizushima, Sanichiro Moerner, William Esco Moffitt, William Edward Moore, C. Bradley Moore, Forris Jewett Moore, George Dunning
Moore, Jeffrey Scott Moore, Stanford Morley, Edward Williams Morse, Harmon
Northrop Morton, Avery Adrian Moyes, Henry Mueller, Edward Muetterties, Earl Leonard Mukamel, Shaul Müllen, Klaus A. Mulliken, Robert
Sanderson Mulliken, Samuel Parsons Munroe, Charles Edward Murphy, Carine J. Murray, Royce Wilton Nakamura, Eiichi Nakanishi, Koji Nash, Leonard Kollender Nef, John Ulric (1862-
1915) Negishi, Ei-ichi Nelson, Keith Adam Nesbitt, David John Nesmeyanov, Alexander
Nikolaevich Neumark, Daniel M. Newell, Lyman Churchill Newton, Marshall D. Nichols, William Ripley Nicolaou, Kyriacos Costa
(KC) Nitzan, Abraham Nocera, Daniel George Norris, James Flack Norris, Jr., James Rufus Norton, John Pitkin Norton, Lewis Mills Noyes, Arthur Amos Noyes, Jr., William Albert Noyes, Richard Macy Noyes, William Albert Noyori, Ryoji Nuzzo, Ralph George Oka, Takeshi
Olah, George Andrew Onsager, Lars Oppenheim, Irwin Ordway, John Morse Osborne, Thomas Burr Ostwald, Wilhelm
(Friedrich Wilhelm) Ourisson, Guy Overbeek, Jan Theodore
Gerard Overman, Larry Eugene Oxtoby, David W. Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Parkes, Samuel Parmenter, Charles
Stedman Parr, Robert Ghormley Parrinello, Michele Parshall, George William Patterson, Robert Maskell Pauling, Linus Carl Perkin, Jr., William
Henry Perlman, Isadore Pettit, Rowland Phillips, William Dale Pickett, Lucy Weston Pimentel, George Claude Pines, Alexander Pitzer, Kenneth Sanborn Polanyi, John Charles Polanyi, Michael Pople, John Anthony Porter (Lord Porter of
Luddenham), George Poulter, Charles Dale Prelog, Vladimir Priestley, Joseph Prigogine, Ilya Purves, Clifford
Burrough Quack, Martin Rabinovitch, Benton
Seymour Rabinowitch, Eugene
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Rammelsberg, Karl Friedrich
Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra
Ratner, Mark A. Ravenel, Saint Julien Raymond, Kenneth
Norman Rebek, Jr., Julius Rees, Douglas C. Regnault, Henri Victor Reichman, David R. Reichstein, Tadeus Remsen, Ira Rice, Stuart Alan Richards, Theodore
William Richmond, Geraldine L. Roberts, John
Dombrowski Robinson, Robert Rochow, Eugene George Rogers, Howard Gardner Rogers, John Ashley Rogers, Lockhart Burgess Rosanoff, Martin Andre Roscoe, Henry Enfield Rose, Heinrich Rosenzweig, Amy C. Ross, John Rossini, Frederick
Dominic Rossky, Peter Jacob Rouxel, Jean Marcel Rowe, Allan Winter Rowland, Frank
Sherwood Rowlinson, John Shipley Ruzicka, Leopold Stephen Sanford, Melanie S. Sanger, Charles Robert Sargeson, Alan McLeod Saunders, Martin Saykally, Richard James Scatchard, George
Schaefer III, Henry Frederick
Schatz, George Chappell Schepartz, Alanna Scheraga, Harold
Abraham Schleyer, Paul von Ragué Schreiber, Stuart Lee Schrock, Richard Royce Schultz, Peter G. Schumb, Walter Cecil Schwarz, Helmut F. Schwarzenbach, Gerold
Karl Schwenk, Erwin Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Seeman, Nadrian C. Seyferth, Dietmar Sharples, Stephen
Paschall Sharpless, Karl Barry Shechtman, Dan Sheehan, John Clark Sherrill, Miles Standish Shirley, David Arthur Shoemaker, David Powell Shull, Harrison Sidgwick, Nevil Vincent Silbey, Robert J. Silliman, Benjamin Silliman, Jr., Benjamin Silverman, Richard Bruce Simmons, Jr., Howard
Ensign Sinanoglu, Oktay Sinfelt, John Henry Skinner, James Lauriston Slichter, William Pence Smalley, Richard Errett Smith III, Amos Brittain Smith, Alexander Smith, Henry Monmouth Smith, John Lawrence Smith, Leighton Bruerton Solomon, Edward Ira Somorjai, Gabor Arpad
Sörensen, Soren Peter Lauritz
Sorm, Frantisek Stang, Peter John Stein, Richard Stephen Stephenson, Clark
Conkling Stevens, Raymond Sawtell Stevenson, Earl Place Stieglitz, Julius Oscar Still, Jr., W. Clark
(William Clark) Stockmayer, Walter Hugo Stoddart, J. Fraser Storer, Francis
Humphreys Stork, Gilbert Streitwieser, Jr., Andrew Stubbe, Joanne Stucky, Galen D. Suess, Hans Eduard Sutin, Norman Svedberg, Theodor Swager, Timothy
Manning Swain, Charles Gardner Swift, Ernest Haywood Talbot, Henry Paul Tarbell, Dean Stanley Taube, Henry Taylor, Hugh Stott Thiel, Patricia A. Thomas, John Meurig Thompson, Maurice
deKay Thomsen, Hans Peter
Jorgen Julius Tilley, T. Don Tinoco, Ignacio Tirrell, David Anthony Tirrell, Matthew Tishler, Max Todd, Alexander
Robertus Tokmakoff, Andrei Tolman, Richard Chace
Toste, F. Dean Troe, Jurgen (Hans
Jurgen) Trost, Barry Martin Truhlar, Donald G. Tully, John Charles Turkevich, Anthony
Leonid Turnbull, David Turro, Nicholas John Tycko, Robert Underwood, Jr., Henry
Weeden Urbain, Georges Urey, Harold Clayton Vaida, Veronica Valentine, Joan
Selverstone van der Donk, Wilfred A. Van Duyne, Richard
Palmer van Tamelen, Eugene
Earl van’t Hoff, Jacobus
Henricus Vernon, Arthur Andrew Walker, William Hultz Wall, Frederick Theodore Walling, Cheves T. Walt, David R. Warner, Isiah M. Warren, Cyrus Moors Wasielewski, Michael R. Wasserman, Harry
Hershal Waugh, John Stewart Webster, John White Webster, Redford Weeks, John David Weiser, Harry Boyer Weiss, Paul Storch Weissberger, Arnold Weissman, Samuel Isaac Weizmann, Chaim Wender, Paul Anthony West, Cutler DeLong
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Westheimer, Frank Henry
Whaley, K. Birgitta White, Jr., Henry S. Whitesides, George
McClelland Whitmore, Frank Clifford Whitney, Willis Rodney Wiberg, Kenneth Berle Widom, Benjamin Wieland, Heinrich Otto Wieland, Theodor
Hermann Felix Wilke, Gunther
Wilkinson, Geoffrey Williams, Robert Seaton Willstatter, Richard Wilson, Jr., Edgar Bright Wilson, Mathew Kent Wing, Charles Hallett Winstein, Saul Witkop, Bernhard Wohler, Friedrich Wolczanski, Peter
Thomas Wolfenden, John Hulton Wolfrom, Melville
Lawrence
Wollaston, William Hyde Wolynes, Peter Guy Wong, Chi-Huey Wood, Edward Stickney Woodman, Alpheus
Grant Woodward, Robert Burns Wooley, Karen L. Worrall, David Elbridge Wrighton, Mark Stephen Wudl, Fred Wurtz, Charles Adolphe Xie, Xiaoliang Sunney Yamamoto, Hisashi
Yang, Peidong Yost, Don Christopher
Merlin Lee Young, Ralph
Chillingworth Yu, Jin-Quan Zare, Richard Neil Zewail, Ahmed Hassan Zhuang, Xiaowei Zimm, Bruno Hasbrouck Zwanzig, Robert Walter Back to Subject Index
Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Abbott, Jonathan C. Abramson, Jill Amanpour, Christiane M. Amicis, Edmondo de Angell, Roger Annenberg, Walter
Hubert Attenborough, David
Frederick Baker, Russell Wayne Balz, Dan Baquet, Dean Paul Baron, Martin D. Barth, Alan Bartlett, John Batten, James Knox Bazelon, Emily Bell, Elliott Vallance Bingham, Barry Block, Herbert Lawrence Bradley, David G. Broder, David Salzer Brokaw, Tom (Thomas
John) Brooks, David B.
Brooks, Paul Brown, Sevellon Ledyard Bryson, Louise Henry Buruma, Ian Cahners, Norman Lee Canham, Erwin Dain Carroll, James Carroll, John Sawyer Chancellor, John William Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Coates, Ta-Nehisi Cooney, Joan Ganz Couch, William Terry Cowan, Geoffrey Crider, John Henshaw Cronkite, Walter Crouch, Stanley Davis, Saville Rogers Dennis, Jr., Everette E. Dionne, Jr., E. J. (Eugene J.) Donhoff, Marion Grafin Donovan, Hedley
Williams Easterbrook, Gregg E. Egan, Timothy Elliott, Osborn Fallows, James M. Fanning, Katherine
Woodruff Flanagan, Dennis Frankel, Max
Friedman, Thomas Loren Fuller, Jack William Galassi, Jonathan White Gallup, George Horace Gardner, Martin Garfield, Eugene Ghiglione, Loren Frank Giago, Tim Giles, Robert Hardman Godkin, Edwin Lawrence Goodman, Amy Graham, Donald Graham, Katharine Greenhouse, Linda Joyce Griffiths, Paul Anthony Groopman, Jerome Gubins, Samuel Guillermoprieto, Alma Gunn, Jr., Hartford
Nelson Hale, Nathan Hochschild, Adam Hoffman, Paul W. House, Karen Elliott Howe, Mark Antony De
Wolfe Ifill, Gwen Ivins, Molly (Mary Tyler) Jamieson, Kathleen Hall Johnson, Jr., Wyatt
Thomas
Jones, Alex S. Kalb, Marvin Kann, Peter R. Kling, William Hugh Knopf, Alfred Abraham Kovach, Bill Kramer, Jane Kristof, Nicholas D. Kristol, Irving Lamb, Brian Lamm, Donald Stephen Lane, Allen Larsen, Roy Edward Lee, Sidney Lehrer, James Charles Lemann, Nicholas B. Lesser, Wendy Lewis, Anthony Lipinski, Ann Marie Lippmann, Walter Lithwick, Dahlia Loew, Patty Luzac, Jean Lyons, Louis Martin Macdonald, Dwight MacNeil, Robert
Breckinridge Ware MacNelly, Jeffrey
Kenneth Maddox, John Manning, Robert Joseph
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Martin, Michel Mayer, Jane M. McKibben, Bill McPhee, John Angus Menand, Louis Morley, John Moyers, Bill D. Murrow, Edward Roscoe Navasky, Victor Saul O’Brien, Robert Lincoln Osher, Barbro Sachs Overholser, Geneva Page, Walter Hines Palca, Joseph W. Pearlstine, Norman Piel, Gerard Poggioli, Sylvia Price, Lucien Quindlen, Anna Marie
Reich, Robert B. Reid, Helen Miles Rogers Remnick, David Ridley (5th Viscount
Ridley), Matthew White
Risen, James E. Rothstein, Edward Rovere, Richard
Halworth Safire, William L. Sagan, Paul Salisbury, Harrison Evans Scardino, Marjorie M. Schorr, Daniel Louis Schudson, Michael Sedgwick, Ellery Sevareid, Arnold Eric Silvers, Robert Benjamin
Spafford, Horatio Gates Stamberg, Susan Levitt Stanton, Frank Straus, Roger W. Sullivan, Jr., Walter
Seager Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs Talbott III, Nelson
Strobridge Taylor, Charles Henry Terragno, Rodolfo
Héctor Tóibín, Colm Trahant, Mark Neil Traister, Rebecca E. Trillin, Calvin Trudeau, Garry B. Unwin, Stanley
Weeks, Jr., Edward Augustus
Whelpley, James Davenport
White, Theodore Harold Wiggins, James Russell Wilford, Jr., John Noble Wilson III, Ernest J. Wilson, Thomas James Winship, Laurence
Leathe Wood, James Woodruff, Judy Back to Subject Index
Computer Sciences and Technology Adleman, Leonard M. Agarwal, Anant Aho, Alfred V. Aiken, Howard
Hathaway Allen, Frances Elizabeth Anderson, Thomas E. Arora, Sanjeev Babbage, Charles Backus, John Bajcsy, Ruzena Balakrishnan, Hari Baran, Paul Bell, C. Gordon (Chester
Gordon) Benioff, Marc R. Berger, Bonnie Berger, Marsha J. Berman, Francine D. Berners-Lee, Timothy J. Birnbaum, Joel S.
Bloch, Erich Blum, Manuel Brewer, Eric A. Brin, Sergey Brooks, Jr., Frederick
Phillips Brooks, Rodney Brown, John Seely Bryant, Randal E. Cerf, Vinton Gray Chandrakasan, Anantha P. Chayes, Jennifer Tour Chazelle, Bernard Cheatham, Thomas
Edward Chen, Steve S. Clark, David D. Clark, James H. Clarke, Edmund Melson Cocke, John Codd, Edgar Frank Colwell, Robert P. Cook, Stephen A. Corbato, Fernando Jose Cover, Thomas M. Dally, William James
Dantzig, George Bernard Davis, Ruth Margaret De Micheli, Giovanni Dean, Jeffrey A. Dell, Michael Saul Demmel, James W. DeWitt, David J. Dill, David L. Donofrio, Nicholas
Michael Dumais, Susan T. Dwork, Cynthia Edelsbrunner, Herbert Eggers, Susan J. Estrin, Deborah Evans, David C. Fagin, Ronald Feigenbaum, Edward
Albert Felten, Edward W. Floyd, Robert W. Forrester, Jay Wright Fuchs, Henry Galil, Zvi Garcia-Molina, Hector
Gates, William Henry (Bill)
Gear, C. William (Charles William)
Geschke, Charles M. Ghemawat, Sanjay Goldsmith, Andrea J. Goldwasser, Shafi Golomb, Solomon Wolf Golub, Gene Howard Graham, Susan Lois Gray, James Nicholas Greif, Irene Grosz, Barbara Jean Guibas, Leonidas J. Guttag, John V. Haas, Laura M. Halpern, Joseph Y. Hanrahan, Pat Harel, David Hartmanis, Juris Hastings, W. Reed Haussler, David Herlihy, Maurice P. Hillis, W. Daniel Hirschberg, Julia B.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Hopcroft, John Edward Hopper, Grace Brewster
Murray Horowitz, Mark A. Horvitz, Eric Joel Irwin, Mary Jane Jacobs, Irwin Mark Jamieson, Leah H. Jobs, Steven Paul Jones, Anita Katherine Jordan, Michael I. Joy, Bill Kaashoek, M. Frans Kahan, William Kahn, Robert E. Kanade, Takeo Kannan, Ravindran Karger, David R. Karlin, Anna R. Karp, Richard Manning Katz, Randy H. Kay, Alan Curtis Kearns, Michael Kennedy, Kenneth W. Kernighan, Brian W. Kiesler, Sara Kirstein, Peter Thomas Klawe, Maria Kleinberg, Jon M. Kleinrock, Leonard Knuth, Donald Ervin Koller, Daphne Kurzweil, Ray Lamport, Leslie B. Lampson, Butler Wright
Lazowska, Edward Delano
Leighton, Frank Thomson (Tom)
Levin, Leonid A. Lindberg, Donald A. B. Lipton, Richard Jay Liskov, Barbara
Huberman Lynch, Nancy Ann Malik, Jitendra Manyika, James Massey, James Lee McCarthy, John McKeown, Kathleen McKeown, Nicholas W. McRobbie, Michael A. Mead, Carver Andress Metcalfe, Robert
Melancton Meyer, Albert Ronald da
Silva Micali, Silvio Michie, Donald Miller, William Frederick Minsky, Marvin Lee Mitchell, John C. Mitchell, Tom M. Mithal, Arvind [see also
Arvind] Moses, Joel Murthy, N.R. Narayana Nayar, Shree K. Newell, Allen Newton, A. Richard Nie, Norman H.
Nilekani, Nandan Norvig, Peter Oettinger, Anthony
Gervin Ozzie, Raymond E. Page, Larry Papadimitriou, Christos Patterson, David Andrew Pearl, Judea Rabin, Tal D. Rashid, Richard F. Reddy, D. Raj Rexford, Jennifer Rivest, Ronald Linn Robbins, Charles H. Roberts, Lawrence
Gilman Rokhlin, Vladimir Rosenblum, Mendel Rus, Daniela Salzberg, Steven L. Samueli, Henry Schmidt, Eric Schneider, Fred B. Selinger, Patricia Griffiths Shaw, David E. Shenker, Scott J. Shor, Peter Williston Sifakis, Joseph Simonyi, Charles Sipser, Michael Smith, Burton Jordan Sohi, Gurindar S. Spector, Alfred Z. Spinrad, Robert J. Sproull, Robert Fletcher
Stallman, Richard Matthew
Steele, Jr., Guy L. Stonebraker, Michael Sudan, Madhu Sutherland, Ivan Edward Tapia, Richard A. Tardos, Eva Tarjan, Robert Endre Thacker, Charles P. Thompson, Kenneth
Lane Tomlin, Claire J. Ullman, Jeffrey D. van Dam, Andries Vardi, Moshe Y. Viterbi, Andrew J. von Neumann, John Warnock, John E. Widom, Jennifer Wigderson, Avi Wilkes, Maurice Vincent Wing, Jeannette M. Wirth, Niklaus Wladawsky-Berger,
Irving Wolf, Jack Keil Wulf, William Allan Yao, Andrew Chi-Chih Yelick, Katherine A. Zhang, Ya-Qin Back to Subject Index
Economics Aaron, Henry Jacob Abramovitz, Moses Abreu, Dilip J. Acemoglu, K. Daron Ackley, Hugh Gardner Adelman, Irma Glicman Adelman, Morris Albert
Aghion, Philippe Akerlof, George Arthur Alchian, Armen Albert Alesina, Alberto Alexander, Sidney Stuart Altonji, Joseph G. Alvarez, Fernando E. Amemiya, Takeshi
Andrews, Donald Wilfrid Kao
Angell, James Waterhouse
Angrist, Joshua David Araujo, Aloisio Arellano, Manuel Arrow, Kenneth Joseph Ashenfelter, Orley Clark
Athey, Susan C. Atkinson, Anthony
Barnes Auerbach, Alan Jeffrey Autor, David H. Ayres, Ian Bach, George Leland Bagge, Gosta Adolfsson
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Baker, George Pierce (1903-1995)
Baldwin, Robert Edward Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak Barro, Robert Joseph Bator, Francis Michael Baumol, William Jack Becker, Gary Stanley Bell, David Elliott Benabou, Roland J.M. Bergson, Abram Bernanke, Ben S. Bernheim, B. Douglas Berry, Steven T. Bertrand, Marianne Besley, Timothy J. Bewley, Truman Fassett Bhagwati, Jagdish
Natwarlal Binmore, Kenneth
George Bishop, Robert Lyle Bissell, Jr., Richard
Mervin Black, Duncan Black, John Donald Blanchard, Olivier Blinder, Alan Stuart Bloom, David Elliot Bloom, Nicholas Blundell, Richard Bolton, Patrick Bonbright, James
Cummings Boulding, Kenneth Ewart Bowles, Samuel S. Bresnahan, Timothy Brimmer, Andrew Felton Brock III , William Allen Bronfenbrenner, Martin Brown, Donald Jerome Brown, Douglass Vincent Brown, Edgar Cary Brown, James Douglas Bruno, Michael Peter Buchanan, James McGill
Bullock, Charles Jesse Bulow, Jeremy Israel Burbank, Harold
Hitchings Burns, Arthur Frank Caballero, Ricardo J. Cairncross, Alexander
Kirkland Calkins, Robert DeBlois Calvo, Guillermo A. Camerer, Colin F. Campbell, John Y. Card, David E. Carey, Henry Charles Carver, Thomas Nixon Case, Anne C. Cass, David Cassel, Gustav (Karl
Gustav) Castle, Emery Neal Caves, Richard Earl Chamberlain, Gary E. Chamberlin, Edward
Hastings Chen, Xiaohong Chenery, Hollis Burnley Chernozhukov, Victor Chetty, Raj Chevalier, Judith Chipman, John Somerset Cipolla, Carlo Manlio Clark, John Bates Clark, John Maurice Clawson, Marion Clay, Henry Coale, Ansley Johnson Coase, Ronald Harry Coate, Stephen T. Cooper, Richard Newell Cosio Villegas, Daniel Crawford, John Grenfell Crawford, Vincent Paul Crowther, Geoffrey Crum, William Leonard Cunningham, William
James
Currie, Janet M. Cutler, David Daniels, Winthrop More Danziger, Sheldon H. Dasgupta, Partha Sarathi David, Paul Allan Davis, Lance Edwin Day, Edmund Ezra Deaton, Angus Stewart Debreu, Gerard Dekel, Eddie Demange, Gabrielle Demsetz, Harold Denison, Edward Fulton Dewatripont, Mathias Dewey, Davis Rich Dewhurst, James Frederic Dewing, Arthur Stone Diamond, Douglas W. Diamond, Peter Arthur Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos
Federico Diermeier, Daniel Dixit, Avinash Kamalakar Domar, Evsey David Donohue III, John J. Dorfman, Robert Dornbusch, Rudiger Douglas, Paul Howard Downs, Anthony Dreze, Jacques H. Duffie, Darrell Duflo, Esther Dunbar, Charles Franklin Dunlop, John Thomas Durlauf, Steven Neil Easterlin, Richard Ainley Eaton, Jonathan Eberly, Janice Caryl Ebersole, John Franklin Eckstein, Otto Eichenbaum, Martin
Stewart Eichengreen, Barry Einaudi, Luigi Einav, Liran
Eisner, Robert Ellis, Howard Sylvester Ellison, Glenn Engle, Robert Fry Enthoven, Alain Charles Epstein, Larry G. Fabricant, Solomon Fairchild, Fred Rogers Fama, Eugene F. Farnam, Henry Walcott Fehr, Ernst Feldstein, Martin Stuart Fellner, William John Fetter, Frank Albert Finkelstein, Amy Fischer, Stanley Fisher, Franklin Marvin Fisher, Irving Fogel, Robert William Freeman, Harold Adolph Freeman, Ralph Evans Freeman, Richard B. French, Kenneth R. Frenkel, Jacob Aharon Friedman, Benjamin M. Friedman, Milton Frisch, Ragnar Anton
Kittil Fryer, Jr., Roland G. Fuchs, Victor Robert Fudenberg, Drew Furniss, Edgar
Stephenson Galbraith, John Kenneth Gale, David Gay, Edwin Francis Geanakoplos, John Gentzkow, Matthew Georgescu-Roegen,
Nicholas Gerschenkron, Alexander
Pavlovich Gertler, Mark Gibbons, Robert S. Gilboa, Itzhak Ginzberg, Eli
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Glaeser, Edward Ludwig Goldberg, Pinelopi K. Goldberger, Arthur
Stanley Goldin, Claudia Dale Goldman, Marshall Irwin Goodrich, Carter Lyman Gopinath, Gita Gordon, Kermit Gordon, Lincoln Gordon, Robert Aaron Gordon, Robert James Gordon, Roger H. Gorman, William Moore
(Terrence) Grandmont, Jean-Michel Granger, Clive William
John Green, Jerry Richard Greenstone, Michael Greif, Avner Griliches, Hirsh Zvi Grossman, Gene M. Grossman, Sanford Jay Groves, Jr., Theodore
Francis Gruber, Jonathan Guesnerie, Roger Sylvani
Maxime Auguste Guyer, Jane I. Haavelmo, Trygve
Magnus Haberler, Gottfried Hadley, Arthur Twining Hagen, Everett Einar Hahn, Frank Horace Haig, Robert Murray Hall, Robert Ernest Halm, George Nikolaus Hamilton, Earl Jefferson Hansen, Lars Peter Harberger, Arnold Carl Harris, Seymour Edwin Harsanyi, John Charles Hart, Oliver Simon
D’Arcy
Hart, Sergiu Hausman, Daniel Murray Hawtrey, Ralph George Hayashi, Fumio Heady, Earl Orel Heckman, James Joseph Heller, Walter Wolfgang Hellwig, Martin F. Helpman, Elhanan Henderson, Rebecca M. Henderson, Vivian
Wilson Hendry, David Forbes Hicks, John Richard Hildenbrand, Werner Hirschman, Albert Otto Hirshleifer, Jack Hitch, Charles Johnston Holmstrom, Bengt
Robert Hortacsu, Ali Houthakker, Hendrik
Samuel Hoynes, Hilary W. Hunt, Bishop Carleton Hurwicz, Leonid Imbens, Guido W. Isard, Walter Jackson, Matthew O. Johnson, David Gale Johnson, Harry Gordon Jones, Charles I. Jones, Ronald Winthrop Jorgenson, Dale Weldeau Joskow, Paul Lewis Jovanovic, Boyan Judd, Kenneth L. Kahn, Alfred Edward Kalai, Ehud Kaldor (Lord), Nicholas Kantorovich, Leonid
Vitaljevich Katona, George Katz, Lawrence Frances Kaysen, Carl Kemmerer, Edwin Walter
Keynes, John Maynard Kindleberger, Charles
Poor King, Mervyn Klein, Lawrence Robert Klemperer, Paul David Klenow, Peter J. Kneese, Allen Victor Knight, Frank Hyneman Koopmans, Tjalling
Charles Kornai, Janos Kortum, Samuel S. Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Kravis, Irving Bernard Kremer, Michael Kreps, David Marc Kreps, Juanita Morris Krueger, Alan Krueger, Anne Osborn Krugman, Paul Robin Kuh, Edwin Kuhn, Harold William Kuznets, Simon Smith La Ferrara, Eliana La Laffont, Jean-Jacques
Marcel Laibson, David I. Lake, Wilfred Stanley Lampman, Robert James Lancaster, Kelvin John Landsberg, Hans Herman Laroque, Guy Lazear, Edward Paul Leamer, Edward Emery Ledyard, John Odell Lee, Ronald Demos Leontief, Wassily
Wassilyovitch Lerner, Abba Ptachya Levin, Jonathan Levitt, Steven Lewis, Ben William Lewis, Harold Gregg Lewis, William Arthur Lindbeck, Assar
Lintner, John Virgil List, John A. Lo, Andrew W. Loewenstein, George Loury, Glenn C. Lucas, Jr., Robert
Emerson Lundberg, Erik Filip MacAvoy, Paul Webster Machina, Mark Joseph Machlup, Fritz Maclaurin, William
Rupert Maddison, Angus Mailath, George J. Malinvaud, Edmond Malmendier, Ulrike Mankiw, N. Gregory Manne, Alan Sussman Mansfield, Edwin Manski, Charles
Frederick Markowitz, Harry M. Marschak, Jacob Marshall, Alfred Marshall, Leon Carroll Mas-Colell, Andreu Maskin, Eric Stark Mason, Edward
Sagendorph Masse, Pierre Matthews, Robert Charles
Oliver Matzkin, Rosa L. McCrea, Roswell Cheney McFadden, Daniel Little McKenzie, Lionel Wilfred McLaren, Walter Wallace McNair, Malcolm Perrine Meade, James Edward Meghir, Konstantinos
E.D. Melitz, Marc J. Mellor, John Williams Meriam, Richard
Stockton
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Merton, Robert Cox Metzler, Lloyd Appleton Meyer, John Robert Milgrom, Paul Robert Miller, Merton Howard Millikan, Max Franklin Millis, Harry Alvin Mills, Frederick Cecil Mincer, Jacob Mirrlees, James
Alexander Mitchell, Wesley Clair Modigliani, Franco Moffitt, Robert A. Mokyr, Joel Monroe, Arthur Eli Moore, John Hardman Morgan, James Newton Morgenstern, Oskar Morishima, Michio Morris, Stephen Edward Mortensen, Dale T. Moulton, Harold Glenn Mullainathan, Sendhil Mundell, Robert
Alexander Murnane, Richard J. Murphy, Kevin M. Musgrave, Richard Abel Myers, Charles Andrew Myerson, Roger B. Myrdal, Karl Gunnar Nakamura, Emi Neal, Alfred Clarence Nelson, Richard
Robinson Nerlove, Marc Leon Newey, Whitney K. Newhouse, Joseph Paul Nickell, Stephen Nordhaus, William D. North, Douglass Cecil Nourse, Edwin Griswold Nurkse, Ragnar Obstfeld, Maurice Ohkawa, Kazushi
Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard Oi, Walter Yasuo Okun, Arthur Melvin Olson, Jr., Mancur Lloyd Padron, Eduardo J. Pakes, Ariel Palfrey, Thomas R. Parker, William Nelson Pathak, Parag A. Patinkin, Don Paton, William Andrew Paxson, Christina Hull Pearce, David G. Pechman, Joseph Aaron Perloff, Harvey Stephen Persons, Warren Milton Persson, Torsten Pesendorfer, Wolfgang Phelps, Edmund Strother Phillips, Peter Charles
Bonest Piazzesi, Monika Pigou, Arthur Cecil Plott, Charles Raymond Polasky, A. Stephen Pollak, Robert A. Porter, Robert Hugh Postan, Michael Moissey Postlewaite, Andrew Poterba, James Michael Powell, James L. Pratt, John Winsor Prebisch, Raul Prescott, Edward C. Quandt, Richard Emeric Rabin, Matthew Radner, Roy Raiffa, Howard Rajan, Raghuram G. Ramey, Valerie A. Ray, Debraj Rees, Albert Everett Reischauer, Robert D. Reiter, Stanley Reny, Philip J. Rey, Helene
Reynolds, Lloyd George Ripley, William Zebina Rist, Charles Rivlin, Alice Mitchell Robbins (Baron Robbins
of Clare Market), Lionel Charles
Roberts, D. John (Donald John)
Robertson, Dennis Holme
Robinson, Joan Violet Maurice
Rogoff, Kenneth Saul Romer, Christina D. Romer, David Romer, Paul Michael Roorbach, George Byron Rose, Nancy L. Rosen, Sherwin Rosenberg, Nathan Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul
Narcyz Rosenzweig, Mark Rosovsky, Henry Ross, Stephen Alan Rostow, Walt Whitman Roth, Alvin Eliot Rothschild, Michael Rubinfeld, Daniel Lee Rubinstein, Ariel Ruggles, Clyde Orval Ruttan, Vernon Wesley Saari, Donald Gene Sachs, Jeffrey David Saez, Emmanuel Saltykov, Boris
Georgievich Samuelson, Larry Samuelson, Paul Anthony Sanders, Thomas Henry Sargan, John Denis Sargent, Thomas John Satterthwaite, Mark A. Sauvy, Alfred Scarf, Herbert Eli
Schapiro, Morton Owen Scheinkman, Jose
Alexandre Schelling, Thomas
Crombie Schmalensee, Richard Lee Schmeidler, David Scholes, Myron S. Schuh, George Edward Schultz, Theodore
William Schultze, Charles Louis Schumpeter, Joseph Alois Schwartz, Anna J. Scitovsky, Tibor Segal, Ilya R. Selten, Reinhard Sen, Amartya Kumar Shannon, Chris Shapiro, Eli Shaw, Edward Stone Sheshinski, Eytan Shiller, Robert James Shimer, Robert J. Shleifer, Andrei Shoven, John B. Shubik, Martin Shultz, George Pratt Simon, Herbert
Alexander Sims, Christopher Albert Smith, Vernon Lomax Smithies, Arthur Snyder, Carl Sobel, Joel Sokoloff, Kenneth L. Solow, Robert Merton Sombart, Werner Sonnenschein, Hugo
Freund Spence, Andrew Michael Spengler, Joseph John Sprague, Oliver Mitchell
Wentworth
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Srinivasan, Thirukodikaval Nilakanta
Stein, Herbert Stein, Jeremy C. Stern, Nicholas H. Stigler, George Joseph Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Stock, James H. Stokey, Nancy L. Stone, John Richard
Nicholas Summers, Lawrence H. Summers, Robert Svensson, Lars E. O. Tabellini, Guido Taft, Philip Taft-Morris, Cynthia Taussig, Frank William Taylor, John Brian Temin, Peter
Thaler, Richard H. Theil, Henri Thorp, Willard Long Thurow, Lester Carl Tinbergen, Jan Tirole, Jean Marcel Tobin, James Tosdal, Harry Rudolph Townsend, Robert Morris Triffin, Robert Tucker, Donald Skeele Tullock, Gordon Udry, Christopher R. Usher, Abbott Payson Uzawa, Hirofumi Varian, Hal Ronald Vernon, Raymond Vickrey, William Spencer Viner, Jacob Vishny, Robert W. Volcker, Paul A.
von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Carl Christian
Walker, Francis Amasa Wallace, Neil Ward (Lady Jackson),
Barbara Watson, Mark W. Weidenbaum, Murray L. Weitzman, Martin
Levinger Welch, Finis R. Wells, David Ames Werning, Iván Whinston, Michael D. White, Jr., Halbert Lynn Whitehead, Thomas
North Whitman, Marina von
Neumann Williams, John Henry
Williamson, Oliver Eaton Willits, Joseph Henry Wilson, Robert Butler Wolinsky, Asher Wolman, Leo Woodford, Michael Wright, Gavin Yaari, Menachem Eliahu Yellen, Janet Louise Yntema, Theodore Otte Young, Allyn Abbott Young, H. Peyton Zeckhauser, Richard Jay Zellner, Arnold Zingales, Luigi G. Back to Subject Index
Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Abbot, Joseph Hale Abbott, Jonathan C. Adams, Jasper Adams, Jr., Frederick
Baldwin Ahearne, John Francis Alexander, Elizabeth Alexander, John David Al-Lail, Haifa Reda Jamal Allen, Paul Gardner Allen, William Allison, Jr., Graham T. Alter, Chester M. Altman, Drew E. Altshuler, David Matthew Amos, Valerie A.
Anastos, Rosemary Park Anderson, Lisa Andreae, Meinrat O. Andrews, William Turell Angell, James Burrill Angell, James Rowland Annan (Lord), Noel
Gilroy Annenberg, Leonore Aoun, Joseph E. Appleton, Jesse Armstrong, Rodney Arnon, Ruth Astor, Brooke Russell Austin, Wanda M. Ausubel, Jesse Huntley Bacow, Lawrence S. Bai, Chunli Baker, William Franklin Baldwin, Roger Nash Ballard, Robert D. Barker, Joseph Warren Barnard, Frederick
Augustus Porter
Barnard, James Munson Bates, Joshua Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Beatley, Bancroft Belden, Charles Francis
Dorr Benitez, Jaime Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Bennet, Jr., Douglas
Joseph Berdahl, Robert M. Berger-Sweeney, Joanne Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen Berman, Mandell (Bill)
Leslie Berne, Robert Berresford, Susan Vail Beutner, Austin M. Bissell, Claude Thomas Block, Gene D. Bond, William Henry Bono [see also Paul David
Hewson] Borda, Deborah A.
Boren, David L. Botstein, Leon Bottomly, H. Kim Bowen, William Gordon Boyd, Willard Lee Boyer, Ernest LeRoy Bren, Donald Breslauer, George W. Brim, Jr., Orville Gilbert Brimmer, Martin Broad, Edythe L. Brody, William Ralph Bronk, Detlev Wulf Broun, Elizabeth Brown, John Carter Brown, Lawrence David Brown, Samuel Gilman Bryant, Douglas Wallace Bunch III, Lonnie G. Burdell, Edwin Sharp Burhoe, Ralph Wendell Burkhardt, Frederick
Henry Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Butterfield, Victor Lloyd Cabot, Louis Campbell, Colin Goetze Campbell, Mary Schmidt Cantor, Nancy E. Carnesale, Albert Carter, Franklin Case, Harold Claude Case, Jean N. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Casteen III, John T. Chamberlain, Mellen Chapin, Schuyler
Garrison Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Cheetham, Anthony K. Chobanian, Aram V. Christ, Carol Tecla Christ-Janer, Arland
Frederick Cigarroa, Francisco G. Claflin, Jr., William Henry Clap, Elisha Clapp, Margaret
Antoinette Clark, William Smith Cleave, Mary Louise Cockrell, Ernest H. Cogswell, Joseph Green Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Cohon, Jared Leigh Cole, Charles Woolsey Cole, Johnnetta Betsch Coleman, Mary Sue Coles, James Stacy Collar, William Coe Colwell, Rita R. Compton, Spencer
Joshua Alwyne, Marquis of Northampton
Comstock (Mrs. Wallace Notestein), Ada Louise
Conarroe, Joel Osborne Conway, Gordon Richard Conway, Jill Ker
Córdova, France A. Corson, Dale Raymond Cotsen, Lloyd Cousens, John Albert Cowen, Scott Stephen Crawford, John Grenfell Crown, James S. Cummings, John Cuno, James Curran, James W. Dachs, Lauren B. Dale, Harvey P. Danforth, William Henry Daniel, D. Ronald Daniels, Jr., Mitchell E. Daniels, Ronald J. Davis, Karen Day, Jeremiah de Montebello, Philippe
Lannes (Guy-Philippe Lannes)
Dearborn, Benjamin Decatur, Sean M. DeGioia, John J. Desmond-Hellmann,
Susan Diamond, Irene Dickerman, Leah Dickey, John Sloan Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Dirks, Nicholas B. Dixwell, Epes Sargent Djerejian, Edward P. Dodds, Harold Willis Dolan, Jill Dollard, Charles Downing, James R. Drake, Michael Vincent Druick, Douglas Duderstadt, James
Johnson Dunn, Mary Maples Dwight, Timothy (1752-
1817) Dzau, Victor J. Eames, Wilberforce
Edwards, Mickey H. Edwards, Robert H. Eisenhower, Milton Stover Eisgruber, Christopher L. Eliot, Charles William Eliot, Samuel Atkins Ell, Carl Stephens Erlandson, Jon McVey Evans, Eli Nachamson Evans, Luther Harris Everett, William Falco, Mathea Falk, Adam F. Fanton, Jonathan F. Farley, Katherine G. Faulkner, Larry Ray Faust, Clarence Henry Feeney, Charles Francis Fergusson, Frances Daly Field, William Lusk
Webster Fins, Joseph J. Fishkin, James Fleming, Robben Wright Folsom, Charles Forbes, Allyn Bailey Francis, Frank Chalton Francis, Norman C. Freedman, James Oliver Frenk, Julio Freund, Hans-Joachim Friday, William Clyde Frohnmayer, David
Braden Fuchs, W. Kent Fuess, Claude Moore Fuller, Gerald G. Futter, Ellen Victoria Gagosian, Robert Berj Gaither, Jr., Horace
Rowan Gallucci, Robert L. Gamoran, Adam Gannett, Caleb Garber, Alan M. Gardner, David Pierpont
Gardner, John William Gates, Jr., Theaster Gates, Melinda French Gates, Robert Michael Gates, Sr., William H. Gaudiani, Claire Lynn Gebbie, Katharine
Blodgett Gerberding, William P. Gilliland, Gary Gilman, Daniel Coit Glennan, Thomas Keith Goheen, Robert F. Golden, Sibyl R. Goldmark, Jr., Peter Carl Goldstein, Matthew Goodwin, Daniel Raynes Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Gould, Sr., Benjamin
Apthorp Graham, Frank Porter Graham, Patricia Albjerg Granick, Steve Grantham, R. Jeremy Gray, Hanna Holborn Greene, Jerome Davis Greene, Roger Sherman Greenwood, M.R.C. Gregg, Alan Gregorian, Vartan Griswold, Alfred Whitney Gund, Agnes Gundersheimer, Werner
Leonard Gupta, Rajat Kumar Haas, Robert D. Habib, Adam M. Haddock, Charles Bricket Hajjar, David P. Hale, Samuel Hamilton, Lee Herbert Hanlon, Philip J. Haroche, Serge Hatch, Nathan Orr Hauser, Rita Eleanor Heald, Henry Townley
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Healy, Timothy Stafford Heard, Alexander
(George Alexander) Heckman, Timothy M. Heckscher, August Heintz, Stephen B. Heinz, Teresa F. Heldin, Carl-Henrik Heller, Elinor Raas Hellman, Frances Herman, Richard H. Hernandez, Antonia Hesburgh, Theodore
Martin Hewitt, Jacqueline Hewlett, Walter Berry Hewson (see also Bono),
Paul David Hexter, Ralph J. Heyman, Ira Michael Heyns, Roger William Hirano Inouye, Irene A. Y. Hodges, Nathaniel Dana
Carlile Holland, Jerome
Heartwell Hollis (aka Brand-Hollis),
Thomas Brand Holloway, Jonathan S. Hopkins, Ernest Martin Hopkins, Mark Hopper, W. David
(William David) Horne, Marilyn Horowitz, Frances Degen Howard (Duke of
Norfolk), Bernard Edward
Howe II, Harold Hrabowski III, Freeman
Alphonsa Humphrey, Heman Ibargüen, Alberto Ikenberry, Stanley Oliver Indyk, Martin Sean Isaacson, Walter
Jackson, William Alexander
Jaim Etcheverry, Guillermo
Jefferson, Howard Bonar Jenkins, John I. Jewett, Charles Coffin Johnson, Howard Wesley Johnson, Paula A. Jones, Alex S. Jones, Robert J. Jose (Marquis de Santa
Cruz), de Silva-Bazan Joachin
Kaler, Eric William Katehi, Linda P.B. Katz, Stanley Nider Kavli, Fred Kean, Thomas H. Keasling, Jay D. Keeney, Barnaby Conrad Keller, Michael A. Kellogg, Paul Kelly, Regis B. Keohane, Nannerl
Overholser Kerr, Clark Kessler, David Aaron Khosla, Pradeep K. Killian, Jr., James Rhyne Kim, Jim Yong Kirby, William Kirk, Grayson Louis Kirkland, John Thornton Kirwan II, William
English Knapp, Steven Knowles, Asa Smallidge Koblik, Steven S. Kraft, Robert K. Kreidler, Robert Neil Krens, Thomas Kurin, Richard Lane, William Coolidge Lansing, Sherry Lee Lariviere, Richard W.
Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa J. LeClerc, Paul Lee, Ho-Wang Leebron, David W. Lefavour, Henry Legend, John Leshner, Alan Irvin Levi, Edward Hirsch Levin, Richard Charles Levine, Arthur Elliott Levy, Reynold Lewis, Earl Linde, Edward H. Linde, Ronald Lo, Andrew W. Loh, Wallace D. Lord, Milton Edward Loring, Charles Greely
(1828-1902) Lowell, Abbott Lawrence Lozano, Monica Cecilia Lupton, Ellen Lurie, Ann Lust, Reimar Lyman, Richard Wall MacGregor, Neil Madison, James Magidor, Menachem Mahoney, Margaret
Ellerbe Malcom, Shirley Mahaley Mandel, Morton L. Margulies, Donald Marrett, Cora Bagley Marsh, Daniel Lash Martin, Carolyn A. Martinez-Maldonado,
Manuel Marx, Anthony W. Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Mather, Jean Paul Mays, Benjamin Elijah McBride, Katharine
Elizabeth McCarter, Jr., John W. McCormack, Elizabeth J.
McCormack, Jr., James McGill, William James McIntosh, Millicent
Carey McPherson, Mary
Patterson McPherson, Michael S. McRobbie, Michael A. Mead, Dana G. Meadows, Jr., Curtis W. Mellon, Paul Mendelsohn, John Mendenhall II, Thomas
Corwin Merrill, Jr., Charles
Edward Metcalf, Keyes DeWitt Miles, Solomon Pearson Millard, Robert Brian Miller, Richard K. Moe, Henry Allen Moeser, James Monaco, Anthony P. Monro, John Usher Moody, Samuel Mori, Wataru Mote, Jr., C. Dan
(Clayton Daniel) Müllen, Klaus A. Muller, Steven Munitz, Barry Murayama, Hitoshi Murphy, Franklin David Mwaikambo, Esther D. Napolitano, Janet A. Neaves, William Barlow Neilson, Eric G. Newton, Jr., James Quigg Niehrs, Christof Nikias, Chrysostomos L.
Max Nurse, Paul Maxime O’Donnell, Peter Okita, Saburo O’Meara, Onorato
Timothy
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Omidyar, Pierre Orr, Susan Packard Osher, Barbro Sachs Osher, Bernard Oxtoby, David W. Pace, Jr., Frank Packard, Alpheus Spring
(1798-1884) Packard, David Woodley Packard, Julie E. Padron, Eduardo J. Paine, Jr., Robert Treat Paine, Susan Woods Pal, Yash Palacios, Alfredo Lorenzo Pardes, Herbert Park, William Edgar Parrish, John A. Paxson, Christina Hull Pearson, Eliphalet Peltason, Jack Walter Perkins, James Alfred Pfeiffer, Heinrich Pifer, Alan Jay Parrish Pings, Cornelius John Piotrovskiy, Mikhail
Borisovich Polisi, Joseph William Poorvu, William James Porter, Noah Powell Jobs, Laurene Price, Hugh B. Pritchett, Henry Smith Pritzker, Thomas J. Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Pusey, Nathan Marsh Putnam, Herbert (George
Herbert) Pynchon, Thomas
Ruggles Raab, Jennifer J. Rabinowitch, Victor Ramphele, Mamphela
Aletta Randel, Don Michael
Rankin, Mary Ann Ranney, George Rapson, Richard W. Rawlings III, Hunter
Ripley Read (Sister Joel Read),
Joel Reif, L. Rafael Reinharz, Jehuda Reischauer, Robert D. Resnick, Lauren B. Rhodes, Frank Harold
Trevor Richardson, Louise M. Richardson, William C. Rimel, Rebecca W. Rimel, Rebecca W. Ripley, Sidney Dillon Rockefeller, Sharon Percy Rogers, Jr., John
Washington Rogers, Rutherford David Rogers, Theodore C. Rose, Joanna Semel Rosenberg, Pierre Max Rosenzweig, Robert
Myron Rotch, Arthur Grinnell Rothman, Paul B. Rowe, John W. Rubenstein, David M. Rudenstine, Neil L. Rupp, George Erik Rutter, Deborah F. Sachar, Abram Leon Sainsbury (Lord
Sainsbury of Turville), David John
Salomon, Richard Salovey, Peter Saltonstall, William
Gurdon Samper, Cristián T. Sample, Steven Browning Sandler, Herbert M. Sant, Roger W.
Sant, Victoria P. Santirocco, Matthew S. Sarabhai, Vikram
Ambalal Sawyer, John Edward Saxon, David Stephen Schäfer, Peter Schapiro, Morton Owen Schmidt, Jr., Benno
Charles Schoenfeld, Gerald Schupf, Sara Lee Scott, Donald Sears, Barnas Seaver, Edwin Pliny Seligman, Joel Sepulveda, Jaime Serageldin, Ismail Serota, Nicholas A. Sexton, John Edward Seymour, Charles Shackleton, Robert Shapiro, Harold Tafler Shapiro, Judith R. Shattuck, Henry Lee Shattuck, John Shaw, William Smith Sherwin, Thomas Shi, Yang Shih, Choon Fong Shulman, Lee S. Shuster, George Nauman Sibley, John Langdon Simmons, Adele Smith Simmons, Ruth J. Sizer, Theodore Ryland Skorton, David J. Slaughter, John Brooks Smith, Charles Card Snyder, Joseph Julien Snyderman, Ralph J. Spar, Debora L. Spaulding, Helen
Bowdoin Speyer, Jerry I. Sproull, Robert Lamb
Stamas, Stephen Starr, S. Frederick
(Stephen Frederick) Stavridis, James Stearns, William
Augustus Sterk, Claire E. Sterling, John Ewart
Wallace Stevenson, William
Edwards Stewart, Donald Mitchell Stiles, Ezra Stonesifer, Patty (Patricia
Q.) Strider, Robert Edward
Lee Sullivan, Louis Wade Sullivan, Teresa A. Sutherland, Lucy Stuart Swensen, David Frederick Tate, Vernon Dale Taylor, Francis Henry Thomas, Franklin
Augustine Thomas, Sarah Elizabeth Thomson, Keith S. Thwing, Charles Franklin Tillinghast, Nicholas Tisch, Wilma Stein Trachtenberg, Stephen
Joel Train, Russell Errol Tyson, Laura D’Andrea Ubiñas, Luis A. Vest, Charles M. Volpe, Mark Voss, John Vousden, Karen H. Wagner, James Warren Walker, Darren Walker, Darren Wallis, Wilson Allen Walsh, Diana Chapman Wanner, H. Eric Waterbury, John
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Wayland, Francis Weaver, Warren Webber, Samuel Weber, Arnold Robert Weinberg, Adam D. Weiss, Paul Storch Wells, Herman B. Wessell, Nils Yngve Wexner, Leslie H. Wharton, Jr., Clifton
Reginald White, Andrew Dickson
Whitehill, Walter Muir Wigglesworth, Edward
(1804-1876) Willard, Joseph Williams, David Glyndwr
Tudor Williams, Eddie Nathan Williams, Ronald A. Wilson, John Todd Wilson, Owen Meredith Winthrop, James
Wise, Phyllis M. Wolfle, Dael Lee Wolstenholme, Gordon
Ethelbert Ward Wood, James Nowell Woolsey, Theodore
Dwight Wright, James Edward Wriston, Henry Merritt Wroth, Lawrence
Counselman Xie, Xide
Yamada, Tadataka Young, Charles Edward Young, Robert Yudof, Mark George Zajfman, Daniel Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Zimmer, Robert J. Back to Subject Index
Engineering and Technology Abbot, Henry Larcom Abernathy, Frederick
Henry Abriola, Linda Marie Abron, Lilia A. Achenbach, Jan Drewes Acrivos, Andreas Adams, Comfort Avery Adler, Richard Brooks Agrawal, Rakesh Aldridge, Jr., Edward
(Pete) Cleveland Alexander, Ben Al-Hinai, Hilal Ali Amundson, Neal Russell Anderson, John Leonard Anseth, Kristi S. Antoniadis, Dimitri A. Aris, Rutherford Arnold, Frances
Hamilton Ashby, Michael Farries Ashley, Holt Astin, Allen Varley Aubry, Nadine Austin, Wanda M. Baddour, Raymond
Frederick Bai, Chunli
Baird, Walter Scott Bajcsy, Ruzena Baker, Benjamin Baldwin, George
Rumford Baldwin, James Fowle Baldwin, Jr., Loammi Baldwin, Loammi Balluffi, Robert Weierter Barnhart, Cynthia Barrow, Wilmer Lanier Barrows, Harold Kilbrith Baruch, Jordan Jay Batchelder, John
Montgomery Bates, Frank S. Bazant, Zdenek P. Bechtel, Jr., Stephen
Davison Behrend, Bernard Arthur Belcher, Angela M. Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, C. Gordon (Chester
Gordon) Belytschko, Ted Bement, Jr., Arden Lee Beranek, Leo Leroy Berry, Charles Harold Bessemer, Henry Bever, Michael Berliner Bhatia, Sangeeta N. Bienenstock, Arthur I. Billington, David Perkins
Biot, Maurice Anthony Bird, Robert Byron Birnbaum, Howard Kent Bisplinghoff, Raymond
Lewis Bixby, William Herbert Blackmond, Donna Gail Blake, Francis Bode, Hendrik Wade Bomford, George Borden, Simeon Bose, Amar Gopal Boudart, Michel Bowen, Harvey Kent Bowles, Edward Lindley Bowles, Francis Tiffany Boyce, Mary
Cunningham Boyden, Uriah Atherton Brady, John F. Brenner, Howard Bridges, William Bruce Brinker, C. Jeffrey Brown, Gordon Stanley Brown, Robert Arthur Brunel, Marc Isambard
(Sir) Brush, Charles Francis Bryson, Jr., Arthur Earl Buckley, Oliver Ellsworth Budiansky, Bernard Buhrman, Robert Alan
Burgers, Johannes Martinus
Burns, Ursula M. Burr, William Hubert Bush, Vannevar Cabot, William Brooks Cahn, John Werner Caldwell, Samuel Hawks Caligny, Anatole François
Hüe, Marquis de Campbell, George Ashley Cannon, Jr., Robert
Hamilton Carlson, Chester Floyd Carrier, George Francis Carroll, Michael M. Carter, Emily Ann Carty, John Joseph Casagrande, Arthur Chakraborty, Arup K. Chalmers, Bruce Chandrakasan, Anantha P. Channing, William
Francis Chaplin, Winfield Scott Chen, Gang Chenea, Paul Franklin Chien, Shu Chipman, John Cho, Alfred Yi Chow, Ven Te Chowdhry, Uma Chu, Lan Jen
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Clarke, Edmund Melson Clarke, Eliot Channing Clauser, Francis
Hettinger Clauser, Milton Ure Clifford, Harry Ellsworth Clifton, Rodney James Clough, Gerald Wayne Cochrane, Edward Lull Cohen, Morris Cohen, Robert E. Collins, James Joseph Colombo, Giuseppe Colwell, Robert P. Comstock, Cyrus Ballou Cook, Paul Maxwell Corrsin, Stanley Cottrell, Alan Howard Craighill, William Price Crandall, Stephen Harry Cross, Hardy Cullum, George
Washington Currie, Malcolm
Roderick Dahl, Norman Christian Dahl, Otto Gustav
Colbiornsen Danckwerts, Peter Victor Davenport, Jr., Wilbur
Bayley David, Jr., Edward Emil Davis, Arthur Powell Dawes, Chester Laurens de Forest, Alfred Victor de Pablo, Juan José de Vitry d’Avaucourt,
Raoul Joseph Marie Dean, Mark E. Debenedetti, Pablo
Gaston Delafield, Richard Den Hartog, Jacob Pieter Denn, Morton Mace Dewey, Bradley Dhawan, Satish
Dietz, Albert George Henry
Dillon, Theodore Harwood
d’Ocagne, Maurice Dodge, Barnett Fred Doerr, John Dolby, Ray Milton Draper, Charles Stark Drinker, Philip Drucker, Daniel Charles Dumesic, James Anthony Dunn, Gano Sillick Durand, William
Frederick Duwez, Pol Edgard Eastham, Melville Economy, James Edelman, Elazer Reuven Edgar, Charles Leavitt Edgerton, Harold Eugene Elias, Peter Eliassen, Rolf Elliott, John Frank Emelyanov, Vasily
Semenovich Emmons, Howard
Wilson Engelbart, Douglas Carl Eustis, Henry Lawrence Evans, Anthony G. Everhart, Thomas Eugene Faber, Katherine Theresa Fabre, Jean Antoine Fair, Gordon Maskew Fairbairn, William Fano, Robert Mario Fant, Gunnar Carl
Michael Farmer, Moses Gerrish Fay, Frederic Harold Fay, James Alan Ffowcs-Williams, John E. Fine, Morris Eugene Fisher, George Myles
Cordell
Fitzgerald, Desmond Flanagan, James Loton Flanigen, Edith Marie Flemings, Merton Corson Fletcher, James Chipman Floe, Carl Frederick Forney, Jr., G. David
(George David) Forrest, Stephen R. Forsen, Harold K. Fourneyron, Benoit Francis, James Bicheno Fredrickson, Glenn H. Freeman, John Ripley Freund, Lambert Ben Fritz, John Fujimoto, James G. Fuller, Gerald G. Gallager, Robert G. Gao, Huajian Garmire, Elsa Gast, Alice Petry Gatos, Harry Constantine Gaudin, Antoine Marc Georgiou, George Germain, Paul Germeshausen, Kenneth
Joseph Gharib, Morteza Gibbons, James F. Gilboy, Glennon Gilliland, Edwin Richard Ginzton, Edward
Leonard Gleiter, Herbert Glenn, Jr., John H. Glennan, Thomas Keith Glotzer, Sharon C. Goethals, George
Washington Goldenweiser
(Goldenveizer), Alexey Lvovitch
Goldmark, Peter Carl Goldstein, Arthur L. Goodman, Joseph W.
Gordon, Bernard M. Gould, Roy Walter Granick, Steve Grant, Nicholas John Gray, Paul Edward Green, Cecil Howard Greenberg, Sanford D. Guillemin, Ernst Adolph Gunness, Robert Charles Gyftopoulos, Elias
Panayiotis Haertlein, Albert Hague, James Duncan Halas, Naomi J. Hammond, John Hays Hammond, Paula T. Hampton, Delon Hanratty, Thomas Joseph Hansen, Niels Harris, Stephen Ernst Hatsopoulos, George
Nicholas Haus, Hermann Anton Haussler, David Hawthorne, William Rede Hayes, Wallace Dean Hayward, James Hazen, Harold Locke Hecker, Siegfried S. Heilmeier, George Harry Heller, Adam Hellwarth, Robert Willis Henck, John Benjamin Hennessy, John Leroy Hering, Rudolph Hess, Karl Hewlett, William
Redington Hewson, Marillyn A. Heywood, John Benjamin Hibbard, Jr., Walter Rollo Hirsch, Peter B. Hirth, John Price Hoff, Nicholas John Hofman, Heinrich Oscar Hollis, Ira Nelson
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Hollomon, John Herbert Holonyak, Jr., Nick Hooper, William Leslie Horowitz, Mark A. Hosmer, George Leonard Hottel, Hoyt Clarke Housner, George William Hovgaard, William Howe, Clarence Decatur Howell, Kathleen C. Hrones, John Anthony Hu, Evelyn L. Hughes, Hector James Hughes, Thomas J.R. Humphreys, Alexander
Crombie Humphreys, Andrew
Atkinson Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke Hutchinson, John
Woodside Hutton, Frederick
Remsen Iglesia, Enrique Ingber, Donald E. Ippen, Arthur Thomas Ippen, Erich Peter Ives, Frederic Eugene Jack, James Robertson Jackson, Dugald Caleb Jacobs, Paul E. Jacquet, Pierre Armand Jain, Rakesh K. Jamieson, Leah H. Janet, Paul Andre-Marie Jennings, Paul Christian Jensen, Klavs Flemming Jewett, Frank Baldwin Joannopoulos, John D. Joel, Jr., Amos Edward Joffre, Joseph Jacques
Cesaire Johnson, Clarence
Leonard Johnson, Lewis Jerome Jones, Robert Thomas
Jones, Thomas P. Joseph, Daniel Donald Kailath, Thomas Kaler, Eric William Kantrowitz, Arthur
Robert Kaplan, Irving Katehi, Linda P.B. Kaye, Joseph Keenan, Joseph Henry Kennelly, Arthur Edwin Kerrebrock, Jack Leo Kevrekidis, Yannis G. Khosla, Chaitan King, Thomas Burness Kingery, William David Kleinschmidt, Robert
Victor Kleman, Maurice Koiter, Warner Tjardus Kondo, Kazuo Kovasznay, Leslie
Stephen George Kramer, Edward J. Kresa, Kent Land, Edwin Herbert Landau, Ralph Langer, Jr., Robert
Samuel Lanza, Gaetano Latanision, Ronald
Michael Lauffenburger, Douglas A. Laurencin, Cato T. Law, Chung K. Lawrence, Ralph
Restieaux Laws, Frank Arthur Leal, L. Gary Leavitt, Erasmus Darwin Lee, Ann L. Lee, William Raymond Lees, Lester Leibovich, Sidney Leonard, Naomi Ehrich Lessells, John Moyes
Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de
Leussink, Hans Lévy, Maurice Lewis, Jennifer A. Liepmann, Hans
Wolfgang Lightfoot, Jr., Edwin
Niblock Linde, Ronald Linvill, John Grimes Livermore, William
Roscoe Lombardi, Luigi Low, George Michael Lucky, Robert Wendell Lumley, John Leask MacCready, Paul Beattie MacGregor, Charles
Winters Magnanti, Thomas Lee Mahan, Dennis Hart Main, Charles Thomas Majumdar, Arun Malik, Jitendra Mallouk, Thomas Mann, Robert Wellesley Marks, Lionel Simeon Marshall, William Robert Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Mason, Edward Archibald Mathews, Max Vernon Maxworthy, Tony McAdams, William
Henry McCarty, Perry Lee McClintock, Frank
Ambrose Meade, George Gordon Meindl, James Donald Meissner, Herman Paul Merrill, Edward Wilson Meyer, Adolph Mickley, Harold Somers Miller, Charles Leslie Miller, Edward Furber
Miller, Richard K. Millikan, Clark Blanchard Mills, Hiram Francis Mindlin, Raymond David Moin, Parviz Moll, John L. Moore, Gordon Earle Moreland, Edward
Leyburn Morison, George
Shattuck Morse, Samuel Finley
Breese Muller-Breslau, Heinrich
Franz Bernhard Murray, William
MacGregor Narasimha, Roddam Narayanamurti,
Venkatesh Nayar, Shree K. Needleman, Alan Nerem, Robert Michael Newmark, Nathan
Mortimore Newton, John Nikias, Chrysostomos L.
Max Nix, William Dale Noble, Alfred Norton, Arthur Edwin Norton, John Torrey Noyce, Robert Norton Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Oden, John Tinsley Olson, Gregory B. Olvera de la Cruz,
Monica Oran, Elaine S. Orowan, Egon Ortiz, Michael Ostrach, Simon Ottino, Julio Mario Panagiotopoulos,
Athanassios Z. Park, Charles Francis
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Parkin, Stuart Stephen Papworth
Parsons, William Barclay Peabody, Cecil Hobart Pearse, Langdon Peck, Ralph Brazelton Pederson, Donald Oscar Pender, Harold Penner, Stanford Solomon Peppas, Nicholas A. Perkins, Courtland Davis Perkins, Jacob Perry, William James Peters, Edward Dyer Peterson, Jr., Dean
Freeman Petroski, Henry Phillips, Julia Mae Pickard, Greenleaf
Whittier Pickering, William
Hayward Pierce, John Alvin Pierce, John Robinson Pine, David J. Piore, Emanuel Ruben Pister, Karl Stark Plummer, James D. Pollock, Allan Poncelet, Jean Victor Poor, Harold Vincent Pope, Joseph Pope, Stephen B. Prager, William Prausnitz, John Michael Probst, Emil Probstein, Ronald
Filmore Proctor, Bernard
Emerson Quake, Stephen R. Quate, Calvin Forrest Quinn, John Albert Ramo, Simon Rankine, William John
Macquorn
Rasmussen, Norman Carl Read, Nathan Reif, L. Rafael Renwick, James Rexford, Jennifer Reynolds, William Craig Rice, James Robert Richards, Robert
Hallowell Richards-Kortum,
Rebecca R. Ritchie, Edward Samuel Robinson, Denis Morrell Rockwell, Alfred Perkins Rodríguez-Iturbe, Ignacio J. Rohsenow, Warren Max Rosakis, Ares J. Rose, David John Rosenblueth, Emilio Roshko, Anatol Rouse, Hunter Ruckenstein, Eli Rüdenberg, Reinhold Ruggles, Stephen Preston Ruina, Jack Philip Russel, William Bailey Russell, Andrew
Howland Russell, George Edmond Sanders, Jr., John Lyell Sastry, Sosale Shankara
(Shankar) Satterfield, Charles
Nelson Sauveur, Albert Schowalter, William
Raymond Schwamb, Peter Scriven, L. E. (L. Edward) Seamans, Jr., Robert
Channing Sears, William Rees Sedov, Leonid Ivanovich Segalman, Rachel A. Seidman, David
Nathaniel
Seinfeld, John Hersh Sellers, William Shank, Charles Vernon Shannon, Claude Elwood Shapiro, Ascher Herman Shaw, Milton Clayton Shechtman, Dan Sherwood, Thomas
Kilgore Shih, Choon Fong Shuler, Michael Louis Siegman, Anthony
Edward Simon, Leslie Earl Sims, William Sowden Slepian, David Smith, Cyril Stanley Smith, Henry I. Smullin, Louis Dijour Smyth, Henry Lloyd Socolow, Robert Harry Soderberg, C. Richard
(Carl Richard) Spanos, Pol D. Spencer, Anthony James
Merrill Spencer, Percy LeBaron Spofford, Charles Milton Sprague, Robert
Chapman Squires, Arthur Morton Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. Stata, Raymond Stuart Stearns, Frederic Pike Steinmetz, Charles
Proteus Stephanopoulos, George Stephenson, Robert Sternberg, Eli Stevens, John Frank Stevens, Kenneth Noble Stever, Horton Guyford Stodola, Aurel Boleslav Stone, Howard A. Stone, John Stone Storrow, Charles Storer
Streetman, Ben Garland Stupp, Samuel I. Sullivan, John Langdon Suresh, Subra Sussman, Gerald Jay Swain, George Fillmore Swartz, Melody Taylor, Charles Fayette Taylor, Edward Story Taylor, Frederick
Winslow Taylor, Kathleen
Christine Temple, John Hapgood Terman, Frederick
Emmons Terzaghi, Karl Thayer, Sylvanus Thomas, Edwin Lorimer Thomas, Jr., Harold Allen Thomas, Leo John Thompson, Theos Jardin Thomson, Elihu Tien, Chang Lin Timonoff (Timonov),
Vsevolod Evgenievich Totten, Joseph Gilbert Townsend, Albert Alan Treadwell, Daniel Troost, Laurens Trowbridge, William
Petit Trump, John George Truxal, John Groff Tsien, Hsue-Shen (Qian
Xuesen) Tsui, Daniel C. Uhlig, Herbert Henry Unwin, William
Cawthorne Van Dyke, Milton
Denman Varaiya, Pravin P. Vest, Charles M. Vicat, Louis Joseph
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Villard, Jr., Oswald Garrison
von Hippel, Arthur Robert
von Karman, Theodore von Mises, Richard Voorhees, Peter W. Vunjak-Novakovic,
Gordana Wagner, Carl Wilhelm Wagner, James Warren Wagner, Karl Willy Walker, Eric Arthur Walt, David R. Wang, Daniel I-Chyau Warner, Edward Pearson
Warner, Isiah M. Watson, William Weber, Ernst Weber, Harold Christian Webster, Edwin Sibley Weertman, Johannes Weertman, Julia Randall Wei, James Weinbaum, Sheldon Weiss, Herbert George Wells, Arthur Edward Westergaard, Harald
Malcolm Weston, Robert Spurr Wheeler, Mary Fanett Whinnery, John Roy
Whipple, George Chandler
White, David Calvin Whitman, Walter
Gordon Whittle, Frank Widnall, Sheila Evans Wiesner, Jerome Bert Wilbur, John Benson Wilhelm, Richard
Herman Williams, Forman Arthur Williams, Glenn Carber Winograd, Shmuel Winsor, Frank Edward Winter, George
Wong, Eugene Wooldridge, Dean
Everett Worcester, Joseph
Ruggles Wulff, John Yariv, Amnon Zalman Ziv, Jacob Zworykin, Vladimir
Kosma Back to Subject Index
Geology and Mineralogy Adams, Frank Dawson Alger, Francis Allen, Clarence Roderic Alvarez, Walter Anderson, Charles Alfred Atwood, Wallace Walter Bagnold, Ralph Alger Barrande, Joachim Barrell, Joseph Barrois, Charles Barton, George Hunt Bateman, Alan Mara Bather, Francis Arthur Beers, Roland Frank Benioff, Victor Hugo Berner, Robert Arbuckle Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst Billings, Marland Pratt Bowen, Norman Levi Bowring, Samuel A. Brace, William Francis Bradley, Wilmot Hyde Branner, John Casper Broecker, Wallace Smith
Brogger, Waldemar Christofer
Brooke, Henry James Bruce, Archibald Brush, George Jarvis Bryan, Kirk Buch, Christian Leopold,
Freiherr von Bucher, Walter Herman Buckland, William Buddington, Arthur
Francis Buerger, Martin Julian Bullen, Keith Edward Burchfiel, Burrell Clark Byerly, Perry Chamberlin, Thomas
Chrowder Clark, William Bullock Clarke, John Mason Cleaveland, Parker Cleland, Herdman
Fitzgerald Cloud, Jr., Preston Ercelle Collet, Leon William Cooper, Gustav Arthur Craig, Harmon Bushnell Cramer, Charles Crosby, William Otis
Crowell, John Chambers Dalrymple, Gary Brent Daly, Reginald Aldworth Dana, Edward Salisbury Dana, James Dwight Dawson, George Mercer Dawson, John William De la Beche, Henry
Thomas de Verneuil, Philippe
Edouard Poulletier DeGolyer, Everette Lee DePaolo, Donald James Des Cloizeaux, Alfred
Louis Olivier Legrand Desor, Edouard (Jean
Pierre Edouard) Dunbar, Carl Owen Dunne, Thomas Edwards, R. Lawrence Elie de Beaumont, Jean
Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce
Emerson, Benjamin Kendall
Emery, Kenneth Orris Emmons, Samuel
Franklin
Engel, Albert Edward John
Epstein, Samuel Ernst, Wallace Gary Etter, Charles (Karl
Antonovich) Eugster, Hans Peter Ewing, William Maurice Fairbairn, Harold
Williams Farley, Kenneth A. Flint, Richard Foster Ford, William Ebenezer Frondel, Clifford Garrels, Robert Minard Geikie, Archibald Gibbs, George Gibbs, Gerald Verne Gibson, Russell Gilbert, Grove Karl Gilluly, James Godon, Silvain Goguel, Jean Marc Goldsmith, Julian Royce Goldthwait, James Walter Gould, Stephen Jay Graton, Louis Caryl Gregory, Herbert Ernest Grossman, Lawrence
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Grotzinger, John P. Grove, Timothy L. Gutenberg, Beno Hall, James Hamilton, William
(1730-1803) Hart, Stanley Robert Hayes, John Michael Head III, James William Heim, Albert Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf Hewett, Donnel Foster Hilgard, Eugene
Woldemar Hitchcock, Edward Hoffman, Paul Felix Holland, Heinrich Dieter Holmes, Arthur Holmes, Francis
Simmons Horne, John Hubbert, Marion King Hurlbut, Jr., Cornelius
Searle Hurley, Patrick Mason Jackson, Charles Thomas Jackson, Robert Tracy Jaggar, Jr., Thomas
Augustus Johnson, Douglas Wilson Johnston, Jr., William
Drumm Kamb, W. Barclay
(Walter Barclay) Kasting, James Fraser Keith, Arthur (1864-1944) Kemp, James Furman Kieffer, Susan Werner King, Clarence King, Philip Burke Kirschvink, Joseph L. Knopf, Adolph Kohlstedt, David L. Krumbein, William
Christian Kuenen, Philip Henry
Kummel, Bernhard Lane, Alfred Church Langmuir, Charles H. Langway, Jr., Chester
Charles Larsen, Jr., Esper Signius Lawson, Andrew Cowper Lay, Thorne LeConte, Joseph Leet, Lewis Don Leighton, Morris Morgan Leith, Charles Kenneth Leopold, Luna Bergere Lesley, J. Peter Levorsen, Arville Irving Lindgren, Waldemar Logan (Sir), William
Edmond Longwell, Chester Ray Loomis, Frederic
Brewster Lowenstam, Heinz Adolf Lyell, Charles Marcou, Jules Margerie, Emmanuel
Marie Pierre Martin Jacquin de
Mather, Kirtley Fletcher Mathews, Edward
Bennett McKinstry, Hugh Exton McLaughlin, Donald
Hamilton McSween, Jr., Harry Y. Mead, Warren Judson Meek, Fielding Bradford Menard, Henry William Merriam, John Campbell Miller, William Hallowes Miller, William John Molengraaff, Gustaaf
Adolph Frederick Moore, Raymond Cecil Morris, Frederick Kuhne Murchison, Roderick
Impey
Murray, Bruce Churchill Naumann, Karl Friedrich Newberry, John Strong Newell, Norman Dennis Newhouse, Walter Harry Niles, William Harmon Nolan, Thomas Brennan Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik
(Friherre) Opdyke, Neil Donald Ordonez, Ezequiel Ostrom, John Harold Palache, Charles Pecora, William Thomas Penfield, Samuel Lewis Perry, John Bulkley Pettee, William Henry Pettijohn, Francis John Pirsson, Louis Valentine Powell, John Wesley Pumpelly, Raphael Ramsay, Andrew
Crombie Raup, David Malcolm Raymond, Percy Edward Revelle, Roger Randall
Dougan Rhodes, Frank Harold
Trevor Rice, William North Richards, Paul G. Richthofen, Ferdinand
Paul Wilhelm, Freiherr von
Rinaldo, Andrea Rodgers, John (1914-2004) Roepper, William
Theodore Rogers, Austin Flint Rogers, Henry Darwin Rogers, William Barton Royden, Leigh H. Rubey, William Walden Rudnick, Roberta L. Russell, Israel Cook Sandwell, David T.
