AM#2015/ 56 =~USAID BANGLADESHThis PERSUAP covers activities undertaken under DO2 including projects...

Asia 16-003

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=~USAID ~ FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE BANGLADESH

ACTION MEMORANDUM TO THE MISSION DIRECTOR

DATE:

FROM:

CC:

SUBJECT:

Action Requested:

September 17, 2015

Jeff de Graffenried, Mission Environmental Officer

Thomas Kress, Director, PRO

Approval of the USA ID/Bangladesh Programmatic Pesticide Environmental Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) 2015

You are requested to approve the USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer-Use Action Plan (PPERSUAP) 2015, prepared in compliance with Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), part 216, or Regulation 216, pesticide procedures.

The main purpose of a PPERSUAP is to bring USAID-funded project into full compliance with USAID's environmental regulations on pesticide use. Beyond compliance, a PERSUAP offers best practices and helps ensure that the USAID-funded projects reduce the chances of environmental and health impacts due to pesticide trainings, promotions or use. Any USAID projects desiring to promote or use pesticides rejected by a PERSUAP analysis are required to perform an Environmental Assessment on those chemicals.

The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the first section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through 1) required by 22CFR 2 l 6.3(b ).

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements.

Upon approval, USAID/Bangladesh's PPERSUAP 2015 will supersede the four USAID/Bangladesh PERSUAPs that are active. The inclusion of all activities under an umbrella PERSUAP is supported by the Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and the Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO) to simplify Mission environmental compliance monitoring and reporting.

In addition, the Office of Public Health, Nutrition and Education is operating temporarily under the Pakistan PPERSUAP, approved by the BEO as a stop gap measure due to the expiration of the USAID/Bangladesh PHNE PERSUAP last year, to comply with 22CFR 216 requirements. Coverage of USAID/Bangladesh' s PHNE programs under USAID/Pakistan's PPERSUAP expires in September 2015.

Justification:

Pesticides are necessary for USAID/Bangladesh to achieve some development objectives, requiring the need to procure and/or use pesticides as part of the various activities utilizing Best Management Practices and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The approval of the PPERSUAP 2015 will ensure that USAID/Bangladesh and all its activities are in compliance with legal and programmatic requirements for the use of pesticides in USA ID activities.

The use of a PPERSUAP allows the Mission to streamline monitoring processes and eliminates the cost and time wasted if each activity were producing its own PERS UAP. The PPERSUAP will allow USAID/Bangladesh A/COR' s and MEO, REA and BEO based in Washington DC, to better monitor environmental compliance.

In compliance with USAID's Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), USAID/ Bangladesh's PPERSUAP:

• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USA ID/Bangladesh development objectives (Feed the Future, Global Health Initiative, Global Climate Change and Food, Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance).

• Establishes requirements to ensure that pesticide use/support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an IPM framework.

Those requirements set forth in the PPERSUAP come into effect upon its approval.

Authority:

All USAID funded activities are subject to a pre-implementation environmental review, starting with a screening process that determines the level of environmental scrutiny that is required. Activities considered as having moderate or unknown risks are subject to an Initial Environmental Examination. USAID's pre-implementation environmental review procedures are defined by 22 CFR 216, a United States federal regulation.

If USAID funds are to be used to procure, directly fund or support the use of pesticides, 22 CFR 2 l 6.3(b) requires that 12 factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to control risks to human health and the environment. The PER analyzes the 12 factors and the SUAP establishes the attendant requirements or conditions for USAID supported activities.

2

Recommendation:

That you approve the USAID/Bangladesh PPERSUAP 2015, prepared in compliance with Title 22 CFR, part 216 pesticide procedures.

DISAPPROVED: Janina J aruzelski Mission Director

Date: -------

3

REQUEST for Review or Clearance PRO Documents

I. Farhad Ghaussy, EG Director

2. Melissa Jones, PHNE Director

3. Michael Satin, FDHA Director

4. Jeff de Graffenried, MEO

5. Thomas Kress, PRO Director

6. Terry Youngblood, OFM Controller

7. Stanley Canton, OAA Director

~

8. Paul Sabatine, Deputy Mission Director

Date

Date~ / q ~~I~

Date

Date~ Date °" l l ?l \ 5" .

Date *

Date 9(tC Date~

1

BANGLADESH PROGRAMMATIC PESTICIDE EVALUATION

REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

USAID/BANGLADESH DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES 2, 3, & 4

JULY 2015

This document has been developed by primary authors of the Cadmus

Group, Inc. under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018) for USAID review. Until and unless this

document is approved under the processes established by 22 CFR 216, it may not represent the views of USAID or the United

States Government

3

Initial Environmental Examination Amendment

BANGLADESH PROGRAMMATIC PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT

& SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA

Country/Region: Bangladesh Program/Activity Title: Programmatic Bangladesh PERSUAP for Development Objectives

(DOs): DO2-Food Security Improved including FTF and Food for Peace Programs

DO3-Health Status Improved DO4-Responsiveness to Climate Change Improved

Funding Begin: FY 20XX Funding End: FY 20XX PERSUAP Prepared By: Integrates previously developed environmental documentation including Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs) and PERSUAPs, including PERSUAPs developed by Development Food Assistance Programs (DFAPs;) also known as Food for Peace (FFP) multiyear Assistance Program (MYAP) and the Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) PERSUAP. The primary authors are

, with contributions by of GEMS/The Cadmus Group.

Current Date: July 2015 Expiration Date: As per the parent IEEs. Submitted By (Project Point-of-Contact): __________________________________ IEE Amendment (Y/N): Y, amends the following IEEs: Economic Growth Asia 14-19;

Population, Nutrition and Health Asia No.14-94 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: (Place X where applicable) Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination: X Positive Determination: Deferral: ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS: (Place X where applicable) CONDITIONS X PVO/NGO:

OVERVIEW: SCOPE, NEED, PURPOSE & STRUCTURE

SCOPE SUMMARY This PERSUAP addresses the pesticide safer use and handling issues for activities under the Development Objectives (DO2, including FTF and DFAP,DO3 and DO4) of the USAID/Bangladesh Country Development Cooperation Strategy Results Framework. (All actives under DO1: Citizen confidence in governance institutions increased are categorically excluded by the USAID/Bangladesh programmatic IEE.) Under these DOs, this PERSUAP addresses pesticide use in agricultural production including crop production, protection of agricultural commodities, veterinary use of pesticides, and use of pesticides in aquaculture and public health.

PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS To achieve their objectives, DO2, DO3 and DO4 activities require effective pest management across several target crops, which in turn will require use of chemical controls in a number of instances. The programs also require the use of pesticides for protection of agricultural commodities. Use of pesticides

4

will also be required in poultry and livestock production and aquaculture. DO3 activities may require use of germicides defined by EPA as pesticides. Pest management needs for the DO2, DO3 and DO4 activities are detailed in Annex A.

PURPOSE In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this PERSUAP:

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized by the USAID/Bangladesh Economic Growth Office; Office of Population, Health, Nutrition and Education; Office of Food Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance; and

Establishes requirements to assure that pesticide use/support; (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

STRUCTURE The Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER, Sections 4 and 5) establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use, which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP; Section 6) provides a succinct, definitive stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template (sub-section 6.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its AOR/COR and MEO for approval.

SPECIFIC SCOPE

DO2: AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, AND UTILIZATION OF DOMESTICALLY

PRODUCED AND NUTRITIOUS FOODS INCREASED

This PERSUAP covers activities undertaken under DO2 including projects under USG’s Feed the Future (FTF) strategy and projects under Bangladesh/USAID Food for Peace. The PERSUAP for DO2 activities focuses on the use of pesticides and IPM methods in agriculture, agricultural research, storage of agricultural commodities, livestock and poultry production, and aquaculture. The DO2 FTF projects covered by this PERSUAP include: AWARD NUMBER PROJECT NAME PRIME IMPLEMENTING

PARTNER

AID-388-A-10-00002 Accelerating Agriculture Productivity

Improvement Project in Bangladesh

(AAPI)

International Fertilizer

Development Center

(IFDC)

AID-388-A-13-00001 USAID Agricultural Extension Support

Activity

Dhaka Ahsania Mission

(DAM)

DRPC 2010-66 Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia

(CSISA) in Bangladesh

International Rice Research

Institute (IRRI)

AID-388-C-13-00003 Bangladesh Agricultural Value Chains

(AVC) Project

Development Alternatives

Inc.,

EEM-G-00-04-00013-00 Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition

(AIN) Project

WorldFish Center

EEM-G-00-04-00013-00 USAID Horticulture Project International Potato Center

(CIP)

AID-388-A-13-00004 Cold Chain Bangladesh Alliance Winrock International

AID-388-LA-13-00005 Agricultural Biotechnology Support

Project (ABSP) II

Cornell University

388-DCA-13-003 Bangladesh Loan Portfolio Guarantee BRAC Bank Limited

5

Program

TBD Projects in the design phase including

Public Private Partnership for Rice

Breeding and Seed Supply in

Bangladesh

TBD

The DO2 Bangladesh/USAID PL 480 Title II DFAP) projects include:

AWARD NUMBER PROJECT NAME PRIME IMPLEMENTING

PARTNER

AID-FFP-A-10-00012 Program for Strengthening Household

Access to Resources (PROSHAR)

ACDI/VOCA

AID-FFP-A-10-00010 SHOUHARDO II (Strengthening

Household Ability to Respond to

Development Opportunities II)

CARE Bangladesh

AID- FFP-A-10-0-00011 Nobo Jibon Save the Children –

Bangladesh

TBD Projects in the design phase TBD

FARMER-TO-FARMER (F2F) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

The USAID John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program provides voluntary technical assistance to farmers, farm groups, and agribusinesses in developing and transitional countries to promote sustainable improvements in food security (agricultural practices and nutrition) and agricultural processing, production, and marketing. In Bangladesh this program is implemented by Winrock International.

DO3 ACTIVITIES: IMPROVED HEALTH AND NUTRITION STATUS

This PERSUAP covers activities undertaken under the Global Health Initiative that may require use of bactericidal, viricidal, fungicidal, mycobactericidal and sporicidal chemical germicides that are defined by EPA as pesticides. It also covers DO3 project activities that are engaged in production crops, post-harvest protection of commodities, livestock fattening and dairy, poultry and aquaculture production for improved nutrition.

AWARD NUMBER PROJECT NAME PRIME IMPLEMENTING

PARTNER

GCP/BGD/049/USA Integrated Agriculture and Health

Based Interventions (IAHBI) for

Improved Food and Nutrition Security

in selected Districts of Southern

Bangladesh

FAO and UNICEF

AID-OAA-A-11-00031 Strengthening Partnerships, Results and

Innovations in Nutrition Globally

(SPRING)

JSI Research & Training

Institute, Inc.

AID-388-C-13-00002 NGO Health Service Delivery Project Pathfinder International


DO4 ACTIVITIES: RESPONSIVENESS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPROVED

Projects under DO4 that are addressed by this PERSUAP are those activities that aim to increase incomes from environmentally sustainable activities. These projects also emphasize and promote IPM methods that minimize human health and environmental risks, as well as chemicals pollution that are highlighted in this PERSUAP. AWARD NUMBER PROJECT NAME PRIME IMPLEMENTING

PARTNER

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AID-388-A-12-00007 Climate Resilient Ecosystems and

Livelihoods

Winrock International

BFS-G-11-00002-00 Enhanced Coastal Fisheries

(ECOFISHBD)

WorldFish


LISTS OF APPROVED PESTICIDES

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FTF and Food for Peace), DO3 and DO4 projects, SUBJECT to compliance with any conditions enumerated in these tables and those enumerated in the “Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker” that comprises Section 6.4. (A summary of these conditions is provided in section 6.3) Human health and ecological toxicological summaries and EPA registration status for each are presented in Table B-2 in Annex B. PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USE

Natural Biopesticides and Artisanal Products: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients), including natural biopesticides and artisanal (homemade) products commonly used by farmers in Bangladesh, are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, and DO4 agricultural activities.

NATURAL PLANTS APPROVED FOR

AGRICULTURAL USE AND

STORAGE OF COMMODITIES

COMMENTS

Neem oil and neem leaf dust

(Azadirachta indica)

All living plants intended for use as biological control agents

are exempt from the requirements of the US Federal

Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Mahogony seeds (Swietenia mahagoni)

Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L.)

Dolkalmi (Ipomea carnea)

Tomato Leaf

Seed extract of Ata/leaf of Sharifa (Ata

(Annona reticulate) and Sharifa (Annona

squamosa). (Annona/Sugar Apple).

BIOPESTICIDES THAT CAN BE USED

AS PEST REPELLENTS

COMMENTS

Garlic and garlic oil These biopesticides are exempted under 25(b) of FIFRA. For

full list of biopesticides exempted from FIFRA see

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.htm

Thyme and thyme oil

Sodium lauryl sulfate (detergent)

Pepper

Malic acid

Peppermint and peppermint oil

Rosemary and rosemary oil

Pheromone sprays and traps 40 CFR Part 152.25(b) exempts pheromones and pheromone

traps that meet the conditions listed from FIFRA. The

following biological control agents are not exempt from FIFRA

requirements:

Eucaryotic microorganism including, but not limited to,

protozoa, algae and fungi


7

Procaryotic microorganism including, but not limited to,

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria;

Parasitically-replicating microscopic element, including, but not

limited to, viruses. 1

Cuelure (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-

butanone)

Synthetic pheromone/parapheromone also known as Cue-

lure/Q-lure pheromone lure approved in Bangladesh and by

USEPA.

Methyl eugenol

(4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene-

carboxylate)2

Methyl eugenol is an aromatic compound found in herbs and

essential oils. It is a parapheromone that attracts insects

because of its smell. It is used as a food additive and in

cosmetic products within strictly set limits. It has slight acute

inhalation and dermal toxicity. At very high levels of exposure

it has been found to be a probable carcinogen. It is used by

itself or in combination with Cuelure. Methyl eugenol is

registered by USEPA but in Bangladesh it is not listed as a

pesticide.

PRODUCTS THAT ARE

COMMONLY USED BY FARMERS

AND ARE APPROVED FOR

AGRICULTURAL USES WITH

RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a pesticide for

agricultural or for health uses. It is banned for use by the EU.

It is registered by USEPA as a pesticide. Potential uses of

naphthalene in agriculture include use in soil as a fumigant

pesticide and to repel animals and insects. Naphthalene is not

hydroscopic (i.e., does not absorb moisture) and will not

absorb moisture from seeds. Farmers using naphthalene must

be informed about health risks of this product and its

potential risks to the environment. Farmers must be trained

in use of this product and wear appropriate Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE).

Bordeaux mixture (combination of

copper sulfate, lime, and water)

Copper sulfate is high toxicity (USEPA I) for eye irritation. It’s

WHO Classification is Moderate Toxicity II. It is toxic to

humans through ingestion and inhalation, irritating to skin and

eyes, highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organism. Farmers

must be trained in potential hazards of this product and use

proper PPE when mixing/applying this product.

Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) that include herbicides, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, DO4 agricultural activities. For more complete information on each Active Ingredients’ (AI) impacts on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2.

1 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol24-sec152-25.pdf 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658515

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HERBICIDES COMMENTS

Bensulfuron-methyl

Bispyribac sodium

Carfentrazone-ethyl

Cyhalofop-butyl

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Mefenacet

Nicosulfuron

Orthosulfamuron

Pendimethalin

Penoxsulam

Propanil

Quinclorac

Triasulfuron

Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more

toxic to mammals (including humans) than the

active ingredients.

Herbicides can be slightly, moderately or highly

toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause

reduction of sensitive species and abundance of

tolerant species.3

FUNGICIDES COMMENTS

Azoxystrobin

Carbendazim

Carboxin

Copper

Copper oxychloride

Cymoxanil

Cyproconazole

Dichloran/DCNA

Difenoconazole

Dimethomorph

Fenamidone

Fosetyl aluminum

Mandipropamid (MPD)

Metalaxyl

Mefenoxam/Metalaxyl-M

Phosphorous acid

Propamocarb hydrochloride/ Propamocarb/

Pyraclostrobin

Trifloxystrobin

In general, fungicides are of low to moderate

mammalian toxicology. These fungicides are

included here. Some herbicides, which may have a

higher overall incidence than other pesticides to

cause developmental toxicology and oncogenesis

(i.e., cause cancer),4 are not included here.

BACTERICIDES/BACTERIOSTATS COMMENTS

Quaternary Ammonium It is toxic to aquatic organisms and fish

INSECTICIDES COMMENTS

Azadirachtin

Chlorfenapyr

Flubendiamide

Indoxacarb (S-isomer)

Lufenuron

Spirotetramat

Sulfur

Products containing these AIs are usually of slight

to moderate acute toxicity, have no known

chronic effects, and can result in low, moderate or

high toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms, bees and

other beneficial organisms.

Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides with Restrictions: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) that include herbicides, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, and DO4 agricultural activities, with restrictions.

Unlike the products listed above, the below listed AIs can be in products that are designated as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) as well as in products designated as General Use Pesticides (GUP).

3 http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_herb_int.html 4 http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/12734.pdf

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RUPs are pesticides which are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. This means that a license is required to purchase and apply the product. Certification programs are administered by the federal government, individual states, and by company policies that vary from state to state.5 Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations or uses. Products can be designated RUP because of human acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) health risk, physical hazards such as risks of fire or explosion, and ecotoxicity hazards such as potential risks of water pollution and risk to flora and fauna. Only GUP products are approved for use by farmers. RUP products that contain AIs listed in the table below can be used only by professionally trained certified and registered pest control specialists. Class I products are not approved for use by farmers by this PERSUAP. Farmers must be trained to use Class II and III products. The training must require farmers to interpret product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, ecotoxicity and required safety measures. Training requirements are specified in the SUAP (Section 6). For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2.

Pesticides (AIs) approved with restrictions

Herbicides Restrictions

2,4-D acids, salts, amines (2,4-dichlorophenoxy

acetic acid; 2,4-Dimethyl amine; 2,4-

dimethylamine salt)

Some products are RUP

Acetochlor Most products are RUP

Glyphosate Glyphosate-isopropylammonium products are RUP

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid) Possible carcinogen

Metribuzin Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity

Oryzalin Potential carcinogen

Oxadiazon Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, potential carcinogen

Oxyfluorfen Potential carcinogen

Quizalofop-p-ethyl Some products are acute toxicity category I due to

eye irritation risks

Fungicides Restrictions

Chlorothalonil Some products are RUP

Copper hydroxide

Some products acute toxicity I due to eye

irritation

Tebuconazole Potential chronic toxicity

Copper sulfate/ Tri basic copper sulfate


irritation

Iprodione Probable carcinogen

Mancozeb Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, probable carcinogen

Metiram complex

Potential carcinogen, endocrinal disruptor,

Reproductive/developmental toxin

Propiconazole Some products are RUP

5 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/applicators/restrict.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

10

Tetraconazole Classified as likely to be carcinogen by EPA

Thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) Use of dustable powder only below15% Potential

developmental/reproductive toxin

Thiophanate-methyl EPA classified as likely to be carcinogen, potential


Bactericide/Bacteriostat Restrictions

Calcium oxide/Calcium hydroxide Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

Calcium oxide is approved by USEPA for

aquaculture uses. Lime increases pH to buffer

against pH fluctuations. Lime is a hazardous

product, therefore farmers must be trained in its

use and use appropriate PPE.

