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![Page 1: Amanda Barry, Ph.D Interaction of Radiation with Matter - Lecture 3 For spRs sitting FRCR Part I Examinations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e8b5503460f94b90977/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Amanda Barry, Ph.D
Interaction of Radiation with Matter - Lecture 3For spRs sitting FRCR Part I Examinations
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Interaction of Charge Particles with Matter
TO RECAP:1. Scattered Radiation & Secondary electrons - sources of scatter
and effects2. Charged particles are surrounded by an electrostatic field3. Charged particle undergoes many interactions4. Energy loss due to interaction of Coulomb fields of incoming
charged particle and that of atomic electron/nuclei1. Collisional Losses – Ionisation/Excitation via Hard & Soft Xns2. Radiative Losses – Bremsstrahlung via interaction with
nuclear field5. Stopping Power and Restricted Stopping Power
1. Absorbed Dose2. Particle Range
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Interaction of Sub-atomic Particles with Matter
3. Interaction of sub atomic particles with matter.
1. Ionisation and excitation due to charged particles
2. Electrons 1. collision loss 2. radiative loss 3. stopping power due to each and total stopping power, 4. Particle range5. Bragg peak
3. Bremsstrahlung4. Neutrons - elastic and inelastic collisions.5. Protons, ionisation profile6. Elementary knowledge of pions and heavy ions.
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Introduction to Hadrons
What are Hadrons?• Hadrons are subatomic particles which experience the strong nuclear
force e.g. neutrons and protons• They are composed of fundamental particles called quarks, anti-quarks
and gluons• Generally, cannot see free (anti-)quarks or gluons• Hadrons are either Baryons (spin-1/2) or Mesons (spin-0)• Examples of Baryons are Neutrons and Protons• Examples of Mesons are Pions
Where are Hadrons useful?
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Introduction to Hadrons
1. High Energy Nuclear Physics
Large Hadron Collider, CERN
•Particles are accelerated to energies of ~1500 TeV before colliding •12,500 Tonnes•Diameter:15 m•Length: 21.5 m•Magnetic Field: 4T(largest solenoid ever built)•Data Recorded/s = 10,000 Britannica Encyclopaedias
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Introduction to Hadrons
• Home to the WWW
• Particle Physics: “ Recreating the BIG BANG”
• 27 km acceleratorCrosses French/Swiss border 4 times
• 20 European nations3000 Enployees
CERN
http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html
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Introduction to Hadrons
2. Cancer Therapy
Image from: http://www.lns.infn.it/CATANA/CATANA/documents/pabloICATPP2003.pdf
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Introduction to HadronsWhy are Hadrons useful in Cancer Therapy?In many cases:• penetration depth can be well-defined and adjustable• most energy deposited at end-of-range• no dose beyond target • dose to normal tissue minimised• good tumour kill
HADRONS ENABLE DELIVERY OF HIGH DOSE TO
THE TUMOUR SPARING THE SURRONDING TISSUES
If most HADRON energy deposited at a depth that depends precisely on the energy of the particles
tumours can be targeted more accurately, allowing a larger radiation dose to be delivered speeding up the treatment programme.
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Introduction to Hadrons
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Properties of Neutrons:• Mass = 1.67 e-27 kg • No Charge • Indirectly Ionising Radiation• Neutron half-life ~ 10.3 minutes
Types of Neutron:• Thermal neutrons, E < 0.5 eV
• Intermediate-energy neutrons, 0.5 eV < EN < 10 keV
• Fast neutrons, E > 10 keV
All neutrons are initially Fast Neutrons which lose kinetic energy through interactions with their environment until they become thermal neutrons which are captured by nuclei in matter
Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
Some sources of neutrons• Spontaneous fission of isotopes• Photonuclear interactions• Neutron generator
Interactions of neutrons:• Collisions with atomic nuclei often in a ‘billiard-ball’ type
interaction.• Rare events, because neutron and nucleus are tiny compared
to atom.• So, neutrons can travel long distances through matter before
interacting.
Types of neutron interaction:1. Elastic scattering 2. Inelastic scattering 3. Neutron capture
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1. Elastic Scattering• Neutron collides with atomic nucleus• Neutron deflected with loss of energy E• E given to recoiling nucleus• Energy of recoiling nucleus absorbed by medium.
The recoil nuclei quickly become ion pairs and loose energy through excitation and ionisation as they pass through the biological material. This is the most important mechanism by which neutrons produce damage in tissue.
• Struck atoms can also lose orbital electron
Interaction of Neutrons with Matter – Elastic Scattering
Neutron, E’
Recoiling Nucleus
IncomingNeutron, Eo
NucleusTotal energy unchanged
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter – Elastic Scattering
• Conservation of Energy and Momentum:
E = energy of scattered neutron Eo =initial energy of neutron
M = mass of the scattered nucleus m = mass of neutron
Energy transferred to nucleus as target mass neutron mass. Hydrogen good for stopping neutrons e.g. fat better than muscle.
• Elastic scattering important at low neutron energies (few MeV) and not effective above 150 MeV
2
mMmM
EE o
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter – Inelastic Scattering
2. Inelastic Scattering• Neutron momentarily captured by nucleus• Neutron re-emitted with less energy• Nucleus left in excited state• Nucleus relaxes by emitting -rays or charged particles
(adds to dose)
EmittedNeutron
-ray
IncomingNeutron
Nucleus
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter – Inelastic Scattering
• Interaction probability as: neutron energy target size
Important at high neutron energies in heavy materials
• Energy transferred to the target nucleus and emitted energy:
E = Eo - E
E = Energy of the neutron after collision Eo = Initial energy of the neutron
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter- Neutron Capture
3. Neutron Capture• Neutron captured by nucleus of absorbing material• Only -ray emitted. • Probability of capture is inversely proportional to the energy of the neutron. Low energy (=thermal neutrons) have the highest probability for
capture.