Sayles, Robert Wilcox Schaller, Waldemar
Theodore Schuchert, Charles Scott, William Berryman Sedgwick, Adam Selwyn, Alfred Richard
Cecil Seybert, Adam Shaler, Nathaniel
Southgate Sharp, Robert Phillip Shepard, Charles Upham Shimer, Hervey Woodburn Shoemaker, Eugene
Merle Shrock, Robert Rakes Siever, Raymond Silver, Leon Theodore Simpson, George Gaylord Smith, Joseph Victor Sorby, Henry Clifton Stanley, Steven Mitchell Stearns, Charles Edward Stetson, Henry Crosby Stock, Chester Stolper, Edward Manin Studer, Bernhard Swallow, George Clinton Taylor, Frank Bursley Taylor, Jr., Hugh
Pettingill Teschemacher, James
Englebert Thompson, Jr., James
Burleigh Tilley, Cecil Edgar Trumpy, Rudolf Turekian, Karl Karekin Upham, Warren Van Hise, Charles
Richard Vaughan, Thomas
Wayland Verhoogen, John Vogt, Johan Hermann Lie
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Walcott, Charles Doolittle
Walker, David Warren, Charles Hyde Wasserburg, Gerald
Joseph Waters, Aaron Clement Watson, E. Bruce
(Edward Bruce)
White, David Whitlock, Herbert Percy Whitney, Josiah Dwight Whittington, Harry
Blackmore Willis, Bailey Williston, Samuel
Wendell Winslow, Arthur
Wolff, John Eliot Wolman, Markley
Gordon (M. Gordon) Wong, Wen-hao Wood, John Armstead Woodworth, Jay Backus Wright, Frederick Eugene Wyllie, Peter John
Yoder, Jr., Hatten Schuyler
Zen, E-an Zittel, Karl Alfred Ritter
von Back to Subject Index
Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences Abert, John James Ahrens, Thomas Julian Aki, Keiiti Allegre, Claude Jean Alley, Richard B. Anderson, Don Lynn Andreae, Meinrat O. Bache, Alexander Dallas Banerjee, Subir Kumar Bauer, Louis Agricola Bebbington, Anthony J. Bercovici, David Berry, Brian Joe Lobley Birch, Francis (Albert
Francis) Blanchard, Raoul Borchert, John Robert Boutelle, Charles Otis Bowman, Isaiah Buffett, Bruce Bullard, Edward Crisp Burton, Alfred Edgar Butzer, Karl Wilhelm Carlson, Richard Walter Cashman, Katharine
Venable Clark, William Arthur V. Cox, Allan Verne
Dahlen, Jr., Francis Anthony
Davidson, George Davis, Charles Henry Davis, William Morris Day, Arthur Louis DeFries, Ruth S. Denevan, William
Maxfield Dietrich, William Eric Duperrey, Louis Isidore Dziewonski, Adam
Marian Eckart, Carl Henry Emory, William Helmsley Eyries, Jean Baptiste
Benoit Forsyth, Donald W. Franklin, Janet Fremont, John Charles Fung, Inez Gilbert, James Freeman Glatzmaier, Gary A. Golledge, Reginald G. Goodchild, Michael F. Goody, Richard Mead Gottmann, Jean Iona Graham, James Duncan Green, Francis Mathews Griggs, David Tressel Grossman, Lawrence Guyot, Arnold Henry Hager, Bradford H. Hagerstrand, Torsten Stig
Erik Haggett, Peter
Hanson, Susan Easton Harris, Chauncy
Dennison Harvey, David Heiskanen, Weikko
Aleksanteri Hemley, Russell Hess, Harry Hammond Hide, Raymond Hilgard, Julius Erasmus Hubbard, Susan S. Humboldt, Friedrich
Heinrich Alexander, Freiherr von
Huntington, Ellsworth Jacobsen, Stein Bjornar Jeanloz, Raymond Jeffreys, Harold Jordan, Thomas Hillman Kanamori, Hiroo Kasperson, Roger E. Kater, Henry Kates, Robert William Keilis-Borok, Vladimir
Isaakovich Kellogg, Louise Helen Kennedy, George Clayton Kent, Dennis V. Kivelson, Margaret
Galland Knopoff, Leon Lal, Devendra Lambeck, Kurt MacDonald, Glen M. MacDonald, Gordon
James Fraser
Macdonald, Kenneth C. Malhotra, Renu Malkus, Willem Van
Rensselaer McNutt, Marcia K. Melosh, H. Jay Mitchell, Henry Morgan, W. Jason Mosley-Thompson, Ellen Munk, Walter Heinrich Nolet, Guust O’Connell, Richard John Olson, Peter Lee Owen, William
Fitzwilliam Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. Plank, Terry A. Press, Frank Richter, Frank Morris Ritter, Carl Roberts, Paul H. Romanowicz, Barbara A. Rudnick, Roberta L. Sabine, Edward Sack, Robert David Schrag, Daniel P. Schubert, Gerald Silver, Paul G. Simpson, Joanne Slichter, Louis Byrne Smyth, William Henry Socolow, Robert Harry Solomon, Sean Carl Stefansson, Vilhjalmur Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik Swift, William Henry
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Sykes, Lynn Ray Tauxe, Lisa Thompson, Lonnie G. Tuan, Yi-Fu Turcotte, Donald Lawson Turner II, Billie Lee Uyeda, Seiya Vaida, Veronica
van der Hilst, Robert Dirk
Vening Meinesz, Felix Andries
Veronis, George Ward, David Washburn, Jr., Bradford
(Henry Bradford) Wetherill, George West
Wheatley, Paul White, Gilbert Fowler Whitehead, John A. Whiting, Henry Laurens Whittlesey, Derwent
Stainthorpe Wilkes, Charles Wilson, John Tuzo
Woodward, Robert Simpson
Wyrtki, Klaus Zachos, James C. Zuber, Maria T. Back to Subject Index
History Abbott, Wilbur Cortez Abrahamian, Ervand Adams, Brooks (Peter
Chardon Brooks) Adams, George Burton Adams, Henry Adams, John (1875-1964) Ahlstrom, Sydney
Eckman Albanese, Catherine L. Alder, Ken L. Alexander, Paul Julius Allen, Danielle Altamira y Crevea, Rafael Anastos, Milton Vasil Andrews, Charles
McLean Appleby, Joyce Oldham Appleby, Robert Scott Appleton, William
Sumner Arnold, Samuel Greene Aruga, Natsuki Aubert, Marcel Ault, Warren Ortman Axtell, James L. Ayers, Edward Lynn Badian, Ernst Bagnall, Roger Shaler Bailyn, Bernard Bainton, Roland Herbert Baker, Keith Michael Baldwin, John Wesley Bancroft, George
Baron, Salo Wittmayer Barshay, Andrew E. Bartov, Omer Barzun, Jacques Bassett, John Spencer Baxter III, James Phinney Baxter, James Phinney Beard, Winifred Mary Becker, Carl Lotus Belknap, Jeremy Belting, Hans Bemis, Samuel Flagg Bender, Thomas Berend, Ivan T. Bergdoll, Barry Berlin, Ira Berry, Mary Elizabeth Berry, Sara Sweezy Bickerman, Elias Joseph Billington, James Hadley Bisson, Thomas Noel Black, Cyril Edwin Blackbourn, David
Gordon Blake, Robert Pierpont Blight, David William Bloch, Herbert Blum, Jerome Blum, John Morton Boas (Hall), Marie Bodde, Derk Boone, Elizabeth Hill Boorstin, Daniel Joseph Bouwsma, William James Bowdoin, James (1794-
1833)
Bowersock, Glen Warren Boyd, Julian Parks Boyer, Paul Samuel Brady, Jr., Thomas A. Bragdon, Henry
Wilkinson Brandt, Allan M. Braudel, Fernand Paul Brenner, Robert Paul Brentano, Robert J. Bridenbaugh, Carl Briggs (Lord Briggs of
Lewes), Asa Brigham, Clarence
Saunders Brinkley, Alan David Brinkman, John Anthony Brinton, Clarence Crane Broglie, (Charles) Jacques
Victor Albert, Duc de Broughton, Thomas
Robert Shannon Brown, Frank Edward Brown, Peter Robert
Lamont Browne, Janet Elizabeth Browning, Christopher R. Brucker, Gene Adam Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Buhler, Curt Ferdinand Bullock, Alan Louis
Charles Bunch III, Lonnie G. Burns, Ken Butterfield, Herbert Butterfield, Lyman Henry
Bynum, Caroline Walker Caldwell, Robert
Granville Cam, Helen Maud Cannadine, David N. Capponi, Gino
Alessandro Giuseppe Gaspardo Marchese
Carlyle, Thomas Caro, Robert A. Carr, Edward Hallett Carr, Raymond (Albert
Raymond Maillard) Catton, Charles Bruce Cerisier, Antoine Marie Chabod, Federico Chadwick, Owen
(William Owen) Chafe, William Henry Chakrabarty, Dipesh Chandler, Jr., Alfred
Dupont Channing, Edward
Perkins Chaplin, Joyce E. Charnwood (Baron),
Godfrey Rathbone Benson
Chartier, Roger Clagett, Marshall Clark, Charles Manning
Hope Clark, George Norman Clifford, James Clive, John Leonard Coatsworth, John Henry
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Cochran, Thomas Childs Cohen, Deborah A. Cohen, I. Bernard Cohen, Lizabeth Cole, Arthur Harrison Colton, Joel Conley, Tom C. Connor, Walter Robert Conquest, Robert
(George Robert Acworth)
Cook, Michael Allan Coolidge, Archibald Cary Cooper, Frederick Corner, George
Washington Cott, Nancy F. Courtenay, William J. Craig, Gordon Alexander Craven, Wesley Frank Cremin, Lawrence Arthur Cronon, William J. Crosby, Alfred Worcester Cumings, Bruce Cunningham, Henry
Winchester Curti, Merle Eugene Curtin, Philip DeArmond Dagron, Gilbert Dallek, Robert d’Alverny, Marie-Thérèse D’Arms, John Haughton Darnton, Robert Choate Daston, Lorraine Jenifer Davis, Andrew
McFarland Davis, David Brion Davis, Natalie Zemon Day, Clive de Gayangos, Pascual de Grazia, Victoria de Santillana, Giorgio Diaz De Voto, Bernard
Augustine de Vries, Jan Degler, Carl Neumann
Delitzsch, Friedrich Deloria, Philip J. Demos, John Putnam Dennett, Tyler Wilbur Diagne, Souleymane
Bachir Dibner, Bern Dike, Kenneth Onwuka Diman, Jeremiah Lewis Donald, David Herbert Doniger, Wendy Douglas, Ann Douglas, Richard Mateer Dower, John W. Drake, Stillman (Bryant
Stillman) Draper, Theodore Dunham, Dows Dunn, Richard Slator Dupree, Anderson
Hunter Duus, Peter Dvornik, Francis Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Edes, Henry Herbert Eisenstein, Elizabeth
Lewisohn Eliade, Mircea Eliot, Samuel (1821-1898) Elliott, John Huxtable Eltis, David Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph Embree, Ainslie Thomas Emerson, Edward Waldo Emerton, Ephraim Engelstein, Laura Engerman, Stanley Lewis Fairbank, John King Fairbanks, Arthur Farrand, Max Farriss, Nancy
Marguerite Faust, Drew Gilpin Fay, Sidney Bradshaw Fehrenbacher, Don
Edward
Feierman, Steven Feis, Herbert Feldman, Martha Ferguson, William Scott Feuerwerker, Albert Findlen, Paula E. Finley, Moses Fischer, David Hackett Fisher, George Park Fisher, Herbert Albert
Laurens Fitzpatrick, Sheila Mary Fleischer, Cornell Hugh Fleming, Donald Harhish Foner, Eric Ford, Franklin Lewis Ford, Worthington
Chauncey Fowler, Henry Thatcher Francke, Kuno Franklin, John Hope Fredrickson, George M. Fredriksen, Paula Freedman, Paul Harris Freeman, Douglas Southall Freidel, Jr., Frank Burt Friedlander, Saul Frye, Richard Nelson Fuller, Sarah A. Fulton, John Farquhar Furet, François Gabba, Emilio Gaddis, John Lewis Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Galison, Peter Louis Garcia, Maria Cristina Gardiner, Alan
Henderson Gardiner, Samuel
Rawson Garin, Eugenio Gay, Peter Jack Geary, Patrick J. Gelb, Ignace Jay Genovese, Eugene
Dominick
Gershoy, Leo Geyer, Michael E. Geyl, Pieter Catharinus
Arie Gibson, Charles Giddings, Paula J. Gikandi, Simon E. Gilbert, Felix Gillispie, Charles
Coulston Gilman, Sander L. Gilmore, Myron Piper Gilroy, Paul Ginzburg, Carlo Gluck, Carol Goetzmann, William H. Goldhill, Simon D. Goldstein, Jan E. Goluboff, Risa L. Goodenough, Erwin
Ramsdell Goodwin, Doris Kearns Gordon, Andrew David Gordon, Cyrus Herzl Gordon, Linda Gordon-Reed, Annette Gottschalk, Louis
Reichenthal Grabar, Andre Graebner, Norman
Arthur Grafton, Anthony Graham, Loren Raymond Graham, William A. Grandin, Greg Grant, Edward Grant, Robert McQueen Graubard, Stephen
Richards Greene, Evarts Boutell Greene, Jack P. Greene, Sandra E. Grimm, Herman
Friedrich (elected as Friedrich Hermann)
Grmek, Mirko Drazen
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Gross, Charles Grote, George Gruen, Erich S. Guerlac, Henry Edward Gurney, Ephraim
Whitman Gutman, Herbert George Habakkuk, Hrothgar
John Hadlock, Wendell
Stanwood Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, John Whitney Halperin-Donghi, Tulio Hamashita, Takeshi Hammond, Mason Hammond, Nicholas
Geoffrey Lempriere Hancock, William Keith Handlin, Oscar Hanham, Harold John Harbison, Elmore Harris Haring, Clarence Henry Harootunian, Harry D. Harris, Neil Harris, William V. Hart, Albert Bushnell Haskins, Charles Homer Hay, Denys Hazen, Charles Downer Hedges, James Blaine Heilbron, John Lewis Herlihy, David Joseph Herr, Richard Hershatter, Gail Hesse, Carla A. Hexter, Jack H. Hiebert, Erwin Nick Higginbotham, Evelyn
Brooks Higginson, Thomas
Wentworth Higham, John Hilberg, Raul Hill, Christopher (John
Edward Christopher)
Himmelfarb, Gertrude Hine, Darlene Clark Hitchcock, Henry Russell Ho, Ping-ti Hobsbawm, Eric John
Ernest Hochschild, Adam Hofstadter, Richard Holborn, Hajo Holifield, E. Brooks Hollinger, David A. Holmes, Frederic
Lawrence Holt, Thomas C. Holton, Gerald James Homma, Nagayo Horton, James Oliver Hoskins, Halford
Lancaster Hosmer, James Kendall Howard, Michael Eliot Howe, Daniel Walker Hoxie, Frederick E. Huggins, Nathan Irvin Hughes, Henry Stuart Hughes, Thomas Parke Hull, Isabel Virginia Hunt, Lynn Avery Ikram, Salima Inalcik, Halil Inwood, Brad Iriye, Akira Isaacman, Allen F. Jackson, Kenneth T. Jacob, Margaret Candee Jacobs, Margaret D. James, Henry Jameson, Michael
Hamilton Jansen, Marius Berthus Jay, Martin Evan Jennings (Jenings),
Edmund Johnston, Alexander Jones, Christopher
Prestige
Jones, Jacqueline Jordan, Mark D. Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener Jordan, William Chester Judt, Tony Robert Kammen, Michael
Gedaliah Kantorowicz, Ernst
Hartwig Kaplan, Alice Y. Karpovich, Michael Katz, Friedrich Katz, Jacob Keddie, Nikki R. Keightley, David N. Keller, Evelyn Fox Keller, Morton Kelley, Donald R. Kelley, Mary C. Kelley, Robin D.G. Kelly, Thomas Forrest Kennedy, David Michael Kennedy, Paul Michael Kerber, Linda Kaufman Kessler-Harris, Alice Kevles, Daniel Jerome Khalidi, Rashid Khoury, Philip S. Kirby, William Kirkland, Edward Chase Kitson Clark, George
Sydney Roberts Kitzinger, Ernst Klaniczay, Gabor Klarman, Michael J. Klein, Martin Jesse Kloppenberg, James Kocka, Jurgen Koskenniemi, Martti Krautheimer, Richard Krieger, Leonard Kuhn, Philip Alden Kuhn, Thomas Samuel Kuttner, Stephan George LaCapra, Dominick C. Lach, Donald Frederick
Ladner, Gerhart Maximilian Augustine Bernard Burian
LaFeber, Walter Laiou, Angeliki Evangelos Lamoreaux, Naomi
Raboy Landes, David Saul Lane, Frederic Chapin Lang, Mabel Louise Langer, William Leonard Lansing, Ambrose LaPiana, George Laqueur, Thomas Latourette, Kenneth Scott Lavrin, Asuncion Le Roy Ladurie,
Emmanuel Bernard Lea, Henry Charles Leake, Chauncey Depew Leal Spengler, Eusebio Lears, T.J. Jackson Leavitt, Judith Walzer Lecky, William Edward
Hartpole Lehmann, Hartmut Leland, Waldo Gifford Lepore, Jill Lerner, Gerda Leuchtenburg, William
Edward Levine, Lawrence William Lewis, Bernard Lewis, David Levering Lewis, Earl Lieu, Judith M. Lindberg, David Charles Lingelbach, William Ezra Link, Arthur Stanley Litwack, Leon Lockhart, James Loehr, Max Johannes
Joseph Loewe, Michael Lopez, Robert Sabatino Louis, William Roger
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Lowell, Edward Jackson Luthy, Herbert Ernst Karl Lyon, Bryce Dale Mabogunje, Akin L. MacCaffrey, Wallace
Trevethic MacCormack, Sabine G. MacDonald, William MacDonald, William
Lloyd Macedo, Joaquim Jose da
Costa de Mack Smith, Denis Macvane, Silas Marcus Maffei, Domenico Mahan, Alfred Thayer Maier, Charles Steven Maier, Pauline Rubbelke Malone, Dumas Mandler, Peter Mango, Cyril Alexander Mann, Golo Mann, Susan L. Manuel, Frank Edward Marder, Arthur Jacob Marichal, Carlos Marsden, George M. Martin, Dale Basil Mattingly, Garrett May, Ernest Richard May, Henry Farnham Mayer, Arno Joseph Maza, Sarah Crawford Mazlish, Bruce Mazower, Mark A. Mbembe, Joseph-Achille McCormick, Michael McCullough, David McFeely, William S. McIlwain, Charles
Howard McNeill, John R. McNeill, William Hardy McPherson, James M. Meinecke, Friedrich Meinig, Donald W.
Mendelsohn, Everett Irwin
Merivale, Charles Merk, Frederick Merriman, Roger Bigelow Metzger, Walter Paul Middlekauff, Robert
Lawrence Mignet, François Auguste
Marie Alexis Millar, Fergus Graham
Burtholme Miller, Joseph C. Miller, Mary Ellen Milman, Henry Hart Mitchell, Stewart Momigliano, Arnaldo
Dante Mommsen, Theodor Moody, Robert Earle Morgan, Edmund Sears Morison, Elting Elmore Morison, Samuel Eliot Morris, Richard Brandon Mosse, George Lachmann Motley, John Lothrop Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz Muir, Jr., Edward Wallace Mundy, John Hine Murdoch, John Emery Najita, Tetsuo Namier, Lewis Bernstein Naquin, Susan Nash, Gary Baring Neale, John Ernest Needham, Joseph (Noel
Joseph Terence Montgomery)
Nef, John Ulric (1899-1988) Neugebauer, Otto Eduard Nevins, Allan (Joseph
Allan) Newsom, Carol Ann Niebuhr, Barthold Georg,
Freiherr von Niethammer, Lutz
Nipperdey, Thomas H. Nirenberg, David Norton, Mary Beth Numbers, Ronald Leslie Nye, Mary Jo Oakley, Francis
Christopher O’Malley, John W. Onuf, Peter S. Oppenheimer, Jane
Marion Oreskes, Naomi Ostrogorsky, Georgije Owen, David Edward Owen, E. Roger Pagels, Elaine Hiesey Painter, Nell Irvin Painter, Sidney Palgrave, Francis Palmer, Robert Roswell Paret, Peter Park, Katharine Parker, N. Geoffrey Parkman, Francis Parry, John Horace Patterson, James Tyler Pattison, Mark Paxton, Robert Owen Payne, Stanley G. Pedersen, Susan G. Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan Perdue, Peter C. Perez, Louis A. Perkins, Dexter Perkins, Elliott Peterson, Merrill Daniel Pevsner, Nikolaus
Bernhard Leon Pfeiffer, Robert Henry Phillips, Philip Pierson, George Wilson Pingree, David Edwin Pinkney, David Henry Piotrovskiy, Mikhail
Borisovich Pipes, Richard
Pirenne, Henri (Jean Henri Otto Lucien Marie)
Plumb, John Harold Pocock, John Greville
Agard Pomeranz, Kenneth L. Porter, Roy Porter, Theodore M. Post, Gaines Potter, David Morris Prescott, William
Hickling Proctor, Robert N. Prothero, George Walter Pyne, Stephen Joseph Rabinovich, Itamar Rakove, Jack N. Ranke, Leopold von
(Franz Leopold von) Read, Conyers Reddy, William M. Reischauer, Edwin
Oldfather Reisner, George Andrew Renouvin, Pierre Eugene
Georges Reynolds, Christopher A. Rhodes, James Ford Riasanovsky, Nicholas
Valentine Rice, Jr., Eugene Franklin Riley, Stephen Thomas Ritvo, Harriet Robinson, Paul Arnold Roche, Daniel Rodgers, Daniel Roelker, Nancy Lyman Ropes, John Codman Rosenberg, Charles
Ernest Rosenkrantz, Barbara
Gutmann Rotberg, Robert Irwin Rowe, William T. Ruiz, Teofilo F.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Ruiz, Vicki L. Sabean, David Warren Sabra, Abdelhamid
Ibrahim Saito, Osamu Saller, Richard Paul Salvemini, Gaetano Sarna, Jonathan Daniel Sarton, George Alfred Leon Savage, James Schama, Simon Michael Schiavone, Aldo Schiebinger, Londa L. Schimmel, Annemarie Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur
Meier Schmitt, Bernadotte
Everly Scholes, France Vinton Schorske, Carl Emil Schwartz, Benjamin
Isadore Schwartz, Stuart B. Schweber, Silvan Samuel Scott, Anne Byrd Firor Scott, Joan Wallach Scott, Rebecca J. Scudder, Horace Elisha Sedgwick, Henry Dwight Seeley, John Robert Sells, Michael A. Setton, Kenneth Meyer Sewell, Jr., William H. Shapin, Steven Sheehan, James John Sherwin, Martin Jay Shipton, Clifford Kenyon Shryock, Richard
Harrison Shurtleff, Nathaniel
Bradstreet Sibley, John Langdon Sigerist, Henry Ernest Silver, James Wesley Sivin, Nathan
Skinner, Quentin Robert Duthie
Slezkine, Yuri Sloane, William Milligan Slotkin, Richard S. Smith, Lacey Baldwin Smith, Merritt Roe Smith, Morton Smith, Thomas Carlyle Smith, William Stevenson Somerville, Robert
Eugene Southern, Richard
William Sparks, Jared Spence, Jonathan Dermot Spiegel, Gabrielle M. Spitz, Lewis William Stampp, Kenneth Milton Stansky, Peter David
Lyman Starr, Chester G. Starr, S. Frederick
(Stephen Frederick) Stephen, Leslie Stephens, Henry Morse Stern, Fritz Richard Stern, Steve J. Sternhell, Zeev Stevens, Rosemary A. Stone, Lawrence Strayer, Joseph Reese Strouse, Jean Struik, Dirk Jan Stubbs, William Subrahmanyam, Sanjay Sugrue, Thomas J. Sumner, John Osborne Sylla, Richard E. Syme, Ronald Tai, Hue-Tam Ho Taylor, Alan John
Percivale Taylor, Alan S. Taylor, Charles Holt Taylor, Lily Ross
Temkin, Owsei Thackray, Arnold Wilfrid Thapar, Romila Thayer, William Roscoe Thiers, Louis Adolph Thomas, Keith Vivian Thomas, Thomas Head Thompson, Edward
Palmer Thorkelin, Grimur
Jonsson Thrupp, Sylvia Lettice Tierney, Brian Torrey, Henry Warren Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Trachtenberg, Marvin Treadgold, Donald
Warren Treggiari, Susan Mary Trevelyan, George
Macaulay Trevelyan, George Otto Trevor-Roper, Hugh
Redwald Trinkaus, Jr., Charles
Edward Trotter, Jr., Joe William Truesdell III, Clifford
Ambrose Trumbull, James
Hammond Tryon, Warren Stenson Tu, Wei-ming Tuchman, Barbara
Wertheim Tuck, Richard Francis Turner, Frederick
Jackson Twinam, Ann Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher Van Der Wee (Baron),
Herman Frans Anna Van Tyne, Claude
Halstead Van Zanten, David
Theodore
Vansina, Jan Maria-Jozef-Emiel
Venturi, Franco Vermeule III, Cornelius
Clarkson Vermeule, Emily
Dickinson Townsend Vernant, Jean-Pierre Villari, Pasquale von Grunebaum, Gustave
Edmund von Holst, Hermann
Eduard von Staden, Heinrich Vryonis, Jr., Speros Wakeman, Jr., Frederic
Evans Walbank, Frank William Walker, Mack Walker, Williston Wang, Gungwu Weber, David J. Weber, Eugen Joseph Webster, Charles
Kingsley Wecter, Dixon Wedgwood, Cicely
Veronica Wehler, Hans-Ulrich Weinberg, Gerhard
Ludwig Weinstein, Barbara Weintraub, Karl Joachim Weisenfeld, Judith Westfall, Richard Samuel White, Jr., Lynn
Townsend White, Richard Wiebe, Robert
Huddleston Williams, Philip Maynard Wills, Garry Wilson, Arthur
McCandless Wilson, John Albert Winichakul, Thongchai
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Winlock, Herbert Eustis Winship, George Parker Winsor, Justin Winter, Irene J. Wise, M. Norton
(Matthew Norton) Wittkower, Rudolf J.
Wolfe, Bertram David Wolff, Lawrence Wolff, Robert Lee Wood, Gordon Stewart Woodward, Comer Vann Woolf, Harry Worster, Donald E.
Wright, Arthur Frederick Wright, Gordon Justin Wrigley, Edward
Anthony Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim Yoshida, Nobuyuki Zagorin, Perez
Zahra, Tara E. Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Back to Subject Index
Law and Jurisprudence Abella, Rosalie Silberman Abraham, Kenneth S. Abraham, Ronny Abrahamson, Shirley
Schlanger Abram, Morris Berthold Abrams, Floyd Ackerman, Bruce Arnold Adams, Aileen C. Adams, Arlin Marvin Adams, Thomas Boylston
(1772-1832) Al Hussein, Zeid bin
Ra’ad Aldrich, Bailey Aleinikoff, Thomas
Alexander Allen, Anita LaFrance Allen, Francis Alfred Allen, William Thomas Amar, Akhil Reed Amato, Giuliano Ames, James Barr Amsterdam, Anthony Guy Anderson, Dillon Anderson, George
Weston Anderson, Philip S. Anzilotti, Dionisio Areeda, Phillip Elias Arnold, Morris Sheppard Atkin (Right Honorable
Lord), James Richard Auerbach, Carl Abraham
Austin, James Trecothick Ayres, Ian Badinter, Robert Baird, Douglas Gordon Baker, J. H. (John
Hamilton) Baker, James A. Balch, Thomas Willing Baldwin, Simeon Eben Balkin, Jack M. Barak, Aharon Barkow, Rachel E. Bartlett, Willard Bates, Henry Moore Bator, Paul Michael Baxter, Richard Reeve Bazelon, David Lionel Beale, Jr., Joseph Henry Bebchuk, Lucian Arye Belin, Gaspard d’Andelot Bell, Stoughton Belo-Osagie, Myma A. Bemis, George Bennett, Edmund Hatch Berg, Paal Olav Berle, Jr., Adolf Augustus Berman, Harold J. Bevis, Howard Landis Bhagwati, P. N.
(Prafullachandra Natwarlal)
Bickel, Alexander Mordecai
Biddle, Francis Beverley Bigelow, George Tyler Bigelow, Harry Augustus Bigelow, Melville
Madison
Bikle, Henry Wolf Binney, Horace Bittker, Boris Irving Black, Barbara Aronstein Black, Bernard S. Black, Jr., Charles Lund Blake, George Blasi, Vincent A. Blum, Walter J. Bluntschli, Johann Caspar Bobbitt, Philip Chase Bok, Derek Curtis Bollinger, Lee Carroll Bolster, Wilfred Borchard, Edwin
Montefiore Bork, Robert Heron Boudin, Michael Bowie, Robert
Richardson Boyden, Roland William Bradbury, Theophilus Bradley, Charles Smith Branch, Claude Raymond Breitel, Charles David Brennan, Jr., William
Joseph Brest, Paul A. Brewster, Jr., Kingman Breyer, Stephen Gerald Briggs, Herbert
Whittaker Brilmayer, Roberta Lea Brown, Ernest Joseph Brown, Robert Minge Brudney, Victor Brunner, Heinrich Bryce, James
Buckland, William Warwick
Bundy, Harvey Hollister Burr, Francis Hardon Buxbaum, Richard M. Cabot, Frederick
Pickering Cabranes, Jose Alberto Cabraser, Elizabeth J. Cairns, Huntington Calabresi, Guido Cameron, Edwin Cardozo, Benjamin
Nathan Carrington, Paul DeWitt Carter, James Coolidge Carter, Stephen Lisle Cary, William Lucius Casper, Gerhard Cavers, David Farquhar Chafee, Jr., Zechariah Chamberlain, Joseph
Perkins Chaskalson, Arthur Chayes, Abram Chemerinsky, Erwin Chipman, Daniel Choate, Joseph Hodges Choate, Rufus Choper, Jesse Herbert Christopher, Warren Clark, Grenville Clark, Ramsey Clark, Robert Charles Clifford, Charles Warren Clifford, John Henry Coblentz, William K. Coffee, Jr., John Collins
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Coffin, Frank Morey Cohen, Jerome Alan Coleman, Jr., William
Thaddeus Collier, Abram Thurlow Cooley, Thomas
McIntyre Coolidge, Charles
Allerton (1894-1987) Cooper, John Cobb Cooter, Robert D. Cornish, John M. Cornish, Leslie Colby Cover, Robert Melvin Cowen, Zelman Cox, Archibald Cramton, Roger Conant Cranch, William Cuellar, Mariano-
Florentino Currie, David Park Curtis, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Charles Pelham Cushing, Nathan Cushing, William Cutler, Lloyd Norton Cutler, Robert Cutter, Richard Ammi Dahl, Frantz Dale, Harvey P. Dam, Kenneth W. Damaska, Mirjan
Radovan Dana, Francis Dana, Richard Henry
(1815-1882) Dana, Richard Henry
(1851-1931) Dando, Shigemitsu Daniels, Ronald J. Daube, David David, Rene Davis, Charles Thornton Davis, John Davis, Kenneth Culp
Dawes, Thomas (1757-1825)
Dawson, John Philip Days III, Drew Saunders Dean, Arthur Hobson DeCourcy, Charles
Ambrose del Vecchio, Giorgio Dellinger, Walter E. Denny, Henry Gardner Devlin (Baron), Patrick
Arthur Diamond, Shari Seidman Dicey, Albert Venn Dickinson, John Dixon, Owen Djuvara, Mircea Dodge, Frederic Dodge, Robert Gray Donohue III, John J. Dorsen, Norman Drinan, S.J., Robert
Frederick Du Ponceau, Peter
Stephen Duguit, Leon Dunbar, William
Harrison Dworkin, Ronald Myles Easterbrook, Frank
Hoover Eaton, Frederick
McCurdy Edelman, Marian Wright Edley, Jr., Christopher F. Edwards, Harry Thomas Ehrlich, Thomas Eisenberg, Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Theodore Elias, Taslim Olawale Eliot, Thomas Hopkinson Ellickson, Robert Chester Ely, John Hart Epstein, Lee Epstein, Richard A.
Eskridge, Jr., William Nichol
Evershed (Baron), Francis Raymond
Fairman, Charles Fallon, Jr., Richard H. Farber, Daniel A. Farley, John Wells Feldman, Noah R. Field, Fred Tarbell Field, Richard Hinckley Finletter, Thomas Knight Fish, Frederick Perry Fisher, Roger Dummer Fiss, Owen Mitchell Fletcher, George Philip Flom, Joseph Harold Force, Manning Ferguson Fosdick, Raymond Blaine Franck, Thomas Martin Frankfurter, Felix Fremont-Smith, Marion R. Freund, Paul Abraham Frickey, Philip Paul Fried, Charles Friedman, Lawrence M. Friedmann, Wolfgang
Gaston Friendly, Henry Jacob Frier, Bruce Woodward Fulbright, James William Fuld, Stanley Howells Fuller, Lon Luvois Fuller, Melville Weston Furness, Horace Howard Gage, Thomas Hovey Gaither, James Castle Galanter, Marc S. Gardner, Richard
Newton Garland, David W. Garland, Merrick B. Garrison, Lloyd Kirkham Gates, Sr., William H. Gellhorn, Walter Geny, François
George, Ronald Marc Gerken, Heather K. Gilmore, Grant Gilson, Ronald J. Ginsburg, Jane C. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Thomas B. Glendon, Mary Ann Glueck, Sheldon Goldberg, Arthur Joseph Goldsmith III, Jack
Landman Goldstein, Abraham
Samuel Goldstein, Joseph Goldstone, Richard J. Goluboff, Risa L. Goodell, Jr., Abner
Cheney Goodhart, Arthur
Lehman Goodrich, Herbert Funk Gordley, James Russell Gower, Laurence Cecil
Bartlett Graetz, Michael J. Grant, Robert Gray, Horace (1828-
1902) Gray, John Chipman
(1839-1915) Gray, Morris Green, Nicholas Saint-
John Greenawalt, Kent (Robert
Kent) Greenbaum, Edward
Samuel Greenberg, Jack M. Greene, Wilfrid Arthur Grey, Thomas C. Grimm, Dieter Grinnell, Frank
Washburn Griswold, Erwin
Nathaniel
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Gunther, Gerald Haar, Charles Monroe Hall, John Loomer Hall, Livingston Hall, Walter Perley Hamburger, Philip Hammond, John Wilkes Hand, Augustus Noble Hand, Learned (Billings
Learned) Handler, Joel F. Hanify, Edward Benno Hansmann, Henry Harlan, John Marshall Harno, Albert James Harper, Conrad Kenneth Hart, Herbert Lionel
Adolphus Hastie, William Henry Hawley, Joseph Hayes, John Lord Hazard, John Newbold Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey
Cornell Hearn, William Edward Hector, Louis Julius Heineman, Jr., Benjamin
Walter Helmholz, Richard H. Hemenway, Alfred Henkin, Louis Hensler, Deborah R. Hernandez, Antonia Heyman, Ira Michael Higginbotham, Jr., A.
Leon (Aloysius Leon) Higgins, Rosalyn Hillard, George Stillman Hoar, Ebenezer
Rockwood Hoar, Jr., Samuel Holdsworth, William
Searle Holmes, Nathaniel Holmes, Oliver Wendell
(1841-1935)
Horowitz, Donald Leonard
Horsky, Charles Antone Horwitz, Morton J. Hovenkamp, Herbert Howe, Mark De Wolfe Howe, Samuel Howe, William Wirt Hudson, John Elbridge Hudson, Manley Ottmer Hufstedler, Shirley
Mount Hughes, Charles Evans Hurst, James Willard Isaacs, Nathan Issacharoff, Samuel Jackson, Charles Jackson, Vicki C. Jaffe, Louis Leventhal James, Eldon Revare Jay, John Jeffries, Jr., John Calvin Jenney, Charles Francis Jessup, Philip Caryl Johnson, Elmer William Johnson, Melvin
Maynard Jolls, Christine Jones, Harry Willmer Jordan, Jr., Vernon
Eulion Julliot de la Morandiere,
Leon Kadish, Sanford Harold Kagan, Elena Kagan, Robert Allen Kahan, Dan M. Kahan, Marcel Kalven, Jr., Harry Kamisar, Yale Kaplan, Benjamin Kaplan, Helene Lois Kaplan, John Kaplan, Mark N. Kaplow, Louis Karlan, Pamela Susan
Karst, Kenneth Leslie Katz, Milton Katzenbach, Nicholas
DeBelleville Katzmann, Robert Allen Kay, Herma Hill Kaye, Judith Smith Kearse, Amalya Lyle Keeton, Robert Ernest Kelman, Mark Gregory Kelsen, Hans Kenealy, William James Kennedy, Duncan
McLean Kennedy, Randall L. Kessler, Friedrich Ketchum, Phillips Klarman, Michael J. Knight, Jack Knowlton, Marcus Perrin Koh, Harold Hongju Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Konvitz, Milton Ridbaz Kornhauser, Lewis A. Kramer, Larry D. Krane, Howard G. Kronman, Anthony
Townsend Kurland, Philip B. Landes, William M. Landis, James McCauley Langbein, John Harriss Langdell, Christopher
Columbus Law, Sylvia Ann Lawton, Frederick Laycock, Douglas Lee, William F. Lemley, Mark A. Lempert, Richard Owen Lessig, Lawrence Lester (Lord Lester of
Herne Hill QC), Anthony P.
Leverett, George Vasmer Levi, David Frank
Levi, Edward Hirsch Levi, John G. Levin, A. Leo Levinson, Daryl Levinson, Sanford V. Levmore, Saul Liebman, Lance Malcolm Linde, Hans Arthur Linowitz, Sol Myron Lipson, Leon Samuel Lipton, Martin Liu, Goodwin H. Lord, Arthur Lord, Daniel Loring, Charles Greely
(1794-1867) Loring, William Caleb Loss, Louis Lowell, Francis Cabot
(1855-1911) Lowell, James Arnold Lowell, John (1743-1802) Lowell, John (1769-1840) Lowell, John (1824-1897) Lozano, Monica Cecilia Luban, David J. Lumbard, Jr., Joseph
Edward Lummus, Henry Tilton Macaulay, Stewart Macedo, Stephen Joseph MacKinnon, Catharine
Alice Macmillan (Right
Honorable Lord), Hugh Pattison
Macneil, Ian R. Macneil, Sayre Magill, M. Elizabeth Magruder, Calvert Mahoney, Maureen E. Mahoney, Paul G. Mahony, Thomas
Harrison Maine, Henry James
Sumner
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Maitland, Frederic William
Makarewicz, Julius (Juliusz/Juljusz)
Mandela, Nelson Manning, Bayless
Andrew Manning, John Francis Marbury, William Luke Marshall, John Marshall, Margaret
Hilary Mashaw, Jerry Louis Matthews, Nathan Maunier, Rene McCall, Samuel Walker McCloy, John Jay McConnell, Michael
William McDougal, Myres Smith Meares, Tracey L. Medina, Harold
Raymond Meltzer, Bernard David Meltzer, Daniel J. Mentschikoff, Soia Meron, Theodor Merrill, Thomas Wendell Meserve, Richard
Andrew Meserve, Robert William Michelman, Frank Isaac Mikva, Abner J. Miller, Geoffrey P. Millstein, Ira Martin Minot, George Richards
(1758-1802) Minow, Martha Louise Minow, Newton Norman Mishkin, Paul J. Mitchell, William (1832-
1900) Mitchell, William DeWitt Mittermaier, Karl Joseph
Anton Mnookin, Robert Harris
Monaghan, Henry Paul Moore, John Bassett Morgan, Jr., Edmund
Morris Morris, John Humphrey
Carlile Morris, Norval Ramsden Morrison, Trevor Morton, James Madison Morton, Jr., James
Madison Murphy, Walter Francis Nagel, Robert Forder Nathanson, Nathaniel
Louis Neal, Phil Caldwell Neier, Aryeh Neuborne, Burt Neuman, Gerald L. Noonan, Jr., John
Thomas Obama, Barack H. O’Brian, John Lord O’Connor, Sandra Day Olson, Ronald L. O’Regan, Catherine
(Kate) M.E. Paine, Elijah Paine, Henry Warren Paine, Robert Treat
(1803-1885) Parker, Herbert Parker, Isaac Parker, Joel Parker, Philip Stanley Parkman, Jr., Henry Parsons, Theophilus
(1750-1813) Parsons, Theophilus
(1797-1882) Patterson, Robert Porter Pepper, George Wharton Perkins, Thomas Nelson Perley, Ira Persily, Nathaniel Pestel, Frederik Willem
Peters, Ellen Ash Phelps, Edward John Phillips, Carter G. Phillips, Willard Pickering, John (1737-
1805) Pickering, Octavius Pildes, Richard H. Pitofsky, Robert Plimpton, Francis Taylor
Pearson Pollak, Louis Heilprin Pollock, Frederick Posner, Eric Posner, Richard Allen Post, Robert Charles Pound, Roscoe Powell, Jr., Lewis
Franklin Powell, Thomas Reed Prest, William Morton Priest, George L. Putnam, Samuel Qua, Stanley Elroy Raab, Jennifer J. Radin, Margaret Jane Radzinowicz, Leon Rakoff, Jed S. Ramo, Roberta Cooper Ranney, George Raz, Joseph Reardon, Paul Cashman Redlich, Joseph Regan, Donald H. Rehnquist, William
Hubbs Reid, John Phillip Resnik, Judith Revesz, Richard L. Rheinstein, Max Rhode, Deborah L. Richardson, Elliot Lee Riesenfeld, Stefan
Albrecht Robbins, Edward
Hutchinson
Roberts, Jr., John Glover Roberts, Odin Roe, Mark J. Romano, Roberta Root, Elihu Rose, Carol Marguerite Rosenberg, Maurice Rosenthal, Albert Joseph Rosenthal, Lee H. Rostow, Eugene Victor Rubin, Alvin Benjamin Rugg, Arthur Prentice Russell of Killowen
(Baron), Charles Ryan, James E. Sacks, Albert Martin Samuelson, Pamela Sandalow, Terrance Sanderson, George
Augustus Sargeant, Nathaniel
Peaslee Sax, Joseph Lawrence Sayre, Francis Bowes Scalia, Antonin Schachter, Oscar Schaefer, Walter Vincent Schauer, Frederick
Franklin Scheiber, Harry N. Scheppele, Kim Lane Schill, Michael H. Schuck, Peter H. Schwartz, Alan Schwarz, Jr., Frederick
A.O. (Fritz) Sclopis di Salerano
(Count), Paolo Federigo Scott, Austin Wakeman Scott, Francis Reginald Scott, James Brown Scott, Robert E. Seidman, Louis Michael Selznick, Philip Sewall, David Sewall, Samuel
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Shapiro, Irving Saul Shavell, Steven M. Shaw, Lemuel Sheldon, Henry Newton Shiffrin, Seana Valentine Siegel, Reva Beth Simpson, Alfred William
Brian Simpson, Sidney Post Slaughter, Anne-Marie Smith, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Jeremiah Smith, Thomas Broun Smuts, David F. Snyder, Aaron Cecil Sohn, Louis Bruno Sonsini, Lawrence W. Sotomayor, Sonia Souter, David Sovern, Michael Ira Spalding, John Varnum Sprague, John Stammler, Rudolf Stearns, Asahel Stephen, James Fitzjames Stevens, John Paul Stevenson, Bryan A. Stewart, Richard
Burleson Stimson, Frederic Jesup Stone, Geoffrey Richard Stone, Harlan Fiske Storey, Moorfield Story, Joseph Strauss, David A. Strauss, Peter L. Stuntz, William J.
Sullivan, Kathleen Marie Sumner, Increase Sundberg, Jacob Wilhelm
Fredrik Sunstein, Cass R. Surrey, Stanley Sterling Sutherland, Arthur
Eugene Swan, Thomas Walter Taft, William Howard Takayanagi, Kenzo Tatel, David S. Taylor, Telford Thacher, Peter
Oxenbridge Thayer, Ezra Ripley Thayer, James Bradley Thomas, Benjamin
Franklin Thomas, Joshua Thorne, Samuel Edmund Thurston, Edward
Sampson Traynor, Michael (John
Michael) Traynor, Roger John Trebilcock, Michael Triantis, George G. Tribe, Laurence Henry Trumbull, John (1750-
1831) Tunc, Andre Robert Tushnet, Mark Victor Tweed, Harrison Twining, William
Lawrence
Tyng, Dudley Atkins Unger, Roberto
Mangabeira Van Alstyne, William W. Vermeule, Adrian Vining, Joseph (George
Joseph) von Mehren, Arthur
Taylor Vorenberg, James Wait, William Cushing Wald, Patricia McGowan Waldron, Jeremy James Wambaugh, Eugene Warren, Bentley Wirt Warren, Earl Warren, Edward Henry Warren, Elizabeth Warren, Joseph Warren, Winslow Washburn, Emory Waxman, Seth Paul Wechsler, Herbert Weiler, Joseph H. H. Weinrib, Ernest Weinstein, Jack Bertrand Weisbach, David A. Wellington, Harry Hillel West, Robin L. White, Daniel Appleton White, G. Edward
(George Edward) White, James Boyd Whitman, Edmund Allen Whitman, James Q. Whittemore, Arthur
Easterbrook
Wickersham, George Woodward
Wilde, Samuel Sumner Wilkins, David Brian Wilkins, Raymond
Sanger Wilkinson III, James
Harvie Williams, Glanville
Llewelyn Williston, Samuel Wilson, George Grafton Winter, Jr., Ralph Karl Wirtz, William Willard Wisdom, John Minor Witt, John Fabian Wood, Diane Pamela Woodbury, Peter Wright (Right Honorable
Lord), Robert Alderson Wright, Charles Alan Wu, John Ching Hsiung Wu, Tim Wyzanski, Jr., Charles
Edward Yarmolinsky, Adam Yeazell, Stephen
Campbell Young, Benjamin Loring Zeisel, Hans Zimring, Franklin Ester Zittrain, Jonathan L. Back to Subject Index
Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Aaron, Daniel Aarsleff, Hans
Abrams, Meyer Howard Ackroyd, Peter Adams, Ebenezer Adams, Robert Martin Adorno, Rolena Allen, Don Cameron Allinson, Francis
Greenleaf
Alonso, Amado Alpers, Paul Joel Alter, Robert Bernard Altieri, Charles Francis Anderson, Stephen
Robert Anderson-Imbert,
Enrique
Andrew, Dudley Armstrong, Edward
Cooke Armstrong, Isobel Mair Arnold, William
Rosenzweig Aronoff, Mark Asin y Palacios, Miguel
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Atkins, Stuart Pratt Atkinson, Justin Brooks Atkinson, William
Parsons Austerlitz, Robert Paul Babbitt, Irving Bailey, David Roy
Shackleton Baldensperger, Fernand
(Philippe-Jules-Fernand)
Barish, Jonas Alexander Barkan, Leonard Barolini, Teodolinda Baron, Hans Bate, Walter Jackson Bates, Arlo Bates, William Nickerson Baugh, Edward Beck, Charles Bedier, Joseph Beer, Gillian Patricia Beeson, Charles Henry Bekker, Immanuel
(August Immanuel) Benfey, Christopher Benichou, Paul Bennett, Jack Arthur
Walter Benson, Larry Dean Bentley, Eric Bentley, Gerald Eades Bercovitch, Sacvan Berger, Harry Berlant, Lauren Bernstein, Charles Bernstein, Michael Andre Bersani, Leo Bevington, David Binchy, Daniel Anthony Birkerts, Sven P. Birnbaum, Henrik
Maximilian Bischoff, Bernhard Bishop, Morris Gilbert Blackall, Eric Albert
Blackmur, Richard Palmer
Bloch, Bernard Bloch, R. Howard Bloom, Harold Bloomfield, Maurice Bloomfield, Morton
Wilfred Blume, Bernhard Walter Blumstein, Sheila Ellen Bocher, Ferdinand Boeckh, August Boissier, Marie Louis
Gaston Bolinger, Dwight
LeMerton Bonner, Campbell Bonner, Robert Johnson Boodberg, Peter Alexis Booth, Wayne Clayson Bopp, Franz Borgese, Giuseppe
Antonio Borroff, Marie Bowers, Fredson Thayer Boyle, Leonard Eugene Branca, Vittore Felice Brandes, Georg Morris
Cohen Braudy, Leo Bree, Germaine Bresnan, Joan W. Briggs, LeBaron Russell Brodhead, Richard H. Brombert, Victor Henri Bromwich, David Bronson, Bertrand Harris Brooks, Cleanth Brooks, Peter Preston Brooks, Van Wyck Brower, Reuben Arthur Brown, Bill Brown, Carleton Brown, Herbert Ross Bruneau, Jean Louis Brunetiere, Ferdinand
Bruns, Gerald L. Buck, Carl Darling Buckley, Jerome
Hamilton Buell, Lawrence Burchfield, Robert
William Burke, Kenneth Duva Burkert, Walter Burlingame, Eugene
Watson Bush, John Nash Douglas Butcher, Samuel Henry Butler, Marilyn Speers Bywater, Ingram Cabot, James Elliot Cameron, Alan D. Cameron, Sharon Campbell, Jr., Oscar
James Capps, Edward Cardona, George Carre, Jean-Marie Cassidy, Frederic Gomes Castro, Americo Catalan, Diego
Menendez-Pidal Cavanagh, Clare Caws, Mary Ann Cecil (Lord), David Chalmers, Gordon Keith Chambers, L. Ross Chandler, James Kenneth Chang, Kang-i Sun Channing, Edward Tyrrel Chao, Yuen Ren Chapman, Henry Leland Chartier, Roger Cherniss, Harold Fredrik Child, Francis James Chinard, Gilbert Chomsky, Avram Noam Chow, Rey Clark, Walter Eugene Clausen, Wendell Vernon Clover, Carol J.