Insecticides Restrictions

Abamectin/Vermectin

Farmers can use only formulations below 1.9%

Acetamiprid Not to be used when plants are flowering

Acephate Possible nervous system toxin

Alpha-cypermethrin

Re-registered in the US in 2013, products available

in the US

Amitraz Potential developmental/reproductive/neurological

toxicity

Beta-cypermethrin Use only formulations 10% and below

Bifenthrin

use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations

which are GUP, all

other formulations are RUP

Buprofezin Possible carcinogen

Carbaryl Granular formulations are RUP

Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos ethyl Use only non-RUP products

Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR) Use only non-RUP products

Chlorpyrifos Use only non-RUP products

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Some EC formulations are RUP due to aquatic

toxicity

Diazinon Use only non-RUP products

Dimethoate

Potential nervous system toxin,

developmental/reproductive toxin, highly toxic to

bees

Emamectin/ Emamectin Benzoate Use only non-RUP products

Esfenvalerate Use only non-RUP products

Fenitrothion

Potential nervous system toxin, toxic to bees

Fenpropathrin

Emulsifiable concentrate spray is RUP, AI newly

registered in Bangladesh

Fenpyroximate

WHO acute toxicity classification II, newly


Fipronil Use only non-RUP products

Gamma-cyhalothrin

Most non Microencapsulated Particles (CS)

formulations are RUP, use only GUP products

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Hexythiazox

EPA classification as a possible carcinogen

Imidachloprid

Toxic to bees, not to be used when plants are

flowering. Use only non-RUP products

Lambda-cyhalothrin

Only formulations 10% and below are GUP

Malathion Potential nervous system toxicant, toxic to bees

Methomyl Use only non-RUP products

Pymetrozine Likely human carcinogen

Pirimiphos-methyl Potential neurotoxicity

Spinosad

Use only non-RUP products. Highly toxic to bees,

not to be used when plants are flowering

Thiacloprid

Likely to be carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic

organisms

Thiodicarb

RUP all formulations for seed treatment, probable

carcinogen, nervous system toxin

Thiamethoxam

Use only non-RUP products, not to be used when

plants are flowering

Pesticides approved for aquaculture use: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) bactericide, algaecide, piscicide are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3 and DO4 projects engaged in aquaculture activities. For further information on the impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2. BACTERIOCIDE/BACTERIOSTAT RESTRICTIONS

Lime (calcium oxide or calcium

hydroxide when mixing calcium

oxide in water)

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. Calcium oxide

is approved by USEPA for aquaculture uses. It is approved for use

to sterilize ponds prior to stocking. Lime also increases the

availability of nutrients and increases pH to buffer against daily pH

fluctuations. Lime is hazardous product. Farmers must be trained

in its use and use appropriate PPE.

DISINFECTANT/STERILANT/ALGA

ECIDE

RESTRICTIONS

Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

It is a hazardous substance and at higher concentrations some

products are considered pesticides. For disinfectants/sterilizers

that are regulated by USEPA under FIFRA see

http://epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm

At low concentrations liquid chemical sterilizer is not a pesticide

under section 2(u) of FIFRA.6 Calcium hypochlorite can also be

used for emergency disinfection of drinking water.7 For use of this

product, farmers must be trained and use proper PPE.

PISCICIDE RESTRICTIONS

Rotenone Rotenone is not registred as a pesticide in Bangladesh but it is

6 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6 7 http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm


http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

12

(Extract of Derris elliptica)

widely used by Bangladesh farmers. Products containing rotenone

are fish toxicants approved by the U.S. EPA. Most Rotenone

products are RUP due to risks to human health and to fish and

aquatic organisms. Rotenone is approved for use in inland culture

fisheries but only by trained professionals using appropriate PPE.8

The applicator must always follow label instructions and

specifications.

Fumigant and insecticides approved for protection of Title II DFAP programs’ commodities: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh Title II DFAP activities for storage and protection of agricultural commodities. FUMIGANT/INSECTICIDE/RODENTICIDE RESTRICTIONS

Aluminum Phosphide All DFAP warehouse pest control activities for

protection of agricultural commodities are

performed by trained and certified pest control

specialists. Only products approved in Bangladesh

for control of pests in warehouses and its

surroundings can be used by the fumigators.

In addition, Aluminum Phosphide fumigation must

comply with the USAID Programmatic

Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphide

Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity

(http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm); see

Annext T-1 for guide to compliance requirements.

Insecticides

Chloropyrifos

Cypermethrin

Pirimphos-Methyl

Pesticides approved for use in health and sanitation activities: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are approved for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO3 Health and Sanitation Activities. For disinfectants/sterilizer products that are regulated by USEPA for specific uses please see http://epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm

COMMON ANTISEPTICS/ANTIMICROBIAL

PATIENT/MEDICAL DEVICE CARE

COMMENTS

Iodophors/Povidone-iodine solution

Strengths: 10%, 7.5%, 2%, 0.5%

EPA does not regulate liquid chemical sterilizers used

on critical and semicritical patient-care devices. For

these uses, chemicals and concentrations used in

patient care are regulated by the US Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) with Center for Disease Control

(CDC) oversight.

Iodine 1% Tincture of iodine 2%

Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% or 4% scrub (e.g.

Hibitane, Hibiscrub, Hibiclens) or 0.5% tincture

Alcohol 70% – 90% (isopropyl)

Triclosan Strengths: 0.3%–2%

ANTIMICROBIAL/DISINFECTANTS/STERILIZER

ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES CARE

COMMENTS

Calcium hypochlorite (0.5% Chlorine solution)

In healthcare settings, EPA regulates disinfectants that

are used on environmental surfaces (housekeeping and

clinical contact surfaces). At low concentrations liquid

chemical sterilizers are exempt under section 2(u) of

FIFRA.9 Calcium hypochlorite can also be used for

emergency disinfection of drinking water. Calcium

8 http://fisheries.tamu.edu/files/2013/09/SRAC-Publication-No.-4101-Removing-Fish-from-Ponds-with-Rotenone.pdf 9 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm



13

hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide in

Bangladesh.

Calcium hypochlorite is a hazardous substance available

in low concentrations for medical and household

disinfection uses.

Hydrochloric acid 10% (contained in household

product)

Hydrochloric acid is an active ingredient in many

household toilet bowl cleaner products. It is corrosive

toxic chemical.

Phenol (carbolic acid) and its salts Phenol is found in household cleaning products and is

approved by USEPA. It is absorbed by oral, inhalation,

or dermal routes. Phenol and its vapors are corrosive

to the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract.

PESTICIDES FOR STRUCTURAL PEST

CONTROL

COMMENTS

Allethrin, d-Allethrin (Pynamin Forte) These AIs are contained in products designated for use

in healthcare for structural control of household pests

including mosquitoes. All AIs on this list are approved

in Bangladesh and by USEPA for public health services.

Only products designated for household use are

approved.

Bioallethrin

Cyfluthrin (concentrations below 12%)

Cypermethrin, alfa-Cypermethrin

Cyphenothrin, (Gokilaht), (d,d,trans-

cyphenothrin)

Deltamethrin

Diethyltoluamide (DEET)

d-trans Allethrin (bioallethrin)

Esbiothrin

Fipronil

Imiprothrin

Lambda Cyhalothrin (concentrations below 10%)

Phenothrin/d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin)

Piperonyl Butoxide

Prallethrin

Resmethrin

S-Bioallethrin

Tetramethrin/d-Tetramethrin (Neo-pynamin),

Thiamethoxam


CONTROL

RESTRICTIONS

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a

pesticide for agricultural or for health uses. It is banned

for use by the EU. Naphthalene and its derivatives are

registered by USEPA as pesticides. However,

naphthalene should be very sparingly used only when

necessary in closed spaces and where possible replaced

by natural camphor. Naphthalene kills or repels insects

by generating fumes that have very negative health

effects on people. It should not be used in spaces to

which there is no access to general public and especially

people with respiratory diseases, allergies,

compromised immune systems and particularly

children.

Summary of Conditions of Use for all Pesticides:

14

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with USAID funds in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, DO4 activities. These pesticides are enumerated above. (Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement or use, or both, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all active ingredients are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use and pesticide first aid;

D. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices;

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring. These conditions are detailed in the mandatory SUAP template (see Section 6.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR and MEO 30 days before the implementation of the activity and must provide an annual update of the SUAP. With respect to pesticides, the SUAP TEMPLATE satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). Project EMMPs should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference. PESTICIDES CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED Note: Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e. appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use on D02, DO3 and DO4 activities in Bangladesh, For reference, the tables below document pesticides (as active ingredients) that were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and EPA registration status for each are presented in Table B-2 in Annex B. Pesticides rejected for agricultural activities

PESTICIDES REJECTED FOR USE

Herbicides Reason for rejection

Bistrifluron

Butachlor

Ethoxysulfuron

Fenbutatin oxide

Isoproturon

Metamifop

Oxadiargyl

Pyrazosulfuran Ethyl

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl

Not registered by USEPA



Most products RUP/Highly toxic to aquatic

organisms






Fungicides Reason for rejection

Benalaxyl fungicide

Bismarthiozol

Diniconazole

Edifenphos

Epoxiconazole

Flusilazole

Hexaconazole

Iprovalicarb

Isoprothiolane

Physcion

Propineb

Tricyclazole

No registered products in the US












15

Tridemorph

Validamycin (antibiotic fungicide)

Zineb




Insecticides Reason for rejection

Bromopropylate (miticide)

Cadusafos

Carbofuran

Carbosulfan

Cartap/Cartap hydrochloride

Cyhexatin (miticide)

Dimehypo

Ethion (miticide)

Fenthion

Fenvalerate

Isoprocarb

Methyl Bromide (fumigant)

Osfencarb (BPMC)/Fenobucarb

Paraquat

Phenthoate

Phoxim

Profenofos

Propargite

Pymetrozine

Quinalphos

Triazophos

Zeta-cypermethrin

No federally registered products in the US


Some formulations banned or phased out in the

US/RUP all uses




Not registered by USEPA (newly registered in

Bangladesh)



No federally registered products in the US-

replaced by Esfenvalerate


Ozone depleting chemical being phased out

internationally based on Montreal Protocol


All formulations and concentrations are RUP, most

products cancelled



Approved only for cotton in the US

RUP most formulations and products


Bangladesh)



RUP all formulations

Rodenticide Reason for rejection

Zinc Phosphide

Bromadiolone

High toxicity (WHO 1b)

High toxicity (EPA I, WHO 1b)

Microbicide Reason for rejection

Tetracycline hydrochloride+ Streptomycin sulfate

Tetracycline hydrochloride is not registered by

USEPA for agricultural uses

Pesticides rejected for use in aquaculture

INSECTICIDES REASON FOR REJECTION

Trichlorfon/Metrifonate AI not approved/registered in Bangladesh. This AI is toxic to fish and

aquatic organisms. Some products have been taken off the market.

For example, Dipterex was cancelled in Bangladesh. This AI is not

approved by USEPA for use in aquatic environment.

Fenitrothion This AI is approved in Bangladesh for agricultural uses.

It is not approved by USEPA for aquaculture use. Fenitrothion AI

product frequently used in Bangladesh such as Sumithion is a marine

pollutant and is toxic to fish. Study of development disorders caused

by insecticides emphasizes the links between the concentrations of

16

toxins and dysfunction in normal development from embryonic to

puberty periods. As such, impairment in the normal development and

the growth may reduce the fish’s survival chance.10 Previous

molecular studies have reported that fenitrothion bioaccumulates in

the brain, liver, muscle, and blood of exposed fish.11

Aluminum Phosphide (fumigant) This AI is highly toxic to mammals including humans and is not

approved for use in aquaculture.

Kerosene Kerosene is carcinogenic and should not be released into the aquatic

environment.

Pesticides rejected for use in health services activities

ANTIMICROBIAL DISINFECTANTS//


REASON FOR REJECTION

Creosote oil It is distilled from wood tar and used as an antiseptic.

Creosote oil contains carbolic acid, creosol and other

homologues of phenol which exert the necessary

germicidal powder.12 Creosote is also used as a wood

preservative and use of creosote oil products for wood has

been banned in the US due to possible oncogenic and

mutegenic effects.13 Other safer alternatives are available

for disinfecting floors in health clinics.14

AI OF HEALTH SERVICES STRUCTURAL

PEST CONTROL


Azamethiphos No registered products in the US

Bifenthrin Potential chronic toxicity

Chlorpyriphos Potential chronic toxicity

Diazinon Potential chronic toxicity

Dimefluthrin Not registered by USEPA

Fenitrothion Potential chronic toxicity

Hydramethylnon Potential chronic toxicity

Malathion Potential chronic toxicity

Meperfluthrin Not registered by USEPA

Metofluthrin Potential chronic toxicity

Permethrin Potential chronic toxicity

Phenthoate Potential chronic toxicity

Pirimiphos methyl Potential chronic toxicity

Propoxur Acute toxicity and potential chronic toxicity

Temephos Potential chronic toxicity

Transfluthrin Not registered by USEPA

Bangladesh ratified the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2007. This convention aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs.

10 http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/27801.pdf 11 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es103814d 12 http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/pdf/frup.pdf 13http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5COK%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C61470%5C6147

0-3%5C61470-3_Coal_Tar_Creosote_P2_5_30_2014_12_27_33_PM.pdf 14 http://medind.nic.in/hab/t01/i3/habt01i3p164.pdf

http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/pdf/frup.pdf

http://medind.nic.in/hab/t01/i3/habt01i3p164.pdf

17

STOCKHOLM CONVENTION POPS

Aldrin

Chlordane

DDT

Dieldrin

Dioxins

Endrin

Heptachlor

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)

Mirex

Toxaphene

CLEARANCE: l'vlission Director

CONCURRENCE: 1\sia Bureau Environmental Officer

ADDITIONAL CLEARANCES:

OPDHi\ office Director

EG Office Director

Health Nutrition Population Offic

D04? E nvironment and Climate change?

Mission Environmental Officer

Regional Legal Advisor

ENVIRONMENTAL N-LEYEL PERSUAP)

______ Date: ___ _

______ Date: ____ _

Signed: ______ Date: ___ _

Signed: _______ Date: _ _ _ _

Signed: _ _____ Date: ___ _

Deputy l\fasion Director Signed: _ _ _ _ __ Date: ___ _

Regional Environmental Advisor Signed: _____ Date: ---~ USAID/Asia

18

19

BANGLADESH PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT &

SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

USAID/BANGLADESH DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE 2

Availability, Access, and Utilization of Domestically Produced and Nutritious Foods Increased for Feed-the-Future and Development Food Assistance Program (DFAP)


Improved Health Status


Responsiveness to climate change improved

Supported by the US Agency for International Development/Bangladesh

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Prepared by: The Cadmus Group

July 2015

DISCLAIMER: This document has been developed by primary authors

of the Cadmus Group, Inc. under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018)

for USAID review. Until and unless this document is approved under the processes established by 22 CFR 216,

it may not represent the views of USAID or the United States Government

20

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: USAID officers and all implementing partners (IPs) staff contributed their expertise and provided information for this PERSUAP. Cadmus would like to express sincere appreciation to USAID and to the IPs for making this document a true team effort. This PERSUAP sometimes quotes information provided by IPs.

21

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA ................................................................................................................................ 3

OVERVIEW: SCOPE, NEED, PURPOSE & STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 3

Scope summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pest Management Needs ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Structure .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

SPECIFIC SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................................ 4

DO2: Availability, access, and utilization of domestically produced and nutritious foods increased 4

Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program Activities ............................................................................................... 5

DO3 Activities: Improved Health and Nutrition Status ............................................................................... 5

DO4 Activities: Responsiveness to climate change improved .................................................................... 5

LISTS OF APPROVED PESTICIDES .............................................................................................................. 6

Pesticides approved for agricultural use ...................................................................................................... 6

APPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (2015 Bangladesh Mission-

level PERSUAP) ......................................................................................................................................................... 18

USAID/Bangladesh Development Objective 2 ................................................................................................... 19



TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 21

ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................................. 24

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 26

1.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 26

1.2 Regulatory Requirements, the PERSUAP concept, and Analytical Approach ................................. 26

Regulatory Requirements Attendant to USAID-funded Support for Pesticides .............................. 26

USAID Policy: Integrated Pest Management ............................................................................................. 27

The PERSUAP ................................................................................................................................................... 27

USAID/Bangladesh Pest Management Needs for Programs under Development Objective

(DO)2, DO3 and DO4 .................................................................................................................................. 28

Local, Context-specific Analysis ................................................................................................................... 29

1.3 Development of this PERSUAP .................................................................................................................. 30

SECTION 2: PROJECTS COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP ............................................................................... 31

Bangladesh-FFP’s Development Food Assistance Programs (DFAPs) ..................................................... 31

DO2 – Bangladesh Economic Growth and Feed the Future (FTF) programs ....................................... 32

Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program Activities .................................................................................................. 36

DO3 – Bangladesh Improved Health and Nutrition Status Programs .................................................... 36

DO4 – Bangladesh improved responsiveness to climate change programs .......................................... 37

SECTION 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 38

3.1 Priority Geographic Places or Areas of Project Intervention ............................................................ 38

Covered locations ........................................................................................................................................... 39

22

3.2 Agriculture in Bangladesh ............................................................................................................................ 41

3.3 Pesticides and the Bangladesh Environment ........................................................................................... 44

SECTION 4: PER, PART 1: PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS, PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................ 45

4.1 Identification of Target Activities .............................................................................................................. 45

4.2 Pest Management Needs for Target Activities....................................................................................... 47

4.3 GAP and IPM Practices ................................................................................................................................ 48

4.4 Current Pesticide Use/Availability ............................................................................................................. 49

4.5 Available Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Application Equipment .................................. 50

4.6 Pesticide Knowledge and Awareness ....................................................................................................... 51

4.7 Agricultural Extension and Pesticide Dealers ......................................................................................... 52

4.8 List of Candidate Pesticides ........................................................................................................................ 52

SECTION 5: PER, PART 2: THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 61

Factor A: US EPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides ...................................................... 61

Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ................................................................................................. 61

Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use is Part of an IPM Program ...................... 63

Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 64

Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, Either Human or Environmental, Associated with the Proposed Use, and Measures Available to Minimize Such Hazards .............. 67

Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticides for the Proposed Use ...................................... 68

Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems

............................................................................................................................................................................. 69

Factor H: The Conditions under which the Pesticide is to be Used, Including Climate, Flora, Fauna, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils .................................................................................................... 72

Factor I: The Availability and Effectiveness of other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 80

Factor J: The Requesting Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide ........................................................................................... 81

Factor K: The Provisions Made for Training of Users and Applicators ............................................. 85

Factor L: The Provisions Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of the Pesticides ........ 86

SECTION 6: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) .......................................................................................... 87

6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 87

6.2 Allowed Pesticides ........................................................................................................................................ 87

6.3 Summary of Compliance Requirements .................................................................................................. 97

6.4 Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker ...................................................................... 99

ANNEX A: PESTS & DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS & AVAILABLE & RECOMMENDED

CONTROL METHODS ........................................................................................................................................107

ANNEX B: PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGY ....................................................................................154

B.1 Orientation: Pesticide toxicity and risk .................................................................................................154

B.2 Summary Toxicology Profiles of Pesticides Assessed by this PERSUAP .......................................154

ANNEX C: MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFER USE TRAINING ...............................166

C.1 Integrated Pest Management ...................................................................................................................166

23

C.2 Understanding Pesticide Risks .................................................................................................................168

C.3 Understanding Pesticide Label and Material Safety Data Sheet ......................................................169

C.4 Pesticide Safety and Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment ....................................................169

C.5 Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift ...............................................171

C.6 Pesticide Transport and Storage ............................................................................................................172

C.7 First Aid ........................................................................................................................................................173

C.8 Proper Pesticide Container Disposal ....................................................................................................174

C.9 Environmental Compliance Checklist of Potential Demonstration Plot (Provided by Agro-Inputs Project, CNFA) ......................................................................................................................................175

C.10 Monitoring and Data Record Keeping ................................................................................................178

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES......................................................................................................................179

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Bangladesh District Map ........................................................................................................ 38

Figure 2. FTF Regional Coverage Map ................................................................................................ 39

Figure 3. Floating Fish Cage Construction ......................................................................................... 43

Figure 4. A Simplified Representation of Pesticide Marketing Channels in Bangladesh ........... 50

Figure 5. A Bangladesh Worker Spraying Pesticide ......................................................................... 51

Figure 6. Traditional Grain Storage ..................................................................................................... 66

Figure 7. How Pesticides Cycle Through the Environment ........................................................... 70

Figure 8. Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh ................................................................................ 73

Figure 9. River Systems of Bangladesh ................................................................................................ 74

24

ACRONYMS

AAPI

ABSP

AEDCR

AESA

AI

AIN

AIP

AIRN

AIS

Accelerating Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project

Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project

Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research

Agricultural Extension Support Activity

Active Ingredient

Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition

Agro-Inputs Project

Agro Input Retailers Network

Agriculture Information Service

AOR

ARSAP

AVC

BADC

BCPA

BFDC

BFRI

BFRI

BINA

BRRI

BARI

BAU

BFDC

BJRI

BLRI

BOPMA

Agreement Officer Representative

Agricultural Requisites Scheme for Asia & the Pacific

Agricultural Value Chains

Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation

Bangladesh Crop Protection Association

Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute

Bangladesh Forest Research Institute

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation

Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute

Bangladesh Organic Product Manufacturers Association

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

COR

CREL

CSISA

DAM

Contract Officer Representative

Climate Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods

Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia

Department of Agricultural Marketing

DFAP

DFID

DAE

Development Food Assistance Program

Department of International Development (UK)

Department of Agricultural Extension

DO

DoF

DLS

DRR

FPG

ESCAP

ESP

EMMP

Development Objective

Departments of Fisheries

Department of Livestock Services

Disaster Risk Reduction

Farmer Producer Group

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific

Extension Service Provider

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

EC

F2F

FAO

FDP

FIFRA

FFP

Emulsifiable Concentrate

Farmer-to-Farmer

Food and Agriculture Organization (UN)

Fertilizer Deep Placement

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (US)

Food-for-Peace

GAP Good Agricultural Practices

FFS

FSBR

FTF

Farmers Field School

Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant

Feed-the-Future

http://www.ais.gov.bd/

http://www.bjri.gov.bd/

http://www.dam.gov.bd/

25

GDP

GE

GHI

GoB

Gross Domestic Product

Genetically Engineered

Global Health Initiative

Government of Bangladesh

GUP

HYV

IAA

General Use Pesticide

High Yielding Varieties

Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture

ICT

IAHBI

IRRI

Information and Communication Technology

Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions

International Rice Research Institute

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center

IP Implementing Partner

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IR

LBR

LOP

MCHN

MDG

MEO

MoA

MoEF

Intermediate Result

Late Blight Resistant

Life of Project

Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition

Millennium Development Goal

Mission Environmental Officer

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Environment and Forests

MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock

MSDS

MYAP

NARS

NHSDP

NGO

NOC

NTCB

Material Safety Data Sheet

Multi Year Assistance Program

National Agricultural Research System

National Health Service Delivery Projects

Non Government Organization

No Objection Certificate

National Technical Committee on Biosafety

OPV

PMP

SAAO

SAICM

SPRING

SRDI

Open-Pollinated Variety

Pest Management Plan

Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management

Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition

Soil Resources Development Institute

PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment

PER Pesticide Evaluation Report

PHI Pre-Harvest Interval

PIC Prior Informed Consent

POP

PPE

PPW

Persistent Organic Pollutant

Personal Protective Equipment

Plant Protection Wing

PSO Private Sector Organizations

REI Restricted Entry Interval

RUP

SME

SO

Restricted Use Pesticide

Small and Medium Enterprises

Strategic Objective

SUAP Safer Use Action Plan

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WP Wettable Powder

WHO World Health Organization

http://www.srdi.gov.bd/

26

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2015 Bangladesh DO2, DO3 and DO4 portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FTF and FFP), DO3 and DO4 programs activities.

Establishes requirements to assure that pesticide use/support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP. The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the first sections of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) in Section 6 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its AOR/COR and MEO.

1.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS, THE PERSUAP CONCEPT, AND

ANALYTICAL APPROACH

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT TO USAID-FUNDED SUPPORT FOR

PESTICIDES

All USAID - funded activities are subject to pre-implementation environmental review, starting with a screening process that determines the level of environmental scrutiny that is required. Activities considered as having moderate or unknown risks are subject to an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). USAID’s pre-implementation environmental review procedures are defined by 22 CFR 216, a US federal regulation. If USAID funds are to be used to procure, directly fund or support the use of pesticides, 22 CFR 216.3(b) requires that 12 factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to control risks to human health and the environment (see Box 1).15 The PER analyses the 12 factors and SUAP establishes the attendant requirements or conditions for USAID supported activities. Pesticides are any agent used to kill or control any pest, including insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, micro- biocides, rodenticides and various other substances used to control pests.16 Pesticides are by design poisons, and their use entails a degree of risk to humans, birds, fish, bees, and other living things, as well as to the environment.

15 Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of

pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a

separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to

determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation

shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see Box 1). 16 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm

27

Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)) do not extend to fertilizers, therefore this PERSUAP does not address fertilizers. Sustainable use of fertilizer is covered by the relevant IEE. For further information please see ADS 312.

USAID POLICY: INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT

Since the early 1990s USAID has been committed to the philosophy and practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as official policy. There is not a single standard international definition for IPM, but there is wide agreement on its basic elements. Under IPM:

“First line” defenses against pest damage are a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism.

Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.

IPM is strongly promoted as part of Regulation 216.3 Factor C. THE PERSUAP

USAID’s Africa Bureau initially developed the PERSUAP framework for pesticide compliance; the PERSUAP was subsequently adopted by other UAID Bureaus, including the Bureau for Asia. Formally the PERSUAP constitutes an amendment to a program’s or project’s IEE, to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b) with particular emphasis on assuring that pesticide use occurs within an IPM framework. A PERSUAP consists of two core parts, a “PER” and a “SUAP.” The PER first characterizes pest management needs for the subject USAID projects, pesticides availability, pesticides awareness among potential beneficiaries, and the critical local context. This information then provides input to the assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). The PER thereby establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use. The Safer Use Action Plan (Section 6) provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template (found in section 6.4) and submit to its AOR/COR and MEO.

BOX 1.

THE 12 PESTICIDE ANALYSIS FACTORS

Factor A. USEPA registration status of the

proposed pesticides

Factor B. Basis for selection of pesticides

Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide

use is part of an IPM program

Factor D. Proposed method or methods of

application, including the availability of application

and safety equipment

Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological

with the proposed use, and measures available to

minimize such hazards

Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide

for the proposed use

Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide

use with target and non-target ecosystems

Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is

to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology,

and soils

Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-

chemical control methods

Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or

control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of

the requested pesticide

Factor K. Provision for training of users and

applicator

Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use

and effectiveness of each pesticide

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USAID/BANGLADESH PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS FOR PROGRAMS UNDER

DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (DO)2, DO3 AND DO4

This PERSUAP addresses the pesticide safer use and handling issues for activities under Development Objectives (DO2, DO3 and DO4) of the USAID/Bangladesh Country Development Cooperation Strategy Results Framework.17 DO2: Availability, Access, and Utilization of Domestically Produced and Nutritious Foods Increased. Strategic Programming Intermediate Results (IRs) of DO2 are:

IR 2.1: Sustainably Increased Agricultural Productivity USAID will support research, innovation, education and investment in diversification, intensification and productivity in the agricultural sector to promote food security and adequate nutrition. Projects will also assist in the development of agricultural infrastructure and improvements.

IR 2.2: Increased Income Generation and Access to Affordable Food USAID will increase access to food by reducing post-harvest losses, maximizing input and output market efficiency, improving purchasing power and creating alternative income sources from farm and non-farm sources in the targeted areas and populations.

IR 2.3: Improved Nutrition and Dietary Diversity In connection with its Feed the Future (FTF) and Global Health Initiatives, USAID will implement a comprehensive strategy to improve nutritional status and dietary diversity in the FTF target area of south central/southwest Bangladesh. These programs will include nutrition and food production education and behavior change communication, targeted nutritional health interventions and research, innovation and advocacy efforts. DO2 is defined as: economic growth from agriculture and the natural resource base increased in selected areas and population groups. DO3: Improved Health Status. IRs of DO3 are:

IR 3.1: Increased Use of Effective Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services To help the GOB reach its goal of reducing fertility to below replacement levels by 2016, USAID will employ behavior change communication strategies among youth, couples, and men; and increase advocacy, demand and access for family planning and reproductive health services;

IR 3.2 Increased Use of Integrated Essential Family Planning, Health & Nutrition Services

USAID will expand on successful health and family planning services partnership efforts at the local level in rural districts and urban and peri-urban slums to deliver an Essential Services Package, integrating critical family planning; maternal, newborn and child health; and nutrition services, including breastfeeding with sanitation, immunization, tuberculosis treatment and care and specialized services for the populations most at risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Programs will promote research, access to, and demand for services.

IR 3.3 Strengthened Health Systems and Governance To achieve DO3 through IRs 3.1 and 3.2, USAID has made a strategic shift towards increased support to strengthen public health systems at the national, local, and community levels, placing a special emphasis on strengthening and increasing functionality of primary health care service delivery from the sub-district to the community level. Interventions will expand to promote strategic leadership and smart integration to tackle the complicated health problems that remain – such as treatment for acute respiratory infections, newborn care and emergency obstetric care – that require reliable service delivery systems in order to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Under these interventions, USAID will strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) to improve data compiling, research, analysis and use. DO4: Responsiveness to Climate Change Improved. IRs under DO4 are:

IR4.1 improved management of natural resources

17 http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Bangladesh_CDCS.pdf

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To achieve IR 4.1 the program is enhancing capacity of key stakeholders, strengthening resource management systems and strengthening legal and policy framework.

IR 4.2 enhanced adaptation capacity & resilience to shocks USAID programs under this IR are increasing incomes from environmentally sustainable activities, increasing climate resiliency through adopted technologies, and improved local governance of livelihood assets.

IR 4.3 Strengthened capacity to reduce emissions Under this IR activities include improving the enabling environment for low emission strategies, increased adoption of renewable energy, and improved efficiency and conservation. Agricultural pests include weeds, arthropods and vertebrates, diseases, nematodes, and snails that cause damage to agricultural field crops, vegetables, and stored products. Pests can be insects and mites that damage crops, weeds that compete with field crops for nutrients and water, plants that choke irrigation channels or drainage systems, rodents that eat young plants and grain, and birds that eat seedlings. Stored agricultural commodities and foodstuffs can be affected by beetles, moths, rodents and birds. Livestock can be affected by ectoparasites such as flies, gnats, fleas, midges, ticks and flies. Poultry can be affected by a variety of insects and mites. Endoparasites in livestock are commonly addressed with veterinary drugs which are not within the scope of this PERSUAP. Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh and a major focus of USAID activities. Aquaculture activities require controlling unwanted predators such as birds, reptiles, carnivorous fish, insects, aquatic vegetation and algal bloom. USAID/Bangladesh programs under DO4 include numerous activities that require effective management of pests to achieve their objectives. These programs include agricultural cash crops production, agricultural research, support for smallholder subsistence agriculture and household vegetable gardens, storage of agricultural commodities, livestock production, aquaculture production, and food security activities that require storage and protection of agricultural commodities. DO2 activities also include strengthening agricultural inputs value chains that improve supply of quality agricultural inputs through input retailers. This PERSUAP also addresses the pesticides handling and safer use issues for all activities under the DO3 for all health services programs that require use of bactericidal, verucidal, fungicidal, mycobactericidal and sporicidal disinfectants and sterilizers defined as pesticides and regulated by EPA. It also addresses DO3 activities that focus on improving livelihoods through agricultural production of nutritious foods that are reducing under-nutrition. In addition, the PERSUAP addresses crop production and aquaculture practices by DO4 programs that are increasing incomes from environmentally sustainable activities. The need for effective pest management is not limited to the period of performance of the project, but is rather a continuing need for the long-term, sustainable improvements in agricultural productivity USAID projects seek to achieve. Typical pests of USAID project that target crops, fish, livestock and poultry, and stored commodities are extensively documented in Annex A. Suggestions and recommendations for available non-chemical control methods, and chemical controls, where these are necessary, are made in the Annex. Annex A also makes clear that, while non-chemical controls have a critical role in program implementation, achieving USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3 and DO4 program objectives will require pesticide use/support. To better enable USAID/Bangladesh projects to address this need, this PERSUAP, upon approval, will authorize a set of carefully screened pesticides for USAID support within an IPM framework. LOCAL, CONTEXT-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS

The assessment of “pesticide and pest management local context” that begins with the PER is a key feature of the PERSUAP approach. This approach is needed because it provides essential input to the 12-factor analysis. The purpose of the 12-factor analysis is to select appropriate pesticides and safer use measures. This requires taking into consideration the context in which the products will be used, the particular elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and stakeholders involved.

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In the case of Bangladesh, the Pesticide Ordinance was promulgated in 1971 to regulate import, manufacture, formulation & distribution and use of pesticides. The ordinance was amended in 1980, mainly to accommodate the provision for licensing, and trade was essentially handed over to the private sector. Pesticide rules were framed in 1985 for carrying out the provision of the ordinance. This PERSUAP is based on existing policies, procedures, and laws of Bangladesh, with an overlay of US standards and laws.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PERSUAP

USAID/Bangladesh and its Impelemtning Partners (IPs) developed a number of activity specific PERSUAPs including (1) Bangladesh MYAP – NOBO JIBON Program for the period 2010-2015; (2) Bangladesh MYAP - SHOUHARDO II Program for the period 2010 2015; (3) Bangladesh Program for Strengthening Households ‘Access to Resources (PROSHAR) 2010-2014; (3a) An Amendment was developed and approved for PROSHAR PERSUAP addressing biopesticides; (3b) An Amendment was developed and approved for PROSHAR addressing parapheromones, and (4) FTF Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) PERSUAP for the period 2013-20017. The F2F program also has a Volunteers for Economic Growth Alliance (VEGA) Programmatic PERSUAP addressing Bangladesh F2F activities that guide volunteers planning to work with pesticides to review this PERSUAP prior to conducting a pesticide related assignment(s).

This programmatic mission-wide PERSUAP is developed to consolidate the earlier developed PERSUAPs. In the case of inconsistency between the two versions, this more recent PERSUAP will take precedence over the earlier developed documentation.

This PERSUAP approves pesticides used for storage and protection of Title II agricultural commodities. In addition, all DFAP programs engaged in storage and distribution of food commodities must be guided by the USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) guidelines for Phosphide Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity. http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm

The development of this PERSUAP followed a carefully laid out Work Plan and was completed in a number phases. Due to the extensive level of activities conducted under USAID/Bangladesh programs, as a first step this PERSUAP identified programs and activities that involve pesticide procurement or use, or both, or support to procurement or use. This phase also included desk research, internet searches, interviews and consultations with subject matter experts conducted in the US by the US-based consultant, and in Bangladesh by the local expert in consultation with USAID/Bangladesh and GEMS.

For the second phase, two weeks of in-country field work was scheduled to be conducted by US-based and local consultant between the dates of January 8 to January 28,2015. The initially planned visit was to be conducted mainly in the Economic Growth/Feed the Future area. This visit had to be postponed due to the difficult political situation that resulted in restricted in-country travel conditions and security concerns.

Considering these circumstances, follow-up individually tailored project specific questionnaires were sent to each project identifying pest control needs as part of their activities. DO2 (FTF, DFAP), DO3 and DO4 programs responded to a questionnaire inquiring about their pest control needs, use of pesticides and adopted IPM practices.18

The original Work Plan was modified with plans to complete the first draft of the PERSUAP prior to the field visit by the US-based consultant and with field work conducted by the in-country specialist. The rescheduled visit by the US based consultant will focus on gathering feedback from USAID and IPs,

18 The contribution made by the IPs and USAID officers and the time they took to complete all the questionnaires is

reflected through this document. It was very valuable and is highly appreciated by the entire GEMS team.


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discussions with stakeholders on any needed adjustments, and development of trainings and tools necessary for SUAP implementation.

PERSUAP development is based on analyzing and characterizing the active ingredients (AIs) of the subject pesticides with respect to chemical class, Bangladesh registration status, USEPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status, World Health Organization (WHO) and EPA acute human toxicity classifications, chronic human health issues, groundwater pollution potential, and eco-toxicity to different classes of organisms. This phase also includes identification of potential IPM measures for specific pest-crop combinations, as recommended by international agricultural research centers and similar sources.

