Amateur Radio Blong Yumi

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1 Amateur Radio blong Yumi Bislama Amateur Radio Course. Lesson Format to be in 3 sections. Theory, On Air Operation and Project construction. Lesson ! Theory. Electricty. Moving electrons. Sources and types AC and DC Measurement Volts, amps watts. (kWh) Circuit. Poact. Look at a Multimeter. What the ranges are and using it to measure V and I On Air. The radio. Main controls. Off on, volume, frequency and Band. Mode. PTT. Tune up and call CQ, Log book and listen to some qso. Lesson 2. Theory Contorlling electricity. Conductors and insulators. Switches and fuses or circuit breakers. Resistors. Ohms law. Pract Wire up circuit with battery switch and load, lamp or other. Tools Wire cutters, atrippers. Identifying terminals on switches. On Air. Correct operating practise. On, Select frequ listen ask if free tune up. Just need low swr but not reason.except get best power out with low swr. Calls and qso to log book. Lesson 3. Theory. Controlling electricity. Resistors and voltage dividers. Ohms law Power disipation in resistors. W = V x i. Series and parallel connections. Calcs Capacitors. Uses as filters and dc blocking. Types and characteristics Practical. Identifying types of resistors. Connecting up. Domino and solder. Soldering, clean and hot. Resin cored solder, avoid fumes.

Transcript of Amateur Radio Blong Yumi

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Amateur Radio blong Yumi Bislama Amateur Radio Course. Lesson Format to be in 3 sections. Theory, On Air Operation and Project construction. Lesson ! Theory. Electricty. Moving electrons. Sources and types AC and DC Measurement Volts, amps watts. (kWh) Circuit. Poact. Look at a Multimeter. What the ranges are and using it to measure V and I On Air. The radio. Main controls. Off on, volume, frequency and Band. Mode. PTT. Tune up and call CQ, Log book and listen to some qso. Lesson 2. Theory Contorlling electricity. Conductors and insulators. Switches and fuses or circuit breakers. Resistors. Ohms law. Pract Wire up circuit with battery switch and load, lamp or other. Tools Wire cutters, atrippers. Identifying terminals on switches. On Air. Correct operating practise. On, Select frequ listen ask if free tune up. Just need low swr but not reason.except get best power out with low swr. Calls and qso to log book. Lesson 3. Theory. Controlling electricity. Resistors and voltage dividers. Ohms law Power disipation in resistors. W = V x i. Series and parallel connections. Calcs Capacitors. Uses as filters and dc blocking. Types and characteristics Practical. Identifying types of resistors. Connecting up. Domino and solder. Soldering, clean and hot. Resin cored solder, avoid fumes.

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Measurements of v and I in circuit. On air. More operating. Q code. Origin and reason for continued use. Listen to morse and digital modes. Recognise the sound of them. For those interested, introduction to morse. Try some slow morse. Country prefixes. Lesson 4. Theory, Inductors and transformers. Magnetic association. Caps series and parallel calcs. Cap and inductor resonance. Q factor. Crystals and ceramic resonators as frequency setting items. Practicl. Ac and dc circuits with caps in them. See how dc is blocked by cap. Volts on cap in a rectifier circuit. On air. Operating procedures revision, rst and q code. Pile up and dxpedition. Awards. Lesson 5 Theory. Transistor and how it amplifies. Diodes fets Pract. Connect up single ts amp. Look at it with cro and dmm. On air. Students make cq and qso. Must select band and give reason for band selected. Amat bands and freq edges. Lesson 6 Theory. Radio waves, frequency and wavelength. Carrier and modulation. Am fm ssb. Digital Pract. Build simple am rx. On air. Check tuning range of above rx using low power tx. Qsos. Lesson 7 Theory antennas. Dipole. Frequency and calculation of length. Swr and tuning. Beams for gain. Verticles, need earth system but elevated radials more efficient. Pact. Cut a 10 dipole or 6m if rig gets there. Tune it at ground level. Then get higher and check swr.

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On air. Making more qso. Check band conditions. Listen for beacons. Lesson 8. Theory block diag of an am t x and rx. Super het sets. Pract. Start on building a simple rig. Identify components and check for qty and all there Placement of parts for selection and onto board for soldering. On air. Operate singly. Lesson 9. Theory block diag of ssb rig. Balanced modulator and filter. Pract . continue rig building. On air. .operate singly Lesson 9 Theory. Fm and digital modes. Afsk etc. Pract building rig. On air. Lesson 10 Theory. Propogation, ionisation layers, reflection and refraction. Ground wave and sky wave skip distance. Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Theory Revision and questiions. Pract complete rig. On Air . use own rig. Lesson 13 Exam.