Coffman, George Raleigh Cohen, Ralph Cohn, Dorrit Colacurcio, Michael J. Compagnon, Antoine
Marcel Conway, Robert Seymour Copeland, Charles
Townsend Corngold, Stanley A. Costello, Bonnie Court de Gebelin,
Antoine Cowgill, Warren
Crawford Crane, Ronald Salmon Crawford, James Pyle
Wickersham Crews, Frederick
Campbell Croll, Morris William Cross, Jr., Frank Moore Cross, Samuel Hazzard Culicover, Peter W. Culler, Arthur Dwight Culler, Jonathan Dwight Curran, Stuart Curtius, Georg Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson Daleski, Hillel Matthew Damon, Samuel Foster Damrosch, David Damrosch, Leo Davie, Donald Alfred Davis, Herbert John Dayan, Colin de Bary, William
Theodore de Man, Paul Adolph
Michel de Romilly, Jacqueline Delbanco, Andrew Dembowski, Peter
Florian Demetz, Peter Derrida, Jacques
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Diakonov (Diakonoff), Igor Mikhailovich
Dieckmann, Herbert Diels, Hermann
Alexander Dihle, Albrecht Gottfried
Ferdinand Dodds, Eric Robertson Donaldson, Ethelbert
Talbot Donoghue, Denis Doran, Madeleine
Kathryn Dover, Kenneth James Dowty, David Roach Doyle, Henry Grattan Drucker, Johanna Ruth Dunn, Charles William Early, Gerald Lyn Edel, Joseph Leon Edgerton, Franklin Ehrenpreis, Irvin Elder, John Petersen Elisseeff, Serge Elliott, Robert Carl Ellmann, Richard David Else, Gerald Frank Emeneau, Murray
Barnson Empson, William Engell, James Ernst, Carl William Evans, D. Ellis Evans, Gwynne
Blakemore Fagles, Robert Fanger, Donald Lee Farley, Frank Edgar Fay, Charles Ernest Feeney, Denis Felman, Shoshana Felstiner, John Felton, Cornelius
Conway Ferguson, Charles Albert Ferguson, Frances
Ferguson, Margaret W. Ferguson, Robert A. Fergusson, Francis Ferry, Anne Festugiere, Andre-Jean Fillmore, Charles John Finley, Jr., John Huston Fish, Stanley Eugene Fisher, Philip Fitts, Dudley Fitzgerald, Robert Stuart Fleming, John V. Foley, Helene Peet Ford, George Harry Ford, Jeremiah Denis
Mathias Frank, Joseph Frank, Tenney Freccero, John Frisbie, Levi Fromkin, Victoria
Alexandra Frye, Herman Northrop Frye, Roland Mushat Fumaroli, Marc Furness, Jr., Horace
Howard Furnivall, Frederick
James Gallagher, Catherine (M.
Catherine) Gamkrelidze, Thomas
Valerianovich Gardner, Helen Louise Gates, Jr., Henry Louis Geddes, Jr., James Geldner, Karl Friedrich Gerzina, Gretchen
Holbrook Giamatti, Angelo Bartlett Gibb, Hamilton
Alexander Rosskeen Gikandi, Simon E. Gilbert, Sandra M. Gildersleeve, Basil
Lanneau
Gilman, Sander L. Gilman, Stephen Gilroy, Paul Girard, Rene Noel Goldhill, Simon D. Goldin, Judah Goldman, Robert Phillip Goldsmith, John A. Gonda, Jan Gonzalez Echevarria,
Roberto Goodwin, William
Watson Grandgent, Charles Hall Gray, Louis Herbert Greenberg, Moshe Greenblatt, Stephen Jay Greene, Roland Greene, Thomas
McLernon Greene, William Chase Greenfield, Jonas Carl Greenough, Chester Noyes Greenough, James
Bradstreet Grenoble, Lenore A. Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Grossman, Edith M. Gubar, Susan D. Guerard, Albert Joseph Guillen, Claudio Gulick, Charles Burton Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich Gummere, Francis
Barton Gummere, Richard Mott Guterbock, Hans Gustav Guy, Henri Guy-Sheftall, Beverly Haas, Mary Rosamond Hack, Roy Kenneth Hadley, James Haffenden, John Hagstrum, Jean Howard Hale, Kenneth Locke Halle, Morris
Hamp, Eric Pratt Hanan, Patrick Dewes Harbage, Alfred Bennett Hardison, Jr., Osborne
Bennett Harmon, Austin Morris Harris, Zellig Sabbettai Harrison, Robert Pogue Harshav, Benjamin Hart, James David Hartman, Geoffrey H. Hatfield, Henry Caraway Haugen, Einar Ingvald Havelock, Eric Alfred Havens, Raymond Dexter Hawkins, Richmond
Laurin Hayles, N. Katherine Hazard, Paul Heidel, William Arthur Heilbrun (aka Cross,
Amanda), Carolyn Gold
Heim, Michael Henry Heller, Erich Heller-Roazen, Daniel Helman, Edith Fishtine Henderson, Jeffrey Hendrickson, George
Lincoln Henrichs, Albert
Maximinus Hexter, Ralph J. Hibbett, Howard Scott Hightower, James Robert Hills, Elijah Clarence Hirsch, Jr., Eric Donald Hirsch, Marianne Hockett, Charles Francis Hoenigswald, Henry Max Hofmann, Michael Hohendahl, Peter Uwe Hollander, Jr., Robert B. Hollier, Denis Holman, Clarence Hugh
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Hopkins, Edward Washburn
Houghton, Walter Edwards
Householder, Jr., Fred Walter
Howard, Albert Andrew Howard, Leon Howard, William Guild Howe, Irving Hughes, Merritt Yerkes Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm,
Freiherr von Hunter, George
Kirkpatrick Hutcheon, Linda Ann Hynes, Samuel Hyvernat, Eugene Xavier
Louis Henri Ingalls, Daniel Henry
Holmes Insler, Stanley Inwood, Brad Irwin, John T. Iser, Wolfgang Ismajli, Rexhep Ivanov, Vyacheslav
Vsevolodovich Ivic, Pavle Jackendoff, Ray Saul Jackson, Carl Newell Jackson, Henry (1839-
1921) Jacobi, Hermann Georg Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter
Rudolph Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm Jakobson, Roman Jameson, Fredric R. Jamison, Stephanie W. Janko, Richard Charles
Murray Jasanoff, Jay H. Jewett, James Richard Jones, Howard Mumford Joseph, Brian Daniel
Jowett, Benjamin Jusserand, Jean Adrien
Antoine Jules Kahane, Henry Kane, George Joseph Kaplan, Alice Y. Kaster, Robert A. Kazin, Alfred Keeley, Edmund Leroy Keenan, Edward L. Keene, Donald Lawrence Kelleher, John Vincent Kendrick, Asahel Clark Keniston, Ralph Hayward Kennedy, George
Alexander Kenner, Hugh Kent, Roland Grubb Kerby-Miller, Wilma
Anderson Kermode, John Frank Kiberd, Declan Kingsley, James Luce Kirchhoff, Johann
Wilhelm Adolf Kittredge, George Lyman Klausner, Joseph Knapp, Steven Knechtges, David R. Knights, Lionel Charles Knox, Bernard McGregor
Walker Koenen, Ludwig Kolve, V. A. Konstan, J. David Kretschmer, Paul Krieger, Murray Kristeva, Julia Kronenberger, Louis Küpper, Joachim Kurath, Hans Kuroda, Sige-Yuki Kurylowicz, Jerzy Labov, William David Ladefoged, Peter Nielsen Lamson, Roy
Lancaster, Henry Carrington
Lane, George Martin Lane, George Sherman Lang, Henry Roseman Langley, Ernest Felix Lanman, Charles
Rockwell Lassen, Christian Lattimore, Richmond
Alexander Leavis, Frank Raymond Lee, Hermione Lehiste, Ilse Lejeune, Michel Lentricchia, Frank
Richard Leslau, Wolf Levi, Sylvain Levin, Harry Tuchman Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer Lewis, Tayler Lewis, Wilmarth Sheldon Li, Ling Lida, Raimundo Likhachev, Dmitrii
Sergeevich Lindenberger, Herbert S. Linforth, Ivan Mortimer Lipking, Lawrence Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (Peter
Hugh Jefferd) Locke, William Nash Long, Anthony Arthur Longley, Edna Lord, Albert Bates Lounsbury, Thomas
Raynesford Lowe, Elias Avery Lowes, John Livingston Lumiansky, Robert
Mayer Lyon, David Gordon MacCana, Proinsias Macdonell, Arthur
Anthony
Mack, Maynard Magoun, Jr., Francis
Peabody Malkiel, Yakov Manley, Lawrence G. Marcus, Steven Marichal, Juan Martz, Louis Lohr Marx, Leo Mastronarde, Donald J. Matthews, Albert Matthews, William
Richard May, Georges Claude Mayrhofer, Manfred Mazon, Paul Mazzotta, Giuseppe E. McCarthy, John J. McCawley, James David McClellan, Edwin McGann, Jerome John Meillet, Antoine (Paul
Jules Antoine) Meltzer, Françoise Menand, Louis Mendelshon, Daniel Mendelson, Edward Menendez Pidal, Ramon Meritt, Benjamin Dean Miles, Josephine Louise Miller, D. A. Miller, Joseph Hillis Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy Moore, Clifford Herschel Moran, William Lambert More, Paul Elmer Moretti, Franco Morgan, Morris Hicky Morot-Sir, Edouard
Barthelemy Morpurgo Davies, Anna
Elbina Morrison, Theodore Morson, Gary Saul Most, Glenn W.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Moulton, William Gamwell
Muller, Herbert Joseph Muller, Max (Friedrich
Max) Munro, Hugh Andrew
Johnstone Murdock, Kenneth
Ballard Murray, Gilbert (George
Gilbert Aime) Murray, James Augustus
Henry Murrin, Michael Muscatine, Charles Mynors, Roger Aubrey
Baskerville Nagy, Gregory Napier, Arthur Sampson Nash, Bennett Hubbard Navarro Tomas, Tomas Neefs, Jacques Neilson, William Allan Newman, Barbara Jane Nichols, Stephen G. Nicolson, Marjorie Hope Nitze, William Albert North, Helen Florence North, Michael A. Norton, Elliot Noyes, George Rapall
(1873-1952) Oertel, Hanns Oldfather, William
Abbott Olney, James Ong, Walter Jackson Orgel, Stephen Kitay Osborn, James Marshall Ossola, Carlo M. Ostwald, Martin Otis, Brooks Owen, Stephen Paducheva, Elena V. Page, Curtis Hidden Page, Denys Lionel
Paris, Gaston Bruno Paulin
Parker, Charles Pomeroy Parry, Milman Partee, Barbara Hall Patch, Howard Rollin Patterson, Annabel M. Paulson, Ronald Howard Pavel, Thomas Pearce, Roy Harvey Pearsall, Derek Albert Pease, Arthur Stanley Peers, Edgar Allison Percival, Walter Keith Perez-Firmat, Gustavo
Francisco Perkins, David Dodd Perlmutter, David M. Perloff, Marjorie
Gabrielle Perrin, Bernadotte Peyre, Henri Maurice Phelps, William Lyon Pickering, John (1777-
1846) Pierrehumbert, Janet
Breckenridge Pike, Kenneth Lee Poggioli, Renato Poirier, Richard Poirion, Daniel Pollock, Sheldon I. Pope, John Collins Popkin, John Snelling Posnock, Ross Pottle, Frederick Albert Poulet, Georges Pratt, Mary Louise Praz, Mario Prendergast, Christopher A. Prescott, Henry
Washington Price, Martin Pritchard, William H. Pritsak, Omeljan Pullum, Geoffrey Keith
Putnam, Michael Courtney Jenkins
Quint, David Louis Quirk (Baron), Charles
Randolph Rabate, Jean-Michel Rahv, Philip Ramanujan, A. K.
(Attipat Krishnaswami) Ramazani, Jahan Rampersad, Arnold Rand, Edward Kennard Rawidowicz, Simon Rawlinson, Henry
Creswicke Rawson, Claude Julien Ray, Gordon Norton Redford, Bruce Reiner, Erica Rice, Keren D. Rickford, John R. Ricks, Christopher Bruce Riffaterre, Michael Ritschl, Friedrich
Wilhelm Rizzi, Luigi Roach, Joseph Robinson, Fred Colson Robinson, Fred Norris Rollins, Hyder Edward Root, Robert Kilburn Rosenmeyer, Thomas
Gustav Rosenthal, Franz Roskies, David G. Ryskamp, Charles
Andrew Sag, Ivan A. Said, Edward William Salisbury, Edward
Elbridge Sanders, Henry Arthur Santirocco, Matthew S. Saussy, Caleb Powell
Haun Scarry, Elaine
Schevill, Rudolph Schneider, Heinrich Schofield, Malcolm Scholes, Robert Scholte, Jan Hendrik Schone, Albrecht Schor, Naomi Schorer, Mark Schuchard, W. Ronald Schucking, Levin Ludwig Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky Segal, Charles Paul Seidensticker, Edward
George Sells, Michael A. Senelick, Laurence Philip Sevcenko, Ihor Sewall, Richard Benson Sewall, Stephen Seymour, Thomas Day Seznec, Jean-Joseph Shackleton, Robert Shapiro, James S. Shattuck, Roger Whitney Sheldon, Edward Stevens Shell, Marc Sherburn, George Wiley Shuger, Debora Kuller Sieburth, Richard Silverman, Kenneth
Eugene Silverstein, Michael Simpson, David E. Simpson, Jr., Claude
Mitchell Simpson, Lewis P. Singleton, Charles
Southward Sitney, P. Adams Smith, Barbara
Herrnstein Smith, Hallett Darius Smith, Henry Nash Smith, Horatio Elwin Smyth, Herbert Weir Sokel, Walter Herbert
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Sollors, Werner Solmsen, Friedrich
Rudolf Heinrich Sommerfelt, Alf Axelsson Sophocles, Evangelinus
Apostolides Spacks, Patricia Meyer Starck, Taylor Starobinski, Jean Isaac Steiner, George Stewart, Garrett Stewart, Zeph Stillinger, Jack Clifford Stock, Brian Charles
Alexander Stokoe, William Clarence Striedter, Jurij Sturtevant, Edgar
Howard Summers, Joseph Holmes Sundquist, Eric John Sweeney, John Lincoln Tatlock, John Strong
Perry Taylor, Archer Taylor, Diana Thiersch, Friedrich
Wilhelm Thiong’o, Ngugi wa Thomas, Frederick
William
Thomson, William Thorpe, James Ticknor, George Tillotson, Geoffrey Todorov, Tzvetan Torrey, Charles Cutler Toy, Crawford Howell Trachtenberg, Alan Trilling, Lionel Tucker, Herbert F. Tuve, Rosemond Twaddell, William
Freeman Twersky, Isadore Ullman, Berthold Louis van Buitenen, Johannes
Adrian Bernard Van Hook, La Rue Vendler, Helen Hennessy Vickers, Brian William Vietor, Karl Voegelin, Charles
Frederick von Hallberg, Robert von Jagemann, Hans Carl
Gunther Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Waith, Eugene Mersereau Walpole, Ronald Noel Ward, Aileen Warner, Michael D.
Warren, Kenneth W. Warrior, Robert Wasserman, Earl Reeves Watkins, Calvert Ward Watt, Ian Pierre Weber, Samuel Miles Webster, Noah Weinberg, Bernard Weinhold, Karl Wellbery, David E. Wellek, Rene Wendell, Barrett Weston, George Benson Whatmough, Joshua Whicher, George Frisbie White, Elwyn Brooks White, Hayden White, Helen Constance White, John Williams Whitman, Cedric
Hubbell Whitney, William Dwight Wilkins, Ernest Hatch Willard, Sidney Wimsatt, Jr., William
Kurtz Wineapple, Brenda Witzel, Michael (E. J.
Michael) Wolfram, Walt Wolfson, Harry Austryn
Wood, Michael Woodring, Carl Ray Worcester, Joseph
Emerson Worrell, William Hoyt Wright, Charles Henry
Conrad Wright, John Henry Wright, Louis Booker Wylie, Laurence William Yates, Frances Amelia Yeazell, Ruth Bernard Young, Karl Yu, Anthony C. Yu, Pauline Ruth Yuan, Xingpei Zeitlin, Froma I. Zgusta, Ladislav Ziff, Larzer Zink, Michel Ziolkowski, Jan M. Ziolkowski, Theodore
Joseph Zwicky, Jr., Arnold
Melchior Back to Subject Index
Literature (Creative Writing) Abani, Christopher U. Abe, Kobo Abish, Walter Achebe, Chinua Ackerman, Diane Ackroyd, Peter Adichie, Chimamanda
Ngozi Albee, Edward Franklin
Alder, Ken L. Alexander, Elizabeth Alfred, William Amichai, Yehuda Amis, Martin Ammons, Archie
Randolph Appelfeld, Aharon Arnold, Matthew Ashbery, John Lawrence Asimov, Isaac Atwood, Margaret Auchincloss, Louis
Stanton
Auster, Paul Bacon, Leonard Banks, Russell Banville, John Barnes, Julian P. Barth, John Simmons Baugh, Edward Beattie, Ann Beckett, Samuel Behrman, Samuel
Nathaniel Bellow, Saul Benet, Stephen Vincent Berry, Wendell E.
Berryman, John Beston, Henry Bidart, Frank Birkerts, Sven P. Bishop, Elizabeth Bly, Robert E. Boland, Eavan A. Boll, Heinrich Theodor Bonnefoy, Yves Borges, Jorge Luis Brodsky, Joseph
Alexandrovich Bryant, William Cullen
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Busch, Frederick Matthew
Byatt, Antonia Susan Calasso, Roberto Calisher, Hortense Camus, Albert Carey, Peter Carson, Anne Cather, Willa Cavanagh, Clare Chabon, Michael Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Cheever, John Ciardi, John Anthony Claudel, Paul Louis
Charles Marie Clifton, Lucille Thelma Coates, Ta-Nehisi Coetzee, John M. Coffin, Robert Peter
Tristram Cohen, Leonard Norman Cole, Henri Coover, Robert Cowley, Malcolm Creeley, Robert Cunningham, Michael Davenport, Guy Davis, Lydia Davison, Peter Hubert DeLillo, Don Denk, Jeremy Di Piero, W. S. (William
Simone) Dickey III, James
Lafayette Didion, Joan Dillard, Annie Doctorow, E. L. (Edgar
Lawrence) Dolan, Jill Donoghue, Emma M. Dorfman, Ariel Dos Passos, John Dove, Rita F. Drabble, Margaret
Dyer, Geoff Eberhart, Richard
Ghormley Edmonds, Walter
Dumaux Eisenberg, Deborah Elam, Jr., Harry J. Eliot, Thomas Stearns Ellison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ralph Waldo Erdrich, Louise Erskine, John Eugenides, Jeffrey Kent Everett, Percival Fadiman, Anne Ferry, David Russell Fo, Dario Foote, Horton Forbes (Mrs. A.L.
Hoskins), Esther Ford, Richard Forster, Edward Morgan Franzen, Jonathan E. Frayn, Michael Frisch, Max Rudolf Frost, Robert Lee Fuentes, Carlos Fugard, Athol Gaddis, William Galsworthy, John Gass, William Howard Ginsberg, Allen Ginzburg, Natalia Gluck, Louise Elisabeth Goldman, Francisco Goldsmith, Barbara Goldstein, Rebecca Gordimer, Nadine Gottlieb, Robert A. Graham, Jorie Grass, Gunter Gray, Francine du Plessix Gregerson, Linda Griffiths, Paul Anthony Grossman, Allen Richard Grossman, David
Guare, John Guillen, Jorge Gunn, Thomson William Gurganus, Allan Hadas, Rachel
Chamberlayne Hall, Donald Hamburger, Philip Paul Hampl, Patricia Hardwick, Elizabeth Hardy, Thomas Hare, David Harper, Michael S. Harrison, James T. Haskell, Molly Hass, Robert Hawkes, John Hayes, Terrance A. Hazzard, Shirley Heaney, Seamus Justin Hecht, Anthony Evan Hellman, Lillian Hempel, Amy Herbert, Zbigniew Hersey, John Hijuelos, Oscar Hill, Geoffrey William Hillman, Brenda L. Hillyer, Robert Silliman Hirshfield, Jane Hoagland, Edward Hollander, John Holmes, John Albert Holmes, Oliver Wendell
(1809-1894) Horgan, Paul George
Vincent O’Shaughnessy Howard, Maureen Howard, Richard Joseph Howe, Susan Hughes, James Langston Huntington, Archer
Milton Ionesco, Eugene Irving, John Winslow Irving, Washington
Ishiguro, Kazuo Jen, Gish Jin, Xuefei (Ha) Johnson, Charles Richard Johnson, Diane Lain Jones, Edward P. Just, Ward Swift Kaplan, Justin Keillor, Garrison Keneally, Thomas
Michael Kennedy, John Pendleton Kennedy, William Joseph Kincaid, Jamaica Kingston, Maxine Hong Kinnell, Galway Kinsella, Thomas Kipling, Rudyard Koch, Kenneth Komunyakaa, Yusef Krutch, Joseph Wood Kundera, Milan Kushner, Tony La Farge, Oliver Hazard
Perry Larkin, Philip Arthur Laughlin, James Leger (pseudonym Saint-
John Perse), Alexis Saint-Leger (Marie-Rene Auguste Alexis
Saint-Leger) Lentricchia, Frank
Richard Levine, Philip Linney, Romulus Longfellow, Henry
Wadsworth Longley, Michael Lopate, Phillip Lowell, James Russell Lurie, Alison Mackey, Nathaniel MacLeish, Archibald Mahfouz, Naguib Mailer, Norman
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Malamud, Bernard Mallon, Thomas Malraux, Andre Mann, Thomas Margulies, Donald Matthiessen, Peter Mayer, Jane M. McBride, James McCarthy, Cormac McCarthy, Mary McClatchy, J. D. McCord, David
Thompson Watson McEwan, Ian Russell McHugh, Heather McKibben, Bill McPherson, James Allen Merrill, James Ingram Merwin, William Stanley Miller, Arthur Millhauser, Steven Milosz, Czeslaw Momaday, Navarre Scott Moore, Lorrie (Marie
Lorena) Moore, Marianne Craig Moravia, Alberto Morris, Wright Morrison, Toni (Chloe
Anthony) Mukherjee, Bharati Muldoon, Paul Munro, Alice Murdoch, Jean Iris Murray, Albert L. Naipaul, V. S. (Vidiadhar
Surajprasad) Nash, Ogden (Frederick
Ogden) Nelson, Maggie Nemerov, Howard
Stanley Neruda, Pablo Nguyen, Viet Thanh Nishiwaki, Junzaburo Nottage, Lynn
Nunez, Sigrid Oates, Joyce Carol O’Brien, Tim Oe, Kenzaburo O’Faolain, Sean Olds, Sharon Origo, Iris Margaret
Cutting Oz, Amos Ozick, Cynthia Page, Thomas Nelson Paley, Grace Pamuk, Orhan Parsons, Thomas William Paz, Octavio Percy, Walker Phillips, Carl Pier, Arthur Stanwood Pinkney, Jerry Pinsky, Robert Neal Pinter, Harold Plumly, Stanley Powers, J. F. (James Farl) Powers, Richard Price, Reynolds Pritchett, Victor Sawdon Prose, Francine Proulx, E. Annie Quasimodo, Salvatore Ransom, John Crowe Rich, Adrienne Robinson, Edwin
Arlington Robinson, Marilynne Roth, Philip Sacks, Oliver Wolf Sahgal, Nayantara Salter, James Salter, Mary Jo Sanders, Scott Russell Sante, Luc Marie Sarton, May Saunders, George
William Scammell, Michael
Schnackenberg, Gjertrud Cecelia
Schwartz, Lynne Sharon Scott, Joanna Seferiades, Giorgos
Stylianou [pseudonym George Seferis]
Segal, Lore Shanley, John Patrick Shapiro, Alan Shapiro, Karl Jay Shawn, Wallace Shepard, Sam Silko, Leslie Marmon Silone, Ignazio Simic, Charles Simon, Claude Singer, Isaac Bashevis Slotkin, Richard S. Smiley, Jane Graves Smith, Anna Deavere Snodgrass, W. D.
(William Dewitt) Snow, Charles Percy Snyder, Gary Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
Isaevich Sontag, Susan Soyinka, Wole Spender, Stephen Harold Spiegelman, Art St. John, David Stallings, Alicia Elsbeth Stedman, Edmund
Clarence Stegner, Wallace Earle Stern, Gerald Stern, Richard Gustave Stewart, Susan Stone, Robert Anthony Stoppard, Tom Strand, Mark Styron, Jr., William Clark Sze, Arthur C. Szymborska, Wislawa
Tate, Allen (John Orley Allen)
Taylor, Peter Matthew Hillsman
Tennyson, Alfred Theroux, Paul Tóibín, Colm Tomlinson, Charles Torres Bodet, Jaime Trethewey, Natasha D. Trevor, William Trilling, Diana Rubin Trumbull, John (1750-
1831) Tyler, Anne Updike, John Hoyer Valenzuela, Luisa Van Duyn Thurston,
Mona Jane Vargas Llosa, J. Mario
Pedro Vogel, Paula A. Voigt, Ellen Bryant Vonnegut, Kurt Waldrop, Rosmarie Walker, Alice Tallulah
Kate Warren, Robert Penn Warren, Rosanna Welty, Eudora Weschler, Lawrence
Michael West (pseudonym Cicily
Fairfield Andrews), Rebecca
White, Edmund Whittemore II, Edward
Reed (aka Reed Whittemore)
Whittier, John Greenleaf Wideman, John Edgar Wiesel, Elie Wilbur, Richard Purdy Williams, C. K. (Charles
Kenneth) Williams, Joy
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Williams, Tennessee Wilson, August Wineapple, Brenda Winters, Janet Lewis [aka
Janet Lewis] Winters, Arthur Yvor
Wister, Owen Wolfe, Tom Wolff, Tobias Woodberry, George
Edward Wright, C. D.
Wright, Jay Wright, Jr., Charles
Penzel Young, Kevin L. Yourcenar, Marguerite Zagajewski, Adam
Back to Subject Index
Mathematics and Statistics Adams, Clarence
Raymond Adams, John Couch Adler, Roy L. Adrain, Robert Aizenman, Michael Albert, Abraham Adrian Aldous, David Anderson, Henry James Anderson, Theodore
Wilbur Andrews, George E. Anselin, Luc E. Archibald, Raymond
Clare Arnold, Vladimir
Igorevich Arthur, James Grieg Artin, Emil Artin, Michael Aschbacher, Michael
George Askey, Richard Allen Atiyah, Michael Francis Aumann, Robert John Auslander, Maurice Avery, Charles Babai, László Babbage, Charles Bahadur, Raghu Raj Baouendi, M. Salah Baraniuk, Richard G. Barenblatt, Grigory
Isaakovich
Barlow, Peter Barnes, John Landes Bartlett, William Holmes
Chambers Bartlett, William Pitt
Greenwood Bass, Hyman Batchelor, George Keith Beilinson, Alexander A. Bellman, Richard Ernest Ben Arous, Gérard Bennett, Albert Arnold Berestycki, Henri Berger, Bonnie Berger, Marsha J. Bergman, Stefan Berlekamp, Elwyn Bers, Lipman Bertozzi, Andrea Louise Beurling, Arne Karl
August Bhargava, Manjul Bickel, Peter John Billingsley, Patrick Paul Bing, R. H. Birkhoff, Garrett Birkhoff, George David Birman, Joan S. Lyttle Bishop, Errett A. Blackwell, David Harold Bliss, Gilbert Ames Bloch, Spencer Janney Bocher, Maxime Bogolubov, Nikolai
Nikolaevich Bombieri, Enrico Borcherds, Richard Ewen Borel, Armand
Borodin, Alexei Boruch, Robert F. Bott, Raoul Boutet de Monvel, Louis Bouton, Charles Leonard Bowley, Arthur Lyon Box, George Edward
Pelham Brauer, Richard Dagobert Breiman, Leo Brenner, Michael P. Brezis, Haïm Brillinger, David Ross Brioschi, Francesco Broué, Michel Browder, Felix Earl Browder, William Brown, Ernest William Brown, Jr., Edgar Henry Brown, Lawrence David Bryant, Robert L. Buchsbaum, David Alvin Burkholder, Donald
Lyman Byerly, William Elwood Caffarelli, Luis Angel Caflisch, Russel E. Cajori, Florian Calderon, Alberto Pedro Candès, Emmanuel J. Cappell, Sylvain Carleson, Lennart Axel
Edvard Cartan, Henri Paul Catlin, Marcus Cauchy (Baron),
Augustin Louis Cayley, Arthur
Chang, Sun-Yung Alice Chasles, Michel Chauvenet, William Cheeger, Jeff Chern, Shiing Shen Chernoff, Herman Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne Chorin, Alexandre Joel Christ, F. Michael Christodoulou,
Demetrios Church, Alonzo Cochran, William
Gemmell Coffin, John Huntington
Crane Cohen, Paul Joseph Coifman, Ronald Raphael Colburn, Warren Colding, Tobias Cole, Julian David Colin de Verdiere, Yves Collins, Eduard Albert
Christoph Ludwig (“Sir Edward”)
Connes, Alain Constantin, Peter S. Conway, John Horton Coolidge, Julian Lowell Courtenay, Edward
Henry Cox, David Roxbee Coxeter, Harold Scott
MacDonald Cramer, Harald Crandall, Michael G.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Cremona, Luigi (Antonio Luigi Gaudienzo Giuseppe)
Crighton, David George Dafermos, Constantine
Michael d’Alembert, Jean le Rond Dantzig, George Bernard Daubechies, Ingrid
Chantal David, Guy R. P. Davies, Charles Davis, Stephen Howard Day, Jeremiah de Boor, Carl-Wilhelm
Reinhold de la Vallee-Poussin,
Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas
Dean, James Deift, Percy A. Deligne, Pierre Demmel, James W. Dempster, Arthur P. Denjoy, Arnaud DeVore, Ronald A. Diaconis, Persi Dickson, Leonard Eugene Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe Dobrushin, Roland
Lvovich Donoho, David L. Doob, Joseph Leo Douglas, Jesse Drinfeld, Vladimir Duffin, Richard James Durrett, Richard T. Dvoretzky, Aryeh Dynkin, Eugene B. Efron, Bradley Eilenberg, Samuel Eisenbud, David Elliott, Ezekiel Brown Engquist, Björn Erdos, Paul Eskin, Alex
Etingof, Pavel Euler, Leonhard Evans, Griffith Conrad Evans, Lawrence Craig Farrar, John Federer, Herbert Feferman, Solomon Fefferman, Charles Louis Fefferman, Robert A. Feit, Walter Feller, William Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Fisher, Ronald Aymler Fleming, Wendell Helms Franklin, Fabian Franklin, Philip Freedman, David Amiel Freedman, Michael
Hartley Frenkel, Edward Frenkel, Igor B. Friedlander, Eric Mark Friedman, Avner Friedman, Jerome H. Friedrichs, Kurt Otto Fulton, William Furstenberg, Hillel Fuss, Nicolaus von Gabai, David Garabedian, Paul Roesel Garding, Lars Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gehring, Frederick
William Geiringer, Hilda Gelfand, Israel
Moiseyevich Gill, Charles Gleason, Andrew Mattei Glimm, James Gilbert Godel, Kurt Friedrich Goldfeld, Dorian Goldstein, Sydney Goldstine, Herman Heine Golubitsky, Martin Gomory, Ralph Edward
Good, Irving John Gorenstein, Daniel Gottlieb, David Graham, Fan Chung Graham, Ronald Lewis Graustein, William
Caspar Green, Mark Lee Greengard, Leslie Greenspan, Harvey Philip Grenander, Ulf Griess, Jr., Robert L. Griffiths, Phillip
Augustus Gromov, Mikhael Gross, Benedict Hyman Gross, Leonard Grothendieck, Alexander Guckenheimer, John Guillemin, Victor
William Guth, Larry D. Hacon, Christopher D. Hadamard, Jacques
Salomon Hall, Frederick Hall, Jr., Marshall Hamilton, Richard Hamilton, William
Rowan Hanlon, Philip J. Hansen, Morris Howard Hardy, Godfrey Harold Harris, Joseph D. Harris, Michael H. Hart, Sergiu Heins, Maurice Haskell Helgason, Sigurdur Herman, Richard H. Hermite, Charles Hill, Thomas Hille, Einar Hironaka, Heisuke Hirzebruch, Friedrich
Ernst Peter Hitchcock, Frank Lauren
Hochschild, Gerhard Paul
Hochster, Melvin Hodge, William Vallance
Douglas Hoeffding, Wassily Hoffman, Alan Jerome Holmes, Philip John Hopf, Heinz Hopkins, Michael J. Hormander, Lars Hou, Thomas Yizhao Householder, Alston Scott Howard, Louis Norberg Howe, Roger Evans Hrushovski, Ehud Hsiang, Wu-chung Huber, Peter Jerome Huntington, Edward
Vermilye Hurewicz, Witold Hutton, Charles Iwaniec, Henryk Iwasawa, Kenkichi Jackson, Dunham Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobson, Nathan Jacquet, Herve M. Jerison, David Jitomirskaya, Svetlana Johnstone, Iain M. Jones, Peter Wilcox Jones, Vaughan Frederick
Randal Jordan, Michael I. Kac, Mark Kac, Victor Kadane, Joseph B. Kadison, Richard V. Kakutani, Shizuo Kalman, Rudolf Emil Kaplansky, Irving Karlin, Samuel Kato, Kazuya Katok, Anatole Katz, Nicholas M.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Kazhdan, David Keldysh, Mstislav
Vsevoldovich Keller, Herbert Bishop Keller, Joseph Bishop Kellogg, Oliver Dimon Kemeny, John George Kenig, Carlos E. Kenyon, Richard W. Kesten, Harry Kiefer, Jack Carl Klainerman, Sergiu Klawe, Maria Klee, Victor L. Kleene, Stephen Cole Klein, Christian Felix Kleitman, Daniel J. Kodaira, Kunihiko Kohn, Joseph John Kohn, Robert V. Kolchin, Ellis Robert Kollar, Janos Kolmogorov, Andrei
Nikolayevich Kopell, Nancy Jane Kostant, Bertram Kottwitz, Robert E. Kra, Bryna R. Krein, Mark Grigorievich Kreiss, Heinz Otto Kruskal, Martin David Kruskal, William Henry Krylov, Nicolai
Vladimirovich Kurtz, Thomas G. Ladyzhenskaya, Olga
Alexandrovna Langer, Rudolph Ernest Langlands, Robert Phelan Lawler, Gregory Francis Lawson, Jr., H. Blaine Lax, Peter David Lazarsfeld, Robert K. Le Cam, Lucien Marie Legendre, Adrien Marie Lehmann, Erich Leo
Lenstra, Jr., Hendrik Willem
Leray, Jean Levi-Civita, Tullio Levinson, Norman Lewy, Hans Li, Peter Wai-Kwong Liggett, Thomas M. Light, Richard Jay Lighthill, Michael James Lin, Chia-Chiao Lin, Fang-Hua Lions, Jacques Louis Liouville, Joseph Lipka, Joseph Little, Roderick Joseph
Alexander Loomis, Lynn Harold Lubbock (Baronet), John
William Lubotzky, Alexander Ludwig, Donald Lusztig, George Lyubich, Mikhail Mackey, George
Whitelaw MacLane, Saunders MacPherson, Robert
Duncan Magidor, Menachem Majda, Andrew J. Malliavin, Paul Georges Mandelbrot, Benoit
Baruch Mangel, Marc Manin, Yuri I. Margulis, Grigorii
Alexandrovich Marsden, Jerrold E. Martin, Donald Anthony Martin, William Ted Massey, William
Schumacher Matsusaka, Teruhisa Mazur, Barry Charles McClintock, Emory
McCullagh, Peter McDuff, Dusa (Margaret
Dusa) McKean, Jr., Henry Pratt McLaughlin, David W. McMullen, Curtis Tracy Meier, Paul Melrose, Richard Burt Meyer, Yves Francois Miles, John Wilder Miller, George Abram Milne, Edward Arthur Milnor, John Willard Minicozzi II, William P. Mirzakhani, Maryam Moise, Edwin Evariste Montgomery, Deane Moore, Calvin Cooper Moore, Clarence Lemuel
Elisha Moore, Derek William Moore, Eliakim Hastings Moore, Gregory
Winthrop Morawetz, Cathleen
Synge Mori, Shigefumi Morley, Frank Morrey, Jr., Charles
Bradfield Morrison, David R. Morse, Marston (Harold
Marston) Moser, Jurgen Kurt Moses, Lincoln Ellsworth Mosteller, Frederick
(Charles Frederick) Mostow, George Daniel Mrowka, Tomasz
Stanislaw Mumford, David Bryant Nash, Jr., John Forbes Nelson, Edward Nemirovski, Arkadi Newman, Charles M. Newton, Hubert Anson
Neyman, Jerzy Ngô, Bảo Châu Nirenberg, Louis Nulty, Eugenius Okounkov, Andrei Oliver, James Edward Ooguri, Hirosi Ore, Oystein Ornstein, Donald Samuel Osgood, William Fogg Osher, Stanley J. Ostrogradsky, Mikhail
Vasilievich (Michel) Papanicolaou, George Pearce, Edward Pearson, Karl Peirce, Benjamin Peirce, Benjamin Osgood Peirce, James Mills Perelson, Alan S. Perlis, Alan Jay Peskin, Charles Samuel Peterson, Franklin Paul Phillips, Henry Bayard Phillips, Ralph Saul Phong, Duong H. Picard, Charles Emile Pike, Nicholas Pipher, Jill Poincare, Jules Henri Poisson, Simeon Denis Polya, George Poncelet, Jean Victor Poonen, Bjorn Mikhail Popa, Sorin T. Quetelet, Lambert
Adolphe Jacques Rabin, Michael Oser Rabinowitz, Paul H. Raftery, Adrian E. Rao, Calyampudi
Radakrishna Rapoport, Anatol Ratner, Marina Raudenbush, Stephen W. Reissner, Eric (Max Erich)
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Ribet, Kenneth A. Richardson, Roland
George Dwight Rivlin, Ronald Samuel Robbins, Herbert Ellis Robinson, Abraham Robinson, Julia Bowman Rokhlin, Vladimir Rosser, John Barkley Rota, Gian-Carlo Roth, Klaus Friedrich Rothschild, Linda Preiss Rubin, Donald Bruce Rudin, Mary Ellen Ruelle, David Pierre Runkle, John Daniel Rutledge, George Saari, Donald Gene Saffman, Philip Geoffrey Salem, Raphael Saloff-Coste, Laurent Sapiro, Guillermo R. Sarnak, Peter Clive Schiffer, Menahem Max Schmid, Wilfried Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Schoen, Richard Melvin Schutzenberger, Marcel-
Paul Schwartz, Jacob Theodore Scott, Dana Stewart Seaver, Edwin Pliny Segal, Irving Ezra Seidel, Paul A. Selberg, Atle Serfaty, Sylvia Serganova, Vera Serre, Jean-Pierre Serrin, James Burton Shafarevich, Igor R. Shahidi, Freydoon Shapley, Lloyd Stowell Shatah, Jalal Shelah, Saharon Shelley, Michael J. Shepp, Lawrence Alan
Sherwin, Thomas Shor, Peter Williston Siegel, Carl Ludwig Siegmund, David Oliver Simon, Barry Simon, Leon Melvyn Simons, James Harris Singer, Isadore Manuel Sipser, Michael Siu, Yum-Tong Sjöstrand, Johannes N. Skorokhod, Anatoli
Vladimirovich Slepian, David Smale, Stephen Smyth, William Snyder, Virgil Solovay, Robert Martin Spencer, Donald Clayton Spencer, Thomas Staffilani, Gigliola Stanley, Richard Peter Stark, Harold Mead Stein, Elias Menachem Sternberg, Schlomo Zvi Stigler, Stephen Mack Stoker, James Johnston Stone, Marshall Harvey Story, William Edward Strang, William Gilbert Strauss, Walter A. Strogatz, Steven H. Strong, Theodore Stroock, Daniel Wyler Struik, Dirk Jan Sullivan, Dennis Parnell Suslin, Andrei
Alexandrovich Sylvester, James Joseph Szego, Gabor Taber, Henry Tamarkin, Jacob David Tao, Terence Tapia, Richard A. Tarjan, Robert Endre Tarski, Alfred
Tataru, Daniel Ioan Tate, Jr., John Torrence Taub, Abraham Haskel Taubes, Clifford Henry Taylor, Jean Ellen Taylor, Michael E. Taylor, Richard Lawrence Temam, Roger M. Thom, Rene Frederic Thompson, Elizabeth
Alison Thompson, John Griggs Thurston, William Paul Tian, Gang Tits, Jacques Leon Toomre, Alar Tracy, Craig A. Truesdell III, Clifford
Ambrose Tucker, Albert William Tukey, John Wilder Tyler, Harry Walter Uhlenbeck, Karen
Keskulla Uhlmann, Gunther Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin Varadhan, Srinivasa
Rangaiyengar Vasy, Andras Veblen, Oswald Vergne, Michele
Francoise Vinberg, Ernest
Borisovich Vishik, Mark I. Vogan, David Alexander von Neumann, John Wachter, Kenneth
Wilcox Wahba, Grace Wallach, Nolan R. Walsh, Joseph Leonard Waterman, Michael
Spencer Weierstrass, Karl
Theodor Wilhelm
Weinberger, Hans Felix Weinstein, Alan David Weiss, Benjamin Wermer, John Weyl, Hermann (Claus
Hugo Hermann) Whitehead, Alfred North Whitehead, George
William Whitham, Gerald
Beresford Widder, David Vernon Widom, Harold Wiener, Norbert Wigderson, Avi Wiles, Andrew J. Wilkinson, James Hardy Wilks, Samuel Stanley Williams, Ruth J. Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Wold, Herman Ole
Andraeas Wolfowitz, Jacob Woodin, W. Hugh Woods, Frederick
Shenstone Wright, Margaret Hagen Yau, Horng-Tzer Yau, Shing-Tung Yosida, Kosaku Young, Lai-Sang Yu, Bin Zariski, Oscar Zeitouni, Ofer Zelen, Marvin Zelmanov, Efim Zhang, Shou-Wu Zimmer, Robert J. Zippin, Leo Zworski, Maciej Rafal Zygmund, Antoni Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Medicine and Health Abbas, Abul K. Abbot, Samuel Leonard Abboud, François M. Adams, Raymond
DeLacy Adhya, Sankar Adler, Nancy E. Aiken, Linda Harman Al-Awqati, Qais Albright, Fuller Alexander, Benjamin Allbutt, Thomas Clifford Allen, Arthur Wilburn Allison, Nathaniel Alt, Frederick Wayne Amory, Robert Andral, Gabriel Appleton, Nathaniel
Walker Aronson, Peter S. Aub, Joseph Charles Augustine, Donald Leslie Ausiello, Dennis A. Austen, Karl Frank Austen, W. Gerald
(William Gerald) Avery, Mary Ellen Ayer, James Bourne Bainton, Dorothy Ford Balch, Franklin Greene Bancroft, Edward Barker, Benjamin
Fordyce Barker, Clyde Frederick Barlow, Thomas Barondess, Jeremiah
Abraham Barr, Joseph Seaton Bartlett, Elisha Bartlett, Josiah Bauer, Walter Baumgartner, Leona
Baylies, William Beecher, Henry Knowles Beeson, Paul Bruce Behring, Emil Adolph von Bell, Graeme I. Bell, Luther Vose Benatar, Solomon R. Bennett, Jean Bennett, Joe Claude Bennett, Jr., Ivan
Loveridge Benz, Jr., Edward John Berggren, Per-Olof Berry, George Packer Berwick, Donald M. Beutler, Ernest Bibring, Grete Lehner Bigelow, George Hoyt Bigelow, Henry Jacob Billings, John Shaw Bing, Peter Stephen Binger, Carl Alfred
Lanning Biorck, Gunnar Carl
Wilhelm Blackfan, Kenneth Daniel Blake, Clarence John Blake, Francis Gilman Blalock, Alfred Bloomfield, Clara Derber Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Blumberg, Baruch
Samuel Blumer, George Blumgart, Herrman
Ludwig Bock, Arlie Vernon Bond, Douglas Danford Bowditch, Henry
Ingersoll Bowlby, Edward John
Mostyn Bowman, William Braceland, Francis James Bradford, Edward
Hickling
Bradford, Gamaliel Bradley, Stanley Edward Braunwald, Eugene Bremer, Frederic Gaston
Nicolas Brenner, Barry Morton Brinkhous, Kenneth Merle Brodie, Benjamin Collins Brosin, Henry Walter Brown, Myles A. Brues, Austin Moore Brunton, Thomas Lauder Bunn, Howard Franklin Burnett, Charles Hoyt Burwell, Charles Sidney Bush, Ian Elcock Butler, Allan Macy Cabot, Arthur Tracy Cabot, Richard Clarke Cahill, Jr., George Francis Campbell, Charles Macfie Campbell, Kevin Peter Carethers, John Michael Carrel, Alexis Carson, Dennis Anthony Casadevall, Arturo Castellani, Aldo Castle, William Bosworth Castleman, Benjamin Celli, Angelo Cerami, Anthony Chalmers, Thomas Clark Channing, Walter Chapin, Charles Value Chapman, Carleton Burke Cheever, David Cheever, David Williams Chen, Lincoln Chih-ho Chen, Zhu Childs, Barton Chinnaiyan, Arul M. Chobanian, Aram V. Choppin, Purnell
Whittington Christian, Henry Asbury Churchill, Edward Delos
Clark, Dean Alexander Clark, William Irving Clarke, Edward
Hammond Clements, John Allen Cogan, David
Glendenning Cole, Rufus Coles, Robert (Martin
Robert) Coller, Barry Spencer Comer, James Pierpont Cone, Roger D. Coolidge, Algernon Cooper, Max Dale Cope, Oliver Corvol, Pierre Cory, Suzanne Cotting, Benjamin Eddy Cotzias, George
Constantin Councilman, William
Thomas Cournand, Andre
Frederic Craik, Charles S. Cuervo, Ana Maria Cushing, Harvey
Williams Cutler, Elliott Carr DaCosta, Jacob Mendez Daley, George Q. Dameshek, William D’Amore, Patricia A. Danforth, Samuel Dang, Chi Van Darnell, Robert B. Daughaday, William
Hamilton David, John Rouben Davidson, Beverly L. Davidson, Charles
Sprecher Davidson, Nancy E. Davis, Karen Debas, Haile Tesfaye
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Debre, Robert DeLong, Mahlon Robert Denny-Brown, Derek
Ernest Derby, George Desmond-Hellmann, Susan Deterling, Jr., Ralph Alden Deutsch, Helene
Rosenbach DeWitt, Benjamin Dexter, Lewis Diamond, Louis Klein Dingle, John Holmes Dirks, John Herbert Dock, William Doering, Carl Rupp Dole, Vincent Paul Doll, Richard (William
Richard Shaboe) Donahoe, Patricia Kilroy Dorfman, Albert Downing, James R. Dragstedt, Lester Reynold Drake, Daniel Drake, Michael Vincent Draper, Frank Winthrop Drown, Solomon Druker, Brian Jay DuBois, Eugene Floyd Duke, Robin Chandler Duke-Elder, Stewart
(William Stewart) Dunphy, John Englebert Durkee, Silas Earls, Felton James Ebaugh, Jr., Franklin
Gessford Ebert, Robert Higgins Edelman, Elazer Reuven Edes, Robert Thaxter Edsall, David Linn Edsall, Geoffrey Eisenberg, Leon Ellis, Calvin Epstein, Charles Joseph Epstein, Jonathan A.