This PERSUAP examines all pesticides to be used for agricultural activities, fumigation for warehouses, pesticides that serve for control of pests in aquaculture and those used for public health and animal health. All pesticides in Bangladesh are registered and approved by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Plant Protection Wing (DEA-PPW). The PERSUAP examines and determines whether each pesticide (active ingredient) is appropriate for USAID/ supported activities.

The criteria for approval of pesticide use (broadly defined) for USAID support include:

Pesticide (active ingredient and product) must be registered in Bangladesh;

Active ingredients must be registered by USEPA; and,

Similar product containing this active ingredient(s) must be registered in the US.

Additional conditions apply to use of pesticides by smallholder farmers: Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) and pesticides with USEPA acute toxicity risk classification of I are not approved for use by smallholder farmers. These pesticides can be used only by trained and certified pest control professionals and/or trained agricultural specialists. Training and certification must be recognized by Bangladesh government authorities.

SECTION 2: PROJECTS COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP

This PERSUAP covers the following active projects in Bangladesh:

BANGLADESH-FFP’S DEVELOPMENT FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

(DFAPS)

The Food for Peace Act as amended by the Agricultural Act of 2014 (FFP Act)is the U.S. Government’s principal mechanism of implementing its international food assistance initiatives. Through USAID’s Office of Food for Peace—the U.S. Government donates agricultural commodities to support emergency and nonemergency food assistance programs.

USAID/Bangladesh’s FFP non-emergency programs provide food aid, develop the agricultural sector, improve maternal and child health and nutrition, strengthen livelihoods and entitlements, empower women, increase disaster preparedness, and other initiatives.

Program/Activity: Bangladesh Program for Strengthening Household Access to Resources (PROSHAR) Implementing Partner: Prime - ACDI/VOCA; Sub-awards: Project Concern International (PCI), International Development Enterprises (iDE), Shushilan, Community Development Centre (CODEC), Muslim AID. Award: $45,000,040 Anticipated date of implementation: 01 June 2010 - 30 September 2015(4 months no cost extension) Basic objectives/Purpose of PROSHAR is “Reduced food insecurity among vulnerable rural populations in selected upazilas in Khulna Division.” PROSHAR strategic objective are (1) Income and access to food of poor and ultra-poor households improved, (2) Health of pregnant and lactating women and children under five (with particular attention to children under two) improved, (3) Institutions and household prepared to respond effectively to

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shocks. PROSHAR pest control needs include agricultural crops production, demonstrations of minimal till agriculture, use of pesticide treated “dressed” seed, helping farmers protect stored agricultural commodities, protection of stored Title II commodities, and Integrated Agriculture/Aquaculture (IAA) activities.

Program/Activity: Bangladesh – NOBO JIBON Program Implementing Partner: Prime - Save the Children; Sub-awards - Gono Unnayan Prochesta (GUP), South Asia Partnership-Bangladesh (SAP-BD), Community Development Centre (CODEC), Speed Trust and four technical partners namely RIMES, Helen Keller International, World Fish, and International Development Enterprises.

Award: $50,000,000 Anticipated date of implementation: June 2010 May/ September 2015 (4 months cost extension) Basic Objectives/Purpose: Nobo Jibon seeks to reduce food insecurity and vulnerability for 191,000 households in nine upazilas of Barisal Division in southern Bangladesh over a period of five years. The program has three Strategic Objectives (SOs), aligned with the Government of Bangladesh’s (GoB) national health and food security policies and USAID’s priorities for Bangladesh. The SOs are: (1) Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN): Improved health and nutritional status of children under the age of five (U5) and pregnant and lactating women (PLW); (2) Market-based Production and Income Generation: Poor and extremely poor households have increased production and income; and, (3) Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): Households in targeted communities protect their lives and assets and quickly resume livelihood activities after disasters. Project pest control needs include promotion of minimal till agriculture among smallholders, protection of stored Title II commodities, and aquatic vegetation management in aquaculture.

Program/Activity: Bangladesh DFAP - SHOUHARDO II Program Implementing Partner: Prime - Care Bangladesh; The project has a total of 16 sub-grantees and has 6 technical partners namely IUCN, RIMES, World Fish, Chittagong veterinary, CSISA and Bangladesh Agricultural University. Award: Approximately $129,000,000 Anticipated date of implementation: June 1, 2010 - September 30, 2015 (4 months no cost extension) Basic Objectives/Purpose: The overall goal of the program is “Transform the lives of 370,000 Poor and Extreme Poor (PEP) households in 11 of the poorest and most marginalized districts in Bangladesh by reducing their vulnerability to food insecurity.” SHOUHARDO II has 5 SOs: (1) Availability and access to nutritious foods enhanced and protected for 370,000 PEP households; (2) Improved health, hygiene, and nutrition status of 281,000 children under 2 years of age; (3) PEP women and adolescent girls empowered in their families, communities and union parishad; (4) Local elected bodies and government service providers' responsiveness and accountability to the PEP increased; (5): Targeted community members and government institutions are better prepared to mitigate and respond to disasters and adapt to climate change. Project pest control needs include production of agricultural commodities, storage and protection of Title II commodities, and providing capacity building and technical training to the beneficiaries engaged in inland pond fisheries production.

Program/Activity: Bangladesh DFAP - TBD Implementing Partner: TBD Anticipated date of implementation: October 2015 – TBD Objectives: 1) Increased equitable access to income and nutritious food for both males and females;2) Improved nutritional status of children under five years of age, pregnant and lactating women andadolescent girls; and 3) Strengthened gender equitable ability of people, households, communities, and systems to mitigate,adapt to and recover from man-made and natural shocks and stresses

DO2 – BANGLADESH ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FEED THE FUTURE

(FTF) PROGRAMS

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Feed the Future (FTF), the U.S. Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative commitment by President Obama at the G8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy addresses two goals: 1) reducing poverty by 50% and 2) reducing under-nutrition by 50 that will in turn contribute to achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG).19

In Bangladesh, Feed the Future is targeting investments in specific regions for maximum impact. Areas for intervention are:

Intensify rice production;

Diversify agricultural production in higher value, nutritious agricultural production;

Increase awareness of nutritional and dietary requirements of target groups in collaboration withthe Global Health Initiative (GHI) and Food for Peace (FFP) non-emergency programs;

Improve business enabling environment to promote private sector growth;

Build capacity of farmers and Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in the agricultural sector topromote market linkages;

Strengthen the enabling environment for policy dialogue;

Improve capacity of the government, civil society, farmers and private sector businesses toengage in policy dialogue;

Rebuild research capacity; and

Strengthen extension services to farmers.

Program/Activity: The Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) in Bangladesh Implementing Partner: Prime – CNFA; Sub-awards - Ashroy Foundation, Association of Voluntary Actions for Society (AVAS), Bachte Shekha, Spatial Systems Associates, Capacity Development Service Group, the Nielsen Company (Bangladesh) Ltd, GMark Consulting Ltd. Award: $14,028,602 Anticipated date of implementation: Sept 2012 - Sept 2017 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The overall goal of the program is improved supply of quality agricultural inputs through input retailers. AIP is working on strengthening the agricultural inputs value chain and improved availability of quality inputs. One of the central efforts of the project is the creation of a sustainable Agro Input Retailers Network (AIRN) and improved access to market information. Project activities focus on improved adherence to input supply best practices, increased adoption of Seal of Quality, and increased monitoring to ensure quality inputs are sold by retailers. The project is also working on stimulating engagement of the private sector in the dialogue with government institutions for improving enabling regulatory environment. AIP is working on improving utilization of agricultural inputs by farmers including improving farmers’ understanding and knowledge of agricultural inputs and understanding and knowledge of pesticide applications, human and ecological risks and safety practices.

Program/Activity: Accelerating Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project in Bangladesh (AAPI) Implementing Partner: International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) Award: $29,810,000 Anticipated date of implementation: September 29, 2010 - September 28, 2015 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project goal is directly linked with DO2 “Food Security Improved” of USAID/ Bangladesh’s Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS). AAPI promotes food security through increased on-farm productivity. AAPI is designed to strengthen and reorient agricultural production systems in Bangladesh. It promotes efficient use of agricultural inputs through an integrated approach, emphasizing the use of good quality seed; judicious application of balanced fertilizer; and better water management practices. The emphasis is on technology diffusion and development of agriculture support systems to achieve sustainability. The main technology that is being supported under AAPI is Fertilizer Deep Placement (FDP). The project promotes FDP to improve efficiency of fertilizer utilization, yields and productivity, while decreasing the negative environmental impacts caused by the overuse of fertilizers. The project also works to increase farmers’ access to high-quality FDP products at a reasonable price and assists private sector micro-enterprises in rural areas that produce FDP products,

19 http://www.feedthefuture.gov/

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thus generating income growth in rural areas. AAPI conducts research trials in collaboration on Research Farms of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), or Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) that may require pesticide application as part of the overall farm management activity.

Program/Activity: USAID Agricultural Extension Support Activity (AESA) Implementing Partner: Prime - Dhaka Ahsania Mission (DAM); Sub-awards - CARE Bangladesh and mPower Social Enterprises Ltd. Award: $23,415,619 Anticipated date of implementation: Oct. 23, 2012 - Oct. 22, 2017 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The main objective of this project is to increase farmer access to improved agricultural extension services. The Ag Extension Project organizes smallholder farmers into Farmer Producer Groups (FPGs) and works to strengthen the agricultural extension services. The project: enables the smallholder farmers to access extension services, agricultural inputs and agricultural markets. It improves agricultural extension services and enables them to reach small holder farmers (including women). The project introduces Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications and approaches to make agricultural information available in new ways to extension agents and farmers. The project facilitates training on improved production practices for both farmer producer groups and agricultural extension agents. The project organizes agricultural demonstration plots with farmer beneficiaries to demonstrate the benefit of various improved technologies, including improved treated seed varieties and good pest management practices. Ag Extension Project pest control needs also include limited application of pesticides in aquaculture.

Program/Activity: Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) in Bangladesh Implementing Partner: Prime - International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Award: $24,300,000 Anticipated date of implementation: 1 October 2010 – 30 September 2015 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The CSISA-Bangladesh project aims to increase rural household income of Bangladesh. The project will increase adoption of improved cereals and fish varieties and agricultural management practices. CSISA will improve seed systems including availability of high-quality breeder, foundation and certified seed. The project will work with farmers to improve awareness of new seed varieties and agricultural management practices, introduce improved agricultural technologies, and enhance in country research and development capacity. The project will promote, provide training and increase use of enhanced agricultural services and develop linkages with the private sector for improving access to services such as irrigation equipment and agricultural machinery. CSISA will also focus on improving nutrition, increase the range of nutritious food consumed and promote women participation for improved food security. CSISA pest control needs include crop research and production, utilizing minimal till agricultural practices, procurement or use, or both of dressed seed, working with farmers on protection of agricultural commodities and aquaculture activities.

Program/Activity: Bangladesh Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) Project Implementing Partner: Development Alternatives Inc. Award: $32,439,763 Anticipated date of implementation: August 1, 2013 - July 31, 2018 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The goal of the AVC project is improved food security through strengthened agricultural value chains through securing technical services for these value chains. The project works on increasing sustainable, diversified agricultural productivity through improved utilization of agricultural inputs, adoption of enhanced productivity practices, and strengthening agricultural extension and nutrition information services. AVC works on strengthening agricultural markets systems including improving post-harvest handling and processing. The project promotes and introduces innovation working with the private sector, improves access to services, technology and innovative practices, and supports value added and processing activities. AVC works on increasing capacity of private sector research and on business policy targeting constraints to enabling environment to private sector growth. The project also works on strengthening capacities of local organizations. Pest control needs of AVC include agricultural research and crop production, demonstrations of minimal till agriculture, procurement or use, or both of pesticide treated seed, working with farmers on protection of agricultural commodities, and aquaculture.

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Program/Activity: Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition (AIN) Implementing Partner: WorldFish Center Award: $25,000,000 Anticipated date of implementation: Oct 2011 - Sept 2016 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project objective is increasing aquaculture productivity and improving nutritional status one of the poorest and most disaster prone regions of the country. AIN works to improve fish and shrimp seed quality leading to creation of rural employment opportunities, growth in household income and improved nutritional status. The project is working in collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh to meet the GoB and FtF goals to sustainability, reducing poverty and hunger. The four major component of the AIN project are (1) Development and dissemination of improved fish and shrimp seed; (2) Household aquaculture for income and nutrition; (3) Commercial aquaculture; and (4) Policy reform and institutional capacity. AIN pest control needs include production of vegetables and aquaculture. Program/Activity: USAID Horticulture Project Implementing Partner: Prime - International Potato Center (CIP); Sub-awards - The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), University of California – Davis, Virginia Tech, BRAC, Proshika. Award: $10,647,649 Anticipated date of implementation: October 2011 - September 2015 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project objective is increasing income and nutritional security of 100,000 marginal farmer households in Southern Bangladesh. The project is improving crop productivity through training farmers in crop management techniques, introducing and improving adaptation of disease free planting materials and new and improved varieties. The project is increasing incomes and improving farmers’ nutrition by linking farmers to markets and processing facilities, strengthening agricultural value chains and improving households’ awareness of nutritious foods. The project is screening and developing stress tolerant and high yielding varieties (HYV) of crops through collaborative research and capacity building. The Horticulture project engages farmers in screening and development and train farmers on new and promising technology. The project’s pest control needs include research and crop production, working with farmers on storage and protection of agricultural commodities and establishing community gardens. Program/Activity: Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP) II Implementing Partner: Prime - Cornell University; Sub-award - Sathguru Management Consultants Award: $3,312,280 Anticipated date of implementation: September 27, 2013 - September 26, 2015 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project objective is to increase food security and improve environmental quality through commercialization and adoption of Genetically Engineered (GE) crops. ABSP II focuses on two critical inter-related intermediate results: (1) Increased adoption of transgenic seeds by farmers includes delivering and promoting adoption by farmers of Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) resistant (FSBR) eggplant seeds, and compiling and submitting regulatory dossier to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), National Technical Committee on Biosafety (NTCB) for Late Blight Resistant (LBR) potato. ABSP is also working to increase capacity of Bangladesh scientists to comply with the government regulatory and biosafety regulations and processes. Field trials for environmental risk assessment prior to filing for regulatory approvals for LBR will require use of pesticides. Program/Activity: Cold Chain Bangladesh Alliance Implementing Partner: Winrock International Award: $4,975,233 Anticipated date of implementation: July 2013 – June 2016 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project’s objective is to establish Bangladesh’s first integrated cold chain to reduce post-harvest losses and deliver high-value agricultural products to markets. The project works to increase production of high value agricultural products through strengthening farmers groups, improving agricultural production practices and diversification of agricultural commodities. The project also works on improving and enhancing capacity for post harvest practices. The alliance also works on improving compliance with food safety standards, improved cold chain management and capacity and

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improving market linkages for agricultural value chains. The project pest control needs include production of crops. Program/Activity: Bangladesh Loan Portfolio Guarantee Program Implementing Partner: BRAC Bank Limited Award: The maximum cumulative amount of all loan disbursements $4,900,000 (50% guarantee). Anticipated date of implementation: 2013-2020 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The USAID guarantee is intended to strengthen the guaranteed party’s ability to enhance lending to small-and-medium (SME) sized enterprises in Bangladesh, thereby stimulating economic growth. Qualified borrowers are SME enterprises established under Bengali law operating in agriculture in USAID’s Feed-The- Future (FTF) zone in the Divisions of Dhaka, Barisal and Khulna. The Guarantee Agreement requires written approval from USAID is prior to financing pesticides.

FARMER-TO-FARMER (F2F) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

The USAID John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program provides voluntary technical assistance to farmers, farm groups, and agribusinesses in developing and transitional countries to promote sustainable improvements in food security (agricultural practices and nutrition) and agricultural processing, production, and marketing. In Bangladesh this program is implemented by Winrock International.

DO3 – BANGLADESH IMPROVED HEALTH AND NUTRITION STATUS

PROGRAMS

Program/Activity: Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions (IAHBI) for Improved Food and Nutrition Security in selected Districts of Southern Bangladesh Implementing Partner: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations Children’s Fund - UNICEF Bangladesh Award: $4,991,445 Anticipated date of implementation: November 2012-September 2015 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project objective is to improve household food security and nutritional status while strengthening synergies with health-based actions focusing on mothers and young children in selected Upazilas of Khulna and Barisal in the southern region of Bangladesh. The project works to increase the quantity, quality and variety of foods with special emphasis on foods rich in micro-nutrients (vitamins and minerals) for target families and communities. It helps to enhance the intake of adequate and diversified diets among young children, women of child-bearing age and households through homestead and community food production. The project promotes changes in knowledge, attitudes and above all, practices that will result in improved nutritional status of women of reproductive age and children under five years, with a focus on improved nutritional intake of pregnant women and the first 24 months of life. IAHBI will improve coverage and outreach of direct nutrition interventions through enhancing compliance to iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, de-worming, hand washing and sanitation and will monitor and evaluate the impact of the interventions for improving household food security and nutritional status. IAHBI pest control needs include minimizing risks to human health, nutritious crops production activities, storage of agricultural seeds and commodities, protection of livestock and poultry from ectoparasites, and production of fodder and pasture improvement activities. Program/Activity: Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) Implementing Partner: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., in-country the implementing partners are Helen Keller International and Save the Children. Award: $13,608,824 Anticipated date of implementation: FY12-FY16 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The goal of SPRING/Bangladesh is to improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women (PLW) and children under 2 years of age in Barisal and Khulna divisions by promoting and supporting the adoption of essential nutrition and hygiene actions (ENHA) –

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(Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA) and Essential Hygiene Action (EHA)) and the consumption of nutritious and diverse diets. Enabling and mobilizing individuals and communities to promote and adopt healthy behaviors, particularly in the context of nutrition, is at the center of SPRING’s work. SPRING is dedicated to working with the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) to reach the poorest and most vulnerable to malnutrition, thereby contributing to the efforts to tackle an underlying cause of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. SPRING pest control needs include production of nutritious crops, demonstrations of not till agriculture and establishment of community gardens. The project also implements aquaculture activities. Program/Activity: USAID-DFID NGO National Health Service Delivery Projects (NHSDP) Implementing Partner: Pathfinder International Award: $82,746,498 Anticipated date of implementation: December 2012 – December 2017 Basic Objectives/Purpose: NHSDP goal is to enable Bangladeshi NGOs to improve status of poor and underserved population by providing cost effective quality health care services as well as to complement Government of Bangladesh (GoB) efforts to improve maternal, newborn, child health and family planning status. NHSDP works to develop effective and more efficient Surjer Hashi (Smiling Sun) network of NGO clinics to support the delivery of services in population, health and nutrition across the country. Its activities are focused around an overarching strategy outlining the four dimensions of performance namely i) coverage and update, ii) quality iii) equity and iv) institutional strengthening. The project works to improve the quality of essential service providers (ESPs) and expand the client base, focusing especially on the poor. This includes improved access to quality ESP through a cohesive network of NGO static clinics, satellite clinics and child survival programs (CSPs). The project is strengthened partnerships and coordination with GOB authorities and other USAID-supported projects and worked to enhance sustainability of ESP delivery through innovative financing structures. NHSDP promotes optimal healthy behaviors and care seeking practices through behavior change communication/knowledge management. Communities are actively engaged in promotion of healthy behaviors and care seeking practices. Local ownership of service delivery is enhanced and institutional capacity of all local NGO partners is strengthened. NHSDP serves approximately 20 million people in Bangladesh through NGOs and their clinics and service providers. The project works in 64 districts of Bangladesh.