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Leson Wan. Wanem Amateur Redio. Fis taem Amateur redio hemi ol man mo woman we I likem toktok long redio we I save ko long ani ples long wol. I gat plenti kin fason ia. Sum,oli likem Ragchew. Ia, oli jus toktok, mo finem aot how olgeta long nara ples I live. I gat plenti award blong mekem totktok withem ol nara ples. Blong kontakem bitem 100 kontri, DXCC. Blong Kontaktem evri state long USA. WAS. Blong totktok witrm plenti island, IOTA. Wan nara pat blong Amatuer Redio blong kivem han witem commumication after wan disasta, natural se manmade. I gat ol praktis we I makem oli rere blong kivem han. Fulap Amaeur oli jus payem redio. Sam I likem blong buildem own redio blong hem from wan kit mo sam nara wan oli triem designen mo buldem. Plenti oli likem triem save long blong Kontak witem smolsmol powa. QRP.Emia using powa we ino bitem 5W. Mos redio we oli payem hemi save kasem 100 W. Evri redio I mas gat wan antenna. Plenti Amaeur oli designem mo buildem own antenna. I gat ol difren kin fasin blong makem Kontak. Men wan hemi we oli toktok nomo, Telephony. Plenti oli likem blong usem Morse Code. Redio blong morse code nomo I simple mo isi blong makem. Oli mas gat skil blong herem mo sendem Morse. Morse I save wok long taem we signal ino strongmo bitem toktok nomo. Noaia I gat plenti we oli joinem computa witem redio mo usem olsem internet, but oli joinem computa witem redio instead of telephone line. PSK31 mo plenti nara wan.I From ol award I gat plenti ples we ino gat tumas se no Amateur opereta. DX I min long we. So ilo ko long we long wan Dxpedition blong kivem kontak long rare ples long ol nara Amateur. From Vanuatu ino gat tu mas Amateur, I gat 2 se 3 Dxpedition I kasem Vanuatu long wan yia. Yu save I gat plenti kin aktiviti we oli save mekem. I blong yu blong jusem wanwan we yu likem. Theory Redio hemi wok withem Lektrik. Yumi mas save lektrik blong save wanem I makem refio I wok. Insaed long evri samting, it gat tri kin smolsmol particle. Wan, nem blong hem,hemi electron. Most taem, ol electron it stap wan ples. Bae hemi possibol blong makem ol electron I movmov insaed wan wia mosam nara samting.Taem we ol electron I mov, oli tellem se wan lektrik current I stap flow In saed wanwan bateri, tu diferent kin eon witem wan spesil wara hemi kivem powa blong mekem wan current I mov. I gat plenti kin bateri we oli usem difren kin samting blong mekem, bae evri wan I gat wan saed we oli kolem Positive, mo nara saed we hemi Negative. Supos yumi mekem wan rod blong lektrik we hemi joinem tu saed blong batri, positive mo negative, wan lekrik current I save pas. Long evri bateri, oli tellem se current I kam aot oltaem long positive mo I ko

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bak insaed long negative blong bateri.. Kin current ia, we I ron wan we olteam, oli kolem Direct Current, DC. Taem we yu usem samsamting blong DC, yu mas lukaot gud from positive mo negative. Plenti samting ino wok long stret fasin blong hem supos Positve mo Negative ino bin join long stret fasin. Ol samting olsam redio yu mekem I brokbrok supos yu konektem rong. Ol bateri I gat tu kin, wan, olsem torj bateri yu usem kasem taem I flat mo sukem. Nem blong kin ia hemi Primaru bateri. Nara kin, olsem blong truk mo mobiel, yu save rejarjem Taem I flat. Nem blong kin ia, hem Secondary bateri. I gat wan nara kin lektrik we nem blong hem, hemi Alternating Current. AC Unelco mo smol genereta blong haos I mekem kin lektrik ia. Lektrik ia I mas usen tu wia, be ino gat wan we I stap oltaem olsem positive mo negative. Long AC, smol taem wan wia hemi positive, afta hemi kam negative, afta hemi positive bakagen, ol taem I stap jenj. Ol jenj ia stap spid, long Unelco hemi jenj 50 taem long wan sekon. Spid ia hemi gat nem 50 Hertz, 50 Hz. Powa blong lektrik oli usem tri men samting blong save hem. Fis wan hemi Voltage. Voltage hemi litel bit olsem Presa blong wora. Hemi minem hoa strong I pusem lektrik I ko. Supos Volts I smol, spark I smol. Supos Volts I bigwan, hemi save maken big spark. Wanwan torch bateri hemi 1.5V. Mos mobael hemi 3 se 4.5 V. Wan truk bateri hemi 12 V. Ol Volts ia I smol mo ino save kilem man. Taem we Volts I bitem 100V hemi gat denja, from powa ia I save kilem man I ded. Nekis wan, hemi hoa mus current I pas. Nem blong hem hemi Ampere, bae oli jus kolem Amps. Current hemi gat simbol I, mo oli amps hemi gat simbol A. Amps hemi olsem Liter/sec supos yu tingting wora. Wan amp hemi wan midel saes curent. Taem we yu joinem hoas blong yu long Unelco yu jusem blong gat 5 amp se 10 amp konekjon. Stata blong truk hemi usem 100 kasem 200 amp blong mekem enjin I fia-ap. Blong mekem sute blong lektrik, oli usem sem mak amps, 80 kasem 150 Amps. Yu luk long ol samting ia, rop long lektrik blong hem, hemi fatfat. Blong karem wan amp, wia kemi save bonbon nomo. Ol mobael hemi usem current we hemi smol wan, oli mesurem long mili amp, amp/1000 se micro amp, amp/1,000,000. Powa blong lektrik oli measurem long Watts. Wan watt hemi 1 Volt times wan amp. W = V x I. Wan big torjlaet bolng truk hemi usem 5 Amp with 12V bateri. So powa blong hem, hemi W = 12V x 5A = 60 W. Supos powa I kasem 1000 W oli kolem 1 KiloWatt, 1kW, sem mak we 1000g suka hemi 1kg. Blong letrik I ron, I mas gat wan sirkit. Sirkit I minem lektrik I stat long Positive, I pas long wiako kasem wan load, afta wia blong kasem negative. Suppose yu no wanem lektrik I stap pas oltaem, yu putem wan switch I stap long wan wia. Swich I brekem . sirkit mp lektrik I stap ko. Load hemi wan samting we I jenjem powa blong lektrik I kasem nara kin powa, alsem laet, saon, powa blong lektrik mota. Ol kin load ia oli kutem amps we i waIen pas long wia. Supos wia I smol mo current I big, wia I kam hothot. Supos it hothot tumas, kova blong wia I burn, mo tu mit wia I brok. Hemi I wan denja. Oli mas putem wan fuse se sirkit breka blong protektem sirkit