Ewalt, Jack Richard Fagin, Claire Mintzer Falconer, William Fanconi, Guido Farber, Sidney Farmer, Paul Edward Farnsworth, Dana Lyda Fauci, Anthony Stephen Faulkner, James Morison Feinberg, Andrew Paul Fernald, Walter Elmore Feron, Jean (John) Ferriero, Donna M. Finch, Clement Alfred Fine, Jacob Fineberg, Harvey Vernon Finland, Maxwell Fins, Joseph J. Fisher, Joshua Fishman, Alfred Paul Fishman, Mark Charles Fiske, Oliver Fitz, Reginald Fitz, Reginald Heber FitzGerald, Garret Adare Fitzpatrick, Thomas
Bernard Flexner, Simon Florey, Howard Walter Folkman, Moses Judah Folsom, Charles Follen Foster, Daniel Willett Foster, Jr., Henry
Wendell Francis, Jr., Thomas Fraumeni, Jr., Joseph
Francis Fredrickson, Donald Sharp Freedman, Daniel Xander Frei III, Emil Frenk, Julio Furth, Jacob Gajdusek, Daniel
Carleton Gale, Benjamin Gamble, James Lawder
Garland, Joseph Geschwind, Norman Gesell, Arnold Lucius Ghebreyesus, Tedros A. Gibbon, Jr., John Heysham Gigli, Irma Gilliland, Gary Gilman, Sid Gimbrone, Jr., Michael
Anthony Ginsburg, David Glaser, Robert Joy Glass, Christopher K. Glimcher, Laurie Hollis Glimcher, Melvin Jacob Goldstein, Joseph
Leonard Goodale, Joseph Lincoln Gorgas, William Crawford Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Greene, Harry Sylvestre
Nutting Greene, Warner Craig Greenough, Robert Battey Groopman, Jerome Gross, Robert Edward Grossman, Morton Irvin Gruman, Jessie Grumbach, Melvin
Malcolm Guttmacher, Alan Frank Haber, Daniel Arie Haber, Edgar Haddow, Alexander Hale, Enoch Halliburton, John Halsted, William Stewart Ham, Thomas Hale Hamburg, David Alan Hammond, William
Alexander Harrison, John Hartwell Harrison, Ross Granville Harrison, Tinsley
Randolph Harvey, Abner McGehee
Hauser, Stephen L. Havel, Richard Joseph Hay, Gustavus Haygarth, John Hayman, Jr., Joseph
Marchant Hays, Isaac Hays, Isaac Minis Hayward, George Hench, Philip Showalter Henderson, Donald
Ainslie Hertig, Arthur Tremain Hiatt, Howard Haym Higginbotham, Eve J. High, Katherine Ann Himsworth, Harold
Percival Ho, David D. Hobbs, Helen Haskell Hodges, Richard
Manning Hogness, John Rusten Holmes, Oliver Wendell
(1809-1894) Holyoke, Edward
Augustus Homans, John Home (Baronet), Everard Hooker, Sanford Burton Hooper, Robert William Hopkins, Donald Roswell Horsley, Victor
Alexander Haden Horwood, Murray Philip Hosack, David Hosmer, Alfred Hotez, Peter Jay Howard, John Clarke Howe, Percy Rogers Hubbard, Jr., William
Neill Huber, Edward Godfrey Huggins, Charles Brenton Hume, Edgar Erskine Hunt, Ebenezer
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Hunter, Donald Hunter, Thomas
Harrison Ingelfinger, Franz Joseph Ingraham, Franc Douglas Isselbacher, Kurt Julius Jacks, Tyler E. Jackson, Henry (1858-
1940) Jackson, James Jackson, John Barnard
Swett Jackson, Jr., Henry Jacobi, Abraham Jacobson, Leon Orris Jain, Rakesh K. Jameson, J. Larry (James
Larry) Jamison, Kay Redfield Janeway, Charles
Alderson Jarvis, Charles Jarvis, Edward Jenner, Edward Johnson, Paula A. Jones, Chester Morse Jones, Robert Joslin, Elliott Proctor June, Carl H. Kahn, Barbara B. Kan, Yuet Wai Kaplan, Henry Seymour Karnovsky, Morris John Karunaweera, Nadira D. Kass, Edward Harold Kassirer, Jerome Paul Kastan, Michael Barry Katabira, Elly T. Kaushansky, Kenneth Keating, Mark Taylor Keefer, Chester Scott Keen, William Williams Kelley, William
Nimmons Kieff, Elliott Dan Kim, Jim Yong
King, Jr., Talmadge Everett
Kinzler, Kenneth W. Kipnis, David Morris Kirschstein, Ruth Lillian Klebanoff, Seymour
Joseph Kleinman, Arthur
Michael Kneeland, Jr., Samuel Knight, Frederick Irving Knowles, John Hilton Knudson, Alfred George Koop, Charles Everett Kornfeld, Stuart Arthur Korsmeyer, Stanley J. Krane, Stephen Martin Krugman, Saul Kubie, Lawrence
Schlesinger Lacy, Paul Eston Langmuir, Alexander
Duncan Lawrence, William
(1783-1867) Lazar, Mitchell Avery Leadbetter, Wyland
Fenway Leaf, Alexander Leavell, Hugh Rodman Lee, Philip Randolph Lee, Roger Irving Lefkowitz, Robert Joseph Leiden, Jeffrey Marc Lejeune, Jerome Jean
Louis Marie Lenardo, Michael J. Lerner, Aaron Bunsen Lettsom, John Coakley Levine, Rachmiel Levine, Samuel Albert Lieberman, Judy Lifton, Richard P. Lifton, Robert Jay Lindberg, Donald A. B. Lindemann, Erich
Lister, Joseph Littlefield, John Walley Livingston, David Morse Locke, Edwin Allen Locksley, Richard
Michael Loeb, Robert Frederick London, Irving Myer Longcope, Warfield
Theobald Loscalzo, Joseph Louis, Pierre Charles
Alexandre Lovett, Robert
Williamson Lowe, Scott William Lown, Bernard Ludmerer, Kenneth Marc Lund, Fred Bates Lupski, James R. Luzzatto, Lucio Lyman, George Hinckley MacDonald, Paul Cloren MacLennan, David H. Magrath, George Burgess Mahley, Robert W. Majerus, Philip Warren Majno, Guido Malamud, William Mallory, Frank Burr Mann, James Marks, Paul Alan Martin, Joseph Boyd May, James Vance Mayer, Jean Mayo, William James McCormick, Frank P. McDermott, Jr., William
Vincent McDermott, Walsh McDevitt, Hugh O’Neill McFarland, Ross
Armstrong McIntosh, Rustin McKusick, Victor Almon McNeil, Barbara Joyce
Means, James Howard Meigs, Joe Vincent Mellinkoff, Sherman
Mussoff Mello, Craig Cameron Mendelsohn, John Menninger, William
Claire Merchant, Juanita L. Merrill, John Putnam Merritt, Hiram Houston Miller, Charles Phillip Miner, Leroy Matthew
Simpson Minot, Francis Minot, George Richards
(1885-1950) Mitchell, Silas Weir Mitchill, Samuel Latham Mitelman, Felix Mixter, Samuel Jason Miyajima, Mikinosuke Moore, Carl Vernon Moore, Francis Daniels Morimoto, Richard I. Morison, Robert Swain Moritz, Alan Richards Moss, William Lorenzo Motulsky, Arno Gunther Murray, Joseph E. Mussey, Reuben Dimond Mwaikambo, Esther D. Nabel, Elizabeth G. Nadelson, Carol C. Nathan, David Gordon Nathanson, Ira Theodore Needleman, Philip Neer, Eva Julia Neilson, Eric G. Nemer, Mona Nesheim, Malden Charles Nestler, Eric J. New, Maria Iandolo Nichols, Charles Lemuel Nichols, Edward Hall Nowell, Peter C.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Nussbaum, Robert L. Nussenzweig, Victor O’Leary, Dennis D.M. Olefsky, Jerrold M. Oliver, Benjamin Lynde Oliver, Daniel Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Orkin, Stuart Holland Orne, Joseph Osborn, June Elaine Osgood, Robert Bayley Osler, William Page, Irvine Heinly Paine, William Palmer, Walter Walker Papayannopoulou, Thalia Park, Edwards Albert Parkman, Samuel Parrish, John A. Parsons, Theodore Paul, John Rodman Peabody, Francis Weld Peirson, Abel Lawrence Penfield, Wilder Graves Percival, Thomas Perkins, Henry Coit Perlmutter, David H. Petersdorf, Robert George Pickering, George White Pierce, Chester
Middlebook Pinn, Vivian Winona Plimpton, Calvin
Hastings Ploog, Detlev Walter Plum, Fred Politzer, Adam Pool, James Lawrence Pope, Alfred Popper, Hans Potts, Jr., John Thomas Poussaint, Alvin Francis Pratt, Joseph Hersey Prescott, Oliver Proger, Samuel Herschel
Prusiner, Stanley Ben Ptacek, Louis J. Putnam, Charles Gideon Putnam, Charles
Pickering Putnam, James Jackson Putnam, Tracy Jackson Querido, Andries Quinby, William Carter Rabkin, Mitchell
Thornton Rackemann, Francis
Minot Rader, Daniel J. Rammelkamp, Charles
Henry Rand, Isaac Ranney, Helen Margaret Rapaport, Samuel I. Rapoport, Judith Livant Ravdin, Isidor Schwaner Ravetch, Jeffrey Victor Ray, Isaac Rayer, Pierre Francois
Olive Read, Andrew F. Recklinghausen,
Friedrich Daniel von Redlich, Fredrick Carl Reichlin, Seymour Relman, Arnold Seymour Reynolds, Edward Reynolds, John Phillips Rhoads, Jonathan Evans Richards, Dickinson
Woodruff Richardson, William
Lambert Richmond, Julius
Benjamin Robbins, Frederick
Chapman Robins, Lee Nelken Roby, Joseph Rock, John Charles Rodgers, Griffin Platt
Rogers, David Elliott Rokitansky, Karl Freiherr
von Romano, John Rosen, Bruce R. Rosen, Fred Saul Rosenau, Milton Joseph Rosenberg, Leon Emanuel Rosenfield, Allan G. Rosenheim, Max Leonard Ross, Joseph Foster Roth, Jesse Rothman, Paul B. Rowe, John Wallis Rubenstein, Arthur
Harold Ruggles, Arthur Hiler Rusch, Harold Paul Rush, Benjamin Russell, Frederick Fuller Russell, Paul Snowden Rutstein, David Davis Rutter, Michael Llewellyn Ryan, Kenneth John Sabin, Albert Bruce Sacks, Oliver Wolf Salk, Jonas Edward Samuelsson, Bengt
Ingemar Satcher, David Sawyer, Micajah Sawyers, Charles Lazelle Scadden, David T. Scheibel, Arnold Bernard Scheinberg, Israel
Herbert Schlissel, Mark S. Schmid, Rudi (Rudolf) Schroeder, Steven A. Schwartz, William
Benjamin Sedgwick, William
Thompson Seegmiller, Jarvis Edwin Seidman, Christine Seidman, Jonathan
Seldin, Donald Wayne Seligman, Arnold Max Sellards, Andrew Watson Shannon, James
Augustine Shapiro, Larry Jay Shattuck, Frederick
Cheever Shattuck, George Cheever Shattuck, George Cheyne
(1783-1854) Shattuck, George Cheyne
(1813-1893) Shepherd, Francis John Sheppard, Dean Sherr, Charles J. Sherrington, Charles Scott Shilling, Charles Wesley Shine, Kenneth I. Shope, Richard Edwin Shulman, Gerald I. Shurtleff, Nathaniel
Bradstreet Siegelbaum, Steven A. Silverman, Richard Bruce Simmons, James Stevens Skorton, David J. Smith, Clement Andrew Smith, Jr., Lloyd
Hollingsworth Smith, Richard Mason Smith, Theobald Snyder, Benson Rowell Snyder, John Crayton Snyder, Solomon Halbert Sognnaes, Reidar Fauske Sonenberg, Nahum Sosman, Merrill Clary Spooner, William Stamatoyannopoulos,
George Stanbury, John Bruton Stanley, Fiona J. Stanton, Alfred Hodgin Stare, Fredrick John Starzl, Thomas Earl
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Steinberg, Daniel Stephenson, Franklin
Bache Stiles, Charles Wardell Stille, Alfred Stokes, Jonathan Storer, Horatio Robinson Stossel, Thomas Peter Strong, Richard Pearson Sullivan, Louis Wade Sweet, William Herbert Sweetser, William Swett, John Barnard Talbot, Fritz Bradley Talbot, Nathan Bill Talmage, David Wilson Tanner, James Mourilyan Taussig, Helen Brooke Taylor, Edward Wyllys ter Meulen, Volker Terenius, Lars Yngve Terry, Robert Davis Thacher, James Thannhauser, Siegfried
Josef Thayer, William Sydney Theiler, Arnold Thier, Samuel Osiah Thomas, Lewis Thorn, George Widmer Thorner, Michael Oliver Tosteson, Daniel Charles Treadwell, John Dexter
Tufts, Cotton Turner, Clair Elsmere Tyler, John Eugene Tyzzer, Ernest Edward Unanue, Emil Raphael Unger, Roger Harold Upham, Jabez Baxter Valentin, Louis Valentine, William
Newton Vergnies, Francis Verhoeff, Frederick
Herman Viets, Henry Rouse Virchow, Rudolph Vogelstein, Bert von Müller, Friedrich Wadsworth, Oliver
Fairfield Walcott, Henry Pickering Waldenstrom, Jan Gosta Waldmann, Thomas
Alexander Walker, Arthur Earl Walsh, Christopher A. Wang, Jean Yin Jen Ware, Charles Eliot Ware, John Warren, John (1753-1815) Warren, John (1874-1928) Warren, John Collins
(1778-1856)
Warren, John Collins (1842-1927)
Warren, Jonathan Mason Warren, Shields Warren, Stephen T. Washington, A. Eugene Waterhouse, Benjamin Watt, Fiona Mary Wearn, Joseph Treloar Weatherall, David John Weibel, Ewald Rudolf Weinstein, I. Bernard Weinstein, Louis Weiss, Arthur Weiss, Soma Weissleder, Ralph Welch, William Henry Welsh, Michael James Welsh, Thomas West, John Burnard White, James Clarke
(1833-1916) White, James Clarke
(1895-1981) White, Paul Dudley White, Raymond Leslie Wilkins, Robert Wallace Willard, Huntington
Faxon Williams, Charles
Herbert Williams, David R.
Williams, Francis Henry Williams, Henry Willard Williams, Lewis T. (Rusty) Wilson, Jean Donald Wise, Paul H. Wistar, Caspar Wolbach, Simeon Burt Wolff, Sheldon Malcolm Wolstenholme, Gordon
Ethelbert Ward Wood, George Bacon Wood, Horatio Charles Wood, Jr., William Barry Wright, James Homer Wyman, Morrill Wyman, Rufus Wyngaarden, James
Barnes Yakovlev, Paul Ivan Yamada, Tadataka Young, Anne
Buckingham Zervas, Nicholas
Themistocles Zoll, Paul Maurice Zon, Leonard Ira Zucker-Franklin,
Dorothea Back to Subject Index
Microbiology and Immunology Abbas, Abul K. Adelberg, Edward Allen Allison, James P. Amos, Harold Arber, Werner Arvin, Ann Margaret Ashworth, Alan Avery, Oswald Theodore
Azam, Farooq Baltimore, David Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Belding, David Lawrence Benacerraf, Baruj Berk, Arnold J. Bernards, Rene Beutler, Bruce A. Bishop, John Michael Blaser, Martin J. Bloom, Barry R. Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen
Bonner, David Mahlon Bottomly, H. Kim Burnet, Frank Macfarlane Cairns, Hugh John
Forster Calame, Kathryn Lee Campbell, Allan
McCulloch Cantor, Harvey Chase, Merrill Wallace Cheever, Francis Sargent
Collier, Robert John (R. John)
Colowick, Sidney Paul Colwell, Rita R. Coons, Albert Hewett Corey, Lawrence Cresswell, Peter Dausset, Jean Davis, Bernard David Dixon, Frank James Dubos, Rene Jules Dulbecco, Renato
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Dworkin, Martin Eaton, Jr., Monroe Davis Eisen, Herman Nathaniel Enders, John Franklin Enquist, Lynn William Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett
Elizabeth Ernst, Harold Clarence Falkow, Stanley Fauci, Anthony Stephen Fearon, Douglas T. Fields, Bernard Nathan Galloway, Denise A. Ganem, Donald Emil Gest, Howard Good, Robert Alan Gordon, Jeffrey Ivan Gorini, Luigi Costantino Greenberg, Everett Peter Gross, Carol A. Hahn, Beatrice H. Halvorson, Harlyn Odell Handelsman, Jo Haynes, Barton Ford Henkin, Tina M. Hershey, Alfred Day Hirst, George Keble Hoffmann, Jules
Alphonse Horsfall, Jr., Frank Lappin Humphrey, John Herbert Ishizaka, Kimishige Jannasch, Holger
Windekilde Jerne, Niels Kaj
Johnson, Alexander Dixon
Johnson, Louise N. Kabat, Elvin Abraham Kellenberger, Eduard Keynan, Alexander Kirkegaard, Karla Kluyver, Alfred Jan Koch, Robert (Heinrich
Hermann Robert) Koprowski, Hilary Koretzky, Gary A. Koshland, Marian Elliott Kunkel, Henry George Lanier, Lewis Lee Leonard, Warren J. Levy, Jay A. Lichten, Michael J. Littman, Dan R. Louvard, Daniel F. Luria, Salvador Edward Lwoff, Andre Michel Maaloe, Ole Urban Mackaness, George
Bellamy MacLeod, Colin Munro Magasanik, Boris Mak, Tak Wah Marrack, Philippa
Charlotte Mathis, Diane J. McCarty, Maclyn McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. Melchers, Georg
Friedrich (Fritz)
Metchnikoff, Elias Meyer, Karl Friedrich Milstein, Cesar Mitchison, Nicholas
Avrion Moon, Randall T. Mueller, John Howard Muller-Eberhard, Hans
Joachim Nabel, Gary Jan Nathan, Carl F. Nathans, Daniel Neidhardt, Frederick Carl Nikaido, Hiroshi Nossal, Gustav Joseph
Victor Nussenzweig, Michel
Claudio Nussenzweig, Ruth
Sonntag Old, Lloyd John Oudin, Jacques Henri
Leon Marie Joseph Palese, Peter Park, James Theodore Pasteur, Louis Paul, William Erwin Prescott, Samuel Cate Prudden, Theophil
Mitchell Rao, Anjana Rappuoli, Rino Roizman, Bernard Russell, David W. Schreiber, Robert David
Scolnick, Edward Mark Sela, Michael Smith, Hamilton Othanel Spear, Patricia G. Spiegelman, Sol Stanier, Roger Yate Stanley, Wendell
Meredith Tenbroeck, Carl ter Meulen, Volker Thompson, Craig B. Uhr, Jonathan William van Niel, Cornelis
Bernardus Vincent, (Jean)
Hyacinthe Vitetta, Ellen Shapiro Waksman, Byron Halsted Waksman, Selman
Abraham Walker, Bruce D. Weissman, Irving Lerner Weller, Thomas Huckle White, Benjamin Wigzell, Hans Lennart
Rudolf Witte, Owen N. Wolfe, Ralph Stoner Yokoyama, Wayne M. Zinkernagel, Rolf Martin Zinsser, Hans Back to Subject Index
Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Alberts, Susan C. Allard, Robert Wayne
Allendorf, Fred W. Altmann, Jeanne Altmann, Stuart Allen Anderson, Wyatt W. Andersson, Leif Antonovics, Janis Arnold, Stevan James Atchley, William Reid Attenborough, David
Frederick
Avise, John Charles Ayala, Francisco Jose Banks (Baronet), Joseph Barrett, Spencer Charles
Hilton Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Bazzaz, Fakhri A. Behrensmeyer, Anna
Katherine Bell, Graham A. C.
Bennett, Albert F. Bierbaum, Rosina M. Blackwell, Meredith May Bonhoeffer, Sebastian Bormann, Frederick
Herbert Bossert, William Hines Bouve, Thomas Tracy Briggs, Derek E.G. Brown, James Hemphill
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Bull, James Jeffrey Bush, Guy L. Cairns, Jr., John Carpenter, Stephen
Russell Carroll, Sean B. Carson, Hampton
Lawrence Case, Ted J. Caswell, Hal Ceballos González,
Gerardo J. Chapin III, F. Stuart Charlesworth, Brian Charnov, Eric L. Cheney, Dorothy L. Chisholm, Sallie Watson Clack, Jennifer Alice Clark, Henry James Clark, James Samuel Clarke, Bryan Campbell Clegg, Michael Tran Cohen, Joel Ephraim Cole, Jonathan J. Cole, Thomas Coley, Phyllis D. Colwell, Robert K. Connell, Joseph Hurd Coyne, Jerry Allen Crane, Peter Robert Crow, James Franklin Daily, Gretchen Cara Darwin, Charles Robert Davis, Margaret Bryan de Waal, Frans B.M. DeFries, Ruth S. del Pino Veintimilla,
Eugenia Maria DeLong, Edward Francis Dirzo, Rodolfo Donoghue, Michael John Eberhard, William G. Edwards, Scott Vernon Ehrlich, Anne Howland Ehrlich, Paul Ralph Emlen, Douglas J.
Emlen, Stephen T. Endler, John A. Falkowski, Paul G. Feldman, Marcus
William Felsenstein, Joseph Field, Christopher Bower Fitch, Walter Monroe Frank, Steven A. Franklin, Jerry Forest Friis, Else Marie Frisch, Rose E. Fu, Bojie Fuhrman, Jed A. Futuyma, Douglas Joel Gadagkar, Raghavendra Gavrilets, Sergey Gingerich, Philip D. Godfray, H. Charles J. Gojobori, Takashi Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Goodall (van Lawick-
Goodall), Valerie Jane Goodman, Morris Gorham, Eville Grandin, M. Temple Grant, Barbara Rosemary Grant, Peter Raymond Greene, Benjamin Daniel Greene, Harry Walter Grenfell, Bryan Thomas Haig, David Hairston, Nelson George Hall, Brian Keith Hanski, Ilkka Aulis Hardin, Garrett James Hastings, Alan M. Heinrich, Bernd Hilborn, Ray William Hinde, Robert Aubrey Hobbie, John Eyres Hobbie, Sarah E. Hoekstra, Hopi E. Holekamp, Kay E. Holt, Robert Dan Hubbell, Stephen P.
Hudson, Richard Ralph Huey, Raymond B. Ives, Anthony Ragnar Iwasa, Yoh Jablonski, David Jackson, Jeremy Bradford
Cook James, Frances C. Janzen, Daniel Hunt Jenkins, Jr., Farish Alston Kareiva, Peter Michael Karl, David Michael Kawanabe, Hiroya Ketterson, Ellen D. Kidwell, Margaret Gale Kidwell, Susan Marie Kimura, Motoo King, Jacqueline M. Kingsolver, Joel Grant Kirkpatrick, Mark Knapp, Sandra D. Knowlton, Nancy Koehl, Mimi A. R. Koonin, Eugene V. Kreitman, Martin E. Lake, James A. Lande, Russell Lasseter, John Lawton, John H. Lenski, Richard Eimer Leopold, Aldo Starker Leopold, Estella Bergere Lerner, I. Michael
(Isadore Michael) Levin, Bruce R. Levin, Simon Asher Levins, Richard Lewontin, Richard
Charles Li, Wen-Hsiung Likens, Gene Elden Liu, Jianguo Losos, Jonathan B. Lubchenco, Jane Ludwig, Donald Lynch, Michael
Mangel, Marc Mappes, Johanna Margulis, Lynn Markl, Hubert S. Marquet, Pablo A. Matson, Pamela Anne May, Robert McCredie Maynard-Smith, John McCarthy, James Joseph McKenna, Malcolm
Carnegie McPeek, Mark Alan Medina, Ernesto Antonio Melillo, Jerry M. Meyer, Axel Mittermeier, Russell A. Mooney, Harold Alfred Moran, Nancy A. Moritz, Craig Murdoch, William W. Neel, James Van Gundia Nei, Masatoshi Nijhout, H. Frederik Niklas, Karl J. Novacek, Michael John Nuttall, Thomas Odum, Eugene Pleasants Orr, H. Allen Ostfeld, Richard S. Paabo, Svante Pacala, Stephen W. Pace, Jr., Norman
Richard Packard, Julie E. Packer, Craig Page, Jr., Robert Eugene Paine, Robert T. Partridge, Linda Pascual, Mercedes Patrick, Ruth Pianka, Eric R. Pickett, Steward T. A. Pielou, Evelyn Chrystalla Pierce, Naomi E. Pimm, Stuart Leonard Power, Mary Eleanor
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Price, Trevor Douglas Pritchard, Jonathan K. Provine, William B. Pusey, Anne Queller, David C. Raff, Rudolf A. Rausher, Mark D. Read, Andrew F. Reich, Peter B. Renner, Susanne S. Reznick, David N. Ricklefs, Robert Eric Rieseberg, Loren H. Rinaldo, Andrea Robinson, Gene Ezia Rohlf, F. James (Frank
James) Roughgarden, Joan
Elizabeth Ryan, Michael Joseph Ryther, John Hood Sala, Osvaldo E. Sanchez, Pedro A. Sarukhan Kermez, Jose Schaal, Barbara Anna Schemske, Douglas W. Schlesinger, William H. Schluter, Dolph Schmitt, Johanna M.
Schoener, Thomas William
Schopf, J. William (James William)
Schulze, Ernst-Detlef Seeley, Thomas Dyer Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Seyfarth, Robert Martin Shaw, Ruth G. Shigesada, Nanako Shine, Richard Shubin, Neil H. Silk, Joan B. Simberloff, Daniel
Solomon Slatkin, Montgomery Slatyer, Ralph Owen Slobodkin, Lawrence Basil Smith, Frederick Edward Soberon Mainero, Jorge L. Sogin, Mitchell Lloyd Sokal, Robert Reuven Sokolov, Vladimir
Yevgenyevich Solbrig, Otto Thomas Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soule, Michael Ellman
Southwood, Thomas Richard Edmund
Souza Saldivar, Valeria F. Souza
Stanton, Maureen L. Steele, John Hyslop Strassmann, Joan E. Strauss, Sharon Y. Takahata, Naoyuki Templeton, Alan Robert Terborgh, John Whittle Thompson, John N. Thorne, David Wynne Tilman, George David Timofeeff-Ressovsky,
Nikolai Vladimirovich Travis, Joseph Trivers, Robert L. Turelli, Michael Turner, Paul E. Valentine, James William Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Vitousek, Peter Morrison Vorontsov, Nikolay
Nikolayevich Wade, Michael J. Wagner, Günter Paul Wainwright, Peter C. Wake, David Burton
Wake, Marvalee Hendricks
Wall, Diana Harrison Ward, Bess R. Werren, John Haynes West-Eberhard, Mary
Jane Westoby, Mark Wetzel, Robert George Wheatland, Henry White, Timothy Douglas Whitlock, Michael C. Whittaker, Robert
Harding Williams, George
Christopher Wingfield, John C. Woese, Carl R. Woodwell, George
Masters Yablokov, Alexey
Vladimirovich Yanofsky, Martin F. Zamudio, Kelly R. Zuk, Marlene Back to Subject Index
Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Abbott, Laurence F. Adelson, Edward H. Adrian, Edgar Douglas Agranoff, Bernard
William Akil, Huda Albright, Thomas D. Aldrich, Richard Warren
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo Andersen, Richard A. Andreasen, Nancy C. Angelaki, Dora E. Arechiga, Hugo Bargmann, Cornelia
Isabella Barondes, Samuel
Herbert Barrett, Lisa Feldman Basbaum, Allan Baylor, Denis Aristide Bean, Bruce Palmer Bear, Mark Firman Behrmann, Marlene Benzer, Seymour
Berg, Darwin K. Berger-Sweeney, Joanne Berthoz, Alain Bizzi, Emilio Blake, Randolph Bloom, Floyd Elliott Bock, June Kathryn Boyden, Edward S. Brainard, Michael S. Brazier, Mary Agnes
Burniston Breakefield, Xandra
Owens Bronk, Detlev Wulf Brown, Emery Neal Buck, Linda Brown
Bullock, Theodore Holmes
Busemeyer, Jerome R. Buttenwieser, Paul
Arthur Callaway, Edward
Matthew Carew, Thomas James Carlson, John R. Caron, Marc G. Cepko, Constance Louise Changeux, Jean-Pierre Churchland, Patricia
Smith Cicourel, Aaron Victor Cobb, Stanley
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Constantine-Paton, Martha
Cooper, Leon Neil Corey, David Paul Cowan, William Maxwell Coyle, Joseph Thomas Craik, Fergus I.M. Crews, David Pafford Dallos, Peter John Damasio, Antonio R. Damasio, Hanna Davis, Hallowell Dell, Gary S. DeLong, Mahlon Robert Desimone, Robert Dethier, Vincent Gaston Dickinson, Michael
Hughes Donoghue, John P. Doupe, Allison J. Dowling, John Elliott Dulac, Catherine Dymecki, Susan M. Eichenbaum, Howard Eisen, Judith S. Elkes, Joel Elman, Jeffrey L. Engle, Randall W. Enroth-Cugell, Christina Evarts, Edward Vaughan Farah, Martha Julia Feng, Guoping Fernald, Russell Dawson Ferriero, Donna M. Ferster, David Leigh Fessard, Alfred Eugene Fettiplace, Robert Fields, Howard Lincoln Finkelstein, Alan Fischbach, Gerald David Fitzpatrick, David Flash, Tamar Freund, Tamas F. Fulton, John Farquhar Furshpan, Edwin Jean Fuster, Joaquin M.
Gabrieli, John Gage, Fred H. Galambos, Robert Gazzaniga, Michael
Saunders Georgopoulos, Apostolos P. Gerard, Ralph Waldo Gigerenzer, Gerd Gilbert, Charles D. Ginty, David D. Goldberg, Michael Ellis Goldman-Rakic, Patricia
Shoer Goldstein, Kurt Goldstone, Robert L. Goodman, Corey Scott Gorski, Roger Anthony Granit, Ragnar Arthur Graybiel, Ann M. Greenberg, Michael
Eldon Greengard, Paul Greenough, William
Tallant Grillner, Sten Erik Gross, Charles Gordon Hagiwara, Susumu Hall, Zach Winter Hasselmo, Michael E. Heinemann, Stephen Fox Henneman, Elwood Hikosaka, Okihide Hildebrand, John Grant Hillyard, Steven Allen Hinton, Geoffrey E. Hockfield, Susan Hokfelt, Tomas Gustav
Magnus Hood, Donald C. Hoy, Ronald Raymond Hubel, David Hunter Hudspeth, Albert James Huganir, Richard Lewis Hunt, Carlton Cuyler Hyman, Steven Edward Ip, Nancy Y.