DO4 – BANGLADESH IMPROVED RESPONSIVENESS TO CLIMATE

CHANGE PROGRAMS

Program/Activity: Enhanced Coastal Fisheries (ECOFISHBD) Implementing Partner: WorldFish Center Award: $15,000,000 Anticipated date of implementation: 6/01/14 - 5/30/2019 Basic Objectives/Purpose: The project objective is improved resilience of estuarine ecosystem, livelihoods and well-being of the people and communities reliant on the hilsa (salt water fish) fishery. The project works on improving utilization of science, analysis and information in decision-making on protection and management of hilsa stocks, strengthening fisheries, and bio-diversity adaptive co-management. ECOFISH aims to enhance diversified livelihoods, equality, and socio-economic empowerment of target communities. The project has pest control needs addressing the aquaculture and livelihood activities such as establishment of community gardens. Program/Activity: Climate Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) Implementing Partner: Winrock International Award: $32,600,000 Anticipated date of implementation: FY 2012 – FY 2017 Basic Objectives/Purpose: CREL will scale-up and adapt successful co-management models to conserve ecosystems and protected areas (PAs) in Bangladesh, improve governance of natural resources and biodiversity, and increase resilience to climate change through improved planning and livelihoods diversification. The objectives of the project include improved governance of natural resources and biodiversity; enhanced knowledge and capacity of key stakeholders; strengthened planning and

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implementation of climate-resilient natural resources management; and improved diversified livelihoods that are environmentally sustainable and resilient to climate change. CREL pest control measure needs include crop production and demonstrations of minimal till agriculture.

SECTION 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

3.1 PRIORITY GEOGRAPHIC PLACES OR AREAS OF PROJECT

INTERVENTION

The USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3 and DO4 project implementation coverage is countrywide.

Figure 1. Bangladesh District Map

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Source: USAID/Bangladesh Country Development Cooperation Strategy DFAP Programs are focusing on several districts and regions and selected upazilas. PROSHAR is focusing on the Khulna division, in the districts of Khulna, Narail and Bagerhat. NOBO-JIBON works in the Barisal division, in the districts of Patuakhali, Barguna and Barisal. SHOUHARDO II works in eleven districts of the divisions Rangpur, Rajshahi, Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong. As noted in Figure 2, FTF programs addressed in this PERSUAP are focused on the central, southern and southeastern parts of Bangladesh, covering twenty districts of the Dhaka, Khulna and Barisal divisions. Figure 2. FTF Regional Coverage Map

DO3 projects have coverage country wide. Those specifically described in this PERSUAP work in several districts and upazilas of the Khulna and Barisal divisions. DO4 project CREL addressed by this PERSUAP works in Dhaka, Khulna, Chittagong and Sylhet. ECOFISH is working in Barisal and in Chandpur, a district of the Chittagong division. COVERED LOCATIONS

The section below describes geographic locations covered by USAID activities. Khulna Division is one of the seven divisions of Bangladesh and is located in the southwest of the country. It has an area of about 22,284 km2 and a population of approximately 15.7 million. Its headquarters are Khulna city in Khulna District. The Khulna division borders the Ganges River delta, also known as Greater Bengal Delta. Its major rivers include the Madhumati River, the Bhairob River and the Kopotokkho. The region also includes several islands in the Bay of Bengal. Khulna is historically the backbone of the Jute industry. The largest mangrove forest , Sundarban, is spread over three districts of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat. Barisal Division is composed of an amalgamation of marshlands formed by the merging of islands brought into existence by built-up alluvial soils washed down the channels of the combined Brahmaputra-Ganges-Meghna river systems. Barisal is located in the south-central part of the country and is crisscrossed by numerous rivers. Barisal, famous for its fertile soils, also has many canals providing advantages for growth of crops. The area of Barisal is approximately 13,225 km2 with a population of 8.3 million. Currently, Barisal population growth is constrained by economic and environmental factors. For instance, there may be an outmigration of farmers due to the increase in the region’s soil salinity. The salinization has been rapid and more land is affected than in any of Bangladesh’s other coastal areas.

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Rising sea levels are believed to have contributed to the trend, further aggravating the effects of intensive agriculture.20 Barisal was once known as the "Crop house of Bengal" for its rich rice production, and it remains an important rice producing area of the country. Dhaka Division. With an area of 31,177 km2 and a population of about 47.5 million, the division of Dhaka is the most populated division in Bangladesh. The country's capital city, Dhaka, is located in central Bangladesh on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. As the most populous city in Bangladesh, Dhaka is the center of commercial, industrial, educational, cultural and political activity. The Dhaka division is the largest division in terms of contribution to GDP, but agriculture is not a key component, accounting for about 10 percent of the division’s economy. which is substantially lower than the national average of about 20 percent. In the smaller divisions of Barisal, Khulna and Sylhet, agriculture accounts for a third of the GDP. Vegetable production has been increasing in Dhaka as well as in other districts of Rajshahi, Khulna, Chittagong and Sylhet division. Rangpur Division is located in the North of the country and is characterized by flat terrain. The Division became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it had been a district under the Rajshahi division. Rangpur land area is approximately 16,184 km2 and its population is about 15.8 million. Flood is a common problem in most of the districts of Rangpur Division. Every year thousands of people lose their residence to the Jamuna River's swell. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country in the world because of frequent cyclones and floods. Droughts is another critical risk in Bangladesh, with Rangpur one of the most vulnerable districts to droughts.21 In the winter season the average temperature can fall below 13°C. Jute has historically been the key crop in Rangpur, but the crop has been diversified to paddy, potato, tobacco, sugarcane and wheat as prime crops. Rajshahi Division is in the northwestern corner of Bangladesh. The area of the division is 18,153 km2 with a population of about 18.5 million. The river Padma borders Rajshahi division on the south and another river, Jamuna, lies across the eastern border. In the North and West, Rajshahi division shares a border with India. The area is noted for aromatic and fine rice production which has a growing demand in the export market. More than 50 percent of the country’s potato production comes from the Rajshahi division.22 The main rivers of Sirajganj are Jamuna, Baral, Ichamati, Karatoya, and Phuljuri. According to government sources Rajshahi is well-known for its fruit, particularly for mango and lichi, and produces vegetables such as carrot and onion. The Rajshahi division is also known for production of beef and mutton, as well as dairy produce. Sylhet Division is in the Northeast of Bangladesh and borders Indian states. The area around Sylhet is a traditional tea growing area. Citrus and pineapple are also main crops. Sylhet is the smallest of the seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Its area is about 12,635 km2 with a population of approximately 10 million. The Sylhet division, with its hills and basins, constitutes one of the most distinctive regions in Bangladesh. The terrain of Sylhet encompasses a few large depressions known locally as ‘beels,’ also known as ‘oxbow lakes,’ caused by tectonic subsidence primarily during the earthquake of 1762. At the center there is a vast low laying flood plain of recent origin with saucer shaped depressions, locally called ‘Haors.’ Available limestone deposits in the region suggest that the whole area was under the sea 30 million years ago. Chittagong Division is the second most populated of the seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most southern areas of the country, and is an important agricultural area. Its land area is 33,908 km2 with population of about 28.5 million. The location of Bangladesh in a tectonically active area at the delta basin facing the Bay of Bengal makes it vulnerable to all types of natural calamities including cyclones, tsunami and earthquakes. The Geological Survey of Bangladesh has identified Chittagong-Teknaf coastline as the most vulnerable to a tsunami.

20 http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/05/bangladesh-s-internal-migrations 21 http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Climate%20Change%20BEJS%2010.2%20Final-5.pdf 22 https://earthgreenbd.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/climatic-variables-and-its-impact-on-some-major-agricultural-crops-rice-

wheat-and-potato-in-rajshahi-division-over-50-years/

http://www.bangladesh.com/blog/bangladesh-dhaka-land-of-the-rickshaw

http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/05/bangladesh-s-internal-migrations

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3.2 AGRICULTURE IN BANGLADESH

Agriculture provides livelihoods for over 60% of the population of Bangladesh. However, people living in the flash flood and drought prone districts in the northwest and the saline- affected tidal surge areas in the south struggle to produce enough food to eat or earn a decent living. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are generally very small. An average farmer’s field size is about 0.8 acre or less; most of the agricultural land is owned by large estate owners. Through cooperatives the use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector, contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 10.11% and 7.33%, respectively.23

Crop production. About 150 crops are considered economically viable in Bangladesh. Among those cultivated widely are cereals such as, rice, wheat, barley and some millets. Rice is the staple food in the everyday diet of Bangladeshis. Rice produced in Bangladesh can be harvested two or three times per year. In many cases the increasing demand for fish and prawns has provided incentives to changing paddy fields to ponds and the ensuing cultivation of fish and prawns.

After rice the most economically viable crops are tea and sugarcane. Jute was a major cash crop prior to its significant decline, mainly due to increased demand for polyethylene. The other economically strong crops are oil seeds, potato, sweet potato, tobacco, cotton and several pulses (aka grain legumes). A large number of plants are cultivated as fruit crops; jackfruit and mango are the most abundant and popular of these plants. The other common fruits are blackberry, guava, pineapple, litchi, banana, coconut, Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), papaya, sapota (Manilkara zapota), citrus, watermelon, cucumber, annona (Annona reticulata), wood apple (Limonia acidissima), and pomegranate. Linseed (flax), rapeseed, sesamum, guizotia abyssinica, peanut, and safflower are the most important oil yielding plants.

The most common vegetable yielding plants are cucurbits, brinjal, tomato, okra, beans, spinach, radish, cabbage, cauliflower, amaranth, Indian spinach and yam. The timber-yielding plants are teak, garjan, sal, gamar, sundari, koroi, rain tree, civit, jarul, sisso and telsur. Areca nut and betel nut are also cash crops, mostly used as masticatories. Some spice plants are also used as cash crops. The common spice plants are ginger, garlic, onion, turmeric, coriander, black cumin, chili, black pepper, Indian cassia, and fenugreek.

Many species of bamboo and rattan are used in making various household commodities. Several species of bamboo, gewa and koroi are used as raw materials for making pulp and paper. A dye kath is extracted from kath plant. Many plants such as dahlia, rose, phlox, salvia, jasmine, gandharaj, merry gold, China rose, and zinnia are used ornamentally. Palmyara palm and wild date palm trees are also very popular for their sweet exudate. Few non-flowering plants are also considered economically viable. These are also some mushrooms and marine algae. Few species of pteridophytes are used as vegetable or as ornamental plants, such as Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Adeantum and Asplenium. About 450 to 500 of medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh. Recently, economically important exotic plants such as maize, soybean, mahogany, Acacia, sunflower, grape, and rubber plant gained popularity in Bangladesh.

Agricultural seed production. The Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) is a state-owned enterprise that produces rice, wheat, and maize seeds at 23 farms and 16 contract growing zones (production areas established through multiple farmer contracts), which are processed and preserved in 16 seed processing and preservation centers (SPCs). Seed potatoes are produced at two farms and 16 contract growing zones, and preserved in 18 cold storage facilities (20,000 ton total capacity). Mustard, rapeseed, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, lentil, black gram, mung bean, and chickpea seeds are produced at three farms and six contract growing zones, and are preserved in three SPCs. Other vegetable seeds and jute seeds are produced at two BADC farms. The BADC purchases breeder seeds

23 http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/meetbangladesh/agriculture.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonia_acidissima

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from National Agricultural Research System (NARS) institutions, and these seeds are multiplied and sold to farmers at subsidized prices. The Bangladeshi private agricultural sector is primarily focused on purchasing and reselling vegetable seeds to local farmers, and selling imported seeds from Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and India. According to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), there are over 150 seed companies and 17,500 registered seed dealers. Approximately 15 of these private companies sell seeds on a national scale, and have established their own seed production and processing facilities. Small and medium-sized companies and NGOs primarily produce open-pollinated (OP) rice (high yielding varieties), vegetables seeds, and seed potatoes. Maize, rice, and vegetable hybrid seeds are primarily produced by large companies. 24 Postharvest and storage. Post-harvest loses in Bangladesh are very extensive, ranging from 13.5% for grain to 40% for fruits and vegetables. The losses occur during the operation of handling, transportation, milling, drying, parboiling, harvesting, field stacking, threshing, and storage. Several types of storage structures are used. Storage of cereals mostly occurs in a heap form in a farmer’s house or barn in one of the following: mud bins, gunny/jute bags, plastic lined hessian/jute sacks, plastic bags and containers, metal bins, brick/masonry structure, metal silos, and cold stores, depending on the type/perishability of the commodity and cash value. Potatoes are stored in naturally ventilated store houses and cold storages located throughout the country.25 Livestock and poultry production. The growing livestock sector comprises about 12% of Bangladesh’s agricultural GDP. Production of milk, meat and eggs has been growing steadily. However, the challenges facing the livestock sector include a shortage of feed and fodder; inadequate supply and coverage of veterinary and animal health services; the need for institutional reforms of the Department of Livestock Services (DLS); problems of quality control in livestock products including drugs, vaccines, pesticides, feeds, and breeding materials; the lack of an organized market; and inadequate sustainable breed development. In the face of these challenges, according to Bangladeshi government research institutions, some technological interventions with improved breed, feed, housing, and management systems have greatly improved meat and egg production in the country. Milk production is on the rise due to increased use of crossbred cows, and small-scale dairy farming has increased due to the introduction of modern milk processing and packaging techniques. Daily milk yields per crossbreed cows have been reported as higher than local breed cows. Reportedly, rearing smallholder poultry increased annual income of rural families using new technologies such as locally available feed ingredients, breeding, hatching and other inputs. Poultry rearing is done mostly by women. Aquaculture. The vibrant fisheries sector in Bangladesh accounts for roughly 23 percent of the agricultural GDP, and about 5% of overall GDP and foreign exchange earnings. With the highest surface water per person ratio in the world and a warm climate through the year, the country has a high fisheries potential. About 13 million people are involved in fisheries as a livelihood.26 Bangladesh has inland open water capture fisheries, inland closed water culture fisheries and marine water fisheries. Inland open waters capture fisheries comprise about 85% of the total fisheries resources and inland closed are about 15%. The pond production often involves polyculture, using mixed species that can make optimum use of the varied feeds and ecological niches that exist in a pond system.27

24 http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Bangladesh%20-

%20Planting%20Seeds%20Report%202014_New%20Delhi_Bangladesh_12-18-2014.pdf 25 http://unapcaem.org/Activities%20Files/A20/3%20Bangladesh.pdf 26 http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_bangladesh/en 27 A background paper on Bangladesh Fisheries Md. Ferdous Alam and Madan Mohan Dey

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About 260 species of freshwater fishes are found in the inland water bodies of Bangladesh. The haors, beels and baors offer tremendous scope and potential to augment fish production by adoption of culture-based fishery enhancement technique. The haors, beels and baors are the main source and reserves of the brood stock of fish. Native crabs, prawn and shrimp farming is undertaken both in fresh and brackish water. Farmers use a ‘gher’ system, which is a modified rice field with a high, broad dike around it and a deep canal to hold water during the dry season. Most gher farmers integrate prawn farming with fish and rice production. Farming in gher is particularly common in the southwest Bangladesh. Most farmers that integrate prawn with fish and rice follow extensive methods using low inputs. Although farmers have improved their social and economic conditions by introducing prawn farming, constraints include high production costs, low supply of wild fry and snail meat as prawn feed, and a lack of technical knowledge of farmers.28 While generally considered relatively environmentally friendly, there has been some debate in Bangladesh about potential negative ecological impacts of the gher systems.29 Figure 3. Floating Fish Cage Construction

Alternatively, cage fish farming, displayed in Figure 3, is another option for women's groups and farmers without land of their own.Fish cages are typically made using cheap materials such as bamboo poles for the outer frame covered in netting with floats, which can be made from reused plastic bottles, added at the corners to let the cages rise and fall in the water. Inside is a "nursery" section made of fine-mesh netting for the younger, more delicate fish. Cages have a top cover to prevent fish jumping and escaping, or being caught by birds. Because the cage floats, it can be installed in any depth of water, and can be accessed even in times of flood. With a capacity of approximately one cubic meter, the cage can hold up to 300 fish at a time. Fish farmers use cages like this for two growing seasons each year, giving their families a constant supply of fish to eat and sell. The fish can be fed on nothing more than scraps and edible waste – duck weed, oil cake, kitchen waste, rice bran and snails – and in just a few months the fish grow to full size and produce more fish. 30 Coastal aquaculture in Bangladesh consists mainly of shrimp farming. While this contributes to rural employment and economic benefits, there are potential negative ecological impacts. Environmental impacts such as mangrove degradation, loss of biodiversity, sedimentation, saltwater intrusion, as well as pollution and disease outbreaks are found to be the main obstacles for the development of sustainable shrimp farming. Inappropriate management practices and inadequate plans regarding water quality, overharvesting of species for seed supply, irrigation facilities and fishery resources uses are the main

28 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13657300802306111#.VMF6JGc3OUk 29 http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/53672/1/137-150.pdf 30 http://practicalaction.org/fish-cage

Source: Practicalaction.org

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reasons for these impacts of shrimp farming. However, these adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated by effective management measures.31 Some Bangladesh fisheries are affected by animal predators such as otters, foxes, and reptiles, and in some of the species fingerling predation. However, increased fishing pressure on Bangladesh water bodies is the most significant concern.