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Resitance. Wan olfela we nem blong hemi Ohm, hem finem rul ia we oli kolem Ohms law. Hem olsem. Resistance (Ohms ) = V/I. (Volts divided by amps.) Big torjlaet blong truk we I gat 5 amps I pas long hem mo 12V bateri hemi pusem , I gat 12V/5A = 2.4 Ohms resistance. Insaed long ol samting blong redio, resistance I save kasem bitem 1 million Ohms. 1Mohm. Mo I save ko daon olsem MilliOhm long big wia. Ol ion insaed long wia, I karem lektrik mo oli kolem wan Conductor, from I isi blong lekrik I pas long hem. Ol kova blong wia, hemi mus wan samting we lekrik Ino save pas long hem . Kin samting ia oli kolem wan Insulata. W V V I R I W=V x I, V = W/I , I = W/V V = R x I, R = V/I I = V/R. Leson 2. Suppos oli mekem sam smol wia I tuntun blong mekem fulap serkel, oli kolem hen wan inductor. Inductor I kat properti we hemi mekem wan magnetic field. Ol powa blong magnet oli usem blong mekem lektrik mota, relay, mo genereta. Blong mekem powa blong magnetic feield I mo stong, oli windem kiel ova wan spesil soft ion. Blong makem redio I wok, I gat wan nara koil we hemi smol mo hemi no gat ion insaed. Kin koil ia, hemi gat smol powa blong magnet iet, bae hemi important from hemi wan pat blong wan tuned sirkit. Saes blong inductor hemi mesurem long Henry. Wan henry hemi big saes. Plenti inductor hemi gat milliHenry, mH mo smol wan hemi microHemry, uH. Taem we wan DC kurent I stap ron long wan inductor, hemi had fis taem, kurent I smol, from istat mekem magnetic field. Taem we magnetic field I stanap finis, i makem I mo isi blong kurent I pas, I kam moa big.. Long saed blong AC, low frequency I save pas isi long inductor. Taem we frequency I ko antap, lektrik we I save pas I kam moa smol. Last part blong lektrik we oli kolem Passive component, witem resistor mo inductor, hemi capacitor. Capacitor hemi tu flat plet ion we I konduka witem wan insulator I stap long midel blong tu fela ion. Blong mekem capacitor I gud blong ko insaed long redio oli rollemap ol plates blong mekem I moa smol. Saes blong capacitor, oli kolem Farad, F. Wan Farad hemi wan big saes. Plenti capacitor hemi microFarad, uF, mo sam smol wan hemi picoFarad, pF.Wan picofarad hemi 1/1,000,000,000.Farad. Taem we DC lektrik I wanem pas long wan capacitor, fis taem hemi isi, mekem big kurent I pas. Ino long taem hemi mekem was lektrik field ova long insulator. Field ia I mekem I moa had blong lektric I pas mo lektrik I stap.Long DC serkit oli usem capacitor blong sorem lektrik. Yu mas lukoat gud long ol big capacitor we I bin stap long was high voltage serkit from hemi posibol hemi satp holem enuf powa blong kilem man I ded. Capacitor we I smolse I kam aot long low voltage serkit ino gat denja.

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Long ol AC serkit, taem we frekensi I ko antap, lektrik I save pas mo isi thru long wan capacitor. Plenti taem insaed long redio I gat DC mo AC I stap wanwan ples. Capacitor I letem AC I pas be I blokem DC I stap Taem we oli joinem wan inductor witem wan capacitor, powa I ko long inductor, afta I ko long capacitor, iko bak long inductor, kasem capacitor. Hemi olsem wan hevi samting I stap unda wan spring. Suppos yu pushem daon, hevi samting I ko ap mo daon witem spring. Kin serkit ia we I seksek olsem, oli kolem wan resonant serlit se wan tuned serkit. Witem was saes capacitor mo wan saes inductor I gat wan spid blong seksek. Sid blong seksek hemi Frequency, Hz se MHz.Supos wan blong tufela ia I jenjem saes blong hem, resonant frequency I jenj, kasem wan nara wan. Long reio I gat wan inductor we saes blong hem I stap sem mak bae capacitor hemi save jenjem saes blong hem. Suppos yu stap long Vila yu save mekem serkit I resonant long 1125 kHz mo yu harem Redio Vanuatu. Bae suppos yu ko long Santo yu mus jenjem saes blong capacitor blong kasem 1179 kHz Redio Vanuatu long Santo. Suppos oli putem wan difren inductor, yu save kasem sot wev. Yu jenjem capacitor yu save kasem 3945 blong naet mo 7260 blong dae. I sem mak blong kasem ol FM steson. Ol tuned serkit ia oli gat problem blong stability. Jenj blong hothot se seksek hemi makem saes blong Inductor se capacitor I jenj. Wan jenj ia I makem frequency blong serkit I jenj, redio ino stap long stesen we yu wanem. I gat Crystal mo ceramic resonator we I stap holem frequency blong hem moa gud. Leson 3 Transistor hemi wan famili blong samsamting blong lektrik we oli kolem semi conductor. Nem ia hemi olsem from sam taem lektrik ino save pas mo nara taem I save pas isi. Wan smol powa I save kontrolem wan big powa. Fason ia oli kolem amplifia. Ol waet man I save meken tu kin semiconductor. Wan hemi N type mo nara wan hemi P type. Suppose yu joinem N type with P type yu mekem wan diode. Diode hemi wan wanwe valve blong lektrik. Taem wan saed hemi positive lektrik I pas, taem sem saed I negative, I blokem . Ol transistor hem gat tri pis semiconductor. Wan kin we hemi gat Ptype, N type mo Ptype, oli kolem PNP transistor. Nara wan hemi nara we blong gat NPN transistor. Long tufella kin ia, fis pis hemi Collector, midel wan hemi Base mo las wan hemi Emittor. Transisor hemi gat tu serkit. Firs wan hemi lektrik i ko insaed long base mo hemi kam aot long emitter. Suppose Collector I gat serkit tu, taem wan smol kurent I ko insaed long base, wan kurent we I mo big I pas from collector, thru long base mo I kam aot long emitter. Sam transistor collector current hemi 20 times base current. Nara kin I gat collector kurent we hemi 1000 times base kurent. Blong mekem amplifier I mas gat sam resistor I konek witem transistor blong mekem stret voltage I kasem collector, base mo emittor. Oli usem sam capacitor blong letem AC blong redio I pas thro long amplifier bae kipem DC I stap long ples blong hem. Blong mekem transistor I stap karem collector current I mas gat voltage long base hemi bitem voltage long emitter long 0.6V. Oli designem ol resistor saes blong makem 0.6 V ia. Plenti amplifier I gat voltage long collector I stap half voltage blong supplae.

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Diode mo Transistor.. Diode a k a k +comparem saed ia, Lektrik ia pas.