Iversen, Leslie Lars Jacoby, Larry L. Jameson (elected as
Hurvich), Dorothea Jan, Lily Y. Jan, Yuh Nung Jessell, Thomas M. Jin, Yishi Julius, David Kaas, Jon Kandel, Eric Richard Kanwisher, Nancy Karten, Harvey Jules Kelley, Darcy B. Kelly, Regis B. Kety, Seymour Solomon Keverne, Eric Barrington Kiang, Nelson Yuan-Sheng Klatzky, Roberta L. Kleinfeld, David Knight, Robert T. Knudsen, Eric Ingvald Koch, Christof Kolodkin, Alex L. Konishi, Masakazu Konorski, Jerzy Kravitz, Edward Arthur Krumhansl, Carol L. Kuffler, Stephen William Kuhl, Patricia K. Kuno, Motoy Kutas, Marta Landis, Story Cleland Landmesser, Lynn Therese LeDoux, Joseph E. Lee, Virginia Man-Yee Leeman, Susan Epstein Lemon, Roger N. Lester, Henry Allen Lettvin, Jerome Ysroael Levi-Montalcini, Rita Levine, Susan C. Lisberger, Stephen G. Livingston, Robert Burr Livingstone, Margaret S. Llinas, Rodolfo Riascos
Loewi, Otto Logan, Gordon D. Logothetis, Nikos K. Luo, Liqun Luria, Alexander
Romanovich Maffei, Lamberto Magoun, Horace
Winchell Mahley, Robert W. Malenka, Robert Charles Mandel, Gail Marder, Eve Marler, Peter Robert Martin, Kelsey C. Maunsell, John Henry
Richard Mayberg, Helen S. McConnell, Susan K. McCormick, David A. McCulloch, Warren
Sturgis McEwen, Bruce Sherman Menaker, Michael Miledi, Ricardo Miller, Earl K. Milner, Brenda Atkinson
Langford Mishkin, Mortimer Monaco, Anthony P. Monahan, John T. Morris, Richard G. M. Mountcastle, Vernon
Benjamin Movshon, J. Anthony Nathans, Jeremy Nauta, Walle Jetze
Harinx Neville, Helen J. Newsome III, William T. Nicoll, Roger Andrew Nosofsky, Robert M. Offit, Paul A. Oldendorf, William
Henry Parada, Luis Fernando
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Pellegrino, James W. Petrides, Michael Pfaff, Donald Wells Phelps, Elizabeth Anya Pinker, Steven A. Poggio, Tomaso A. Posner, Jerome Beebe Purves, Dale Quarton, Gardner Cowles Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Raichle, Marcus E. Rakic, Pasko Rall, Wilfrid Ratcliff, Roger Raviola, Elio Secondo Reichardt, Louis French Reichardt, Werner Ernst Rescorla, Robert A. Rioch, David McKenzie Rizzolatti, Giacomo Romo, Ranulfo Rosenblueth, Arturo
Stearns
Rushton, William Albert Hugh
Sabatini, Bernardo Luis Sanes, Joshua Richard Schiller, Peter H. Schneider, Dietrich
Herman Paul Scott, Kristin Sehgal, Amita Sejnowski, Terrence
Joseph Shatz, Carla Jo Shepherd, Gordon
Murray Sidman, Richard Leon Siegelbaum, Steven A. Silver, Rae Simoncelli, Eero P. Solomon, Harry Caesar Southard, Elmer Ernest Sperling, George Spitzer, Nicholas
Canaday
Squire, Larry Ryan Stearns, Albert Warren Stevens, Charles F. Strick, Peter L. Stryker, Michael P. Südhof, Thomas
Christian Suga, Nobuo Sur, Mriganka Swanson, Larry William Szentagothai, Janos Takahashi, Joseph S. Tank, David W. Tessier-Lavigne, Marc
Trevor Truman, James William Turrigiano, Gina G. Ugurbil, Kamil Ullman, Shimon Ungerleider, Leslie G. Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Vincent, Jean-Didier Wall, Patrick David
Wandell, Brian A. Weber, Elke U. Wehner, Rudiger Westbrook, Gary L. Wexler, Nancy Sabin Wiesel, Torsten Nils Wilson, Donald Melvin Wilson, Matthew A. Wilson, Rachel I. Wise, Phyllis M. Wolfe, Jeremy M. Worden, Frederic
Garfield Wurtz, Robert Henry Yates, J. Frank Yau, King-Wai Young, Larry James Zhang, Feng Zoghbi, Huda Y. Zuker, Charles S. Back to Subject Index
Performing Arts and Music – Criticism and Practice Adams, John (1947-) Alda, Alan Alexander, Jane Allen, Woody Almodóvar, Pedro Alsop, Marin Altman, Robert Anderson, Marian Elina-
Blanche Arroyo, Martina Austin, William Weaver Ax, Emanuel Babbitt, Milton Byron Baker, George Pierce
(1866-1935)
Barber, Patricia Barber, Samuel Barenboim, Daniel Barron, Kenny Baryshnikov, Mikhail Bausch, Pina Bent, Margaret Hilda Berger, Arthur Victor Berger, Karol Bergman, Ingmar Berio, Luciano Berliner, Paul Franklin Bernstein, Jane A. Bernstein, Leonard Biggs, Edward George
Power Bilson, Malcolm Bishop, Andre Blackwood, Michael Bley, Carla Bohlman, Philip V.
Bono [see also Paul David Hewson]
Boulanger, Nadia Juliette Boulez, Pierre Brendel, Alfred Brinkmann, Reinhold Britten, Edward
Benjamin Brook, Peter Stephen Paul Brown, Howard Mayer Brown, Trisha Brubeck, Dave Brustein, Robert Sanford Bunuel, Luis Burgin, Richard Burnett, Carol Cage, John Caldwell, Sarah Carpenter, John Alden Carter, Jr., Elliott Cook Casals, Pablo (Pau Carlos
Salvador Defillo de)
Casella, Alfredo Chadwick, George
Whitefield Chavez, Carlos Chen Yi, Child, Julia Chowning, John
MacLeod Clifton, Chalmers Dancy Clurman, Harold Edgar Cohen, Leonard Norman Cone, Edward Toner Converse, Frederick
Shepherd Coolidge, Elizabeth Penn
Sprague Copland, Aaron Coppola, Francis Ford Crawford, Richard
Arthur Croce, Arlene Louise Crouch, Stanley
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Crumb, George Henry Cunningham, Merce D’Accone, Frank
Anthony d’Amboise, Jacques Davidovsky, Mario Davidson, Gordon Davies, Dennis Russell Davison, Archibald
Thompson Day-Lewis, Daniel de Mille, Agnes George De Niro, Robert de Valois, Ninette Dench, Judith Denk, Jeremy DePreist, James Anderson Dewhurst, Colleen Doguereau, Paul Rene Domingo, Placido Dreyer, Carl Theodor Dylan, Bob Eastwood, Clinton Ellington, Edward
Kennedy (Duke) Engel, Carl Erskine, John Falletta, JoAnn Falls, Robert Arthur Fassler, Margot E. Feldman, Martha Fellini, Federico Field, Sally M. Finney, Ross Lee Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich Fischer-Lichte, Erika Fleisher, Leon Fleming, Renée Foote, Arthur William Forbes, Elliot Forman, Milos Forte, Allen Foss, Lukas Franklin, Benjamin Fuller, Sarah A. Galati, Frank Joseph
Garafola, Lynn Gardner, Robert
Grosvenor Geiringer, Karl Johannes Gielgud, Arthur John Gilbert, Alan Ginastera, Alberto
Evaristo Glass, Philip Goldovsky, Boris Goodrich, Wallace (John
Wallace) Gossett, Philip Edward Goto, Midori Graham, Martha Austin Grotowski, Jerzy Grout, Donald Jay Guinness, Alec Gunning, Thomas Haar, James Edward Hagen, Uta Thyra Hampson, Thomas Hampton, Henry Eugene Hancock, Herbert
(Herbie) Jeffrey Hanks, Tom Hanson, Howard Harbison, John Harran, Don Harris, Ellen T. Harris, Emmylou Hart, Kitty Carlisle Hayes, Roland Heartz, Daniel Leonard Heilman, William
Clifford Hewson, Paul David [see
also Bono] Hill, Edward Burlingame Hindemith, Paul Hoffman, Dustin Holliger, Heinz Robert Hood, Mantle Horne, Marilyn Houghton, Charles Norris Huston, Anjelica
Imbrie, Andrew Welsh Israel, Robert Jamison, Judith Jarrett, Keith Jolas, Betsy McDonald Jones, Bill T. Jones, James Earl Jones, Jr., Quincy D. Jowitt, Deborah Kashkashian, Kim Keller, Harrison Kelly, Thomas Forrest Kendrick, Robert L. Kennedy, Kathleen Kerman, Joseph Wilfred King, B. B. Kinkeldey, Otto Kirchner, Leon Kirkpatrick, Ralph Kirshenblatt-Gimblett,
Barbara Koussevitzky, Serge
Alexandrovich Kramer, Richard A. Kurosawa, Akira Lang, Paul Henry Laredo, Jaime LaRue, Jan Leacock, Richard Lee, Ang Lee, Spike Legend, John Lehner, Eugene Leigh, Mike Leinsdorf, Erich Leon, Tania Lesser, Laurence Lesure, Francois Levin, Robert D. Levine, James Lewin, David Benjamin Lewis, Elma Ina Lewis, Leo Rich Ligeti, Gyorgy Sandor Lithgow, John A. Lockwood, Lewis Henry
Loeffler, Charles Martin Tornov
Lowinsky, Edward Elias Lucas, Jr., George W. Ma, Yo-Yo Malick, Terrence Mann, Robert Nathaniel Marcus, Greil Marsalis, Wynton Martin, Steve Martino, Donald James Mason, Daniel Gregory Mathiesen, Thomas
James Maysles, Albert Harry McCartney, Paul McKellen, Ian M. Mekas, Jonas Mendel, Arthur Mennin, Peter Anthony Menotti, Gian Carlo Menuhin, Yehudi Merritt, A. Tillman
(Arthur Tillman) Messiaen, Olivier Meyer, Leonard B. Milhaud, Darius Miller, Jonathan Wolfe Milnes, Sherrill Mirren, Helen Moeser, James Monk, Meredith Morris, Errol Mark Morris, Mark Munch, Charles Muti, Riccardo Mutter, Anna Sophie Nettl, Bruno Newcomb, Anthony Nichols, Mike Nikolais, Alwin Theodore Norman, Jessye O’Connor, Tere R. Oistrakh, David
Fyodorovich Oja, Carol J.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Olivier, Laurence Kerr Oppens, Ursula Owens, Jessie Ann Ozawa, Seiji Pacino, Alfredo J. Paine, John Knowles Palisca, Claude Victor Papp, Joseph Perle, George Perlman, Itzhak Petrassi, Goffredo Pinkham, Jr., Daniel
Rogers Pirrotta, Nino (Antonino) Piston, Jr., Walter Hamor Poitier, Sidney Polisi, Joseph William Porter, Andrew Powers, Harold Stone Pressler, Menahem Max
Jacob Previn, André George Price, Leontyne Rabaud, Henri Benjamin Rainer, Yvonne Ran, Shulamit Ratner, Leonard G. Reese, Gustave Reich, Steve Renoir, Jean Reynolds, Christopher A. Richards, Lloyd George Rigg, Diana Rilling, Helmuth Roach, Joseph Robbins, Jerome Robertson, Anne Walters Robertson, David
Rochberg, George Rollins, Theodore
(Sonny) Walter Rorem, Ned Rosand, Ellen Rosen, Charles Ross, Alex Rostropovitch, Mstislav
Leopoldowich Rothstein, Edward Saariaho, Kaija A. Salonen, Esa-Pekka Sayles, John Thomas Schreiber, Liev Schuller, Gunther
Alexander Schuman, William
Howard Scorsese, Martin Seeger, Anthony Seeger, Charles Louis Sellars, Peter Senelick, Laurence Philip Serkin, Rudolf Sessions, Roger
Huntington Shapey, Ralph Shelemay, Kay Kaufman Shorter, Wayne Sibelius, Jean Julius
Christian Sierra, Roberto Sills, Beverly Silverstein, Joseph Harry Simon, Paul Simonds, Bruce Simpson, Marietta Sisman, Elaine
Slatkin, Leonard Edward Slim, Harry Colin Slobin, Mark S. Smith, David Stanley Solomon, Maynard E. Somfai, Laszlo Sondheim, Stephen
Joshua Spalding, Walter
Raymond Springsteen, Bruce
Frederick Joseph Stanley, Ralph Edmund Starker, Janos Steinhardt, Arnold Stern, Isaac Stewart, Jacqueline Stockhausen, Karlheinz Stoltzman, Richard Leslie Stravinsky, Igor
Fyodorovich Streep, Meryl (Mary
Louise) Strehler, Giorgio Strunk, Oliver (William
Oliver) Stucky, Steven Szell, George Terry, Charles Sanford Tharp, Twyla Thomas, Augusta Read Thompson, Randall Thomson, Virgil Garnett Tick, Judith Tilson Thomas, Michael Tippett, Michael Kemp Tomlinson, Gary Tower, Joan Peabody
Treitler, Leo Uchida, Mitsuko Ulanova, Galina
Sergeyevna Upshaw, Dawn Vaughan Williams, Ralph Villella, Edward von Stade, Frederica Wajda, Andrzej Ward, John Milton Washington, Denzel Waterston, Samuel A. Watts, André Webster, James Wheeldon, Christopher Williams, John Wilson, Robert Woetzel, Damian Wolff, Christian Wolff, Christoph
Johannes Wong Kar Wai, Woodworth, George
Wallace Wright, Craig M. Wuorinen, Charles Peter Wyner, Yehudi Yu, Long Zambello, Francesca Zaslaw, Neal Zimmerman, Mary Alice Zukofsky, Paul Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe Back to Subject Index
Philosophy Adams, Ernest Wilcox Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert Merrihew Alanen, Lilli Albanese, Catherine L.
Albert, David Z. Albritton, Rogers
Garland Alston, William Payne Ameriks, Karl P. Anderson, Elizabeth S. Annas, Julia Elizabeth
Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret
Appiah, Kwame Anthony Armstrong, David Malet Audi, Robert Ayer, Alfred Jules Baier, Kurt
Barnes, Jonathan Barwise, Kenneth Jon Beardsley, Monroe Curtis Beck, Lewis White Belnap, Nuel Benacerraf, Paul Joseph
Salomon
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Bennett, Jonathan Francis Berger, Harry Bergson, Henri Louis Berlin, Isaiah Betz, Hans Dieter Bixler, Julius Seelye Black, Max Blackburn, Simon Blanshard, Brand Block, Ned Boas, George Bobbio, Norberto Boghossian, Paul Artin Boolos, George Stephen Bowen, Francis Boxill, Bernard R. Braithwaite, Richard
Bevan Brandom, Robert Boyce Brandt, Richard Booker Bratman, Michael E. Brightman, Edgar
Sheffield Broad, Charlie Dunbar Broadie, Sarah Waterlow Bronowski, Jacob Broome, John Brunschwig, Jacques Burge, Charles Tyler Burgess, John P. Burnyeat, Myles Frederic Butler, Judith Carnap, Rudolf Cartwright, Nancy
Delaney Castaneda, Hector-Neri Cavell, Stanley Louis Chalmers, David John Chisholm, Roderick
Milton Cobb, Jr., John B. Code, Alan D. Condorcet, Marie Jean
Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de
Cooper, John Madison
Copenhaver, Brian P. Coulson, Charles Alfred Cousin, Victor Croce, Benedetto Curley, Edwin Munson Danto, Arthur Coleman Darwall, Stephen L. Davidson, Donald Herbert Demos, Raphael Dennett, Daniel Clement d’Entreves, Alexander
Passerin Donagan, Alan Harry Dreben, Burton Spencer Dretske, Fred (Frederick
Irwin) Dreyfus, Hubert L. Ducasse, Curt John Dummett, Michael
Anthony Eardley Dunn, Jon Michael Dupre, Louis Dussel, Enrique D. Earman, John S. Edman, Irwin Emerson, Ralph Waldo Feigl, Herbert Feinberg, Joel Field, Hartry Hamlin Findlay, John Niemeyer Fine, Arthur Fine, Kit Firth, Roderick Fiske, John Fitch, Frederic Brenton Fodor, Jerry Alan Fogelin, Robert John Follesdal, Dagfinn Kaare Foot, Philippa Ruth Frankel, Charles Frankena, William Klaas Frankfurt, Harry Gordon Fraser, Nancy Frede, Dorothea Aline Frede, Michael Freeman, Samuel R.
Friedman, Michael Gadamer, Hans-Georg Gamwell, Franklin I. Garber, Daniel E. Garrett, Don Geach, Peter Thomas Gewirth, Alan Gibbard, Allan F. Gilbert, Margaret P. Gilson, Etienne-Henry Glymour, Clark Goldman, Alvin Ira Gooding-Williams,
Robert Goodman, Nelson
(Henry Nelson) Greene, Theodore Meyer Gregory, Tullio Grene, Marjorie
Glicksman Grice, H. Paul (Herbert
Paul) Grunbaum, Adolf Gupta, Anil K. Guyer, Paul D. Habermas, Jurgen Hacking, Ian Hamilton, William
(1788-1856) Hampshire, Stuart
Newton Hardacre, Helen Hare, Richard Mervyn Harman, Gilbert Helms Hartshorne, Charles Haslanger, Sally Hausman, Daniel Murray Hedge, Levi Hellman, Geoffrey Paul Hempel, Carl Gustav Henrich, Dieter Herman, Barbara Hickok, Laurens Perseus Higginbotham, James Hill, Jr., Thomas English Hintikka, Jaakko J.
Hocking, William Ernest Hook, Sidney Hornsby, Jennifer Hu, Shih Hull, David Lee Husserl, Edmund Gustav
Albrecht Irwin, Terence Henry Jaggar, Alison M. James, William (1842-
1910) Jaspers, Karl Theodor Jeffrey, Richard Carl Jonas, Hans Kagan, Shelly Kahn, Charles H. Kamm, Frances Myrna Kamp, Johan Anthony
Willem Kaplan, David Benjamin Keller, Evelyn Fox Kenny, Anthony John
Patrick Kim, Jaegwon Kitcher, Patricia W. Kitcher, Philip S. Klibansky, Raymond Kolakowski, Leszek Korsgaard, Christine
Marion Koyre, Alexandre Kraut, Richard Kripke, Saul Aaron Kristeller, Paul Oskar Kyburg, Jr., Henry Ely Langer, Susanne Knauth Langton, Rae Larmore, Charles Lear, Jonathan Lehrer, Keith Edward Levi, Isaac Lewis, Clarence Irving Lewis, David Kellogg Lindbeck, George A. Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest
Richard
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Longino, Helen E. Longuenesse, Beatrice Lowith, Karl MacFarlane, John MacIntyre, Alasdair
Chalmers Maddy, Penelope Jo Malament, David Baruch Malcolm, Norman Adrian Mandelbaum, Maurice Mansel, Henry
Longueville Marcus, Ruth Barcan Mates, Benson Maudlin, Tim W.E. McCosh, James McDowell, John Henry McGee, Vann McKeon, Richard Peter McMullin, Ernan Vincent Mill, John Stuart Millikan, Ruth Garrett Mills, Charles W. Mints, Grigori Morris, Charles William Mothersill, Mary Murphy, Arthur Edward Nagel, Ernest Nagel, Thomas Nehamas, Alexander Normore, Calvin Northrop, Filmer Stuart
Cuckow Nozick, Robert Nussbaum, Martha Craven O’Neill, Onora Sylvia Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane Palmer, George Herbert Parfit, Derek Antony Parker, DeWitt Henry Parsons, Charles Dacre Parsons, Terence Dwight Passmore, John Arthur
Peacocke, Christopher Arthur Bruce
Pears, David Francis Peirce, Charles Santiago
Sanders Pepper, Stephen Coburn Perry, John R. Perry, Ralph Barton Pettit, Philip Noel Pippin, Robert B. Plantinga, Alvin Carl Polanyi, Michael Popkin, Richard Henry Popper, Karl Raimund Pratt, James Bissett Putnam, Hilary Whitehall Quine, Willard Van
Orman Quinn, Philip L. Railton, Peter Albert Randall, Jr., John Herman Rawls, John Recanati, François Reichenbach, Hans Remusat, Charles Francois
Marie, Comte de Rescher, Nicholas Ricoeur, Paul Romero, Francisco Rorty, Richard McKay Ross, William David Royce, Josiah Ryle, Gilbert Salmon, Wesley Charles Sartre, Jean-Paul Satz, Debra Scanlon, Jr., Thomas
Michael Scheffler, Israel Scheffler, Samuel Schiffer, Stephen Schneewind, Jerome Borges
Schneider, Herbert Wallace
Scholem, Gershom Gerhard
Schweitzer, Albert Searle, John Rogers Sedley, David Neil Seidenfeld, Teddy I. Sellars, Wilfrid Stalker Shelby, Tommie Shimony, Abner Eliezer Shoemaker, Sydney
Sharpless Sidgwick, Henry Sieg, Wilfried Sklar, Lawrence Skyrms, Brian Smith, Michael Andrew Soames, Scott Sober, Elliott Sorabji, Richard Rustom
Kharsedji Sosa, Ernest Stace, Walter Terence Stalnaker, Robert Culp Stein, Howard Stevenson, Charles Leslie Stewart, Dugald Stich, Stephen Peter Strawson, Peter Frederick Striker, Gisela Stroud, Barry Stump, Eleonore Suppes, Patrick Tait, William Walker Taylor, Charles Margrave Thomson, Judith Jarvis Todorov, Tzvetan Toulmin, Stephen
Edelston Trendelenburg, Friedrich
Adolf van Benthem, Johan
van Fraassen, Bas C. van Inwagen, Peter Velleman, J. David Vlastos, Gregory von Weizsacker
(Freiherr), Carl Friedrich
Von Wright, Georg Henrik
Vuillemin, Jules Walker, James Walton, Kendall Lewis Wang, Hao Watson, Gary L. Weil, Eric West, Cornel Whately, Richard Whewell, William White, Morton Gabriel Whitehead, Alfred North Wiggins, David Wild, John Daniel Williams, Bernard Arthur
Owen Williams, Michael J. Williamson, Timothy Wilson, Margaret Dauler Wilson, Mark L. Wolf, Susan Rose Wollheim, Richard
Arthur Wolterstorff, Nicholas Wood, Allen William Woods, James Haughton Woodward, James F. Wright, Chauncey Wright, Crispin James
Garth Wyschogrod, Edith Yablo, Stephen Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Physics Abbot, Joseph Hale Abbott, Laurence F. Abelson, Philip Hauge Abragam, Anatole Abrahams, Elihu Abrikosov, Alexei
Alexeyevich Adair, Robert Kemp Adelberger, Eric George Adler, Stephen Louis Aharony, Amnon Ahlers, Guenter Aigrain, Pierre Raoul Albrecht, Andreas J. Alfven, Hannes Olof Gosta Allis, William Phelps Alpher, Ralph Asher Altshuler, Boris Alvarez, Luis Walter Amaldi, Edoardo Ames, Joseph Sweetman Ames, Jr., Adelbert Anderson, Carl David Anderson, Herbert
Lawrence Anderson, Philip Warren Andrei, Eva Y. Anslow, Gladys Amelia Appelquist, Thomas W. Appleton, Edward Victor Arima, Akito Arkani-Hamed, Nima Armstrong, John Allan Arrhenius, Svante August Artsimovich, Lev
Andreevich Austin, Robert Hamilton Auston, David Henry Awschalom, David D. Bacher, Robert Fox Bainbridge, Kenneth
Tompkins Balents, Leon Banks, Thomas
Bardeen, John Bardeen, William Allan Bargmann, Valentine Barish, Barry C. Barnett, Samuel Jackson Barrett, Alan Hildreth Barschall, Henry Herman Barus, Carl Bates, David Robert Baym, Gordon Alan Beams, Jesse Wakefield Beasley, Malcolm Roy Bell, John Stewart Bell, Louis Benedek, George Bernard Berkner, Lloyd Viel Berko, Stephan Berrah, Nora Bethe, Hans Albrecht Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Billings, Bruce Hadley Biot, Jean Baptiste Birgeneau, Robert Joseph Bitter, Francis Bjorken, James Daniel Blackett (Lord), Patrick
Maynard Stuart Bleakney, Walker Bleaney, Brebis Bloch, Felix Bloembergen, Nicolaas Blume, Martin Boebinger, Gregory S. Bohr, Aage Niels Bohr, Niels Henrik David Bolt, Richard Henry Boltzmann, Ludwig Born, Max Bowen, Edward George Bowers, Raymond Bragg, William Lawrence Braginsky, Vladimir
Borisovich Branscomb, Lewis
McAdory Brattain, Walter Houser
Bray, Philip James Brechignac, Catherine Breit, Gregory Brenner, Michael P. Brewster, David Brezin, Edouard Bridge, Herbert Sage Bridgman, Percy
Williams Briggs, Lyman James Brinkman, William Frank Brockhouse, Bertram
Neville Brode, Robert Bigham Broglie, Louis Victor
Pierre Raymond de Bromley, David Allan Brooks, Harvey Brown, Gerald Edward Brown, Harold Brown, Joseph Brown, Sanborn Conner Brueckner, Keith Allan Buchsbaum, Solomon Jan Bucksbaum, Philip
Howard Buechner, William Weber Bumstead, Henry
Andrews Busse, Friedrich Hermann Bustamante, Carlos J. Cabibbo, Nicola Cady, Walter Guyton Callan, Curtis G. Campbell, Leslie Lyle Capasso, Federico Casimir, Hendrik Brugt
Gerhard Cauchy (Baron),
Augustin Louis Ceperley, David M. Chaffee, Emory Leon Chaikin, Paul M. Chamberlain, Owen Chan, Moses H. W. Charpie, Robert Alan
Chaudhari, Praveen Chew, Geoffrey Foucar Chodorow, Marvin Christy, Robert Frederick Chu, Paul Ching-Wu
(Ching-Wu Paul) Chu, Steven Clark, George Whipple Clarke, John (1943-) Clausius, Rudolph Julius
Emmanuel Cockcroft, John Douglas Cohen, Marvin Lou Cohen-Tannoudji,
Claude Nessim Coleman, Sidney Richard Colgate, Stirling
Auchincloss Commins, Eugene David Compton, Arthur Holly Compton, Karl Taylor Comstock, Daniel Frost Condon, Edward Uhler Conwell, Esther Marly Coolidge, William David Cooper, Leon Neil Coppersmith, Susan N. Coppi, Bruno Cormack, Allan MacLeod Cornell, Eric Allin Cornu, Marie Alfred Crabtree, George William Crane, Horace Richard Crawford, Franzo Hazlett Crew, Henry Crewe, Albert Victor Cronin, James Watson Cross, Charles Robert Cummins, Herman
Zachary Dai, Hongjie Damour, Thibault Darrow, Karl Kelchner Dashen, Roger Frederick Davis, Harvey Nathaniel Davis, Jr., Raymond
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Davisson, Clinton Joseph Daw, Murray S. Dawson, John M. de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de La Rive, Auguste Arthur de Shalit, Amos Debye, Peter Joseph
William Dehmelt, Hans Georg Demos, Peter Theodore Derr, Louis Deser, Stanley Deutsch, Martin Devoret, Michel Henri DeWitt, Bryce S. Dicke, Robert Henry Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Dimopoulos, Savas Dine, Michael Dirac, Paul Adrien
Maurice Dolbear, Amos Emerson Donnelly, Russell James Dorfan, Jonathan Manne Drell, Persis Sydney Drell, Sidney David Dresselhaus, Mildred
Spiewak Drever, Ronald William
Prest Drisko, William Johnson Dryden, Hugh Latimer Duane, William DuBridge, Lee Alvin Duff, Alexander Wilmer Dynes, Robert Carr Dyson, Freeman John Dzyaloshinskii, Igor Eastman, Dean Eric Edlen, Bengt Edwards, Helen Thom Ehrenreich, Henry Einstein, Albert Elsasser, Walter Maurice Emery, Victor J. Entin-Wohlman, Ora
Esaki, Leo Evans, Robley Dunglison Ewald, Paul Peter Ewell, Arthur Woolsey Faddeev, Ludwig D. Fairbank, William Martin Falcone, Roger W. Fano, Ugo Faraday, Michael Farnsworth, Harry
Edward Feher, George Feigenbaum, Mitchell Jay Feld, Bernard Taub Feldman, Gary J. Feshbach, Herman Fisher, Daniel S. Fisher, Matthew P. A. Fisk, James Brown Fisk, Zachary Fitch, Val Logsdon Fleischer, Robert Louis Fleury, Paul Aimé Fortson, Edward Norval Fowler, Alan Bicksler Fradkin, Eduardo Hector Franck, James Frank, Nathaniel Herman Frank, Philipp G. Franklin, William
Suddards Frauenfelder, Hans Emil Freedman, Daniel Z. Freedman, Stuart Jay Friedan, Daniel Harry Friedel, Jacques Friedman, Francis Lee Friedman, Herbert Friedman, Jerome Isaac Frisch, David Henry Frosch, Robert Alan Fubini, Sergio Piero Furry, Wendell Hinkle Furth, Harold Paul Gabor, Dennis Gabrielse, Gerald
Gaffield, Thomas Gaillard, Mary Katharine Garwin, Richard
Lawrence Gates, Jr., Sylvester James Geballe, Theodore Henry Geiss, Johannes Gell-Mann, Murray Georgi, Howard Getting, Ivan Alexander Giaever, Ivar Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Gibbs, Josiah Willard Ginzburg, Vitaly
Lazarevich Girvin, Steven M. Glaser, Donald Arthur Glashow, Sheldon Lee Glauber, Roy Jay Goldberger, Marvin
Leonard Goldenfeld, Nigel David Goldhaber, Gerson Goldhaber, Maurice Goldstone, Jeffrey Gollub, Jerry Paul Gonzalez, Gabriela Goodwin, Harry Manley Gordon, William Edwin Gor’kov, Lev Petrovich Gorter, Cornelis Jacobus Gottfried, Kurt Goudsmit, Samuel
Abraham Greene, Laura H. Greytak, Thomas J. Gribov, Vladimir
Naumovich Grodzins, Lee Gross, David Jonathan Gruner, Sol Michael Gunn, John Battiscombe Gursey, Feza Guth, Alan Harvey Gutzwiller, Martin
Charles
Ha, Taekjip Haeberli, Willy Hahn, Erwin Louis Haldane, F. Duncan M.
(Frederick Duncan Michael)
Hall, Edwin Herbert Halperin, Bertrand Israel Hänsch, Theodor
Wolfgang Hansteen, Christopher Happer, William Harari, Haim Hardy, Arthur Cobb Haroche, Serge Harrison, George Russell Hartle, James Burkett Harvey, George Graham Harvey, Jeffrey A. Hau, Lene Vestergaard Hawking, Stephen
William Haworth, Leland John Haxton, Wick C. Hayes, Hammond Vinton Heaviside, Oliver Heisenberg, Werner Karl Hellman, Frances Henley, Ernest Mark Henry, Joseph Herman, Robert Herring, William Conyers Herzfeld, Karl Ferdinand Heymans, Paul Alphonse Hickman, Roger Wayne Hill, Albert Gordon Ho, Tin-Lun Hodges, Nathaniel Dana
Carlile Hofstadter, Robert Hohenberg, Pierre
Claude Holman, Silas Whitcomb Holstein, Theodore David Holton, Gerald James Horowitz, Gary T.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Houston, William Vermillion
Huang, Kerson Hubbard, John Charles Hughes, Vernon Willard Hulet, Randall Gardner Hull, Gordon Ferrie Humphreys, William
Jackson Hunt, Edward Bissell Hunt, Frederick Vinton Huse, David Hutchins, Charles
Clifford Inghram, Mark Gordon Ioffe (Joffe), Abram
Fedorovich Ives, James Edmund Jacak, Barbara V. Jackiw, Roman Wladimir Jackson, John David Jackson, Shirley Ann Jacques, William White Jaeger, Heinrich M. Jaffe, Arthur Michael Jaffe, Robert Loren Jain, Jainendra Kumar Jarzynski, Christopher Javan, Ali Jeffries, Carson Dunning Jin, Deborah S. Joannopoulos, John D. Johnson, Kenneth Alan Jones, R. Clark (Robert
Clark) Josephson, Brian David Joule, James Prescott Kadanoff, Leo Philip Kallosh, Renata Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich Kapitulnik, Aharon Kaplan, David B. Kapteyn, Henry C. Kardar, Mehran Kastner, Marc Aaron Keck, James Collyer
Kelly, Harry Charles Kemble, Edwin Crawford Kendall, Henry Way Kennel, Charles Frederick Kent, Norton Adams Kerman, Arthur Kent Kerst, Donald William Ketterle, Wolfgang Kim, Young-Kee Kimball, Alonzo Smith King, Ronold Wyeth
Percival Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Kittel, Charles Kivelson, Steven Allan Klebanov, Igor R. Klein, Miles Vincent Kleman, Maurice Kleppner, Daniel Knight, Walter David Knipp, Julian Knause Kohlrausch, Friedrich
Wilhelm Georg Kohn, Walter Kompfner, Rudolf Koonin, Steven Elliot Kosterlitz, J. Michael Kraushaar, William Lester Kroll, Norman Myles Kubo, Ryogo Kurti, Nicholas Kusch, Polykarp Lamb, Jr., Willis Eugene Landau, Lev Davidovich Landauer, Rolf William Lane, Neal Francis Langer, James Stephen Langmuir, Irving Larmor, Joseph Larmore, Lewis Laue, Max Theodor Felix
von Laughlin, Robert B. Lauritsen, Thomas Lawrence, Ernest
Orlando
Lax, Benjamin Lax, Melvin Le Corbeiller, Philippe
Emmanuel LeConte, John Lederman, Leon Max Lee, Benjamin Whisoh Lee, David Morris Lee, Patrick A. Lee, Tsung-Dao Lefavour, Henry Leggett, Anthony James Leighton, Robert
Benjamin Lepage, G. Peter Levine, Herbert Libchaber, Albert Joseph Lieb, Elliott Hershel Linde, Andrei
Dmitriyevich Lindsay, Robert Bruce Litster, James David Liu, Andrea J. Livingston, Milton
Stanley Longmire, Conrad Lee Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Louie, Steven Gwon
Sheng Lovering, Joseph Low, Francis Eugene Lubensky, Tom C. Luk, Kam-Biu Luttinger, Joaquin
Mazdak Lyman, Theodore (1874-
1954) MacDonald, Allan Hugh Maclaurin, Richard
Cockburn Mahan, Gerald Dennis Maldacena, Juan Martín Mandel, Leonard Mandelstam, Stanley Marchetti, M. Cristina Margenau, Henry
Marshak, Robert Eugene Martin, Paul Cecil Massey, Walter Eugene Matthias, Bernd Teo Mavalvala, Nergis Max, Claire Ellen Maxwell, James Clerk Mayer (Goeppert-
Mayer), Maria Gertrude Goeppert
Mayer, Alfred Marshall McEuen, Paul L. McKeehan, Louis
Williams McMillan, Edwin
Mattison McMillan, William
Laughlin Meitner, Lise Melloni, Macedonio Mendenhall, Charles
Elwood Mendenhall, Thomas
Corwin Menon, Mambillikalathil
Govind Kumar Mermin, Nathaniel David Merritt, Ernest George Meserve, Richard
Andrew Metropolis, Nicholas
Constantine Michelson, Albert
Abraham Michelson, Peter F. Miller, Dayton Clarence Millikan, Robert Andrews Millionshchikov, Mikhail
Dmitrievich Mimno, Harry Rowe Misner, Charles W. Moniz, Ernest J. Montroll, Elliott Waters Moore, Gregory
Winthrop Morrison, David R.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Morrison, Philip Morse, Harry Wheeler Morse, Philip McCord Morse, Robert Warren Moshinsky, Marcos Mossbauer, Rudolf
Ludwig Mott, Nevill Francis Mottelson, Ben Roy Mueller, Alfred H. Mueller, Hans Muller, Richard A. Mulliken, Robert
Sanderson Murayama, Hitoshi Murnane, Margaret Mary Murray, Cherry A. Nagel, Sidney Robert Nambu, Yoichiro Narayanamurti,
Venkatesh Neal, Homer Alfred Neel, Louis Eugene Felix Ne’eman, Yuval Nelson, Ann E. Nelson, David Robert Nichols, Edward
Leamington Nichols, Ernest Fox Nier, Alfred Otto Carl Nierenberg, William
Aaron Norton, Charles Ladd Norton, William
Augustus Nottingham, Wayne
Buckles Nozieres, Philippe Pierre Nurmikko, Arto Veikko O’Brien, Brian Oda, Minoru Oddone, Piermaria J. Oersted (Orsted), Hans
Christian Oldenberg, Otto Ong, Nai-Phuan
Onuchic, Jose Nelson Ooguri, Hirosi Oppenheimer, J. Robert
(Julius Robert) Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich Osborne, Louis Shreve Osheroff, Douglas Dean Overhage, Carl F. J. Overhauser, Albert
Warner Page, Charles Grafton Page, Leigh Pais, Abraham Pake, George Edward Panofsky, Wolfgang Kurt
Hermann Parkin, Stuart Stephen
Papworth Paschen, Friedrich (Louis
Carl Heinrich Friedrich) Patel, (Chandra) Kumar
Naranbhai Paul, Wolfgang Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst Peccei, Roberto D. Peierls, Rudolf Ernst Pendry, John Brian Perl, Martin Lewis Perlmutter, Saul Peskin, Michael E. Pethick, Christopher John Pettengill, Gordon
Hemenway Phillips, William Daniel Picasso, Emilio Pierce, George Washington Pinczuk, Aron Pine, David J. Pines, David Pipkin, Francis Marion Pippard, Alfred Brian Planck, Max Karl Ernst
Ludwig Plummer, Earl Ward Poggendorff, Johann
Christian
Polchinski, Joseph G. Politzer, Hugh David Polyakov, Alexander M. Pound, Robert Vivian Prandtl, Ludwig Prescott, Charles Young Preston, William Munro Primakoff, Henry Pritchard, David E. Prokhorov, Alexander
Mikhailovitch Pupin, Michael Idvorsky Purcell, Edward Mills Quake, Stephen R. Quinn, Helen R. Rabe, Karin M. Rabi, Isidor Isaac Racah, Giulio Ramond, Pierre Ramsey, Norman Foster Randall, Lisa Read, Nicholas Reines, Frederick Reppy, John D. Reynolds, John Hamilton Richards, Paul Linford Richardson, Robert
Coleman Richter, Burton Richtmyer, Floyd Karker Righi, Augusto Robertson, Howard Percy Robertson, R.G. Hamish Rood, Ogden Nicholas Rosenbaum, Thomas F. Rosenbluth, Marshall
Nicholas Rossi, Bruno Benedetto Rotblat, Joseph Rowland, Henry
Augustus Rubakov, Valery A. Rubbia, Carlo Rutherford, Ernest Sabine, Wallace Clement Sachdev, Subir
Sachs, Robert Green Sagdeev, Roald
Zinnurovich Sakharov, Andrei
Dmitriyevich Sala, Oscar Salam, Abdus Samios, Nicholas Peter Sarabhai, Vikram
Ambalal Sarachik, Myriam Paula
Morgenstein Saunders, Frederick
Albert Scalapino, Douglas James Schawlow, Arthur
Leonard Scherrer, Paul Hermann Schiff, Leonard Isaac Schiffer, John P. Schmitt, Roland Walter Schoelkopf, Robert J. Schrieffer, John Robert Schroeder, Manfred
Robert Schroedinger, Erwin Schuller, Ivan K. Schwarz, John Henry Schweber, Silvan Samuel Schwinger, Julian
Seymour Schwitters, Roy Frederick Scully, Marlan O. Segre, Emilio Gino Seiberg, Nathan Seitz, Frederick Serber, Robert Shankar, Ramamurti Shen, Yuen-Ron Shen, Zhixun Shenker, Stephen H. Shirane, Gen Shochet, Melvyn Jay Shockley, William
Bradford Shoenberg, David
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Shull, Clifford Glenwood Siegbahn, Kai Manne
Borge Siegbahn, Karl Manne
Georg Simmons, Michelle
Yvonne Simon, Franz Eugen
(Francis) Simpson, John Alexander Sinai, Yakov
Grigoryevich Slater, John Clarke Slichter, Charles Pence Smith, Robert Allan Smoluchowski, Roman Smyth, Henry DeWolf Sommerfeld, Arnold
Johannes Wilhelm Sompolinsky, Haim Son, Dam Thanh Sorokin, Peter
Pitirimovich Steinberger, Jack Stewart, Balfour Stewart, George Walter Stockbarger, Donald
Charles Stoicheff, Boris Peter Stokes, George Gabriel Stormer, Horst Ludwig Strandberg, Malcolm
Woodrow Pershing Stratton, Julius Adams Stratton, Samuel Wesley Strauch, Karl Street, Jabez Curry Strominger, Andrew Strong, John Donovan Strutt (Lord Rayleigh),
John William Suhl, Harry Suits, Chauncey Guy Susskind, Leonard
Sutherland, Gordon Brims Black McIvor
Swinney, Harry Leonard ‘t Hooft, Gerard Tamm, Igor Evgenievich Tank, David W. Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, Richard E. Telegdi, Valentine Louis Teller, Edward Thaddeus, Patrick Thompson (Count
Rumford), Benjamin Thomson (Lord Kelvin),
William Thomson, George Paget Thomson, Joseph John Thorne, Kip Stephen Thouless, David James Tigner, Maury Ting, Samuel Chao
Chung Tinkham, Michael Tisza, Laszlo Tomonaga, Sin-itiro Toulouse, Gerard Tousey, Richard Townes, Charles Hard Treiman, Sam Bard Trilling, George Henry Trowbridge, John Tuve, Merle Antony Uhlenbeck, George
Eugene Unruh, William G. Vafa, Cumrun Vallarta, Manuel
Sandoval Van Allen, James Alfred Van de Graaff, Robert
Jemison Van der Meer, Simon Van Harlingen, Dale J. Van Hove, Leon Charles
Prudent
Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck
Vanderbilt, David H. Villars, Felix Marc
Hermann Vineyard, George
Hoagland Virasoro, Miguel Angel von Helmholtz, Hermann
Ludwig Ferdinand von Weizsacker
(Freiherr), Carl Friedrich
Wald, Robert Manuel Walther, Herbert Warren, Bertram Eugene Webb, Julian Hale Webb, Richard Alan Webb, Watt W. Weber, Wilhelm Edward Webster, Arthur Gordon Webster, David Locke Weinberg, Alvin Martin Weinberg, Steven Weiss, Rainer Weisskopf, Victor
Frederick Weitz, David A. Wentzcovitch, Renata
M.M. Whaley, K. Birgitta Wheatstone, Charles Wheeler, John Archibald White, Steven R. Whiting, Harold Wick, Gian Carlo Wieman, Carl E. Wightman, Arthur
Strong Wigner, Eugene Paul Wiik, Bjorn H. Wilczek, Frank Wilkins, John Warren Wilkinson, David Todd Will, Clifford M.