3.3 PESTICIDES AND THE BANGLADESH ENVIRONMENT

Densely populated Bangladesh is home to about 160 million people, with a significant percentage in rural areas. Food scarcity and increasing agricultural productivity continue to be major challenges to meet the demands of the nation's growing population. The agricultural sector in Bangladesh faces many constraints, as detailed in the previous sections. As a direct consequence of these difficult conditions, agriculture has been highly susceptible to crop pest attacks and diseases. Conservative estimates of annual crop losses are in the range of 10-15% without any direct intervention. Pest-control methods are considered essential in all farming systems in Bangladesh to increase food production. Farmers have begun to use more toxic chemicals for pest control that have a reputation of speed and effectiveness. The Government of Bangladesh also promoted the use of pesticides to expand its agricultural frontiers and increase output per acre of land. In the past, subsidies to a varying extent were provided to encourage pesticide use to increase crop yields (Rasul and Thapa, 2003; Hossain 1988) However, in recent years the government policies have focused on encouraging innovative agricultural technologies and fertilizer use. About 75 percent of the population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, making pesticide usage a multimillion dollar industry. The pesticide industry in Bangladesh is comprised of private companies and foreign companies and is represented by the Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA). Total members of the association are around 115.32 To smallholder farmers, pesticides are distributed mainly through retail distributors. A 2009 report published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Extension (MOA-DAE) on pesticide use stated that 89 percent of farmers used medium to strong chemical pesticides for vegetable cultivation. Data from the BCPA shows that, in 2009, 45,172 tons of chemical pesticides were sold in the country compared to 15,632 toss in 2000 - an increase of almost 300 percent. According to IRIN news, despite government efforts to control pesticide misuse, farmers in Bangladesh continue to expose themselves and their communities to high health risks.33 Low living standards and low education levels increase the risks of pesticide use to human health and the environment. Agricultural workers are usually the most affected. Uncontrolled use of pesticides has the potential to have negative human health impacts and cause irreparable damage to Bangladesh fragile environment. Although agricultural soil is the primary recipient of pesticides, surface and ground water bodies adjacent to the agricultural areas are the ultimate recipients of pesticide residues. Agrochemicals residues that are common in the agricultural and aquaculture drains can be very harmful to the aquatic environment. A variety of pesticides and chemicals can be found in Bangladesh fish hatcheries, nurseries and culture farms. Research with fish hatchery owners, nursery and culture farmers showed that many different chemicals were used for different purposes including artificial breeding, pond preparation, water quality management, predator fish control, insect killing, disinfectant and fish disease treatment. Lime and zeolite

31 Impacts of shrimp farming on the coastal environment of Bangladesh and approach for management; M. S. Hossain, M. J. Uddin & A. N. M. Fakhruddin; Reviews in Environmental Science

and Bio/Technology; ISSN 1569-1705, Volume 12; Number 3; Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol (2013) 12:313-332 DOI

10.1007/s11157-013-9311-5 32 http://www.bcpabd.com/ 33 http://www.irinnews.org/report/96223/bangladesh-farmers-not-heeding-pesticide-warnings

http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/CF_14_o_07_Final_Technical_Report-Approved.pdf

http://www.bcpabd.com/Annual_Reports/BCPA_Annual_Report_2010.pdf

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are used for pond preparation and water quality management. Rotenone, Aluminum Phosphide, bleaching powder and Endrin are used as fish toxicants, of which Rotenone is most widely used. Although Endrin is a banned pesticide and Aluminum Phosphide is banned as a fish toxicant, reportedly these are still frequently used. Other pesticides used by farmers include Fenitrothion (Sumithion), Malathion, and Trichlorphon (Dipterex) insecticides; Trifluralin to control aquatic vegetation; and Fentin acetate as a molluscicide. In terms of aquaculture and pesticide use, most marine fish caught in remote coastal areas is dried and cured. Pest infestation occurs during the process of drying, transfer, storage and wholesale or retail marketing. The cured or dried fish is stored in warehouses with high moisture content, particularly during the monsoon season. During infestation the fishermen, wholesalers and retailers spray pesticides on fish. Curers sometimes apply insecticides such as dichlorvos, melathion, and banned chemicals such as endrine, lindane, heptachlor and DDT. Formalin, bleach and ethyl-enediamin-etetra-acetic acid (EDTA) are used as disinfectants on freshly caught fish. Farmers use six types of chemicals to treat fish parasites, namely lime, salt, potash, malachite green, copper sulphate and formalin.34 Use of antibiotics for the treatment of disease is also practiced, but antibiotics are outside the scope of this PERSUAP.

SECTION 4: PER, PART 1: PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS,

PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY

This section provides information that serves as critical input to the 12-factor analysis (per 22 CFR 216.3(b)) undertaken in Section 5. This includes the list of target crops covered and their pest management needs, and candidate pesticides to be assessed. This section also includes information regarding the local context (i.e., knowledge and awareness of pesticide safer use principles) that is critical to decisions regarding which pesticides can be safely used in Bangladesh.

4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET ACTIVITIES

Agricultural production of crops. DO2 (DFAP and FTF), DO3 and DO4 projects focus on a broad range of crops. This PERSUAP emphasizes IPM measures that include biological, mechanical, and best agricultural practices, and, where necessary, chemical pesticides for the following crops:

PROJECTS’ FOCUS CROPS (INCLUDES PRODUCTION, RESEARCH, STORAGE)

Grains Rice

Maize

Wheat

Vegetables

Jute (fiber)

Chili (spice)

Tomato

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Knolkhol (Kohlrabi)

Carrots

Radish

Brinjal (eggplant)

Capsicum (bell peppers)

Okra

Onion

Potato

Taro

Sweet potato (orange fleshed sweet potato)

Green/country beans

Yard long beans

34

http://www.idosi.org/ajbas/ajbas4(4)12/2.pdf

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Oil seed Sunflower

Maize

Leafy vegetables Red amaranth

Stem amaranth

Spinach

Kangkong (water/Indian spinach)

Bati shak (leafy vegetable)

Oil Seed Mustard

Pulses (leguminous crops) Mungbean

Lentils

Groundnuts

Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) Pointed gourd

Bitter gourd

Sweet gourd

Bottle gourd

Snake gourd

Pumpkin

Cucumber

Fruit Coconut

Lemon

Wood apple

Papaya

Strawberry

Sapota (Sapotilla)

Banana

Mango

Water melon

Agricultural research. The agricultural Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP) II, implemented by Cornell University, works on the development of Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant (FSBR) Eggplant and Late Blight Resistant (LBR) Potato. AAPI project research implemented by IFDC is conducted mainly on rice crops. In addition, research is conducted on cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, taro, chili and country bean in collaboration with the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). Research is conducted directly by AAPI or in collaboration with national research institutes such as BARI, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). AAPI project focuses mostly on fertilizers. The AVC project implemented by DAI is conducting research on the identification of industrial/high yielding quality variety seeds for groundnut, pulses, tomato, flower, and jute. The horticulture project implemented by CIP is working on advanced germ-plasm trial of tomato, sweet pepper, and chili through BARI, and private seed companies. This project, in collaboration with BARI, is also aimed at advanced germ-plasm trials of CIP-developed potato and sweet potato,. CIP is also working on varietal adoption in local farming system.

Agricultural seed treatment. Farmers usually purchase already treated seed. Agricultural chemicals commonly used to treat seed include Carboxin, Thiamethoxam, Thiram, Carbendasim, and other chemicals. Purchased treated seed is commonly dyed into bright colors to differentiate it from food products. Reportedly, the treated seed packaging is usually not labeled for the type of treatment applied nor is there warning or information about precautions that need to be taken when handling treated seed. Most planted seed (approximately 80%) is saved grain, vegetable or legume Open Pollination (OP) seed that is planted untreated by farmers. A very small number of farmers are treating this saved OP seed.

The CSISA project, implemented by IRRI, is planning to train farmers to treat seed with Provax (Carboxim + Thiram) or Bavistin (Carbendizim) to control seed borne diseases and emergence pests and diseases (pithium damping off and bean shoot fly). Showing farmers the correct way of using these treatments would improve plant stands and control some diseases. Reportedly, potable water table depths are quite deep in the FTF zone where CSISA works. Soils in many areas are chemically weathered and percolate slowly, thus, the elimination half-life of topical fungicides will likely prevent them from reaching potable water.

47

Stored commodities under FFP. USAID provides development food aid as part of multi-year, development (non-emergency) programs integrated with strategies to address the underlying causes of chronic food insecurity. DFAP projects store and distribute wheat, yellow split peas and vegetable oil. Fumigation of stored commodities is required to be conducted by professional fumigators. Post-harvest and storage: DFAP projects work with farmers and farmer organizations to provide training and recommendations for improved post-harvest practices and storage of agricultural commodities and seeds. Aquaculture: DO2 (FFP and FTF), DO3 and DO4 projects work with farmers on aquaculture that sometimes require the use of pesticides to control predators, unwanted species and overgrowth of unwanted vegetation. The USAID projects work on both reverine and estuarine aquaculture. As a result of declining catches of wild fish due to an increased fishing effort by the growing population as well as environmental degradation, there has been a significant increase in establishing culture fisheries in enclosed waters. FFP projects work on culture pond fisheries growing species such as Carp: Rohu (Labeo rohita); Catla (Catla catla); Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus); Climbing Perch -Koi (Anabas testudineus), Mola (Amblypharyngodon microlepis), Shorputi (Puntius sarana), and Tilapia: (Oreochromis mossambicus) and (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOFISH works on fish farmers’ livelihoods and conservation of the ecosystems in the Padma-Meghna riverine and Meghna estuarine ecosystems. The project is working primarily on Shad - Hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha), but preservation of other species including dolphins is also an important activity of this project. ECOFISH will focus on cage capture in the sheltered areas or oxbow lakes along the rivers and promote alternative livelihoods; the project is not planning to use any chemical pesticides. The project implementers will also focus on preventing illegal practices such as fishing during the ban period and on banning of monofilament fishing gill net (B. Kurrent Jal). DO3 projects, such as SPRING, that focus on food production and nutrition grow Indian and Chinese carp species and emphasize nutrient-rich small indigenous species such as mola, dhela, darkina and other local species in farmers’ diet. DO2 FTF projects work on several species of fish including carp, tilapia, climbing perch, cat fish, mola and shrimp including brackish water black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii).35 Livestock and dairy. DO2 and DO3 projects focus on the production of livestock. For example, the Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions (IAHBI) project is working on poultry and livestock production and on fodder production. The project does not use chemical pesticides for these activities. The FTF project AESA is working on beef fattening and dairy and is not planning on using pesticides. Health services: Numerous DO3 projects provide public health services that include reproductive health services. These projects may require use of antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilizers and indoor pest controls. Grants and Loans: USAID regulations flow down from the direct funds recipients to sub-recipients. Therefore all projects that provide grants and loans for the above activities are responsible for ensuring enforcement of this PERSUAP. The Bangladesh Loan Portfolio Guarantee Program includes in its agreement a requirement to inform USAID when loans are made for provisions of pesticides to ensure compliance with the PERSUAP. All loans are made in accordance with the agreement and are monitored through the online system.

4.2 PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS FOR TARGET ACTIVITIES

35 http://fish.mongabay.com/data/Bangladesh.htm

48

Pest management needs for each target crops, as well as those for seed treatment, preservation of commodities, aquaculture, livestock and poultry and health services, were catalogued using written questionnaires, existing PERSUAPs and desk research. The results on crop-specific pest management needs and suggested control methods are documented in Annex A. Annex A also notes that effective pest management is critical to achieving agricultural productivity objectives for each crop, and while non-chemical control methods have a critical role to play, there is a need for complementary chemical controls in many instances.

4.3 GAP AND IPM PRACTICES

The adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) promotes sustainable agriculture, including IPM, and contributes to improved safety and quality of food and agricultural products, GAP addresses environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes and results in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products (FAO COAG 2003 GAP paper). GLOBALGAP is an internationally recognized set of farm standards, while the European pre-farm gate standard, EUREPGAP, is a standard for the exporters that play a key role in the horticultural value chains supplying European supermarkets. Suppliers to some international markets must be GAP certified. Adoption of IPM and GAP will improve Bangladeshi producers’ export potential. The IPM activity in Bangladesh was initiated in 1981 through the FAO inter-country IPM project in rice. Many other donor-funded projects focusing on rice IPM have occurred since 1981. These projects mostly concentrated on rice IPM and have developed technologies to combat rice insect pests, and undertaken programs for dissemination of these technologies through the Training and Visits (T&V) system. These programs established Farmers Field Schools (FFSs) across the country. Subsequently, efforts were undertaken to develop vegetable IPM through the donor-funded Vegetable IPM project.36 In 2002, the Ministry of Agriculture developed a National IPM policy.37 There is ongoing research on IPM in Bangladesh research institutions, however, the regulatory process, infrastructure and marketing of IPM inputs are still lacking. Bangladesh production practices were organic until the middle of the last century. While the country has moved to use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for higher yield and rapid pest control, some traditional soil amendment and pest management practices are still practiced in the farming culture. Poverty, high cost, availability and access issues may often be the reasons that subsistence farmers may choose not to use synthetic pesticides. Some still rely on indigenous knowledge of botanical pesticides and other natural methods of pest control. Farmers may also choose to minimize pesticide use because

organic farming is getting more popular due to up‐and‐coming awareness of food quality and environmental concerns. One involved organization is the Bangladesh Organic Product Manufacturers Association (BOPMA), which is active in Dhaka. Farmers may choose to use natural plant products such as neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf dust and seed, jute seed, datura leaf, arjuna bark, and insect traps such as light, sticky, natural pheromone and other traps. Farmers also use ash, tobacco, garlic, marigold, lemon grass, mint, onion, ginger, tomato leaf, seeds extract of ata (Annona reticulate) and sharifa (Annona squamosa) leaf, nishinda (Vitex negundo) leaves, and chirata leaves (Swertia chirata) as repellents for pests. Other botanicals used include mahogany seed and bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L). Farmers also use fast growing plants such as Kalo keshori, Boka medulla and Dhol kolmi as live repellent fences and biological controls.38 When IPM principles are followed, pesticides use should be the last resort; however, in some agricutlural communities pesticide use is often seen as a first choice in pest control. The decision to use pesticides is

36 http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rahman.htm 37http://moa.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moa.portal.gov.bd/policies/0256d1b3_ad07_46c8_adc4_6bb2543cdd93/IPM

.pdf 38 http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/217.pdf

49

rarely based on protocols such as action thresholds. For many crops, as soon as a farmer spots a pest, pesticides are used. As a result, more applications are conducted than are necessary. The use of pesticides can be minimized if decision guides are developed based on field verification or trials.

USAID programs promote IPM in Bangladesh and are training farmers and agricultural extension agents in the safe and effective use of pesticides, including biological controls, by using natural enemies that include various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species. Cultural controls that reduce pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival are also practiced. For example, improving the health of the soil can improve plant resilience, and changing irrigation practices can reduce pest problems, since too much water can increase root disease and weeds. Programs encourage farmers to use mechanical and physical controls that kill pests directly or make the environment unsuitable for it. Traps for rodents are examples of mechanical control. Physical controls include mulches for weed management or hedges or barriers such as screens to keep birds or insects out.

Donor programs support activities and develop tools to help farmers learn about IPM, emphasizing that pesticides are used only when needed and in combination with other approaches for more effective, long-term control. IPM approaches also propose that pesticides should be selected and applied in a way that minimizes their possible harm to people and the environment. With IPM, farmers should select pesticide that will do the job effectively and be the safest for other organisms as well as for air, soil, and water quality. Pesticide use encourages practices that use pesticides in bait stations rather than whole field sprays or spot-spraying.39

Pest, flood, and drought resistant seeds are researched and introduced with support from USAID programs. Bangladesh is a promising country in South Asia for biotechnology crop commercialization in the near future. Bangladesh is a party to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and has developed a series of enabling and regulatory frameworks for genetically modified crops management. Research is being conducted on Golden Rice, Bt brinjal, and blight resistant potato, which has gone through greenhouses and two years of field trial. Bangladesh has already approved commercial cultivation of genetically modified eggplant resistant to insect damage, and has become the 29th country in the world to commercially grow a genetically modified crop. Genetic modification of crops is one of the most controversial and polarizing issues in global agriculture. The USAID/Bangladesh funded ABSP II project is focused on biotechnology research, including developing and delivering FSBR eggplant seeds to farmers, and has already compiled and submitted the LBR potato regulatory dossier. Acceptance of the FSBR eggplant received mixed reaction from farmers.

4.4 CURRENT PESTICIDE USE/AVAILABILITY

Bangladesh does not produce any active ingredients (AIs); it only imports and formulates these products. There are approximately eighteen commercial pesticide formulators and re-packagers in the country. Formulators mix various imported active and inactive ingredients to make pesticides. The largest international companies that act as formulators include ACI, Bayer, and Syngenta. These companies have the necessary facilities, R&D and the appropriate staff needed for this process. The majority of the companies are repackagers that buy imported pesticides in bulk ready to use and repack with Bangla language packaging and labels.

The marketing channel of pesticides in Bangladesh consists of pesticide companies, distributors, wholesalers, wholesaler-cum-retailers, retailers and farmers (Sabur and Moila, 2000). There are approximately 115 officially registered companies, including the multinationals. As shown in Figure 4, distributors buy almost all of their products from pesticide companies. However, the pesticide companies also directly sell to wholesalers. Distributors, in turn, sell their products to the wholesalers-cum-retailers,

39 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html

50

retailers and large farmers. Wholesalers sell to retailers as well as farmers. Retailers, in turn, sell their product to farmers, but farmers frequently buy directly from the distributors as well as wholesalers.40 Figure 4. A Simplified Representation of Pesticide Marketing Channels in Bangladesh

In order to increase agricultural output in a food-scarce and densely populated region, pesticide use in Bangladesh has doubled since the early 1990s.41 According to studies, the use of toxic pesticides by Bangladeshi farmers continues to increase significantly. The intensity of pesticide use was found especially high in vegetables, compared to other countries. The overuse of pesticides has been identified as one of the reasons for the decline in the overall export of vegetables from Bangladesh.42 The use of insecticides in Bangladesh typically includes higher toxicity organophosphates and carbamates. Pesticides that have been banned elsewhere in the world and in Bangladesh by international agreements, because of known health and environmental impacts, continue to be widespread in Bangladesh and are also used in fish preservation. Several studies have shown that pesticides are being used inappropriately and that about 47% of the farmers overuse pesticides, with about 50% of pesticides used classified as “very hazardous.”

4.5 AVAILABLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AND

APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

Very few small-scale producers have access to, can afford, or will choose to use Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) when mixing and applying pesticides. Larger-scale certified estate farms have PPE and ensure that their farm workers wear PPE. Most village and city agrodealers/retailers do not stock any appropriate PPE. A paper or cloth filter mask sometimes accompanies backpack sprayer purchases. Research has shown that 85-90% of farmers are not accustomed to wearing any protection during pesticide application. Farmers in Bangladesh report discomfort from wearing full body protective equipment in the hot and humid climate as a reason for not using any protection. It has been shown that social learning from peers can potentially influence the adoption of health technology in agriculture.43 According to some publications, including the bulletins from the Bangladesh Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (AEDCR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and research conducted by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), pesticide poisoning related deaths represented 8% of all hospital deaths for people aged 15-49 years in 2009. However, pesticide poisoning among children may be underreported in Bangladesh since many poisonings are unintentional and the exposure to pesticides may be unrecognized. A recent article in Bangladesh Daily Star claimed that farmers sometimes use 15 times the recommended limit because a third of the pesticides are sub-standard quality.