- comparem saed ia lektrik ino save pass -

Transistor. NPN PNP Collector Collector Base Base Emittor Emitter Yu mas jejem data sheet long stret numba blong transistor blong save Stret lead blong hem I C B mo E from I difren witem diferen type numba. Single transistor amplifier. + Vcc = 12V R1 10k R2 4k7 AC in Amplified AC out BC548 R3 470 Negative = 0V R1 witem R3 oli setem bias voltage long base blong transistir. Collector volage hemi sud klosap 6 V R2 hemi colleector load. Taem we base voltage I ko antap witem AC input, I mekem transistor I tarn on moa, mekem collector voltage I ko daon, Taem we Base voltage I ko daon witem AC input, transistor hemi tarn off, mo

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collector voltage I ko antap. Output long AC out hemi save gat klosap 12 V peak to peak, suppose bias I stret mo Ac in hemi enuf. Volts long collector ino save foldaon unda 0V mo ino save bitem 12 V. Supos AC in I smol, AC out I save kamaot mo big mo I kapsaed, (out of phase),bae shape blong hem I sem mak Acin. Taem we AC in I bikwan, from Collector voltage I mas stap long 0V mo 12V, Acaot hemi mus kam flat, ino save folem stret shape blong AC on. Emia oli kolen Over driving mo aotput I gat distorsun. Ino sem shape olsem Acin.. AC In AC Out Ol bik amplifia oli gat moa stages we I mekem signal I kam moa bik. Redio Transmisun. Fis taem, sam definisons. Carrier. Emia wan frekwensi we I channel we yu tunen redio long hem . Olsem 1125 kHz, Olsem 7260 kHz long sotwev, mo 100MHz mo 107 MHz long FM. ! Hz hemi wan sek long wan sekon. 1kHz, hemi wan tousan sek long wan sekon mo 100MHz hemi 100 million seksek long wan sekon. Modulasun hemi minem wanem we I mekem wan steadi carrier I jenjis blong karem sam informesun. Plenti taem modulasun hemi saond, toktok mo musik, bae hemi pija long TV mo sam nara samting. Amplitude hemi bik blong wan wev. Ol Amateur I gat 5 kin transmisun. Fis wan we hemi wan blong fistaem, hemi CW, we oli jus onem mo offem Carrier blong mekem Morse Kod.

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Nekis wan. Oli kolem Amplitude Modulasun. AM. Long emi, Carrier I stap on oltaem bae oli mekem saes blong carrier ino stap sem mak, bae I ko antap mo ko daon folem toktok we I wanem I koaot. Numba tri hemi wan jenj long AM . AM I gat tri pat blong frikwensi. I gat Carrier moa Ol toktok I kam aot tu taem. Wan hemi carrier + toltol frekwensi, mo nara wan hemi Carrier – toktok. Frekwensi. Tu fella ia oli kolem saedbands. Tufela ia oli karem sem informasen. Emi posibol blong sukem aot wan blong tufella mo kasem toktok long was stret resiva. Carrier hemi no kivem ani informeson,so oli sukem hem. Noaia I gat Single Saed Band. SSB. Dipend long wij wan I bin katem , SSB I save Upper Side Band USB se Lower Side Band LSM. Numba Foa hemi Frekwensi Modulasun, FM.. Long emia, saes blong carrier I stap sem mak oltaem, bae spid blong hem I seksek witem ol toktok. From ol noise blong thunda I fia ap I olsem saes blong carrrier I jenj, FM hemi no harem jenj iai, mekem FM I moa klea. Las wan hemi ol Digital modes. Long emia, I gat fulap difren sistem we oli makem ol On mo Off blong Digital source, I jenjem modulasun. . Un Modulated Carrier. . CW On Off Keying of Carrier. Di Da Di Amplitude Modulation. Modulesun Carrier .

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Amplitude Modu,ated Carrier. . . Frequency Modulation. . Audio Frequency Modulated Carrier. Amplitude Modulation Frequency Display. LSB USB Audio Fc Upper Side Band. Audio Fc Lower Side Band Audio Fc

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Taem we yu luk antap yu save wan kwata nomo long ol powa long AM I stap long wan saed band. Haf I stap long carrier mo nara kwata long nara saed band. Wan saed band hemi karem evri informesun long audio we yu wanem transmitem. Hemia I mekem AM ino efisent. Long USB mo LSB I gat evri powa I stap long saed band we I stap, mo I karem evri informesun we I stap long audio. Emia I mekem SSB I efisent. Bandwidth. Emia I minem, hoa mus space long saed long frekwnsi I bin usem. From I gat fulap I wanem mekem sam transmisun, supos bandwidth I moa smol, moa transmisun I save stap long wanwan taem . Toktok. Blong haerem gud toktok nomo, I nidem 30 Hz to 3 kHz, so bandwidth I klosap 3 kHz. Blong harem music I saond gud, I mas ko kasem 10 – 12 kHz.. Ol stereo we I wanem mekem singsing I gud tumas I mas ko kasem 20kHz. Ol AM tranmita blong Radio Vanuatu I gat audio bandwdth we hemi samples 10 kHz. From AM I gat 2 side bands I makem AM ia I gat bandwidth we hemi 2 x 10 =20 kHz. Taem we yumi toltol long SSB I gat bandwidth we hemi 3 kHz nomo. Emia I mekem se yumi save makem 3 toktok long sem mak frekwensi long wan AM transmita. Long ol FM transmisun, bandwidth I moa bik. Hemi dipend long plenti samting saes blong FM Bandwidth, bea hemi moa big bitem audio bandwidth, moa bandwidth hemi dipend long laod blong transmisun. Blong toltol long VHF redio I gat Narrow Band FM mo blong mekem transmisun blong sing sing olsem FM 98, FM 100 I gat bandwidth we I moa bik, 30 kHz or more. Wan Janel blong TV I nidem 5 MHz blong sendem pikja, long SSB. Saond I nidem sam moa bandwidth. Ol digital transmison blong Amateur, hemi gat sam we I usem less than 100Hz kasem sam we I moa bik bae ino bitem 3kHz. Wwide band transmisun hemi gat % long carrier frequensi we I moa bik suppose carrier frekwensi I smol, bae % long carrier frekwensi I moa smol taem we carrier frekwensi I high. From emia, ol wide band transmisun, oli stap long VHF nomo. Taem we I gat noise I stap long frekwensi we oli stap usem, ol smol bandwidth I moa gud, from hemi kajem smol noise blong mekem interfirens. Transmisun we I gat bik bandwidth, hemi katjem moa noise moa I gat moa interferens. Emia was reson we I mekem Morse code mo Narrow Band digital I save passem mesij long taem we ino posibol long SSB. Ol Resiva.