Williams, Ellen Dudley Williams, Robert Walter Willis, William J. Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Wilson, Kenneth Geddes Wilson, Richard Wilson, Robert Rathbun Wineland, David Jeffery Winstein, Bruce Darrell Wise, Mark Brian Witherell, Michael Witten, Edward Witten, Thomas Adams Wolff, Peter Adalbert Wood, Robert Williams Wu, Chien-Shiung Wu, Sau Lan Yu Wu, Tai Tsun Yablonovitch, Eli Yang, Chen Ning Yazdani, Ali York, Herbert Frank Young, A. Peter Young, Thomas Yu, Clare C. Yukawa, Hideki Zacharias, Jerrold
Reinach Zachariasen, William
Houlder (Fredrik William Houlder)
Zamolodchikov, Alexander B.
Zee, Anthony Zel’dovich, Yakov
Borisovich Zeleny, John Zettl, Alex K. Zhang, Shoucheng Zumino, Bruno Zweig, George Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Physiology and Pharmacology Adey, William Ross Adolph, Edward
Frederick Agre, Peter Courtland Armstrong, Clay
Margrave Astwood, Edwin Bennett Axelrod, Julius Bacon, John (1817-1881) Barcroft, Joseph Bard, Philip Barger, Abraham Clifford Barron, Donald Henry Beidler, Lloyd M. Benedict, Francis Gano Berliner, Robert William Bern, Howard Alan Berne, Robert Matthew Bernhard, Carl Gustaf Best, Charles Herbert Bezanilla, Francisco Blau, Helen Margaret Bourne, Henry Reid Bovet, Daniel Bowditch, Henry
Pickering Brobeck, John Raymond Brookhart, John Mills Brown-Sequard, Charles
Edouard Bueding, Ernest Bunker, John Wymond
Miller Burg, Maurice Benjamin Campbell, Kevin Peter Cannon, Walter Bradford Carlson, Loren Daniel Carpenter, Thorne
Martin Catterall, William A. Chang, Min-Chueh
Cohen, Fred E. Comroe, Jr., Julius Hiram Coughlin, Shaun Robert Courrier, Robert Marie
Jules Constant Dale, Henry Hallett Dalton, Jr., John Call Denton, Derek Ashworth Diamond, Jared Mason Dill, David Bruce Donders, Franz Cornelis
(Franciscus Cornelis) Drinker, Cecil Kent Du Bois-Reymond, Emil
Heinrich Eccles, John Carew Einthoven, Willem Elion, Gertrude Belle Erspamer, Vittorio Fenn, Wallace Osgood Flier, Jeffrey Scott Forbes, Alexander Foster, Michael Fulton, George Pearman Furchgott, Robert Francis Gasser, Herbert Spencer Giebisch, Gerhard Hans Gill, Gordon Nelson Gilman, Alfred Gilman, Alfred Goodman Glynn, Ian Michael Goldberg, Irving Hyman Goldstein, Avram Gottschalk, Carl William Gregory, Roderic Alfred Guillemin, Roger Charles
Louis Hardy, James Daniel Harris, Geoffrey
Wingfield Harvey, Edmund Newton Hechter, Oscar Milton Heiligenberg, Walter
Friedrich Hermann, Ludimar Hill, Archibald Vivian
Hille, Bertil Hitchings, George Herbert Hoagland, Hudson Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd Hoffman, Joseph
Frederick Hoskins, Roy Graham Hough, Theodore Houssay, Bernardo
Alberto Howell, William Henry Huber, Franz Hunt, Reid Huxley, Andrew Fielding Ignarro, Louis Joseph Imura, Hiroo Ingle, Dwight Joyce Ingraham, Holly A. Jellinek, Elvin Morton Jensen, Elwood Vernon Kahn, Carl Ronald Katz, Bernard Katzenellenbogen, Benita
Schulman Keynes, Richard Darwin Knobil, Ernst Krayer, Otto Hermann Krogh, August (Schack
August Steenberg) Kronecker, Hugo Kuhne, Willy (Wilhelm
Friedrich) Landis, Eugene Markley Lapicque, Louis Edouard Leake, Chauncey Depew Leinwand, Leslie Anne Li, Choh Hao Loeb, Jacques Loew, Earl Randall Lorente de No, Rafael Lowry, Oliver Howe Ludwig, Carl Friedrich
Wilhelm Luft, Rolf Lyman, Charles Peirson
MacNider, William de Berniere
Marks, Andrew Robert Martin, Ernest Gale Martin, Henry Newell Martini, Luciano McCann, Samuel
McDonald Means, Anthony Ross Mendel, Lafayette
Benedict Mommaerts, Wilfried
Francis Henry Maria Moon, Randall T. Moruzzi, Giuseppe Munson, Paul Lewis Murad, Ferid Muralt, Alexander
Ludwig von Oates, Jr., John Alexander Pappenheimer, John
Richard Perl, Edward Roy Pitts, Robert Franklin Porter, William
Townsend Pratt, Frederick Haven Prosser, Clifford Ladd Rahn, Hermann Rall, Joseph Edward Rapport, David Richards, Alfred Newton Roberts, Anita Bauer Roeder, Kenneth David Rosenthal, Sanford
Morris Rossier, Bernard Roth, Bryan L. Runnstrom, John Axel
Mauritz Sakmann, Bert Salter, William Thomas Schally, Andrew Victor Scharrer, Berta Vogel Schlessinger, Joseph Schmidt, Carl Frederic
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil Mimi
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut Scholander, Per Fredrik
Thorkelsson Schwann, Theodor
Ambrose Hubert Schwartz, Neena Betty Scrimshaw, Nevin
Stewart Short, Roger Valentine
Silverstein, Samuel Charles
Simon, M. Celeste Sizer, Irwin Whiting Smith, Homer William Sokoloff, Louis Solandt, Omond
McKillop Sollmann, Torald
Hermann Steinbach, Henry Burr Stiles, Percy Goldthwait
Talalay, Paul Tenney, Stephen Marsh Teorell, Torsten (Erik
Torsten Augustinus) Tomita, Tsuneo Tosteson, Daniel Charles Tsien, Richard Winyu Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Vane, John Robert Varki, Ajit P. Visscher, Maurice Bolks Vogt, Marthe Louise
von Euler, Ulf Svante von Helmholtz, Hermann
Ludwig Ferdinand Weber, Hans Hermann
Julius Wilhelm Westheimer, Gerald Wyman, Leland Clifton Back to Subject Index
Plant Sciences Abrams, LeRoy Agardh, Jacob Georg Alexopoulos, Constantine
John Ames, Oakes Anderson, Edgar Shannon Arnon, Daniel Israel Arthur, Joseph Charles Ashby (Baron), Eric Ashton, Peter Shaw Axelrod, Daniel Isaac Bailey, Irving Widmer Bailey, Jacob Whitman Bailey, Liberty Hyde Baker, Herbert George Baldwin, Henry Ives Barghoorn, Jr., Elso
Sterrenberg Barrett, Spencer Charles
Hilton Barton, Benjamin Smith Beevers, Harry Bentham, George Bergen, Joseph Young Bergius, Petter Jonas Berry, Edward Wilber Bigelow, Jacob Billings, William Dwight Bjorkman, Olle Erik Blakeslee, Albert Francis Blinks, Lawrence Rogers
Bogorad, Lawrence Bold, Harold Charles Bonner, James Frederick Boott, Francis Borlaug, Norman Ernest Bornet, Jean Baptiste
Edouard Borthwick, Harry Alfred Bower, Frederick Orpen Boysen-Jensen, Peter Branton, Daniel Joseph Braun, Alexander Carl
Heinrich Braun, Armin Charles
John Briggs, Winslow Russell Briquet, John Isaac Britton, Nathaniel Lord Brown, Robert Burrill, Thomas Jonathan Campbell, Douglas
Houghton Candolle, Alphonse Louis
Pierre de Castle, Edward Sears Chandler, Jr., Robert Flint Chapman, Alvan
Wentworth Cheadle, Vernon Irvin Chory, Joanne Clarke, Adrienne
Elizabeth Clausen, Jens Christian
Clayton, Roderick Keener Cleland, Ralph Erskine Clinton, George Perkins Collins, Frank Shipley Constance, Lincoln Coulter, John Merle Cummings, Ralph Waldo Curtis, Moses Ashley Davenport, George
Edward Davis, Bradley Moore Decaisne, Joseph Dewey, Chester Diels, Ludwig Diener, Theodor Otto Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie Eames, Arthur Johnson East, Edward Murray Eaton, Daniel Cady Ehrendorfer, Friedrich Eichler, August Wilhelm Elliott, Stephen Emerson, George Barrell Emerson, Ralph Emerson, Robert Emerson, Rollins Adams Endlicher, Stephan
Ladislaus Engelmann, George Engler, Adolph Gustav
Heinrich Esau, Katherine
Evans, Alexander William
Evert, Ray Franklin Farlow, William Gilson Faull, Joseph Horace Faxon, Charles Edward Fernald, Merritt Lyndon Fisher, Richard Thornton Florin, Rudolf (Carl
Rudolf) Foster, Adriance
Sherwood French, Charles Stacy Frey-Wyssling, Albert
Friedrich Fries, Elias Magnus Galston, Arthur William Ganong, William Francis Gast, Paul Rupert Gibbs, Martin Giles, Norman Henry Goddard, David Rockwell Godwin, Harry Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Goodale, George Lincoln Goodwin, Richard Hale Grant, Verne Edwin Gray, Asa Hall, Harvey Monroe Harper, John Lander Harper, Robert Almer Harrar, Jacob George Heer, Oswald
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Heslop-Harrison, John Hitchcock, Albert Spear Hoagland, Dennis Robert Hofmeister, Wilhelm
Friedrich Benedict Hooker, Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Jackson Horsfall, James Gordon Howard, Richard Alden Jack, John George Jacobsen, Steven E. Jagendorf, Andre Tridon James, Thomas Potts Jeffrey, Edward Charles Jepson, Willis Linn Johnston, Ivan Murray Jones, Donald Forsha Jussieu, Adrien Henry
Laurent de Kelman, Arthur Knoll, Andrew Herbert Kok, Bessel Kramer, Paul Jackson Kursanov, Andrei
Lvovich Kustu, Sydney Govons Lamb, Ivan Mackenzie (I.
Mackenzie) Lambert, Fred Dayton Lang, Anton Lange, Otto Ludwig Lesquereux, Leo Lindley, John Lipman, Jacob Goodale Livingston, Burton
Edward Lloyd, David Graham Lundegardh, Henrik
Gunnar Lyman, George Richard Maheshwari, Panchanan Mangelsdorf, Paul
Christoph Mann, Horace (1844-
1868) Manton, Irene
Martius, Karl Friedrich Phillip von
Maximowicz (Maksimovic), Carl Johann
Maxon, William Ralph Merrill, Elmer Drew Messing, Joachim Meyerowitz, Elliot M. Miyabe, Kingo Mohl, Hugo von Mrak, Emil Marcel Mueller (Baron),
Ferdinand von Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm
von Newcomb, Eldon Henry Oakes, William Ogren, William Lewis Olney, Stephen Thayer Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen Osterhout, Winthrop
John Vanleuven Parodi, Lorenzo
Raimundo Peirce, George James Pfeffer, Wilhelm
Friedrich Philipp Piper, Charles Vancouver Porsild, Alf Erling Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey Raper, John Robert Raper, Kenneth Bryan Raup, Hugh Miller Raven, Peter Hamilton Rehder, Alfred Rendle, Alfred Barton Renner, Otto Rhoades, Marcus Morton Riddle, Lincoln Ware Risser, Paul Gillan Robbins, William Jacob Robertson, Rutherford
Ness Robinson, Benjamin
Lincoln
Rollins, Reed Clark Russell, John Lewis Sahni, Birbal Saporta, Louis Charles
Joseph Gaston, Marquis de
Sargent, Charles Sprague Sax, Karl Schiff, Jerome Arnold Schmitt, Johanna M. Schultes, Richard Evans Sears, Ernest Robert Sears, Paul Bigelow Setchell, William Albert Seward, Albert Charles Seymour, Arthur Bliss Short, Charles Wilkins Siegelman, Harold
William Simpson, Beryl Brintnall Sinnott, Edmund Ware Skoog, Folke Karl Smith, Albert Charles Smith, Erwin Frink Smith, Gilbert Morgan Smith, John Donnell Smith, William Wright Solms-Laubach,
Hermann Graf zu Spoehr, Herman
Augustus Sprague, Charles James Srb, Adrian Morris Stadler, Lewis John Stakman, Elvin Charles Stebbins, Sr., George
Ledyard Steere, William Campbell Steward, Frederick
Campion Strasburger, Eduard
Adolf Sturgis, William Codman Sullivant, William
Starling Swain, Tony
Swanson, Carl Pontius Swartz, Olof Peter Taylor, William
Randolph Thaxter, Roland Thimann, Kenneth
Vivian Tippo, Oswald Torrey, John Torrey, John Gordon Trelease, William Tuckerman, Edward Urban, Ignatz Varner, Joseph Elmer Vasey, George Verdoorn, Frans von Sachs, Julius Vries, Hugo de Waggoner, Paul Edward Wagner, Jr., Warren
Herbert Wardlaw, Claude Wilson Warming, Johannes
Eugenius Bulow Watson, Sereno Weatherby, Charles
Alfred Went, Frits Warmolt Wessler, Susan R. Weston, Jr., William
Henry Wetmore, Ralph Hartley Wettstein, Richard White, Philip Rodney White, William Lawrence Willey, Henry Wilson, Ernest Henry Wortman, Sterling (Leo
Sterling) Yeager, Albert Franklin Zelitch, Israel Zimmermann, Martin
Huldrych Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Political Science / International Relations Achen, Christopher
Henry Adams, Ruth Salzman Aldrich, John Allen, Danielle Almond, Gabriel
Abraham Alt, James Edward Altshuler, Alan Anthony Alvarez, R. Michael Anderson, Benedict R.
O’Gorman Ansolabehere, Stephen D. Apter, David Ernest Arendt, Hannah Arnold, R. Douglas Aron, Raymond Claude
Ferdinand Austen-Smith, David Axelrod, Robert M. Bailey, Stephen Kemp Ball, Mary Margaret Banfield, Edward Christie Barker, Ernest Barker, Lucius Barry, Brian Michael Bartels, Larry Martin Bates, Robert Hinrichs Bator, Francis Michael Baumgartner, Frank R. Beck, Nathaniel Beer, Samuel Hutchison Beitz, Charles R. Bendor, Jonathan Benhabib, Seyla Berger, Suzanne Bernstein, Marver Hillel Bialer, Seweryn Bienen, Henry Samuel Binder, Leonard Binder, Sarah A.
Blakeslee, George Hubbard
Blank, Rebecca Blondel, Jean Fernand
Pierre Boix, Carles Bosworth, Stephen W. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. Bracher, Karl Dietrich Brady, David W. Brady, Henry E. Brodie, Bernard Brody, Richard Alan Brogan, Denis William Brown, Archibald
Haworth (Archie) Brzezinski, Zbigniew Buchan, Alastair Francis Bueno de Mesquita,
Bruce J. Bunce, Valerie Jane Bundy, McGeorge Burnham, Walter Dean Burns, James MacGregor Burns, Nancy Butler, David Edgeworth Cain, Bruce Edward Cameron, Charles M. Campbell, Andrea Louise Canes-Wrone, Brandice Carey, John M. Carmines, Edward G. Carnesale, Albert Carr, Robert Kenneth Carter, Ashton Baldwin Carter, Gwendolen
Margaret Castaneda, Jorge G. Cherington, Charles
Richards Cohen, Cathy J. Cohen, Joshua Cole, Robert Taylor Coleman, James Smoot Collier, David Collier, Ruth Berins
Colton, Timothy J. Converse, Philip Ernest Cox, Gary Walter Cramer, Karine J. Crane, Robert Treat Cranston, Maurice
William Cushman, Robert Eugene Daalder, Hans Dahl, Robert Alan Davenport, Christian Dawson, Michael C. Derthick, Martha Ann Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang Diermeier, Daniel Downs, George W. Doyle, Michael William Druckman, James N. Dunn, John Montfort Duverger, Maurice Easton, David Eckstein, Harry Eldersveld, Samuel James Elliott III, William
Yandell Ellwood, David Tabor Elshtain, Jean Bethke Elster, Jon Emerson, Rupert Epstein, Lee Epstein, Leon David Erikson, Robert S. Eulau, Heinz Fainsod, Merle Fearon, James D. Feddersen, Timothy J. Fenno, Jr., Richard
Francis Ferejohn, John Arthur Fesler, James William Finnemore, Martha Fiorina, Morris Paul Fox, William Thornton
Rickert Freeman, John R. Frieden, Jeffry A.
Friedrich, Carl Joachim Galston, William Arthur Gaus, John Merriman George, Alexander
Lawrence Gerber, Alan S. Gerber, Elisabeth R. Gilens, Martin Gilpin, Robert George Goguel, François
Ferdinand Goldstein, Judith L. Goodnow, Frank Johnson Goodrich, Leland
Matthew Gourevitch, Peter Alexis Gowa, Joanne S. Green, Donald Philip Greenstein, Fred Irwin Grofman, Bernard
Norman Gross, Leo Grzymala-Busse, Anna Gutmann, Amy Haas, Ernst Bernard Habib, Adam M. Haines, Charles Grove Hall, Peter A. Hamilton, Charles
Vernon Hansen, John Mark Hardin, Russell Hartz, Louis Hassner, Pierre Heclo, Hugh (Henry
Hugh) Hensler, Deborah R. Herring, Pendleton
(Edward Pendleton) Hochschild, Jennifer Lucy Hoffmann, Stanley Harry Holcombe, Arthur
Norman Holden, Jr., Matthew Holmes, Stephen Taylor Huber, John D.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Huckfeldt, Robert Huntington, Samuel
Phillips Hutchings, Vincent
Lamont Ikenberry, G. John Inglehart, Ronald F. Isaacs, Harold Robert Iversen, Torben Iyengar, Shanto Jackman, Simon David Jackson, John E. Jacobson, Gary C. Jacobson, Harold Karan Jennings, M. Kent Jervis, Robert Johnson, Chalmers
Ashby Jones, Charles Oscar Kahin, George McTurnan Kalyvas, Stathis N. Kateb, George Anthony Katz, Jonathan N. Katzenstein, Peter
Joachim Katznelson, Ira Kaufman, Herbert Kelley, Jr., Stanley Keohane, Robert Owen Key, Jr., Valdimer
Orlando Khalidi, Walid Ahmad Kilson, Martin Kinder, Donald R. King, Anthony King, Desmond King, Gary Kingdon, John Wells Kissinger, Henry Alfred Kitschelt, Herbert P. Knight, Jack Koskenniemi, Martti Kramer, Gerald Holmes Kramnick, Isaac Krasner, Stephen D. Krehbiel, Keith
Laitin, David Dennis Lake, David A. Lambie, Morris Bryan Lane, Robert Edwards LaPalombara, Joseph Lasswell, Harold Dwight Latham, Earl Ganson Laver, Michael John Lee, Frances E. Leebron, David W. Legvold, Robert Henry Levi, Margaret Lieber, Francis Lijphart, Arend Lindblom, Charles
Edward Lipset, Seymour Martin Lodge, Milton Loewenberg, Gerhard Lowenthal, Richard Lowi, Theodore Jay Lupia, Arthur Macedo, Stephen Joseph MacFarquhar, Roderick
Lemonde MacIver, Robert
Morrison MacMahon, Arthur
Whittier MacRae, Jr., Duncan Mainwaring, Scott P. Mann, Thomas Edward Mansbridge, Jane Jebb Maravall, José María Maruyama, Masao Mason, Alpheus Thomas Matthews, Donald Rowe Mayhew, David
Raymond McCarty, Nolan McClain, Paula D. McCloskey, Robert Green McClosky, Herbert McCubbins, Mathew D. McDermott, Rose M.
McKelvey, Richard Drummond
Mearsheimer, John Joseph
Mendelberg, Tali Merriam, Charles Edward Mettler, Suzanne B. Miller, Steven E. Miller, Warren Edward Milner, Helen V. Mirkine-Guetzevitch, Boris Moe, Terry M. Morgenthau, Hans
Joachim Morrow, James D. Mosely, Philip Edward Mueller, John Ernest Munro, William Bennett Mutz, Diana Carole Neumann, Sigmund Neustadt, Richard Elliott Nie, Norman H. Niemi, Richard G. Norris, Pippa Nye, Jr., Joseph Samuel Oakeshott, Michael
Joseph O’Donnell, Guillermo
Alberto Offe, Claus Ordeshook, Peter Carl Ornstein, Norman Jay Ostrom, Elinor Overacker, Louise Padelford, Norman
Judson Page, Benjamin Ingrim Page, Scott E. Palfrey, Thomas R. Pateman, Carole Perham, Margery Freda Perry, Elizabeth J. Peterson, Paul Elliott Pierson, Paul Pinderhughes, Dianne M. Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel
Polsby, Nelson Woolf Pool, Ithiel de Sola Poole, Keith T. Posen, Barry R. Powell, Jr., G. Bingham
(George Bingham) Powell, Robert L. Prewitt, Kenneth Price, Jr., Don Krasher Pritchett, Charles
Herman Przeworski, Adam Putnam, Robert David Pye, Lucian Wilmot Quandt, William B. Rae, Douglas Whiting Ranney, Joseph Austin Rathjens, George William Richardson, Louise M. Riker, William Harrison Rivers, Douglas Roberts, Edward Adam Robinson, James A. Roemer, John E. Rogowski, Ronald Lynn Rohde, David W. Romer, Thomas Rose, Richard Rosenblum, Nancy
Lipton Rosenbluth, Frances
McCall Rosenstone, Steven J. Rosenthal, Howard Lewis Rossiter, Clinton
Lawrence Rowe, Leo Stanton Rudolph, Susanne
Hoeber Ruggie, John Gerard Russett, Bruce Martin Sagan, Scott D. Samuels, Richard J. Sandel, Michael J. Sapiro, Virginia Sartori, Giovanni
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Saxonhouse, Arlene Warmbrunn
Sayre, Wallace Stanley Scalapino, Robert
Anthony Schapiro, Leonard
Bertram Scharpf, Fritz W. Schattschneider, Elmer
Eric Schickler, Eric Schlozman, Kay Lehman Schofield, Norman J. Scott, James C. Sears, David O’Keefe Segal, Jeffrey A. Segura, Gary Michael Shalala, Donna Edna Shapiro, Ian Shapiro, Martin Mathew Shattuck, John Shepsle, Kenneth A. Shklar, Judith Nisse Shulman, Marshall
Darrow Sikkink, Kathryn A. Simmons, Beth Ann Sinclair, Barbara
Skolnikoff, Eugene Bertram
Skowronek, Stephen Smith, Alastair Smith, Rogers M. Sniderman, Paul M. Snyder, Jack L. Snyder, Jr., James M. Sorauf, Frank J. Spar, Debora L. Stasavage, David Stavridis, James Stein, Janice Gross Steinbruner, John David Stepan, Alfred C. Stewart III, Charles
Haines Stewart, Robert Burgess Stimson, James A. Stoke, Harold Walter Stokes, Donald Elkinton Stokes, Susan Carol Strauss, Leo Sullivan, John L. Sumner, William Graham Sundquist, James Lloyd Tarrow, Sidney G. Tetlock, Philip E.
Thelen, Kathleen Thompson, Dennis Frank Thompson, Kenneth
Winfred Truman, David Bicknell Tsebelis, George Tucker, Robert Charles Tucker, Robert Warren Tufte, Edward Rolf Ulam, Adam Bruno Ullman, Richard Henry Verba, Sidney Wallerstein, Michael
Jonathan Walt, Stephen M. Waltz, Kenneth Neal Walzer, Michael Laban Wambaugh, Sarah Wantchékon, Leonard Ward, Robert Edward Waterbury, John Watkins, Frederick
Mundell Weiner, Myron Weingast, Barry R. Weir, Margaret White, Leonard Dupee Whittington, Keith E.
Wild, Jr., Payson Sibley Wildavsky, Aaron
Bernard Wilensky, Harold L. Wilkinson, Steven I. Willoughby, Westel
Woodbury Willoughby, William
Franklin Wilson, James Quinn Wolfinger, Raymond
Edwin Wolin, Sheldon Sanford Wood, Elisabeth Jean Wood, Robert Coldwell Wright, Benjamin
Fletcher Wright, Quincy Yankelovich, Daniel Yeomans, Henry Aaron Young, M. Crawford
(Merwin Crawford) Zaller, John Raymond Zimmern, Alfred
Eckhard Back to Subject Index
Psychology / Education Abelson, Robert Paul Adler, Nancy E. Ainsworth, Mary
Dinsmore Salter Allport, Gordon Willard Anderson, John Robert Angell, James Rowland Arnheim, Rudolf Aronson, Elliot Asch, Solomon Elliot Aslin, Richard N. Atkinson, John William
Atkinson, Richard Chatham
Baddeley, Alan David Baillargeon, Renée Baird, John Wallace Ball, Deborah
Loewenberg Baltes, Paul B. Banaji, Mahzarin Rustam Bandura, Albert Bargh, John Andrew Barrett, Lisa Feldman Bartlett, Frederic Charles Bartoshuk, Linda May Bauer, Raymond
Augustine Baumeister, Roy F.
Beach, Frank Ambrose Beck, Aaron T. Beebe-Center, John
Gilbert Behrmann, Marlene Berkowitz, Leonard Berscheid, Ellen S. Bettelheim, Bruno Bevan, William Bjork, Robert Allen Blough, Donald Sommers Bock, June Kathryn Boring, Edwin Garrigues Bower, Gordon Howard Bowerman, Melissa Foster Bradburn, Norman
Marshall
Brewer, Marilynn B. Bronfenbrenner, Urie Bronner (Mrs. William
Healy), Augusta Fox Brown, Roger William Bruce, Henry Addington
Bayley Bruner, Jerome Seymour Bryson, Lyman Lloyd Busemeyer, Jerome R. Cacioppo, John Terrance Campbell, Albert Angus Campbell, Donald
Thomas Carey, Susan E. Carmichael, Leonard
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Cartwright, Dorwin Philip Cattell, James McKeen Ceci, Stephen J. Chi, Michelene T.H. Cialdini, Robert B. Cicchetti, Dante Clark, Herbert Horace Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Clark, Margaret S. Clore, Gerald L. Cohen, David K. Cole, Michael Converse, Philip Ernest Coombs, Clyde Hamilton Cooper, Lynn A. Craik, Fergus I.M. Crocker, Jennifer Cronbach, Lee Joseph Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly Curle, Adam (Charles
Thomas William Adam) Damon, William V. B. Darley, John M. Darling-Hammond, Linda Davidson, Richard J. Davis, Allison (William
Allison) Dawes, Robyn Mason de Villiers, Jill G. Dearborn, Walter Fenno Delabarre, Edmund Burke Dell, Gary S. DeLoache, Judy S. Dews, Peter Booth Diamond, Shari Seidman Diener, Edward Francis Dodge, Raymond Dollard, John Doob, Leonard William Duncan, Greg J. Dweck, Carol S. Eagly, Alice Hendrickson Eberhardt, Jennifer L. Ellsworth, Phoebe
Clemencia Elman, Jeffrey L.
Engle, Randall W. Erikson, Erik Homburger Estes, William Kaye Fazio, Russell H. Festinger, Leon Fiske, Susan T. Flavell, John Hurley Fox, Nathan A. Frank, Lawrence Kelso Freud, Anna Frijda, Nico Fussler, Herman Howe Gallistel, Charles R. Gamoran, Adam Gardner, Howard Earl Garmezy, Norman Gelfand, Michele J. Gelman, Rochel Gelman, Susan A. Gentner, Dedre Gibson, Eleanor Jack Gibson, James Jerome Gigerenzer, Gerd Gilbert, Daniel Todd Gilovich, Thomas D. Gleitman, Lila R. Goldin-Meadow, Susan J. Goldstone, Robert L. Gomez, Louis M. Gopnik, Alison Gordon, Edmund W. Graham, Clarence Henry Graham, Norma Van
Surdam Green, David Marvin Greenfield, Patricia
Marks Greenwald, Anthony G. Grossman, Pamela Gunnar, Megan R. Guthrie, Jr., Edwin Ray Hakuta, Kenji Hall, Granville Stanley Harlow, Harry Frederick Harris, Paul L. Hastie, Reid
Hastorf, Albert Herman Healy, William Hebb, Donald Olding Hedges, Larry V. Heider, Fritz Held, Richard Marx Herrnstein, Richard Julius Hetherington, Eileen
Mavis Higgins, E. Tory Hilgard, Ernest Ropiequet Hochberg, Julian Hofstadter, Douglas R. Holmes, Henry Wyman Holyoak, Keith J. Holzman, Philip Seidman House, James Stephen Hovland, Carl Iver Hull, Clark Leonard Hunter, Walter Samuel Hurvich, Leo Maurice Husén, Torsten Huttenlocher, Janellen Inhelder, Barbel Elisabeth Jackson, James Sidney Jacoby, Larry L. Jahoda, Marie Jamison, Kay Redfield Janet, Pierre Marie Felix Janis, Irving Lester Johnson, Mark Jones, Edward Ellsworth Jones, Lyle Vincent Julesz, Bela Kadane, Joseph B. Kagan, Jerome Kahn, Robert Louis Kahneman, Daniel Katz, Daniel Keen, Rachel Kelley, Harold Harding Kelley, Truman Lee Keniston, Kenneth Kenny, David A. Keppel, Francis Kessen, William
Kinder, Donald R. Kirp, David L. Kitayama, Shinobu Klatzky, Roberta L. Kluver, Heinrich Koffka, Kurt Köhler, Wolfgang Kosslyn, Stephen Michael Krauss, Robert M. Krosnick, Jon Alexander Krumhansl, Carol L. Ladson-Billings, Gloria Lampert, M. Magdalene Landau, Barbara Lashley, Karl Spencer Lawrence-Lightfoot, Sara LeDoux, Joseph E. Lee, Carol D. Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Lepper, Mark Roger Leslie, Alan Miller Levenson, Robert W. Levine, Susan C. Liberman, Alvin Meyer Licklider, Joseph Carl
Robnett Likert, Rensis Lindsley, Donald
Benjamin Lindzey, Gardner Loewenstein, George Loftus, Elizabeth F. Logan, Gordon D. Lomawaima, K. Tsianina Lord, Catherine Luce, R. Duncan (Robert
Duncan) Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Maccoby, Eleanor
Emmons Major, Brenda Mandler, George Mandler, Jean Matter Mann, Henrietta March, James Gardner Markman, Ellen M.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Markus, Hazel Rose Marquis, Donald George May, Mark Arthur Mayo, Elton (George
Elton) McCartney, Kathleen McClelland, David
Clarence McClintock, Martha K. McDougall, William McGaugh, James
Lafayette McGregor, Douglas
Murray McGuire, William J. McLaughlin, Milbrey W. McPherson, Michael S. Mead, Leonard Chapin Medin, Douglas L. Meehl, Paul Everett Mehler, Jacques Meltzoff, Andrew N. Milgram, Stanley Miller, George Armitage Miller, Neal Elgar Mischel, Walter Monahan, John T. Müller, Georg Elias Munsterberg, Hugo Murnane, Richard J. Murphy, Gardner Murray, Henry
Alexander Nakayama, Ken Neff, William Duwayne Neisser, Ulric Nelson III, Charles
Alexander Neugarten, Bernice Levin Neville, Helen J. Newcomb, Theodore Mead Newcombe, Nora S. Newman, Edwin
Broomell Newport, Elissa L. Nisbett, Richard Eugene
Norman, Donald Arthur Nosofsky, Robert M. O’Connor, Johnson Olds, James Osgood, Charles Egerton Pellegrino, James W. Petrides, Michael Petty, Richard Edward Pfaffmann, Carl Piaget, Jean Pieron, Henri Posner, Michael I. Potter, Mary C. Pratt, Carroll Cornelius Pribram, Karl Harry Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Rapoport, Anatol Ratcliff, Roger Raudenbush, Stephen W. Reardon, Sean F. Rescorla, Robert A. Resnick, Lauren B. Richter, Curt Paul Riecken, Henry William Riggs, Lorrin Andrews Rodin, Judith Seitz Roe, Anne Roediger III, Henry L. Rogers, Carl Ransom Rosenthal, Robert Ross, Lee David Rothbart, Mary Klevjord Rozin, Paul Rubenstein, John L. R. Rumelhart, David E. Saffran, Jenny Salovey, Peter Scarr, Sandra Wood Schachter, Stanley Schacter, Daniel
Lawrence Scherer, Klaus R. Schlosberg, Harold Schneirla, Theodore
Christian Schwarz, Norbert
Sears, Robert Richardson Shafir, Eldar Shepard, Roger Newland Shiffrin, Richard Martin Shulman, Lee S. Shweder, Richard Allan Sidanius, James H. Simon, Herbert
Alexander Skinner, Burrhus Frederic Slobin, Dan I. Slovic, Paul Smith, Edward Eugene Smith, Linda B. Smith, Marshall Savidge Smith, Payson Smuts, Barbara Boardman Snow, Catherine Elizabeth Sokolov, Eugene
Nikolaievich Solomon, Richard Lester Spaulding, Francis Trow Spelke, Elizabeth Shilin Spence, Janet Taylor Sperber, Dan Sperry, Roger Wolcott Steele, Claude Mason Steinberg, Laurence David Stellar, Eliot Sternberg, Robert Jeffrey Stevens, Stanley Smith Stevenson, Harold William Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Swets, John Arthur Tanenhaus, Michael K. Tatel, David S. Taylor, Shelley Elizabeth Terman, Lewis Madison Tetlock, Philip E. Teuber, Hans-Lukas Thibaut, John Walter Thompson, Richard
Frederick Thomson, Godfrey
Hilton Thorndike, Edward Lee
Thurstone, Louis Leon Tolman, Edward Chace Tomasello, Michael Treisman, Anne Trope, Yaacov Trow, Martin Tulving, Endel Tversky, Amos Tversky, Barbara G. Tyler, Ralph Winfred Ulich, Robert von Bekesy, Georg von Hofsten, Claes Wandell, Brian A. Watson, John Broadus Waxman, Sandra Robin Weber, Elke U. Wegner, Daniel Merton Wellman, Henry M. Wells, Frederic Lyman Werker, Janet Feldman Werner, Heinz Wertsch, James V. Wever, Ernest Glen White, Robert Winthrop Whiting, John Wesley
Mayhew Wilson, Howard Eugene Wilson, Timothy D. Wixted, John T. Wolfe, Jeremy M. Woodward, Amanda L. Woodworth, Robert
Sessions Yankelovich, Daniel Yates, J. Frank Yerkes, Robert Mearns Zajonc, Robert Boleslaw Zigler, Edward Frank Zimbardo, Philip G. Zinchenko, Vladimir
Petrovich Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Abraham, Ronny Abramowitz, Morton I. Acheson, Dean
Gooderham Adachi, Mineichiro Adams, Aileen C. Adams, Charles Francis
(1807-1886) Adams, John (1735-1826) Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel Aga Khan, Sadruddin
(Prince) Al Hussein, Zeid bin Ra’ad Albright, Madeleine Korbel Aldridge, Jr., Edward
(Pete) Cleveland Aleinikoff, Thomas
Alexander Al-Hinai, Hilal Ali Allison, Jr., Graham T. Almada, Jose de Almodovar del Rio,
Pedro Francisco Jimenez de Gongora y Lujan, Duque de
Amato, Giuliano Ames, Fisher Andrews, Stephen Pearl Angell, Marcia Annan, Kofi A. Axworthy, Lloyd Bacon, John (1738-1820) Badinter, Robert Baicker, Katherine Bailey, Elizabeth Ellery Baker, James A. Balfour, Arthur James
Barbe-Marbois, François Marquis
Bardach, Eugene Barnea, Nahum Belaunde y Diez Canseco,
Victor Andres Belo-Osagie, Myma A. Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Bertini, Catherine Ann Berwick, Donald M. Bierbaum, Rosina M. Bigelow, Timothy Bloomberg, Michael R. Bohlen, Charles Eustis Boruch, Robert F. Bosworth, Stephen W. Boutwell, George Sewall Bowdoin III, James Bowdoin, James (1726-
1790) Bowles, Chester Bliss Brademas, John Bradley, Bill Bredesen, Philip N. Brissot de Warville,
Jacques Pierre Broglie, (Charles) Jacques
Victor Albert, Duc de Brooke, Edward William Brooks, Harvey Brown, Harold Brown, Lester R. Brüning, Heinrich Bunche, Ralph Johnson Bundles, A’Lelia Bundy, William Putnam Bunker, Ellsworth Bunsen, Christian Carl
Josias, Freiherr von Burns, R. Nicholas Burns, William J. Cabot, John Moors Calderon de la Barca, Angel Cameron, Edwin Cardoso, Fernando
Henrique
Carrington (Right Honorable Lord), Peter Alexander Rupert
Carter, Jr., James Earl (Jimmy)
Casteen III, John T. Castiglioni, Luigi Castle, Jr., William
Richards Cavanagh, Richard E. Chaskalson, Arthur Chastellux, François Jean,
Marquis de Christopher, Warren Churchill, Winston Clark, Helen E. Clark, Joseph Sill Claudel, Paul Louis
Charles Marie Clay, Lucius Dubignon Clifford, Clark McAdams Clinton, DeWitt Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, William
Jefferson Clough, Gerald Wayne Cobb, David Cookson, Clive M. Correa de Serra, Jose
Francisco Cowan, Geoffrey Cushing, Caleb Cushing, Thomas Daddario, Emilio Quincy Daniels, Jr., Mitchell E. Danielson, Timothy De Gijselaar (Gyselaer),
Cornelis de la Luzerne, Anne Cesar de l’Etombe (L’Etombe),
Joseph Philippe Dearborn, Henry
Alexander Scammel Delano, Frederic Adrian Dexter, Samuel (1761-1816)
Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas)
Djerejian, Edward P. Dorsey, Cheryl L. Drayton, William Drew, Edward Bangs Dumas, Charles William
Frederick Eban, Abba Eberly, Janice Caryl Edwards, Mickey H. Eikenberry, Karl W. Ellsworth, Oliver Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Enriquez, Juan Erving, William Evans, Daniel Jackson Evatt, Herbert Vere Everett, Alexander Hill Everett, Edward Falco, Mathea Felten, Edward W. Ferre, Luis Alberto Ferriero, David S. Flanders, Ralph Edward Fleishman, Joel Lawrence Foch, Ferdinand Forbes, John Murray Franklin, Benjamin Freeman, Jody Fremont, John Charles Fri, Robert W. Ganguly, Sumit Kumar Gardner, Henry Gates, Robert Michael Gavin, James Maurice Gelb, Leslie Howard Gerry, Elbridge Ghebreyesus, Tedros A. Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Gilbert, Davies Gladstone, William Ewart Glenn, Jr., John H. Golden, William
Theodore
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Goodpaster, Andrew Jackson
Gore, Christopher Gore, Jr., Albert A. Granchain (Liberge de
Granchain), Guillaume Jacques Constant de Liberge de, Comte de
Gray, Francis Calley (1790-1856)
Gray, John Chipman (1793-1881)
Green, Theodore Francis Greenstein, Robert M. Grew, Joseph Clark Gross, Terry Groves, Robert M. Guehenno, Jean-Marie Guizot, François Pierre
Guillaume Gullion, Edmund Asbury Hacker, Jacob S. Haidt, Jonathan Haldane (Viscount
Haldane of Cloan), Richard Burdon
Hallstein, Walter Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Lee Herbert Hammarskjold, Dag
Hjalmar Agne Carl Hancock, John Harriman, William
Averell Harris, Patricia Roberts Hassel, Johann Georg
Heinrich Havel, Vaclav Hayden, Carla D. Hazard, Ebenezer Heineman, Jr., Benjamin
Walter Henderson, Rebecca M. Herter, Christian
Archibald
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth
Hoar, George Frisbie Hobhouse, Benjamin Holbrooke, Richard
Charles Albert Holdren, John Paul Hotez, Peter Jay Howard, John Hummer-Tuttle, Maria D. Humphrey, Hubert
Horatio Humphreys, David Hupsch (Hupsch-
Lontzen), Johann Wilhelm Karl Adolph, Freiherr von
Hutchison, Kay Bailey Ifill, Sherrilyn Indyk, Martin Sean Istrabadi, Feisal Amin
Rasoul Ito, Joichi Jackson, Jonathan Jefferson, Thomas Jega, Attahiru M. Jenkins, Roy Harris Johnson, Joseph Esrey Kean, Thomas H. Keeny, Jr., Spurgeon
Milton Kennan, George Frost Kennedy, Edward Moore Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, John Pendleton Kilham, Daniel King, Jr., Martin Luther King, Rufus Kirp, David L. Knox, Henry Kunin, Madeleine May Laber, Jeri Lidsky Lafayette, Marie Joseph
Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de
Lane, Neal Francis
Lansdowne (2nd Earl of Shelburne), William Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of
Leach, James Albert Smith
Leal Spengler, Eusebio Lee, Arthur Leonard, Warren J. Levitt, Jr., Arthur Lie, Trygve Halvdan Lilienthal, David Eli Lincoln, Benjamin Lincoln, Levi (1749-1820) Lincoln, Levi (1782-1868) Linowitz, Sol Myron Livingston, William Lleras Camargo, Alberto Lloyd, James Lodge, Henry Cabot Logue, Edward Joseph Long, John Davis Lougheed, E. Peter
(Edgar Peter) Luers, William Henry Lugar, Richard Green Mahbubani, Kishore Malik, Charles Habib Mandela, Nelson Mann, Horace (1796-
1859) Marjolin, Robert Ernest Marsh, George Perkins Massey, Vincent (Charles
Vincent) McHenry, Donald F. McNamara, Robert
Strange Miles, Edward L. Miliband, David W. Mills, Ogden Livingston Minehan, Cathy E. Mitchell, George John Mitchill, Samuel Latham Mogae, Festus G. Moniz, Ernest J.