SlowNeutron
-ray
Nucleus
Na23 Na24
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
Where are neutrons useful?1. Cancer Therapy2. To produce radioactive isotopes for radiotherapy or imaging3. To analyse composition and structure of unknown elements4. Bomb detectors in airports5. Construction of electronic devices6. Nuclear energy
Image from: A. L. Galperin, Nuclear Energy/Nuclear Waste. Chelsea House Publications: New York, 1992
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
% D
epth
Do
se
Image from: http://www-bd.fnal.gov/ntf/reference/hadrontreat.pdf
p(66) Be(49) Neutron Therapy Beam
(same as 8 MV photon beam)
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
Neutrons for Radiotherapy
• Neutrons have good tumour killing capabilities
• Tissue damage is primarily by nuclear interactions
• Neutrons are high LET radiation + have high B.E.
Lower chance of tumour repair
Often lower dose required
Good for radioresistant tumours
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Protons
Properties of Protons:• Mass = 1.67 e-27 kg • Positive Charge • Directly Ionising Radiation• Proton half-life ~ 1035 years
Types of Proton Interaction:• Electronic - Ionisation and Excitation of atomic
electrons• Nuclear – Coulomb Scattering
– Elastic Collision– Non-elastic nuclear collision (20%)
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Protons
Proton vs Photon Depth Dose in Water*•
*w.massgeneral.org/.../proton/principles.asp
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Protons
Protons for radiotherapy
• Protons have good dose distribution
• Low entry dose
• Most of energy deposited at a specific depth
• No dose beyond specific range
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Protons
From Particles, Newsletter, (Ed Sisterton) No. 28 July 2001
World-wide Proton Treatments
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Heavy Ions
What are Heavy Ions?
• Heavy ions are ionised atoms which are usually heavier than C.
• Heavy ions are composed of Hadrons.
• Heavy ions refers to atoms that are generally completely ionised, i.e. they are bare atomic nuclei.
• The nuclei can be directed to a fixed target, or can be split into two beams moving in opposite directions that are brought into collision at a well-defined spot.
• Heavy ion nuclei most often used in nuclear physics experiments include C, Si, W, Au, Pb, U
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PionsWhat are Pions?
• Pions (= Pi Mesons)
• Symbols:-,0, +
• Pions are the lightest of the Mesons (0.15 x Mp,N)
• Mesons exist inside the nucleus i.e. they are sub-atomic particles which experience the strong nuclear forces.
• Pions hold the nucleus together .
• Pions are produced as a result of high energy collisions in a particle accelerator e.g. protons colliding with a C or Be target.
• Pions live for 26 billionths of a second.
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Pions
Pions (-) in radiotherapy:• When the - reaches the tumour it has slowed down so much that a nucleus captures it. • The nucleus is now unstable and breaks up violently into smaller fragments.• These fragments damage surrounding cells within a small radius
Image from: http://www.triumf.ca/welcome/pion_trtmt.html
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Hadron Comparison
Hadron Comparison • Low LET = Protons & Photons Similar RBE but protons have sharp dose fall off at a specific
depth determined by proton energy
• High LET = Neutrons, Heavy Ions & Pions Have high RBE, good tumour kill, poor cell repair
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End of Lecture 3
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QUIZ
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Heavy ions are ions that are heavier than which element?
A: Carbon
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What type of interaction is most common for photons in the radiotherapy energy range?
A: Compton Effect
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What do you call a sub-atomic particle that experiences the
strong nuclear force?
A: Hadron
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How does the photoelectric effect depend on energy?
A: 1/E3
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Which Hadron is used for detecting bombs in airports?
A: Neutron
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What is another name for an energetic secondary electron?
A: Delta ray
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What is produced as a result of Pair Production?
A: positron/electron pair
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What is the mass of a proton?
A: 1.67 e-27 kg
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When many electrons are produced as a result of the Auger Effect, we
have an …?
A: Auger Shower
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Approximately, what is the LET of a 5 MeV neutron?
A: ~ 50 keV/m
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How many interactions does a 1 MeV
electron typically undergo before
coming to a stop?
A: 100,000
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What type of particle follows a tortuous path when passing
through matter?
A: Electron
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Neutrons belong to which group of Hadrons?
A: Baryons
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How does the Compton effect depend on Z?
A: It is independent of Z
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What type of radiation is produced when electrons come close to the atomic nucleus ?
A: Bremsstrahlung
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Of these two sub-atomic particles, which has the largest
LET?
Photon? Neutron?
A: Neutron
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What type of collision results in no net loss of energy?
A: Elastic
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Hadrons are made from what type of fundamental particles?
A: Quarks
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What is the rest mass energy of an electron in MeV?
A: 0.511 MeV
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Which of these is a form of DIRECTLY ionising radiation?
Electron? Neutron?
A: Electron
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What type of particle collision is short-handed by b >> a?
A: Soft Collision
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What is produced when an electron and a positron annihilate?
A: Two -rays
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What is the probability of photon interaction called?
A: Linear Attenuation Coefficient
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In which material do electrons of the same energy have the
longest range?
Bone? Fat?
A: Fat
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Radiation that is easily stopped in matter, has a HIGH or LOW LET?
A: High
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What is the probability that a charged particle will pass through a medium without
interaction?
A: Zero
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How much energy is required to form an ion pair in dry air?
A: ~ 34 eV