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Wan isi resiva hemi wan we I wok witem no batri, I wok long powa we antena I pullem long ski nomo. Emia hemi Kristal set. Blong pulem signal aot long ski I mas gat bik antenna wia witem gud earth wia. L1 witem C1 oli mekem tuned serkit. C1 hemi save jenjem capacitance blong hem blong jenjem resonant frekwensi blong tuned serkit moa kasem stesen we yu wanem. Crystal hemi rektifiem RF moa top haf nomo I save pas. C2 hemi smoothem ol haf rf blong folem amplitude nomo we hemi audio frekwensi. Crystal earpiece hemi mekm audio we yu save haerem. Usulii I gat sam difren ples long coil blong L1 we yu save konectem antenna. Taem we I ko antap, signal I moa strong bae I moa had blong katem aot nara stesen we yuno wanem. Taem we antenna I ko daon, signal I no strong bae imoa isi blong kutem aot stesun we yu no wanem. Crystal Set Ant Crystal L1 C1 C2 Crystal earpiece. Crystal blong mekem rectifier, long taem bifo hemi wan crystal long was spesil ston. Oli pusem wan smol wia we oli kolem “Cat’s Wisker” I kasem crystal. Tu samting ia I mekem rectifier. Lond tudae I gat sam kin diode we I save mekem wok ia. AM Transmita. AM resiva we I moa gud. Long kristal set, we I gat wan tuned serkit nomo, igat tu problem. Wan, Sensitivity, I nidem strong signal blong harem signal. Tu, Selektivity, we serkit I save separatem, separatem ol signal we I gat frkwensi we I klosap. Blong improvem tu fella ai, oli triem mekem serkit we I gat 2,3 se 4 tuned serkits. Fasin ia I gat problem from oli we I usem I mas tunem evri tuned serkit

Power Supply

Audio Amplifier

Frequency

Generator

Power Amplifier Modulation

Transformer

Audio Source

Output tuned

circuit

Antenna

system

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blong kasem signal we I wanem. Serkit ia I gat valve blong mekem powa blong signal I ko antap. Superhetrodyne Resiva. Fulap redio oli usem serkit ia. Long hem I gat 2 tuned serkit we I jenj resonant frikwensi blong harem difren signal, Oli putem two variable capacitpr long wan shaft blong mekem wan kontrol I jenjem signal we yu wanem. Oli usem tu serkit ia blong mekem wan nara frekwensi we nem blong hem I Intermediate Frquensi, I.F. Resiva I folem witem sam moa tuned serkit long IF blong kasem sensitivty mo selectivity we I wanem. Bae ol IF tuned serkit, oli adjustem taem we oli meken redio, mo afta I nomo nidem adjustmen. Fasin blong mekem IF I kam from supos yu miksem tu frekwensi I gat 4 frekwensi I kam aot long miksa. Suppose yu kolem tu frikwensi we I stat F1 mo F2, long aotput blong miksa I gat F1, F2, (F1 + F2) mo (F1 – F2). Sopos F1 hemi frekwensi we yu wanem harem, then F2, oli kolem Local Oscilator frekwensi, L.O. Then usuali F1 – F2 = I.F. Wan frekwensi we I komon hemi 455kHz olsem IF. Suppos yu wanem harem wan signal we I stap long 1000kHz, Yu mas mekem LO hemi = 1000 – 455 = 545kHz. Superhetrodyne Resiva. 1000 kHz 455 kHz RF - AF Common shaft Tuning ` 545kHz Blong jenjem frekwensi I ko long 1125, F1 mo Local Oscillator tugeta I ko antap 125 kHz. Long fasin ia, LO I stap long 455kHz. I nidem stret design long variable capacitors bae taem we I stret, superhetrodyne I stap wok gud. Long ol redio we hemi wok long VHF, oli usem tu IF frequensi. Fis taem 100 MHz signal I kam daon long 10.7 MHz first IF. Afta I ko daon long 455kHz olsem sekon IF. Sam high kwaliti Amateur redio we ino bitem 30 MHz F1, oli mekem fis IF 80MHz, afta I kam daon long 455 kHz sekon IF. Blong mekem SSB Transmita. I gat severol fasin blong mekem SSB transmita. Wan komon wan hemi wan we I usem kristal filta. Kristal filta I wok long wan smol frekwensi range nomo. From emia, oli mas makem transmita I wok olsem super het reversed. I stat witem wan IF we hemi somwe 1650 kHz. Krystal filer I jus pasem frekwensi we hemi 1650 kasem 1653 kHz. Afta oli usem wan nara local oscillator we frekwensi blong hem I save jenj, oli kolem VFO. Aotput blong

1st Tuned

Serkit

Local

Osilcaot

Mixer IF Strip Detector Audio

Amp

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VFO hemi miks witem aotput blong kristal filta blong ko long transmited frekwensi we yu wanem. Ol audio we yu wanem I transmited I ko long wan spesil miksa we oli kolem Balansed miksa. Aot put blong Miksa hemi gat Upper mo lower side bands bae carrier hemi bin kat aot suppos ballans blong miksa I stret. Kristal filta I passem wan side band nomo, I katem aot narawan. Finali VFO I mix witem aotput blong kristal filta blong ko long transmita frekwensi. Smol signal ia I pas long wan tuned serkit blong katem aot frekwensi we yu no wanem long OP blong Miksa. Nekis I ko long Powa Amplifia blong kasem 100 W. Supos amplifia I gat distortion, I mekem sam nara frekwensi we hemi 2 times, 3 times mo 4 times transmita frekwensi. Ol nara frekwensi ia oli kolem Harmonics. Evri transmita I mas gat Low Pass Filta afta PA blong katem aot ol harmonics ia. Suppos ol harmonic I stap, yu no mekem wan transmisun long frekwensi we yu wanem, bae yu mekem transmisun long ol harmonik. Emi oli mekem interferens. Single Sideband Transmita. Double SB no Carrier USB 2650kHz LSB + 650kHz USB