40http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:22302552~pagePK:64214825~

piPK:64214943~theSitePK:469382,00.html 41 http://btbrinjal.tumblr.com/pesticides 42 http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---3862.htm 43 http://faculty.washington.edu/hgwolff/AlamWolff.pdf

51

Figure 5. A Bangladesh Worker Spraying Pesticide

Source: the Daily Star Front Page, Friday, February 27, 201544

4.6 PESTICIDE KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

Research conducted by the University of Washington has produced findings about informational sources for the dissemination of pesticide information in Bangladesh. According to the authors, Shamma Adeeb Alam and Hendrik Wolff, in Bangladesh there are three major information sources that disseminate pest prevention knowledge: pesticide sellers, government field extension workers and social learning amongst peer farmers. It has been often been hypothesized that pesticide sellers in developing countries may misguide farmers by convincing them to purchase excessive quantities of often more toxic pesticides that lead to severe health outcomes. This view is particularly prevalent within state agencies and institutions of the United Nations such as the UK Department of International Development (DFID), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Hainsworth and Eden-Green, 2000; Vapnek et al., 2007; Aitio, et al., 2006). This is in contrast, however, to the idea that pesticide sellers, who also distribute fertilizers, aim to maintain a long term relationship with clients and not to mislead them for short-term profits. The research found that farmers who obtain advice from the pesticide sellers increasingly adopt precautionary tools (where available) and are less likely to become ill. These same farmers also show a heightened concern regarding the long term cancer risk of pesticide exposure. Farmers also receive information from agricultural field extension workers. The Bangladesh Ministry of Agriculture trains extension workers to i) disseminate information on handling pesticides, ii) educate farmers on the need to wear protective equipment (such as masks, glasses, boots) while spraying, and iii) promote IPM techniques (Rahman 2003; Ricker-Gilbert et al., 2008; Department of Environment, 2007). The government considers these programs to be a success to date (Rahman, 2003). Training for safe pest management is provided by the Department of Agricultural Extension through the Integrated Pest Management project (IPM), initiated in the 1980s by FAO. In 2011, some 900,000 farmers received IPM training out of 12 million farming families in Bangladesh. However, some researchers claimed that they

44 http://www.thedailystar.net/pesticides-used-15-times-the-limit-41185

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/rap/files/epublications/BangladeshedocFINAL.pdf

http://www.thedailystar.net/pesticides-used-15-times-the-limit-41185

52

did not find evidence that training by the governmental field extension has any measurable influence on precautionary behavior on the average farmer. In addition, farmers reportedly discuss pest management strategies with neighboring peers. A growing literature (Foster and Rosenzweig 1995; Munshi 2004; Conley and Udry 2010) demonstrates that farmers learn about new technologies (i.e., new varieties of seeds and fertilizers) from the experience of their peers.45 However, it was also found that the ‘average’ peer has a negligible effect on farmer’s behavior, but the learning effect is strong when information is provided by a peer that is considered trained and educated. While the fraction of these trained peers is still very small in these communities, they serve as important social multipliers into the farmers’ network. Farmers also receive extension services and training and awareness building in human health and ecological risks and safety practices regarding pesticides from non-governmental extension services (NGOs) funded by private sector and donors.

4.7 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND PESTICIDE DEALERS

The agricultural extension system in Bangladesh encompasses governmental, nongovernmental and private sector agencies. These Extension Service Providers (ESP) are in the business of providing agricultural advice to farmers: Non Government Organizations (NGOs) traditionally provide advice to farmer groups allied to the provision of micro-credit for income generation, favoring to target their services towards women and smaller farm operators. The largest NGO ESPs include BRAC, Proshika and Caritas, each of which operates fairly discrete specialist services such as establishing a poultry business or social forestry. Government Organizations (GOs) traditionally provide services to male farmers operating larger farm holdings. Historically they have used a one-to-one basis for providing advice. The largest GO ESP is the MoA’s Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), which has approximately 15,000 field level Block Supervisors (called Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers, SAAOs). The SAAO’s are assigned to “blocks,” of which there are approximately three per Union, and may contain on the order of 2000 to 4000 households. Traditionally, DAE concentrates on providing crop advice to small/medium farmers (who operate 60% of land, but only represent 22% of farmers). Separate GO agencies deal with advice on livestock (the Department of Livestock Services), fisheries (the Department of Fisheries) or tree crops (the Forest Department).46 These departments do not maintain the same extensive number of field agents as DAE, but rather maintain a few officer level staff at the Upazila level. All three extension agencies are significantly under-resourced and agents reportedly receive very little to no technical support and funding for their work. The MoA-DAE agents’ job descriptions list extensive technical and administrative responsibilities. However, these listing do not typically address the responsibility for training farmers in minimizing human health and ecological risks of their activities, particularly pesticides use. Pesticide dealers. Although farmers obtain advice from the pesticide sellers, most of the retailers, according to the AIP project, do not maintain a list of cancelled products in their shops, and only a few of the retailers maintain a list of approved products. Many of the products sold do not have clear labels; in particular, treated seed and small-size containers have labels that are difficult to read. Wholesalers and distributors do not avail retailers of the full product information and do not provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Copies of product description provided are sometimes ineligible.

4.8 LIST OF CANDIDATE PESTICIDES

45 http://faculty.washington.edu/hgwolff/AlamWolff.pdf 46http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/Agriculture/reports/The%20Results%20of%20a%20National%20Extension%20Coverage%20

Survey.pdf

53

The final input to the PER analysis is the full list of candidate pesticides analyzed for this PERSUAP (i.e., the pesticides being evaluated for suitability of procurement or use, or support with USAID funding). A broad number of pesticides were requested by USAID/Bangladesh implementing partners. These pesticides, as addressed in this PERSUAP, are listed below. IP’s Requested Active Ingredients for agricultural production, agricultural research, use of dressed seed, storage and preservation of agricultural commodities by Title II programs and farmers and by input value chain development activities:

COMPILED LIST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT

(AIS) REQUESTED BY ALL PROJECTS

TYPE OF PRODUCT

2,4-D acids, salts, amines (2,4-

Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; 2,4-Dimethyl

amine, 2,4-Dimethylamine salt)

Herbicide, Plant growth regulator

Abamectin/Vermectin Insecticide, Acaricide47, Nematicide, Veterinary

substance

Acephate Insecticide

Acetamiprid Insecticide

Alpha-cypermethrin Insecticide, Veterinary substance

Aluminum Phosphide Fumigant, Rodenticide

Amitraz Insecticide, Acaricide, Veterinary substance

Azadirachtin (extract of neem oil) Insecticide, Fungicide, Acaricide

Azoxystrobin Fungicide

Bensulfuron-methyl Herbicide

Beta-cypermethrin Insecticide, Veterinary substance

Bifenthrin Insecticide, Acaricide

Bispyribac Sodium Herbicide

Bromadiolone Rodenticide

Buprofezin Insecticide, Acaricide

Carbaryl Insecticide, Plant growth regulator

Carbendazim Fungicide

Carbofuran Insecticide, Nematicide, Acaricide

Carbosulfan Insecticide, Nematicide

Carboxin Fungicide

Carfentrazone-ethyl Herbicide

Cartap

hydrochloride

Insecticide

Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR) Insecticide

Chlorfenapyr Insecticide, Acaricide

Chlorothalonil Fungicide

Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos ethyl Insecticide

Copper Fungicide ingredient

Copper hydroxide Fungicide, Bactericide

Copper oxychloride Fungicide, Repellent

Copper sulfate/ Tri basic copper sulfate Fungicide, Algicide, Bactericide

Cyhalofop-butyl Herbicide

Cymoxanil Fungicide

Cypermethrin Insecticide, Veterinary substance

Cyproconazole Fungicide

Deltamethrin Insecticide, Veterinary substance

47

Acaricides are pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acari

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite

54



TYPE OF PRODUCT

Diazinon Insecticide, Acaricide, Repellent, Veterinary substance

Dichloran/DCNA Fungicide

Difenoconazole Fungicide

Dimethoate Insecticide, Acaricide

Dimethomorph Fungicide

Emamectin/ Emamectin Benzoate Insecticide (Abamectin derivative)

Esfenvalerate Insecticide

Ethoxysulfuron Herbicide

Fenamidone Fungicide

Fenitrothion Insecticide

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Herbicide

Fenpropathrin Insecticide

Fenthion Insecticide

Fenvalerate Insecticide

Fipronil Insecticide, Acaricide, Veterinary action

Flubendiamide Insecticide

Fosetyl aluminum Fungicide

Gamma-cyhalothrin Insecticide

Glyphosate Herbicide

Hexythiazox Miticide, Ovicide

Imidachloprid Insecticide, Veterinary substance

Indoxacarb (S-isomer) Insecticide

Iprodione Fungicide

Iprovalicarb Fungicide

Isoproturon Herbicide

Lambda-cyhalothrin Insecticide

Lufenuron Insecticide, Acaricide, Veterinary substance

Malathion Insecticide, Acaricide, Veterinary substance

Mancozeb Fungicide

Mandipropamid (MPD) Fungicide

MCPA

2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid

Herbicide

Mefenacet Herbicide

Mefenoxam/Metalaxyl-M Fungicide

Metalaxyl Fungicide

Methomyl Insecticide, Acaricide

Metiram complex Fungicide

Metribuzin Herbicide

Nicosulfuron Herbicide

Orthosulfamuron Herbicide

Oryzalin Herbicide

Oxadiargyl Herbicide

Oxadiazon Herbicide

Pendimethalin Herbicide

Penoxsulam Herbicide

Phosphorous acid Fungicide (oomycetes), Fertilizer

Pirimiphos-methyl Insecticide, Acaricide

Pretilachlor Herbicide

Profenofos Insecticide, Acaricide

Propamocarb/ Propamocarb hydrochloride Fungicide

Propanil Herbicide

Propargite Acaricide

Propiconazole Fungicide

Propineb Fungicide

55



TYPE OF PRODUCT

Pymetrozine Insecticide

Pyraclostrobin Fungicide

Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl Herbicide

Quaternary Ammonium Microbicide

Quinclorac Herbicide

Quizalofop-p-ethyl Herbicide

Spinosad Insecticide (Micro-organism derived)

Spirotetramat Insecticide

Streptomycin sulfate Antibiotic (bacteria/fungi/algae)

Sulfur Miticide/Insecticide

Tebuconazole Fungicide, Plant growth regulator

Tetraconazole Fungicide

Thiacloprid Insecticide, Molluscicide

Thiamethoxam Insecticide

Thiophanate methyl Fungicide

Thiram-

tetramethylthiuram disulfide

Fungicide

Tri Basic Copper Sulphate/copper sulfate Fungicide, Algicide, Bactericide

Triasulfuron Herbicide

Tridemorph Fungicide

Trifloxystrobin Fungicide

Zinc Phosphide Rodenticide

Zineb Fungicide

Biopesticides requested by IPs for biological/cultural control of pests in agricultural production and storage: Neem oil and neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica) Natural plant

Mahagony seeds (Swietenia mahagoni) Natural plant

Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L.) Natural plant

Dolkalmi (Ipomea carnea) Natural plant

Tomato Leaf Natural plant

Ata/Sharifa/Sugar apple (Annona squamosa) Natural plant

Cuelure (Q-lure, Cue-lure) Pheromone traps (eg 4-

(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone)

Parapheromone

Methyl-eugenol Parapheromone/aromatic extract

Pesticides requested by IPs for cultural control of pests in agricultural production and storage: Naphthalene Fumigant/insecticide/repellant

Bordeaux mixture (combination of copper sulfate,

lime, and water)

Insecticide, Algaecide, Bactericide

Active Ingredients requested for disinfection of ponds and predator control in aquaculture activities: Lime (calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide when

mixing calcium oxide in water)

Bactericide/Bacteriostat

Calcium hypochlorite Disinfectant/sterilizer/algaecide

Rotenone Piscicide

Active Ingredients requested by IPs for health and sanitation activities: Iodine/Iodophors

Chlorhexidine/ Chlorhexidine gluconate

Alcohol (isopropyl)

Common antiseptics

56

Creosote oil (contains carbolic acid, creosol and

other homologues of phenol)


Disinfectant/sterilizer

Hydrochloric acid 10% Disinfectant/sterilizer (contained in household

cleaning products)

Naphthalene Fumigant/insecticide/repellant

Prallethrin (ETOC) Insecticide (in aerosol spray product)

Phenothrin/d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin) Insecticide (in aerosol spray product)

AIs requested by IPs for storage and preservation of Title II Agricultural commodities: Aluminum Phosphide Fumigant Insecticide, Rodenticide

Chloropyrifos Insecticide

Cypermethrin Insecticide

Pirimphos-Methyl Insecticide, Acaricide

Pesticide Products requested by IPs for agricultural production, agricultural research, use of manufacturer dressed seed, storage and preservation of agricultural commodities:

PESTICIDE PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S) COMMENTS*

Actara 25 WG Thiamethoxam AI very toxic to aquatic life with

long lasting effects (review MSDS)

Actellic Pirimphos-Methyl Note that Actellic 2% Dust

product of Bangladesh

Manufacturers Limited is on list of

Cancelled products in Bangladesh.

Identify product and review MSDS.

Admire 200SL Imidachlorpid This product is highly toxic to

bees exposed to direct treatment.

Do not use when plants are

flowering.

Affinity 50.75WP Carfentrazone-ethyl +

Isoproturon

Isoproturon is not registered by

USEAPA. This product is rejected

for use by this PERSUAP.

Agriphos Aluminum Phosphate This product is approved for use

only by trained and registered

warehouse fumigation pest control

specialists for protection of Title II

commodities.

Arrivo 10 EC Cypermethrin Suspected adverse long term

chronic effects with prolonged

exposure.

Assurance 600 WG Mancozeb + Fenamidone Not acutely toxic, mancozeb is a

potential carcinogen,

developmental or reproductive

toxin, and suspected endocrine

disruptor. It is also a potential

ground water contaminant.

Pregnant women should avoid

contact with this product.

Fenamidone is also potential

groundwater contaminant. This

product should not be used where

ground water is known to be high.

Basudin 10 G Diazinon This product is on the list of

cancelled products in Bangladesh.

57

Moderate acute toxicity; Potential

for negative chronic effects

(nervous system, development and

reproductive toxin) and a potential

ground water pollutant. Products

containing this AI should be

avoided by pregnant women.

Bavistin DF Carbendazim Unlikely to present an acute

hazard with no verified chronic

effects.

Belt 24 WG Flubendiamide Slight acute toxicity, chronic

toxicity - possible liver, thyroid &

kidney toxicant

Champion 50 WP or 77 WP Copper hydroxide Slightly hazardous. Too much

copper in drinking water can have

detrimental health effects,

especially on children under one

year old.

Confidor 70 WG Imidacloprid This product is highly toxic to



flowering.

Cupravit Copper oxychloride Slightly hazardous. Too much

copper in drinking water can have

detrimental health effects,

especially on children under one

year old.

Cuproxat 345 SC Copper Sulphate/Tri Basic

Copper Sulphate

This product is classified as I-

Danger - Highly toxic by EPA and

as II Moderately Toxic by WHO.

Copper sulphate can cause

irreversible damage to eyes.

Dithane M45 Mancozeb Not acutely toxic, mancozeb is a

potential carcinogen,

developmental or reproductive

toxin, and suspected endocrine

disruptor. It is also a potential

ground water contaminant.

Pregnant women should avoid

contact with this product.

Fielder 580 EC 2, 4-D Amine This product may be classified I-

Danger - Highly toxic by EPA

because the AI can cause

irreversible eye damage. It is

classified as II-Moderately Toxic by

WHO. Review the label before

using this product. Products

classified as Highly Toxic should

not be used without proper

training and appropriate PPE.

Folicur® 250 EC Tebuconazole This product is moderately

hazardous

Imitaf 20 SL Imidachloprid This product is highly toxic to



flowering. It has moderate acute

toxicity.

Malamar 57 EC Malathion Moderately toxic, with potential to

cause damage to the nervous

system with prolonged exposure

of farm workers. Chronic level of

58

exposure to malathion can occurs

through ingestion of contaminated

food or water.

Melody Duo 66.8 WP Propineb + Iprovalicarb Both AIs are rejected and

therefore this product is rejected

by this PERSUAP.

Ostaad/Ustaad Cypermethrin Suspected adverse long term


exposure.

Panida 33 EC Pendimethalin Slightly toxic. Suspected adverse

long term chronic effects with

prolonged exposure.

Provax 200 Carboxin+Thiram Slightly toxic to mammals but very

toxic to fish.

Quick fume Aluminum Phosphide Quick fume is on the list of

cancelled products in Bangladesh.

Aluminum Phosphide is approved

only for use in protection of Title

II agricultural commodities when

used by certified fumigators.

Ridomil Gold Metalaxyl-M/Mefenoxam

+Mancozeb

There is a broad variety of Ridomil

Gold products. In general, Ridomil

products are of slight to moderate

toxicity and have adverse chronic

effects. Ridomil products should

not be used by pregnant women

and where water table is high.

Rifit Pretilachlor Not likely to cause acute or

chronic problems. Is moderately

toxic to fish.

Ripcord 10 EC Cypermethrin Suspected adverse long term


exposure.

Roundup Glyphosate (isopropylamine

salt)

There is no indication of any

human health concerns about this

product. Nevertheless, questions

regarding glyphosate safety are

periodically raised.

Rovral 50 WP Iprodione Slight acute toxicity. Potential

carcinogen. Moderate risk to the

environment.

Sanphos Aluminum Phosphide Aluminum Phosphide is approved

for use only in protection of Title

II agricultural commodities when

used by certified fumigators. All

other uses of this AI/product are

rejected.

Secure 600 WG Mancozeb + Fenamidone Mancozeb is a potential

carcinogen, developmental or

reproductive toxin, and suspected

endocrine disruptor. It is also

potential ground water

contaminant. Pregnant women

should avoid contact with this

product. Fenamidone is

moderately toxic with suspected

adverse chronic effects. It is very

toxic to fish.

Sevin dust Carbaryl This product is moderately toxic

59

but has potential for adverse

chronic effects including

reproductive/developmental

effects, endocrine and nervous

system disruption. It is also a

potential carcinogen. Pregnant

women should not be using this

product.

Sunrice Ethoxysulfuron This AI is not registered by

USEPA. This product is rejected

by this PERSUAP.