Monnet, Jean Omer Marie
Montgomery, Edward B. Moreno, Manuel Morgan, M. Granger Morris, Charles Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Muskie, Edmund Sixtus Nehru, Jawaharlal Neier, Aryeh Neureiter, Norman P. Nitze, Paul Henry Nunn, Sam (Samuel
Augustus Nunn, Jr.) Obama, Barack H. Obama, Michelle
LaVaughn Robinson Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi Oliver, Andrew Olson, Jane T. Ornstein, Norman Jay Osgood, Samuel Otis, Harrison Gray Paine, Robert Treat
(1731-1814) Partridge, George Parzinger, Hermann Paterson, William Patrick, Deval L. Patten, Christopher
Francis Patterson, Anne Woods Pearson, Lester Bowles Perry, William James Peters, Andrew James Peterson, Peter G. Phillips, Christopher
Hallowell Phillips, John Phillips, Samuel Phillips, William Pickering, John (1740-
1811) Pickering, Timothy Pickman, Benjamin Poincare, Raymond
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Poinsett, Joel Roberts Polasky, A. Stephen Powell, Colin Luther Prescott, William Prodi, Romano Quincy, Edmund Quincy, Josiah Rabinovich, Itamar Raines, Franklin Delano Rakoff, Jed S. Ravitch, Diane Silvers Reading, Marquess of,
Rufus Daniel Isaac Reed, John Reich, Robert B. Reilly, William K. Reuss, Henry Schoellkopf Rice, Condoleezza Rodgers, John (1812-1882) Rosenberg, Tina Ruckelshaus, William
Doyle Rudman, Warren Bruce Salame, Ghassan Saltonstall, Leverett
(1783-1845)
Saltonstall, Leverett (1892-1979)
Sarbanes, Paul Spyros Sargent, Winthrop Saris, Patti B. Savitz, Maxine L. Schmidt, Helmut Schrag, Daniel P. Sedgwick, Theodore Shalala, Donna Edna Shaw, Samuel Simms, Margaret C. Simon, Jules Francois Simpson, Joanne Sinclair (Baronet), John Slaughter, Matthew J. Smith, Margaret Chase Soedjatmoko, Spaak, Paul-Henri Sparhawk, John Stevenson, Adlai Ewing Strobel, Edward Henry Strong, Caleb Struve, Peter Bernhardov
(Pyotr Berngardovich) Sullivan, James Sullivan, Kathryn D.
Sullivan, Richard Sullivan, William Sumner, Charles Talbott III, Nelson
Strobridge Talcott, George Tenney, Samuel Thant, U Thiers, Louis Adolph Thomson, John Adam Torres Bodet, Jaime Toukan, Khaled Treadwell, John Trevelyan, George Otto Trumbull, Jonathan
(1710-1785) Trumbull, Jonathan
(1740-1809) Tuttle, Robert H. Tyler, William Royall Tyson, Neil deGrasse Vance, Cyrus Roberts Volcker, Paul A. von Wallenstein (Baron),
Julius Warren, James Washington, George
Washington, Warren Morton
Waterman, Alan Tower Waters, Alice Waxman, Seth Paul Weare, Meshech Weaver, Robert Clifton Webster, Daniel Weidenbaum, Murray L. Welles, Sumner
(Benjamin Sumner) Wells, Nathaniel Williams (Baroness
Williams of Crosby), Shirley Vivien Teresa Brittain
Wilson, Woodrow Winthrop, Robert
Charles Wirth, Timothy Endicott Wise, Paul H. Wolfe, Tom York, Herbert Frank Young, Andrew Jackson Zittrain, Jonathan L. Back to Subject Index
Sociology / Demography Abbott, Andrew Alba, Richard D. Bales, Robert Freed Baltzell, E. Digby
(Edward Digby) Bearman, Peter Shawn Becker, Howard S. Bell, Daniel Bellah, Robert Neelly Ben-David, Joseph Bendix, Reinhard Berelson, Bernard
Reuben Berger, Peter Ludwig
Blake, Judith Kincade Blalock, Jr., Hubert Morse Blau, Peter Michael Bloom, David Elliot Bobo, Lawrence D. Boudon, Raymond Bourdieu, Pierre Bourricaud, François
Michel Brubaker, Rogers Bryk, Anthony S. Bumpass, Larry Lee Burt, Ronald Stuart Campbell, Albert Angus Carney, Judith A. Cherlin, Andrew J. Christakis, Nicholas
Alexander
Cicourel, Aaron Victor Clark, Samuel Delbert Clark, William Arthur V. Clausen, John Adam Cole, Jonathan Richard Coleman, James Samuel Collins, Randall Conley, Dalton Cook, Karen Schweers Cook, Thomas Dixon Coser, Lewis Alfred Cromwell (elected as A.
C. Hill; listed as A. C. Gulliver, 1973-1993), Adelaide M.
Crozier, Michel Dahrendorf, Ralf Gustav Danziger, Sheldon H.
Davis, Kingsley DiMaggio, Paul Dore, Ronald Philip Duncan, Otis Dudley Edin, Kathryn Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah Elder, Jr., Glen Holl Esping-Andersen, Gøsta Evans, Peter Brandt Farley, Reynolds Featherman, David Lee Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Fine, Gary Alan Fischer, Claude S. Fligstein, Neil D. Foner, Nancy Ford, James Fox, Renee Claire
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Freedman, Ronald Furstenberg, Jr., Frank F. Gamson, William A. Gans, Herbert Julius Garland, David W. Germani, Gino Giddens, Anthony Gilbert, Margaret P. Glass, David Victor Glazer, Nathan Glueck, Eleanor Touroff Goffman, Erving Manual Goldman, Susan R. Goldstein, Joshua R. Goode, William J. Goodman, Leo A. Granovetter, Mark Groves, Robert M. Grusky, David B. Guttman, Louis Eliahu Hagan, John Lee Halsey, Albert Henry Hannan, Michael
Thomas Harris, Kathleen M. Hauser, Philip Morris Hauser, Robert Mason Hawley, Amos Henry Hechter, Michael Norman Hirschman, Charles Homans, George Caspar Hout, Michael Hughes, Everett
Cherrington Hyman, Herbert Hiram Inkeles, Alex Janowitz, Morris Jencks, Christopher Katz, Elihu Kessler, Ronald C. Keyfitz, Nathan Kish, Leslie Kohn, Melvin Lester
Latour, Bruno Laumann, Edward O. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix Lee, Ronald Demos Lenski, Jr., Gerhard
Emmanuel Lepenies, Wolf Lieberson, Stanley Likert, Rensis Lincoln, Charles Eric Linz, Juan Jose Lipset, Seymour Martin Luker, Kristin MacDonald, Glen M. Mann, Michael Mare, Robert Denis Massey, Douglas Steven Mayer, Karl Ulrich Mayntz, Renate McAdam, Doug McLanahan, Sara Mechanic, David Menken, Jane Ava Merton, Robert King Meyerson, Martin Moore, Wilbert Ellis Moskos, Charles C. Newcomb, Theodore Mead Newman, Katherine S. Nisbet, Robert Alexander Notestein, Frank Wallace Nowak, Stefan O’Dea, Thomas Francis Ogburn, William Fielding Palloni, Alberto Park, Robert Ezra Parsons, Talcott Patterson, Orlando Pea, Roy D. Perez-Diaz, Victor Portes, Alejandro Preston, Samuel Hulse Reiss, Jr., Albert John
Reskin, Barbara Riesman, David Riley, Matilda White Rocher, Guy Rokkan, Stein Rossi, Alice S. Rossi, Peter Henry Rowntree, Benjamin
Seebohm Rumbaut, Rubén G. Runciman (Runciman of
Doxford), Walter Garrison
Ryder, Norman Burston Sampson, Robert J. Sauvy, Alfred Schudson, Michael Schuman, Howard Selznick, Philip Sennett, Richard Sewell, William Hamilton Sheldon, Eleanor Bernert Shils, Edward Albert Skocpol, Theda Smelser, Neil Joseph Sorokin, Pitirim
Aleksandrovich Speier, Hans Spencer, Margaret Beale Srinivas, Mysore
Narasimhachar Stinchcombe, Arthur
Leonard Stouffer, Samuel Andrew Sumner, William Graham Swidler, Ann Szczepanski, Jan Szelenyi, Ivan Sztompka, Piotr Taeuber, Irene Barnes Teggart, Frederick John Telles, Edward E. Thomas, William Isaac
Tienda, Marta Tilly, Charles Touraine, Alain Louis
Jules Francois Trow, Martin Turkle, Sherry Turner, Ralph Herbert Udry, J. Richard Vaupel, James W. Vogel, Ezra Feivel Waite, Linda J. Walder, Andrew G. Wallerstein, Immanuel Waters, Mary C. Weber, Alfred Wesolowski,
Wlodzimierz Jozef Western, Bruce Westoff, Charles Francis White, Harrison Colyar Whyte, William Foote Williams, David R. Williams, Jr., Robin
Murphy Wilson, William Julius Wittrock, Bjorn Wolfgang, Marvin
Eugene Wulsin, Frederick
Roelker Wuthnow, Robert Xie, Yu Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Zald, Mayer Nathan Zeder, Melinda A. Zelizer, Viviana A. Zimmerman, Carle Clark Zuckerman, Harriet
Anne Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Theology and Ministerial Practice Abbot, Ezra Adams, James Luther Aga Khan IV, Karim Ahern, Michael Joseph Allyn, John Altmann, Alexander Appleby, Robert Scott Arnold, Albert Nicholas Attridge, Harold W. Atwater, Noah Bancroft, Aaron Barnard, Thomas Barr, James Barth, Karl Bea, Augustinus Benz, Ernst Wilhelm Boehm-Tettelbach,
Monika Booth, Edwin Prince Bowen, John R. Boyarin, Daniel Brazer, John Brent, Charles Henry Brooks, Phillips Brown, Howard
Nicholson Brown, Raymond Edward Buber, Martin Buckminster, Joseph
Stevens Burkitt, Francis Crawford Burrows, Millar Buswell, Jr., Robert E. Buttrick, George Arthur Cabezon, Jose I. Cadbury, Henry Joel Cahill, Lisa Sowle Calhoun, Robert Lowry Carrasco, David Cary, Samuel Casey, Robert Pierce
Cell, George Croft Chadwick, Henry Channing, Henry Channing, William Ellery Chauncy, Charles Childress, James Franklin Childs, Brevard Springs Clark, Elizabeth Ann Clarke, James Freeman Clarke, John (1755-1798) Cobb, Jr., John B. Collins, John J. Cone, James H. Cooper, Samuel Cox, Jr., Harvey
Gallagher Crothers, Samuel
McChord Curran, Charles E. Cushing, Richard James
Cardinal Cutler, Manasseh D’Arcy, Martin Cyril Davies, William David De Normandie, James Deane, Samuel Drown, Edward Staples Dun, Angus Dwight, Timothy (1828-
1916) Eck, Diana Eichhorn, Johann
Gottfried Eliot, Frederick May Eliot, John Ellis, George Edward Emerson, William (1769-
1811) Ernst, Carl William Everett, Charles Carroll Everett, Oliver Faunce, William Herbert
Perry Fenn, William Wallace Finkelstein, Louis Fishbane, Michael
Fitzpatrick, John Bernard Florovsky, Georges
Vasilievich Foakes-Jackson,
Frederick John Fobes, Perez (Peres) Frame, James Everett Fredriksen, Paula Freeman, James Frothingham, Nathaniel
Langdon Frothingham, Paul
Revere Gamwell, Franklin I. Gerrish, Brian Albert Gezork, Herbert
Johannes Gilkey, Langdon Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Goodwin, Ezra Shaw Gordon, George Angier Graham, William A. Greenwood, Francis
William Pitt Gustafson, James Moody Gutierrez, Gustavo Gyatso, Janet Hackett, Horatio Balch Hale, Edward Everett Halivni (aka Weiss-
Halivni), David Weiss Hall, Edward Henry Hammond, Ray A. Harnack, Adolf von Harris, Thaddeus Mason Hatch, William Henry
Paine Hauerwas, Stanley M. Hawley, John Stratton Haygood, Atticus Greene Hedge, Frederic Henry Hehir, J. Bryan Heschel, Abraham Joshua Hill, Thomas Holifield, E. Brooks Holladay, Carl R.
Holley, Horace Holmes, Abiel Howard, Bezaleel Howard, Simeon Hyde, William DeWitt Inoue, Nobutaka Jarvis, Samuel Farmar Jenkins, John I. Jenks, William Kapstein, Matthew T. Kieckhefer, Richard Kirkland, Samuel Knudson, Albert
Cornelius Koester, Helmut
Heinrich Karl Ernst Konig, Franz Cardinal Lafarge, John Lake, Kirsopp Lally, Francis Joseph Langdon, Samuel Lathrop (or Lothrop),
John Lathrop, Joseph Lawrence, William
(1850-1941) Lieberman, Saul Little, Daniel Lopez, Jr., Donald Sewell Lothrop, Elijah Lyman, Joseph MacKenzie, Eric Francis Maclaine, Archibald Madison, James Magness, Jodi Martin, Dale Basil Martineau, James Marty, Martin Emil Mather, Samuel McAuliffe, Jane Dammen McCollester, Lee Sullivan McCormick, Richard
Arthur McGinn, Bernard John McKeen, Joseph Meeks, Wayne A.
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Mellen, Jr., John Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. Metcalf, Joel Hastings Miller, Samuel Howard Mitchell, Margaret M. Moore, Edward Caldwell Moore, George Foot Morse, Jedidiah Muelder, Walter George Murray, Edward Gerard Murray, John Courtney Nash, Norman Burdett Nelson, John Robert Neuwirth, Angelika Newman, Barbara Jane Nichols, Ichabod Niebuhr, Helmut Richard Niebuhr, Richard
Reinhold Nock, Arthur Darby Noll, Mark Allan Norton, Andrews Noyes, George Rapall
(1798-1868) Oberman, Heiko
Augustinus O’Connell, William Henry Ogden, Schubert Miles Orsi, Robert A. Outler, Albert Cook Park, Charles Edwards Parks, Leighton Patton, Laurie L. Pauck, Wilhelm
Payson, Phillips Peabody, Andrew Preston Peabody, Endicott Peabody, Ephraim Peabody, Francis
Greenwood Pierce, John Platner, John Winthrop Porter, Eliphalet Porter, Jean Potter, Alonzo Price, Richard Prince, John Proudfoot, Wayne Putnam, George (1807-
1878) Quasten, Johannes Raboteau, Albert Jordy Rahner, Karl Rees, Abraham Robbins, Chandler Robert, Dana L. Robinson, Edward (1794-
1863) Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman Robinson, James
McConkey Ropes, James Hardy Ryan, James Hugh Sanders, Ed Parish (E. P.) Sanger, Zedekiah Schäfer, Peter Schopen, Gregory R.
Schussler Fiorenza, Elisabeth
Scott, Jr., Nathan Alexander
Sherrill, Henry Knox Shulman, David D. Siddiqui, Mona Smith, Jonathan Z. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell Sperry, Willard Learoyd Spiegel, Shalom Spooner, John Jones Stafford, Russell Henry Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn Stearns, Charles Steinmetz, David Curtis Stendahl, Krister Stone, Jacqueline Stout, Jeffrey Lee Stuart, Moses Sullivan, Lawrence E. Tappan, David Taves, Ann Taylor, Jr., Charles
Lincoln Thacher, Peter Thacher, Samuel Cooper Thacher, Thomas Thayer, Joseph Henry Thurman, Howard Tillich, Paul Johannes Tisserant, Eugene Gabriel Tov, Emanuel Townes, Emilie M. Tracy, David William
Tucker, William Jewett Ulrich, Eugene Van der Kemp, Francis
Adrian von Campenhausen,
Hans Erich Freiherr Ware, Henry Washburn, Henry
Bradford Waters, Thomas Franklin Watson, Richard Weigel, Gustave West, Samuel Wharton, Francis Wigglesworth, Edward
(1732-1794) Wilder, Amos Niven Wilken, Robert Louis Willard, Samuel Williams, Abraham Williams, George
Huntston Williams, Nehemiah Williams, Rowan Douglas Williams, Samuel (1743-
1817) Wolfson, Elliot R. Woods, Leonard Wright, George Ernest Wright, John Joseph Young, Edward James Back to Subject Index
Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Aalto, Alvar (Hugo Alvar
Henrik) Ackerman, James Sloss Adams, Ansel Easton Albers, Josef
Albright, Ivan LeLorraine Aldrich, Nelson
Wilmarth Alexander, Christopher
Wolfgang John Allston, Washington Alpers, Svetlana Anatsui, El Anderson, Lawrence
Bernhart
Andre, Carl Argan, Giulio Carlo Audubon, John James Avedon, Richard Avery, Milton Clark Baldessari, John Anthony Bambach, Carmen C. Barnes, Edward Larrabee Barocchi, Paola Barr, Jr., Alfred Hamilton
Barron, Stephanie Basaldella, Mirko Baskin, Leonard Baxandall, Michael Bayer, Herbert Belluschi, Pietro Benson, Frank Weston Benson, John Howard Berenson, Bernard Bergdoll, Barry
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Betancourt, Philip P. Bianconi, Lorenzo
Gennaro Bigelow, William Sturgis Bloom, Hyman Bochner, Mel Boggs, Jean Sutherland Bois, Yve-Alain Bond, Jr., J. Max Bonnat, Leon-Joseph-
Florentin Bonnefoy, Yves Bontecou, Lee Boone, Elizabeth Hill Borja-Villel, Manuel J. Bosworth, William
Welles Bourgeois, Louise Bradford, Mark Braque, Georges Bredekamp, Horst Breuer, Marcel Lajos Brilliant, Richard Brown, John Nicholas Brown, Jonathan Brown, Mather Brown, Trisha Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. Bulfinch, Charles Bunshaft, Gordon Burchard, John Ely Burchfield, Charles
Ephraim Burden, Chris Burns, Ken Cabot, Edward Clarke Cahill, James Francis Cahn, Walter Cairns, Huntington Calder, Alexander Callahan, Harry Morey Campbell, Robert Campbell, Thomas P. Caro, Anthony Alfred Cartier-Bresson, Henri
Caviness, Madeline Harrison
Caws, Mary Ann Celmins, Vija Chamberlain, John
Angus Chamberlain, Samuel Chastel, Andre Adrien Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Chiang, Yee Chillida, Eduardo Christiansen, Keith Church, Frederic Edwin Church, Thomas Dolliver Clark, Alvan Clark, Kenneth
Mackenzie Clark, Timothy James Close, Chuck Cobb, Henry Nichols Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Collens, Charles Collins, Judith Marjorie Conant, Kenneth John Conkwright, Pleasant
Jefferson Connick, Charles Jay Constable, William
George Coolidge, Charles
Allerton (1858-1936) Coolidge, John Phillips Copley, John Singleton Correa, Charles Mark Cotter, Holland Cox, Gardner Cram, Ralph Adams Cranch, John Crawford, Thomas Cropper, Elizabeth Crosby, Sumner
McKnight Crow, Thomas Eugene Cummins, Thomas B.F. Cunningham, Imogen Cuno, James
Dallin, Cyrus Edwin Danuser, Hermann Dawes, Thomas (1731-
1809) de Kooning, Willem DeCarlo, Giancarlo Dempsey, Charles d’Harnoncourt, Anne di Suvero, Mark Diebenkorn, Jr., Richard
Clifford Diller, Elizabeth Driskell, David C. Druick, Douglas Dwiggins, William
Addison Eames, Jr., Charles Edgell, George Harold Eggleston, William Eisenman, Peter David Eitner, Lorenz Edwin
Alfred Eliot II, Charles William Elsner, John (Jaś) Emerson, William (1873-
1957) Ettinghausen, Richard Evans, Walker Feiffer, Jules Ralph Filler, Martin Myles Fischl, Eric Forbes, Edward Waldo Foster, Hal Foster, Norman Robert Frampton, Kenneth Frankenthaler, Helen Freed, James Ingo Freedberg, David Adrian Freedberg, Sydney Joseph French, Daniel Chester Freud, Lucian Fried, Michael Friedlander, Lee Fuller, Richard
Buckminster Gabo, Naum Neemia
Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Gang, Jeanne K. Gates, Jr., Theaster Gehry, Frank Owen Gerome, Jean Leon Giedion, Sigfried Gilbert, Creighton Eddy Gober, Robert Golden, Thelma Golub, Leon Albert Gombrich, Ernst Hans
Josef Goodrich, Lloyd Govan, Michael Gowing, Lawrence
Burnett Grabar, Oleg Graham, Dan H. Graves, Nancy Stevenson Greenough, Horatio Greenough, Richard
Saltonstall Gropius, Walter Adolf
Georg Guy, John Hadzi, Dimitri Halprin, Lawrence Hamburger, Jeffrey Hamilton, Ann Katherine Hamilton, George Heard Hammons, David Harper, Prudence Oliver Harrison, Wallace
Kirkman Haskell, Francis James
Herbert Hayes, Bartlett Harding Hayter, Stanley William Hearn, Maxwell K. Heintzelman, Arthur
William Heizer, Michael Held, Julius Samuel Herbert, Robert Louis Hibbard, Howard Hines, Thomas Spight
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Hockney, David Hofer, Philip Holl, Steven Myron Holmes, Edward Jackson Holzer, Jenny Hopkinson, Charles
Sydney Horn, Walter William Hudnut, Joseph Hughes, Robert Studley
Forrest Hugo, Everett Harold Huxtable, Ada Louise Israel, Franklin David Ito, Toyo Ivins, Jr., William Mills Jaffe, Andrew Michael James, William (1882-
1961) Janson, Horst Woldemar Jewell, William
MacIntyre Johns, Jasper Johnson, Philip
Cortelyou Jonas, Joan Jones, Kellie Kahn, Louis Isadore Kallmann, Gerhard
Michael Kaufman, Boris Kaulbach, Wilhelm
Freiherr von Kelly, Ellsworth Kemp, Martin John Kentridge, William Kepes, Gyorgy Kere, Diebedo Francis Kessler, Herbert Leon Kiefer, Anselm Karl
Albert Kitaj, R. B. (Ronald
Brooks) Koehler, Sylvester Rosa Koerner, Joseph Leo Koolhaas, Remment
Koons, Jeff Krauss, Rosalind E. Kruger, Barbara Kubler, George
Alexander Kurtág, György Laloux, Victor Alexandre
Frederic Lambert, Phyllis Lavin, Irving Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, Jr., James Lawrence, William Henry Le Corbusier
[pseudonym for Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris]
Lee, Rensselaer Wright Lee, Sherman Emery Legorreta Vilchis,
Ricardo Lehmann, Phyllis
Williams Lentz, Thomas W. Levine, Jack Levine, Neil Lewis, George E. Licht, Fred S. Lichtenstein, Roy Fox Ligon, Glenn Lin, Maya Ying Lindberg, Magnus Lipchitz, Jacques Liu, Kuo-sung Lodge, John Ellerton Lowry, Glenn David Loyrette, Henri Lynch, Kevin Andrew Maginnis, Charles
Donagh Maki, Fumihiko Mancusi-Ungaro, Carol Manship, Paul Howard Manzu, Giacomo Marden, Brice Marin, John
Marin, Louis Aime Marini, Marino Marquand, Allan Marrow, James Henry Marshall, Kerry James Martin, Agnes Bernice Mather, Jr., Frank Jewett Mayne, Thom McDonald, Audra A. McKinnell, Noel Michael Meier, Richard Alan Meiss, Millard Lazare Mies van der Rohe,
Ludwig Milliken, William
Mathewson Millon, Henry Armand Miró, Joan Mitchell, W. J. Thomas Mitchell, William J. Moneo Valles, Jose Rafael Mongan, Agnes Moore, Charles Willard Moore, Henry Spencer Morey, Charles Rufus Mori, Toshiko Morley, Malcolm Morse, Samuel Finley
Breese Motherwell, Robert Mumford, Lewis Munro, Thomas Murray, Elizabeth Nash, Ray Nason, Thomas
Willoughby Nauman, Bruce Lee Necipoglu, Gulru Nervi, Pier Luigi Nevelson, Louise
Berliawsky Newhall, Beaumont Niemeyer, Oscar Soares
Filho Nochlin, Linda Noguchi, Isamu
Noland, Kenneth Clifton Nordenfalk, Carl Adam
Johan Nordenson, Guy Jérôme
Pierre Norton, Charles Eliot Okakura, Kakuzo O’Keeffe, Georgia Totto Oldenburg, Claes Thure Olin, Laurie Dewar Olitski, Jules Oliveira, Nathan J. Olmsted, Frederick Law Ophuls, Marcel Overbeck, Johann
Friedrich Panofsky, Erwin Parzinger, Hermann Payne, Alina Peabody, Robert Swain Pearlstein, Philip Pei, Ieoh Ming Penny, Nicholas Beaver Perahia, Murray Perkins, Charles Callahan Pfaff, Judy Philpott, Anthony John Piano, Renzo Pignatti, Terisio Pillsbury, Edmund P. Pinkney, Jerry Plummer, Christopher O. Polke, Sigmar Polshek, James Stewart Pope-Hennessy, John
Wyndham Porter, Arthur Kingsley Porter, Eliot Furness Post, Chandler Rathfon Poulet, Anne L. Powell III, Earl Alexander Powell, Richard J. Powers, Hiram Pratt, Bela Lyon Pulitzer, Emily Rauh
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre Cecile
Rathbone, Perry Townsend
Rauschenberg, Robert Rawn III, William Leete Rawson, Jessica Ray, Charles Richardson Rich, Daniel Catton Richardson, Henry
Hobson Richter, Gerhard Riley, Bridget Ringgold, Faith Rishel, Joseph J. Robinson, Edward (1858-
1931) Roche, Kevin Eamonn Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, Malcolm Austin Rorimer, James Joseph Rosand, David Rose, C. Brian Rosenberg, Harold Rosenberg, Jakob Rosenblum, Robert Rosenfield, John Max Rosenquist, James Ross, Denman Waldo Rothko, Mark Rowland, Ingrid D. Rowland, Jr., Benjamin Rubin, William Rudenstine, Angelica
Zander Rudolph, Paul Marvin Ruscha, Ed (Edward) Ruskin, John Ruzicka, Rudolph Ryman, Robert Tracy Ryskamp, Charles
Andrew Saarinen, Eero Sachs, Paul Joseph
Safdie, Moshe Saint Gaudens, Augustus Salgado, Sebastiao
Ribeiro Sargent, John Singer Sauerlander, Willibald
Paul Walter Sawyer, Charles Henry
(1906-2005) Schapiro, Meyer Scofidio, Ricardo Scott Brown, Denise Scully, Vincent J. Segal, George Sekler, Eduard Franz Serota, Nicholas A. Serra, Richard Sert, Josep Luis Settis, Salvatore Shahn, Benjamin Zwi Shearman, John Kinder
Gowran Shepley, Henry
Richardson Sherman, Cindy Shiff, Richard Shimizu, Yoshiaki Silverman, Debora Leah Simpson, Lorna Sitney, P. Adams Siza (Siza Vieira), Alvaro
Joaquim Melo Slive, Seymour Sloan, John French Smith, Kiki Smyth, Craig Hugh Soper, Alexander Coburn Sorkin, Michael Souto de Moura, Eduardo
Elisio Machado Speicher, Eugene Edward Stebbins, Jr., Theodore
Ellis Steinberg, Leo
Steinberg, Saul Stern, Robert A.M. Stinehour, Roderick
Douglas Stockholder, Jessica Stone, Edward Durell Story, William Wetmore Stout, George Leslie Strand, Paul Stubbins, Jr., Hugh Asher Sturgis, Richard Clipston Suckale, Robert Sullivan, Michael
(Donovan Michael) Summers, John David Summerson, John
Newenham Swarzenski, Hanns Peter
Theophil Sweeney, James Johnson Tafuri, Manfredo Tagliapietra, Lino Tamayo, Rufino Tange, Kenzo Tapies, Antoni Tarbell, Edmund Charles Thiebaud, Wayne Thompson, Benjamin
Caspar Tomita, Kojiro Trachtenberg, Marvin Trouvelot, Etienne
Leopold Trumbull, John (1756-
1843) Tsien, Billie Turrell, James Tuttle, Richard Twombly, Cy Van Valkenburgh,
Michael R. Van Zanten, David
Theodore
Varnedoe, John Kirk Train
Venturi, Robert Vidler, Anthony Viola, Bill Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene
Emmanuel von Blanckenhagen, Peter
Heinrich von Falkenhausen, Lothar von Simson, Otto George Wagner, Martin Walker, Charles Howard Walker, Kara Walsh, Jr., John Ware, William Robert Warner, Langdon Warren, Herbert
Langford Weems, Carrie Mae Weitzmann, Kurt West, Benjamin (1738-
1820) Weston, Karl Ephraim Whittlesey, Julian Hill Williams, Tod Wilson, Robert Wind, Edgar Winthrop, Grenville
Lindall Wiseman, Frederick Wood, Christopher S. Wu, Hung Wurster, William Wilson Wyeth, Andrew Newell Xu, Jay Yamasaki, Minoru Yu, Kongjian Zumthor, Peter Back to Subject Index
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Zoology Adams, Charles Baker Adkisson, Perry Lee Agassiz, Alexander
Emmanuel Rodolph Agassiz, Jean Louis
Rodolph Alexander, Robert
McNeill Allee, Warder Clyde Allen, Glover Morrill Allen, Joel Asaph Arnold, Stevan James Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Azam, Farooq Bachman, John Baer, Karl Ernst von Baird, Spencer Fullerton Banks, Nathan Barbour, Thomas Bartholomew, George
Adelbert Batchelder, Charles
Foster Bates, Marston Bennett, Henry Stanley Berenbaum, May Roberta Bigelow, Robert Payne Binney, Amos Bischoff, Theodor
Ludwig Wilhelm Blake, Charles Henry Bodenstein, Dietrich
Hans F. Alexander Bodian, David Boell, Edgar John Bonaparte, Charles
Lucien Jules Laurence, Prince de Canino
Boulenger, George Albert Boyden, Edward Allen Brachet, Jean Louis
Auguste Bremer, John Lewis Brewer, Thomas Mayo
Brewster, William Briggs, Robert William Brooks, William Keith Brues, Charles Thomas Bryant, Henry Buffon, Georges Louis
Leclerc, Comte de Bumpus, Hermon Carey Burgess, Edward Burnett, Waldo Irving Cabot, Samuel (1815-
1885) Callan, Harold Garnet Carpenter, Frank Morton Carpenter, Russell
LeGrand Caspari, Ernst Wolfgang Castle, William Ernest Caullery, Maurice Jules
Gaston Corneille Chadwick, Leigh Edward Clark, Benjamin Preston Clarke, George Leonard Clarke, Samuel Fessenden Cleveland, Lemuel
Roscoe Conklin, Edwin Grant Conway, Gordon Richard Copeland, Manton Corner, George
Washington Craig, Jr., George
Brownlee Crompton, Alfred Walter Crozier, William John Cushman, Joseph
Augustine Cuvier (Baron), Georges
Leopold Christian Frederic Dagobert
Dall, William Healey Daniel, John Franklin Darlington, Jr., Philip
Jackson Davenport, Charles
Benedict
Dawson, Alden Benjamin de Lacaze-Duthiers, Felix
Joseph Henri de Pourtales, Louis
Francois Dean, John Dempsey, Edward
Wheeler Detwiler, Samuel Randall Dobzhansky, Theodosius Dollo, Louis Antoine
Marie Joseph Drew, Gilman Arthur Duboule, Denis Dwight, Thomas Ebert, James David Edds, Jr., Mac Vincent Edinger, Tilly (Johanna
Gabrielle Ottelie) Edwards, Scott Vernon Ehrenberg, Christian
Gottfried Eisner, Thomas Elton, Charles Sutherland Emlen, Stephen T. Endler, John A. Evans, Herbert McLean Everett, John Wendell Fall, Henry Clinton Faure-Fremiet,
Emmanuel Fawcett, Don Wayne Faxon, Walter Fell, Honor Bridget Fell, Howard Barraclough Fernald, Charles Henry Fewkes, Jesse Walter Fischer von Waldheim,
Gotthelf Friedrich Flexner, Louis Barkhouse Frisch, Karl Ritter von Gardiner, Edward
Gardiner Gegenbaur, Carl Gillespie, Rosemary G. Goode, George Brown
Gould, Augustus Addison Greep, Roy Orval Gregory, William King Griffin, Donald Redfield Grinnell, Joseph Grobstein, Clifford Hagen, Hermann August Halasz, Bela Haldeman, Samuel
Stehman Hamburger, Viktor Hamilton, William
Donald Hamlin, Charles Edward Harris, Thaddeus
William Hasler, Arthur Davis Henshaw, Samuel Hilborn, Ray William Hillis, David Mark Hisaw, Frederick Lee Hoadley, Leigh Holbrook, John Edwards Hölldobler, Berthold Karl Holmes, Samuel Jackson Holtfreter, Johannes
Friedrich Karl Howard, Leland Ossian Humes, Arthur Grover Huntsman, Archibald
Gowanlock Hutchinson, George
Evelyn Huxley, Julian Sorell Huxley, Thomas Henry Hyatt, Alpheus Hyman, Libbie Henrietta Imms, Augustus Daniel Jennings, Herbert
Spencer Johnson, Charles
Willison Jolly, Alison Bishop Jordan, H. E. Karl
(Heinrich Ernst Karl)
Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019
Keith, Arthur (1866-1955)
Kellogg, Arthur Remington
Kennedy, Donald Kidder, George Wallace Kingsley, John Sterling Kirtland, Jared Potter Knipling, Edward Fred Kofoid, Charles Atwood Kolliker, Rudolf Albert von Kovalevskij (Kovalevsky),
Alexander Onufrijevic Krebs, John Richard Kuhn, Alfred Landauer, Walter Lankester, Edwin Ray Leblond, Charles Philippe LeConte, John Lawrence Leidy, Joseph Leuckart, Rudolph (Karl
Georg Friedrich Rudolph)
Lewis, Frederic Thomas Lillie, Frank Rattray Lillie, Ralph Stayner Lindauer, Martin Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias Lovejoy, Thomas Eugene Loven, Sven Lull, Richard Swann Lutz, Brenton Reid Lyman, Theodore (1833-
1897) MacArthur, Robert
Helmer Mall, Franklin Paine Mark, Edward Laurens Marsh, Othniel Charles Mayr, Ernst McCrady, John Mead, Albert Davis Medawar, Peter Brian Melander, Axel Leonard Metcalf, Robert Lee Metz, Charles William
Michener, Charles Duncan
Miller, Jr., Gerrit Smith Milne-Edwards, Henri Minot, Charles Sedgwick Moore, Carl Richard Moore, John Alexander Morgan, Thomas Hunt Morse, Edward Sylvester Morton, Samuel George Muller, Johannes Peter Neal, Herbert Vincent Nicholas, John Spangler Nottebohm, Fernando Nuttall, George Henry
Falkiner Orians, Gordon Howell Osborn, Henry Fairfield Owen, Richard Packard, Alpheus Spring
(1839-1905) Palay, Sanford Louis Parker, George Howard Patten, William Patterson, Bryan Pearl, Raymond Peck, William Dandridge Peters, James Lee Phillips, John Charles Pilsbry, Henry Augustus Pincus, Gregory
Goodwin Pittendrigh, Colin
Stephenson Plough, Harold Henry Rand, Herbert Wilbur Redfield, Alfred Clarence Regan, Charles Tate Rensch, Bernard Carl
Emmanuel Retzius, Magnus Gustaf Riddiford, Lynn
Moorhead Riddle, Oscar Ris, Hans Ritchie, Jr., John
Ritter, William Emerson Romer, Alfred Sherwood Rothschild, Miriam
Louisa Rubinoff, Ira Ruthven, Alexander Grant Ryan, Francis Joseph Sawyer, Charles Henry
(1915-2006) Schevill, William Edward Schmidt, Karl Patterson Schmidt, Wilhelm Josef
Jacob Schmitt, Francis Otto Schotte, Oscar Emil Schrader, Franz Scudder, Samuel
Hubbard Sears, Mary Sedgwick, William
Thompson Siebold, Carl Theodor
Ernst von Singer, Marcus Joseph Sjostrand, Fritiof Stig Smith, Ray Fred Spemann, Hans Steenstrup, Johann
Japetus Smith Storer, David Humphreys Thayer, John Eliot Thompson, D’Arcy
Wentworth Tiedemann, Friedrich Tinbergen, Nikolaas Tobias, Phillip V. Twitty, Victor Chandler Underwood, William
Lyman van Beneden, Pierre
Joseph Verrill, Addison Emery von Paijkull (Paykull),
Gustaf Watson, David Meredith
Seares
Weinland, David Friedrich
Weis-Fogh, Torkel Welsh, John Henry Weysse, Arthur Wisswald Wheeler, William
Morton White, Michael James
Denham Whitman, Charles Otis Wigglesworth, Vincent
Brian Wilder, Harris
Hawthorne Williams, Carroll Milton Williams, Ernest Edward Wilson, James Walter Wilson, Jr., Edward
Osborne Wislocki, George Bernays Woods, Frederick Adams Woodworth, William
McMichael Wyman, Jeffries Wyman, Jr., Jeffries Young, John Zachary Zuckerman, Solly Back to Subject Index