2650kHz LSB

SSB Resiva. I gat RF input filta blong selektem band we yu wanem karem frekwensi. Afta RF amplifia i ko long wan miksa blong movem frekwensi i kasem IF. Lo ia hemi VFO. Aotput blong miksa I gat tu frekwensi bae wan we I IF I save pass, nara wan I kat. Afta IF I ko long balansed miksa we Lo hemi IF frekwensi. Aotput blong Balansed miksa hemi gat wan we hemi audio frekwensi. Emia I ko long audio amplifia mo spika. Blong harem wan SSB signal yu mus putem bak carrier frekwensi we hemi bin kat long transmita balansed miksa. Long kin resiva ia hemi witem IF frekwensi we i ko long resiva balansed miksa. From frekwensi ia hemi bin mekem long resiva, mit ino eksakli sem mak frikwensi we I bin stap long tranmita. Ani diferens I mekem audio frekwensi I ko moa hi. Yu finem resiva I gat wan Fine Tuning kontrol blong mekem IF hemi kam stret frekwensi moa audio I gat stret saond. Usuili oli usem nem IRT ????

Audio

Amp

Balanced

Modulator

Local Osc

1650 kHz

Kristal Filta

1650 -1653 Mixer

VFO

1000 kHz

O P Tuned Sirkit

2 – 3MHZ

Low Pass

Filta

Ante

nna Power

Amplifia

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Blong mekem signal I kasem skae. Evri redio I mas gat wan antenna blong sendem signal blong transmita I ko long ski moa finem signal blong nara transmita. Ani pis wia I save wok olsem antenna, bae I wok moa gud suppos hemi gat wan long we hemi mekem wia I resonant long frekwensi we yu wanem usem. I gat fulap kin antenna blong usem. Wan we hemi esi blong mekem oli kolem Dipole. Di I minem tu, mo pole I minem part long hem. I gat wan rul we I tellem se Frikwensi times Wavelength = Speed of Light. Mo a dipole is resonant suppos long blong hem I = klosap haf wave length. Sam antenna we I gat wan komplit serkel, oli resonant at Haf Wavelength. Dipole I gat wan end efekt we I mus sot smol. Dipole hemi resonant taem we I gat long equal 0.95 time haf wavelength. Long blong dipole hemi 0.95 times 150 divided by frekwensi in MHz. Sapos yu wanem wan dipole blong 14.25 MHz, wanem long blong hem. Long Blong dipole = 0.95 x 150 / 14.25 = 10.0 mita.

Dipole ia I mas gat 5 mita long wan saed moa 5 mita long nara saed. . Dipole Antenna Long blong antenna ia, hemi fis kalkulasun nomo. Thickness blomg wia I jenjem long blong gat stret resonance we yu wanem. Mo Thick, I mas moa sot. Height blong hem I save jenjem tu. Mo ol nara samring we I stap klosap, espeseli ol samting we I iron, I jrnjrm resonance. I gud yu makem wia I long smol. Pulem I ko antap mo jekem resonance. Suppos frekwensi we I resonant I moa smol , yu mus mekem wia I mo sot. Bendem end I kam bak antap long wia. Supos resonance I moa high, yu mas mekem wia I moa lomg. Radiation Pattern blong Dipole, Taem we yu luk daon from antap.

10.00 mita

Center Insulata

Feed Cable

Strongest at right angles to wire,

small in direction of wire.

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Radiation Pattern side View. Direct Signal Antenna Reflected signal Graon Ol direk mo reflekted signal I save jion long we mo dipend long ekstra distans we reflekted signal I ron blong kasem longwe.t, mit I mekem direk signal I moa strong se mit I kutem direk signal. Fasin ia I kifem wan paten we igat wan direksun we signal I strong, oli kolem mein lobe, moa long sam nara direksun I strong bae no tumas. Long sam direksun bitwin ol lobes I gat direksun we signal I smolsmol. Side Lobe Main Lobe Side Lobe. Blong totltol longwe, olsem nara saed wold, yu wanem mein lobe we hemi klosap 10 digris antap long horisun. Reflekting laya Earth Transmita Risiva

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Signal I save kasem nara saed wold from I gat sam reflekting laya antap long skae. I dipend long taem blong dae, taem blong yia mo taem long wan 11 yia sikel long sun, hae blong reflekting laya mo wij wan frekwensi laya I save reflektem. Long pija antap I gat reflekting laya I stap long we tumas. Normali, I moa klos. Blong kasem nara saed wold, signal I mas kam daon, reflekt long earth, mo ko antap bakagen, tu se tri taem blong kasem nara saed. Skip Distans. I gat tu pat long signal we I lego ol antena. Wan hemi ko long skae olsem yumi jas lukem. Nara pat, I folem graon, bae ino long taem signal ia I finis. Fis signal ia, oli kolem skae wev. Hemia , supos I ko stret ap, I no reflekt, bae I ko stret mo ino kam bak. Dipend long frekwensi mo reflekting laya, bae taem we I saedsaed I stat reflekt mo kam bak. I gat ples bitwin we graon wev I finis mo skae wev I kam bak we yu no gat signal. Ples ia hemi skip distans. Skae wev we ino reflekt Firs skae wev we I reflekt Reflekin Laya. Graon wev Skip ino gat signal. Eksampol long Skip. Long taem blong Raon Islan Rilae, 7 MHz I kasem evri pat long Efate mo ol Amateur I save pasem ol stej risul long Vila. Bae long 2006 mo bifo long 1995, 7MHz I gat skip afta Klems hill mo Teouma. Long 1995 igat wan yacht we I stap long Noumea we I save harem nara saed Efate mo Vila. Man long yacht I rilaem ol results. Long 2006, I had tumas from oli nogat wan longwe blong mekem redio rilae. Blong Toktok long Redio. Amateur redio j bin stap klosap 100 yia. Fistaem, everi fasin blong makem kontak hemi bin long Morse Code. Morse code, hemi gat nara nem we oli

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klolem CW, Carrier Wave. Long kin komuniksen ia, hemi maken sot mo long wisel, mo oli mas save paten blong ol wisel ia blong save wan wan leta. Di Da hemi A, Da di di di hemi B da di da di hemi C etc. From I takem long taem blong sendem evri leta long wanwan wod, oli mekem plenti abreviasun blong sendem message moa kwik. Sam taem long redio oli usem komunikasun long telephone wia hemi long morse code tu, so sam long ol abreviasun, I kam from emia, we oli kolem Telegraphy. Plenti long ol abreviasun ia, oli stap long saed long Telephony ( Voice) tudae from I gat plenti langwis long wol. I mo isi blong save ol abreviasun bitem learnen ful words long wan nara langwis. Redio Kolsins. Long wan Internasonal agrimen, evri countri long wol I gat redio prefix we i tellem countri we redio I gat licence. Blong yumi YJ I tellem Vanuatu. Emia from wanem yu luk ol lokal plen igat YJ RV2 mo ol ship I gat YJS 1234. Blong Amateur redio ol kolsin I gat 3 pat. Pat wan hemi tellem countri. Hemi I wan leta, tu leta se numba, leta, numba. Pat tu, Hemi wan numba we I tellem pat blong countri. Pat tri, hemi 1, 2, 3, se 4 leta, we I identifiem wanwan man, mo licence class.. Exampol. VK5PAT. VK = Australia. 5 = South Australia. P = novice class, AT = nem blong opereta. Long mos countri yu no save jusem ol las leta, licence office I jus kivem nekis wan long list blong hem . Long Vanuatu, ino gat tu mas amateur, so yumi gat YJ8, afta yu save putem initial blong yu’ se nara leta we yu jusem.. So mi gat YJ8RN. Amateur Redio Bands. From plenti redio signal I save kasem nara saed wold, igat wan internasonal organisasun International Radio Union,IRU, blong settem aot we ples ol difren usa I save make transmisun blong hem. Olgeta ia oli tellem we ples ol Amateur I save operate mo oli rivuem ol alokasun long evri 5 yia. Ol kovmen long wan wan kontri oli folem IRU bands witem sam lokal regulasun blong hem. Ol Bands Hemi ko olsem. 160 mita 1.8 to 1,9 MHz 80 Mita 3.5 to 3.8 MHz 40 Mita 7.0 to 7.1 MHZ 30 Mita 20 Mita 14.0 to 14.35 MHZ 18 Mita 15 Mita 21.0 to 21.45 MHz 12 Mita. 10 Mita 28.0 to 29.9 MHz 6 Mita 52 MHz 2 Mita 144 to 146 MHz.

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Sam long ol abreviason blong Amateur Redio. CQ Generol Kol, ani wan I harem I asna. CQ DX Generol kol blong nara kontri we I longwe. CQ VK, Generol kol blong man Austrelia. VK = Aust. RST Readability, Strength mo Tone. Emia, oli kolem Ripot, mo oli mas exjenjem blong makem wan kontak we emi valid. Readability, emi yu kasem klia se nogat. 5 = Harem ful wan. 4 = Harem klosap evri toktok bae mistem smol. 3 = Harem bik haf 2 = Harem smol haf nomo 1 = Harem wan I stap, bae no save toktok blong hem. Signal. Usuali oli kasem stong blong signal from mita long Redio.

9 = Strong signal I ko daon kasem 1 = weak, yu jus save harem. 9+10, 9+20, Very strong signal. Tone, Usem long Morse. Wistel blong hem I gud se ino gud. 9 = Gud steady tone. I ko daon kasem

1 = I rabis tone. Q Code, Emia I oli usem olsem wan kweston se wan ansa. I gat plenti, bae olgata we yu harem plenti, hemi emia. OM = Old Man, rino mata yia blong hem, Male. YL = Young lLady, ino mata yia blong hem Female. QTH = yu stap wea ples? Ansa hemi town se islan blong yu. QRM = Interferens we I man I mekem. Wan signal klosap se masin I meken nois. QRN = Interferens we I kam long Tunda mo Lightning.. QSY = Jenj Frekwensi. QRT = Stap transmisun, Bae mi offem redio blong mi. QRX = Waet smol. QRV = Mi stap listen, mi stanbae. QRZ = Wanem nem/kolsin blong yu * QSB = Signal I ko daon, ino strong . Your signal is fading.

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QST = ……………. Also name of USA ARRL Magazine. QSO = Mekem Kontak. QSL = Confirm. I gat tu samting. Wan, hemi mekem kad blong sendem I ko long Kontak blong tellem se yu tu fella I bin mekem kontak. Tu, taem we readablity I no gud, 2 se 3, mo yu kasem wanem nara wan I tellem, yu tellem “QSL,QSL” blong hemi save yu kasem. * www.qrz.com hemi wan web saet we yu save lukem ol informesun long plenti Amateur long wol. Long taem blong Telegraphy, ol olfella oli sendem plenti Telegram, closap olsem yumi mekem text witem mobael. Ino long taem ol realisem plenti long ol telegram we oli sendem I gat sem mesej. “Happy Birthday xxxxx”, “Congratulations long married “, mo fulap olsem. Oli mekem wan list we igat 100 standard mesej mo addem nem blong olgeta blong makem complit telegram. Taem we I sendem oli just sendem numba blong standard mesej witem ol nems, I moa kwik mo I moa jip. Taem we wan kontak I finis oli tellem 73s, I minem “Kind regards”.supos yu tok witem wan OM 88s hemi “Love and kisses!” supos yu tok witem wan YL. Phonetic Alphabet. Taem we reseptsun ino klea, suppose yu tellem ol leta blomg alphabet nomo, I isi blong mistem. B D, P V, mo kasem we ino stret. From emia, oli gat phonetic alphabet we oli usem wan wod blong tellem wan leta. Oli jusem ol wod ia blong mekem I difren long ol leta we leta nomo I klosap mo I konfus.. A Alpha B Bravo C Charlie D Delta E Echo F Foxtrot G Golf H Hotel I India J Juliet K Kilo L Lima M Mike N November O Oscar P Papa Q Quebec R Romeo S Sierra T Tango U Uniform V Victor W Whiskey X X ray Y Yankee Z Zulu. Taem Blong Dae Long Redio. Yu save wol I raon mo difren ples I gat difren taem. Hemi mekem tu mas konfuson long taem blong hu, supos oli usem lokal taem. From agrimen, taem we oli usem long internasonal komunikason, hemi taem blong London. Emia from 0 dekris Longitude I pas thru long wan pat blong London, nem blong hem I Greenwich.. Taem ia , I gat 3 nem we hemi minem sem samting. GMT Grenwich Mean Time. UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time, from Franis.

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Zulu Time. Men wan we amateur oli usem. Oli ritem 1030 Z blong tellem hemi taem we I gat 10 klok 30 mins morning long London.

Long Zulu taem, oli usem 24 hour klok, aftanun hemi 1200 kasem 2400. Long Vanuatu yumi Z + 11. Blong ko long Z mi addem 1 hour, afta karem aot 12. Yu mas kerfol long morning blong yumi from hemi date bifo long Z.

Ol Kontrol blong Redio Power UBEAUT Off 14. 289.000 TS 930 S On Tuning MODE

CW LSB USB AM

RF Power Blong Mekem Kontak long Amateur Redio. Fis taem, yu listen long Band we yu wanem triem mekem kontak. From aktiviti we I stap, yu save band I open , I open kasem we ples, mo I fulap se nogat. Supos yu ting band I open yu gat tu jois. Suppos yu hearem wan nara man I sing aot CQ, yu save answerem hem. Suppos yu no harrem wan I sing aot CQ, yu finem wan klia frekwensi mo listen. Supos yu no harem ani aktiviti yu, yu Tx mo askem “Is this frequensi in use?” Waet smol mo askem bakagen. I

14.289.000

0 RF o AF

Signal Strength 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 +10

Power

10 20 50 75 100

Mic PTT

Frequen

cy

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posibol sam oli stap bae yu no harem wan we I longwe, bae wan we I moa klos I harem yu Supos I nogat wan I stap long frekwensi, yu stat sing aot olsem, CQ DX, CQ DX Yankee Juliet 8 Romeo November, CQ DX, CQ DX Yankee Juliet 8 Romeo November, YJ8RN, Port Vila Vanuatu, CQ DX and listening. Yu stap listen. Supos wan I kam back long yu, yu ko ahed. Suppos I no gat, ripitem singaot antap bakagen. Triem 3 or 4 taem bifo yu kivap mo lukaotem wan Nara frikwensi. Yu harem 2 samting we I bad opereting practise. Fis wan oli sing aot CQ DX CQ DX CQ DX CQ DX CQ DX……. Bae oli neva kifem kolsin blong hem, so yu no save hu blong ripai to. Sekon wan hemi olgeta we I stap singaot CQ long taem, from wan we I wanem ansa I mus wet long taem tumas bifoa yu gat jenis blong ripli. Eksampol Kontakts. 1. YJ8RN calls CQ and is answered by JL3 RTG CQ DX, CQ DX, Yankee Juliet 8 Romeo November, CQ DX, CQ DX, Yankee Juliet 8 Romeo November, YJ8RN, Port Vila Vanuatu, CQ DX and listening YJ8RN this is JL3RTG you are 5 and 7, name is Masa. How copy, over. JL3RTG YJ8RN returning, Goodday Masa, name here is Rod, Romeo Oscar Delta. QSL 5 and 7, your report is 5 and 9, you are 5 and 9. QTH is Port Vila. Over. YJ8RN JL3RTG. Fine business, Thankyou for 5 and 9. QTH is 50km north of Tokyo. My rig is Kenwood Ts 930S 100 W and antenna is 5 element 3 band beam at 15 m high, over. JL3RTG from YJ8RN. Nice station you have Masa. Working condition here is Icom IC718 with Amertitron AL80B linear, 400 W into a home brew dipole. Over. Yj8RN JL3RTG, you are a new one for me, do you have a Qsl MANAGER OR DO I qsl VIA Bureau? over. JL3RTG from YJ8RN, my QSL manager is N9DRU, November 9 Delta Romoe Uniform, QSL.? QSL, QSL, Thankyou for nice QSO, 73, sarenara.

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2. YJ8RN answers WT6A under difficult conditions. CQ Pacific CQ Pacific, This is WT6A, CQ Pacific CQ Pacific, WT6A is calling and standing by. WT6A Do you copy Yankee Juliet 8 Romeo November, Yankee Jukiet 8 Romeo November, you are 3 by 3 over I hear YJ8 but no copy on your suffix old man.. WT6A, My suffix is Romeo November, repeat, my suffix is Romeo November. Over. YJ8RN, from WT6A, your report is 4 and 6 with QRM, over WT6A from YJ8Rn, I copy my report is 4 and 6, you are 3 and 3, you are 3 and 3 ,over. YJ8RN, from WT6A, my report is 5 and 9 ? over. WT6A From YJ8RN, Negative your report, negative your report. I count , one two three and one two three, you are 3 and 3 QSL ? YJ8RN from WT6A, my report is 3 and 3 over . WT6A , QSL QSL my name is Rod, Romeo Oscar Delta and QTH is Port Vila, over YJ8RN from WT6A, My name is Hank, Hank is my name and QTH is Berkley Bravo Echo Romeo Kilo Lima Ecko Yanke, over. WT6A from YJ8RN, Sorry Hank, QRN, please repeat Your QTH YJ8RN WT6A returning, QTH is Berkley, I spell, Bravo Echo Romeo Kilo Lima Echo Yankee, QSL ? WT6A, QSL QSL. Heavy QSB, Hheavy QSB, I’m loosing you, QSL via bureau, Qsl via Bureau, 73. YJ8RN …………. (signal fades out.)

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