Suntuf 50 SP

Cartap

Hydrochloride

There are no USEPA registered

products with this ingredient. This

AI/product is rejected by this

PERSUAP.

Super power Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl This AI is not registered by USEPA

and the AI/product is rejected by

this PERSUAP.

Thiovit 80WP Sulphur Slightly toxic to mammals. Can be

irritating to eyes, nose and throat.

Toxic to fish.

Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole Moderate acute toxicity, potential

developmental/reproductive toxin.

Moderate ecotoxicity.

Topstar Oxadiargyl This active ingredient is not

registered by USEPA, and the AI

and product are rejected by this

PERSUAP

Tufgur Dimethoate Moderate acute toxicity, potential

developmental reproductive toxin,

potential nervous system toxin. It

is highly toxic to honeybees and

can be highly toxic to birds.

Voliam Flexi ® 300 SC Chlorantraniliprole+

Thiametoxam

Chlorantraniliprole is not acutely

toxic. Health effects on liver and

kidneys have been documented. It

is practically non-toxic to fish but

extremely toxic to other aquatic

organisms, both fresh water and

marine. Thiametoxam is highly

toxic to bees.

Products requested by IPs for aquaculture activities:

Dipterex Trichlorfon/Metrifonate AI not approved/registered in

Bangladesh. This AI is toxic to fish

and aquatic organisms. Some

products have been taken off the

market. Dipterex was cancelled in

Bangladesh. This AI is not

approved by USEPA for use in an

aquatic environment.

Noxfish Rotenone Bangladesh Ministry of Agriculture

addresses only pesticides used in

crop production and health.

Noxfish is available in the US but it

is a RUP product due to its high

toxicity to fish. This product

degrades quickly under warm,

sunny conditions and therefore is

60

not likely to cause environmental

damage unless released directly

into environment. It is moderately

toxic to humans. Some studies

have linked Rotenone to Parkinson

disease.

Sumithion Fenitrothion This AI is approved in Bangladesh

for agricultural uses.

It is not approved by USEPA for

aquaculture use. Fenitrothion AI

products frequently used in

Bangladesh, such as Sumithion,

are marine pollutants and toxic to

fish. Use in closed ponds needs to

consider that previous molecular

studies have reported that

fenitrothion bioaccumulates in the

brain, liver, muscle, and blood of

exposed fish.48

Study of development disorders

caused by insecticides emphasizes

the links between the

concentrations of toxins and

dysfunction in normal

development from embryonic to

puberty periods. Impairment in

normal development and growth

may reduce the fish’s survival

chance.49

Products requested by IPs for health services activities:

Mosfly Fik Aerosol

Prallethrin+d-phenothrin This product is an aerosol for

control of household pests

approved for use in Bangladesh. It

is moderately toxic to people and

very toxic to bees, fish and other

aquatic organisms. Proper safer

use precautions when using this

product must be taken.

48 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es103814d 49 http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/27801.pdf

61

SECTION 5: PER, PART 2: THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS

This section integrates the information compiled in Section 4 into the analysis of the 12 factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b) to assess the candidate pesticides for use/support with USAID funds, and to determine the specific conditions attendant to their use. FACTOR A: US EPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES

In Bangladesh, the use of pesticides is limited to AIs and products approved and registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Extension (MOA-DEA). The most recent list of registered agricultural, bio pesticides and public health pesticides in Bangladesh, approved up to the 65th pesticide technical advisory committee meeting, is found in Annexes D.1 and D.2. Annex D.3 contains a list of products that were cancelled in Bangladesh. The cancelled pesticide list does not specify active ingredients of the cancelled products. The approved pesticide list does not address pesticide use needs for other practices such as storage of commodities, treatment of ectoparasistes in livestock, aquaculture, ornamental gardens maintenance, aquaculture, construction wood treatment or other sectors in which pesticides are commonly used. The list is updated yearly as new AIs and products come to market or are cancelled. The updated list is published in a booklet form by MOA-DEA. In the U.S., the USEPA regulates pesticides through FIFRA, as amended. USAID programs are limited to procuring, using and/or supporting the use of pesticides containing active ingredients products registered by the USEPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because a few of the crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the U.S. Therefore, pesticides may not be registered for the “exact” use anticipated by the USAID project. Moreover, the EPA designates some products as RUPs. The USEPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label. In the US, the pesticides and active ingredients that are labeled RUP can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification (such as for row crops, or tree crops, or structural pests, etc.) 22 CFR 216 requires a full environmental assessment before use of a RUP can be supported with USAID funds, except for RUPs so designated solely for reason of user hazard. RUPs designated solely for reason of user hazard can be authorized for procurement or use, or both, with USAID funding on the basis of a user hazard analysis in the PERSUAP. In this case, the recipient government must be made aware of the hazard, and a mitigation action will be made and implemented with additional technical assistance. The analysis of smallholder pesticide knowledge and awareness in Bangladesh (see section 4.6) indicates that it would not be appropriate to authorize USAID funds to support user-hazard RUPs for smallholders use; see discussion under Factor B “Basis for Selection.” RUP pesticides are allowed on these programs only with a caveat that they will be used, recommended for use, or supported for use by trained and certified pest control specialists. Training and certification must be recognized by the Bangladesh government authorities. Table B-2 (Annex B) provides the EPA registration status of all candidate pesticides, including whether a pesticides is designated a RUP. Under this Factor A analysis, any pesticides that are not registered in Bangladesh or are not EPA-registered are disallowed. FACTOR B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDES

The following criteria were applied to develop the final list of approved pesticides. These criteria are applied over the remaining factors of this PER analysis: Bangladesh Registration Status. Pesticides must have an active registration in Bangladesh, which has an effective pesticide registration process. Only crop production and public health pesticides are regulated and registered solely by the Ministry of Agriculture.

62

USEPA Registration Status. Pesticides must have active registration in the US for the same or similar crops and pests. Toxicity/Safety. Pesticide selection must be appropriate not only to the Bangladesh context but also to the targeted beneficiaries. USAID programs work mostly with smallholder farmers. This context is characterized by:

Effective pesticide enforcement is in nascent stages;

Scarcity of affordable, comfortable PPE (It must be assumed that smallholder farmers in Bangladesh will wear only the most basic of protective clothing and equipment);

Limited implementation of good plant health, soil health, and water management practices;

Limited understanding of IPM theory or principles;

Limited ability to read or comprehend pesticide labels and safety warnings due to illiteracy;

Inability to properly identify pests, their population levels, and economic thresholds;

Inadequate knowledge about pesticides and their dangers;

Potential use of poor quality and adulterated pesticides. Because of the limited knowledge about the hazards of pesticide use, little availability of personal protective equipment, and absence of government oversight capability, only class III and IV pesticides can be endorsed for use by smallholders. Additional scrutiny is placed on class II products, which are endorsed only in the following limited circumstances: 1. The classification is for irritation rather than toxicity per se (e.g., azadirachtin) 2. The classification is for products with higher concentrations of the AI, so if available products/formulations are known to be lower concentration, or lower concentrations formulations are mandated, they will fall into class III. 3. When the mode of use (e.g., restriction to seed treatment) limits adverse human or eco-toxicological effects. FTF programs are developing the agricultural sector to spur economic success. These programs are applying a new model in order to turn agriculture into a viable business, rather than only for subsistence purposes,. FTF programs are developing agro-businesses that can both provide and use professional pest control services. USEPA-registered Toxicity Class II pesticides are generally approved for use by these programs, but only by trained and certified pest control specialists. Excluded from use are USEPA Toxicity Class I (extremely toxic) AIs. Also excluded from use are AIs that are internationally-classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) or as Prior Informed Consent (PIC) chemicals by the Rotterdam Convention, and known carcinogens. In accordance with the Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) guidelines for Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity, when Aluminum Phosphide is used for protection of agricultural commodities, an USEPA Toxicity I pesticide is approved for use. This approval applies only to use by formally trained, certified and registered pest control specialists. Need. The pesticide must serve a known pest management need for target USAID/Bangladesh activities; as stated above, both current and potential future needs were considered. Efficacy in local circumstances. Pesticides must be shown to be effective for crops/seeds, storage, and aquaculture under climates/conditions similar to those found in USAID/Bangladesh intervention areas. Availability. Pesticides must be available in Bangladesh. Pesticides procured or supported with USAID funds must be legal (registered) in the host country. Each pesticide endorsed for use under this PERSUAP was re-evaluated against these criteria over the course of the 12-factor analysis presented in this PER.

63

FACTOR C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS PART OF AN IPM

PROGRAM

IPM practices include:

Biological control (biocontrol): the reduction of pest numbers by predators, parasites, or pathogens

Cultural control: the use of farming or cultural practices associated with crop production that make the environment less favorable for survival, growth, or reproduction of pest species

Physical and mechanical control: the application of direct or indirect measures that kill the pest, disrupt its physiology other than by chemical means, exclude it from area, or adversely alter the pest's environment

Host-plant resistance: the use of and development of plants that are resistant to attack by insects, disease organisms, nematodes, or birds

Regulator control: the prevention of the entry and establishment of undesirable plant and animal pests in a country or area and eradication, containment, or suppression of pests already established in limited areas (quarantines); and

Chemical control: the control of pests by the use of pesticides Implementing partners are promoting IPM practices in their activities through demonstrations and direct trainings of farmers, input dealers and extension agents. At the research level, IPM is being researched and rigorously promoted by USAID projects and Bangladesh agricultural research institutions including the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) and other institutions. USAID-funded agricultural research that introduces and promotes resistant seeds and minimizes disease decreases the need for use of pesticides. On the other hand, the increased cropping intensity and High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of crops and minimal till agriculture may necessitate more use of pesticides. Almost all Bangladesh programs introduce IPM practices to farmers and suggest methods for non-chemical controls. IPs responses about their IPM practices are included in Annex A of this PERSUAP. For example, the IFDC implemented the AAPI project that has organized IPM clubs where farmers learn activities from sowing of seed to harvesting and management of pest and diseases. After this training, farmers are expected to adopt IPM and are encouraged to use biological/natural products. Generally FFP programs that work with smallholders, especially with women, promote small scale crop production within the limits of the homesteads. Farmers in FFP programs utilize natural methods of pest control and are not encouraged by the projects to use chemical herbicides or insecticides for production or storage. The strategy of USAID partners working with farmers is to stress agronomic improvements based on the adoption of better varieties, agronomic practices, and using indigenous pest control practices that avoid synthetic petroleum-based pesticides. This is a viable strategy for projects when the target is the most marginalized farm communities. Due to the weak extension services and lack of reasonably priced pesticides in rural areas, many farmers in these communities underapply pesticides, while other farmers misapply or overapply pesticides due to lack of knowledge. Organic fertilizer and indigenous pesticides based on locally available plants, developed for home gardens and extended to field crops, often prove to be too labor-intensive as agricultural fields increase in size. Thus, IPM recommendations must stress pest recognition and a few well-timed applications rather than farmers applying blanket protection from seeding to harvest. For promotion of IPM, pesticide accounting programs and decision tools for use of common pesticides need to be implemented by the programs.

http://www.bari.gov.bd/

http://www.brri.gov.bd/


64

IPM is a systematic plan which brings together different pest control tactics into one program. 50 Direct pesticide use and direct extension activities by USAID/Bangladesh programs will be governed by IPM-based crop- and pest-specific pest management plans (PMPs). The crop-by-crop pest and control measures tables in Annex A are intended to serve as suggestions and drafts of these plans, which will be refined by the agriculture sector implementing partners. PMPs will necessarily be at a level of technical complexity appropriate to the local context, but will embody core IPM principles, including emphasis on use of non-chemical controls (building on existing practices, see section 4.3), with need-based, targeted use of relative-least-toxicity pesticides. All programs engaged in aquaculture encourage farmers to minimize use of chemicals and promote natural fish and shrimp farming methods. Pesticides are usually not used or used only as a last resort. Aquaculture projects emphasize production focusing on improving pond dynamics that are affected by water quality. Factors such as pH and dissolved oxygen affect fish health and pond productivity. The project materials provide technical assistance on proper pond construction and watershed management, removal of unwanted and overpopulated species of fish to maintain balance, liming and/or fertilization, appropriate fish species selection and stocking, harvest and record keeping, evaluation of pond balance, and weed control. Prevention is emphasized as the best way to reduce water weed problems. Constructing ponds and lakes with steep slopes that drop quickly into deep water reduces weed growth. Construction of a sediment basin upstream from a pond or lake helps reduce the sediment and nutrient loads entering a water body. Support for formal agricultural education will fully incorporate IPM as the basis for effective pest management. IPs will often have far less than full control over the actions of beneficiaries in the field. In these situations, IPs should promote and support PMP-based pest management to the greatest extent practicable.

FACTOR D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING

THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Crop Protection. As part of the SUAP (Section 6.4), farmers must be trained in effective, safe and efficient application. To get the best results using the least amount of pesticides, different application methods are appropriate. The methods used will depend on the type of the crop, pest and pesticide formulation. The method of application must be always consistent with the label. Application methods include:

Band application: applying pesticide in parallel strips or bands, such as between row of crops rather than uniformly over the entire field.

Basal application: directs herbicides to the lower portions of brush or small trees to control vegetation.

Broadcast application: uniform application of pesticide to an entire area of the field.

Direct spray application specifically targets the pest to minimize pesticide contact with non-target plants and animals.

Foliar application: directs pesticides to leafy part of the plant.

Soil application: places pesticides directly on or in the soil rather than on the plant.

Soil incorporation: is the use of tillage, rain or irrigation to incorporate pesticide into the soil.

Spot treatment: is the application of pesticides to a distinct area.51 Farmers in Bangladesh usually apply pesticides using hand-held or backpack sprayers. Reportedly they do not tend to hire professional services and do not organize to hire professional services. While professional pest control is available to large farmers, in the rural areas there is practically no fee-for-service or

50 http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppatmanual.html 51 http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppat_manual/Chapter%209.pdf

65

cooperative spraying. Extension services may provide services in cases of pandemic. In some situations extension agents also provide help with fixing leaking spraying equipment free-of-charge. Training provided to farmers emphasizes using a complete set of protective equipment including a body suit, goggles, face mask, and rubber gloves. Most Bangladesh farmers, despite being trained to wear protective equipment, reportedly do not comply. The reasons for non-compliance include lack of funds, lack of available equipment , and uncomfortable and cumbersome PPE that are difficult to wear in hot and humid weather. In the rural areas, at best one can find paper masks and disposable gloves at larger pharmacies. The Agricultural Inputs Project (AIP), implemented by CNFA, established an Agro Input Retailers Network (AIRN), a member-driven association, to serve the specific needs of retailers and provide business and technical training and certification. AIRN requires its accredited member retailers to either: a) sell at very minimum paper masks and gloves, or b) post information on where one can buy equipment such as respirators, goggles and appropriate body covering attire. Projects should promote and support development of professional spray/application teams that can be hired by farmers. These teams can be more efficiently trained to wear protective equipment. Seed protection. Most farmers in Bangladesh do not treat seed (saved or purchased) with protectant pesticides, but instead buy treated seed. Most vegetable seed comes ready with colored seed treatment pesticides on them; some maize and wheat seed is treated. The treatment of seeds with fungicides is completed by seed companies with AI such as Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiamethoxam (Cruiser), Thiram, Carbendazim (Amcozim, Bavistin, Knowin) and their combinations. Treated seed is not always properly labeled and the packaging does not identify AI/products used in their treatment. The packaging may also not provide the required and necessary caution statements and safety guidelines for handling seed treated with pesticides. Farmers that procure and handle pesticide-treated seed must receive proper training and use appropriate PPE such as dust masks, goggles, gloves and appropriate attire to protect them from body contact with pesticides. They also need to learn about ecological risks and how to mitigate risks to the environment. The CSISA project implemented by IRRI will teach farmers to control seed borne diseases and emergence pests and diseases (pithium damping off and bean shoot fly) by applying fungicides such as Provax (Carboxim + Thiram) or Bavistin (Carbendizim). Showing farmers the correct way to use these fungicides should improve plant stands and control some diseases. This approach will also require training farmers in safe application and use of pesticides and pesticide treated seed. Minimal till agriculture. Herbicides are sometimes used when the project is demonstrating minimal till agriculture. The most frequent application of herbicides occurs in row-crop farming, where they are applied before or during planting to maximize crop productivity by minimizing other vegetation. Herbicide applications will depend on the type of herbicide and crop. Title II commodities protection. In warehouses, DFAP programs Nobo-Jibon, Shouhardo II and PROSHAR use fumigation. Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation). Also used in DFAP warehouses is crack and crevice application, which is the placement of small amounts of pesticides into cracks and crevices in the building where pests commonly hide. Commodities are treated by trained and certified professional fumigator firms. Use of PPE is a requirement that must be included in the fumigation service providers’ contract. Commodities protection by farmers. Stored products include all durable agricultural commodities that can be dried and stored in bulk, such as cereal grains, flour, oil seeds, legumes, nuts, dried fruits, dried fish or processed foods. Of these, cereal grains make up the majority of commodities maintained in storage, and represent an important component of the farmers’ food supply. The traditional farm storage practices and storage containers used in Bangladesh are:

Earthen vessel (matka) made of burnt clay or mud sealed with cow dung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

66

Mud bins made of unburnt clay where clay is mixed with long bits of straw or grass for tough consistency

Kerosene tin containers

Gunny bags made of jute fiber or open-weave plastic sacks.

Bamboo bins (Dole) made of bamboo matting or matting of stem of Nal (Sachharum anundinaceum)

Pura made of straw rope, used for unhusked paddy The grains are stored in traditional storage spaces, such as conventional Pucca Godown- brick built with tin roofing, warehouses, and silos.52 Figure 6. Traditional Grain Storage

Source: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/G_0203.htm Chemical pesticides are not typically supported by programs providing assistance on storage of grain and horticultural products to farmers. Most programs are using biological control to control pests in stored products. As part of an IPM system for stored product management, biological control should help reduce the use of pesticides on food and provide for high quality food products. CSISA provides farmers with sealed bags that are 50kg capacity and are double layer hermetically sealed bags marketed by ProGrain, called IRRI super bags. The horticulture project is introducing 1) mini cold storage with coolbot controllers and 2) ambient storage for potatoes. Mini cold stores are made of insulated panels and the temperature is reduced by air conditioners using the coolbot controllers. There are also experiments on the storage of some high value vegetables using the coolbot controlled stores. These experiments are showing some good results, however, further study is necessary to reach conclusions on the storage types by crop, as well as economic benefits. Future USAID funded programs that will support storage of commodities on larger scales, such as food warehouses, will follow guidelines and contract trained and certified fumigators. Aquaculture. A limited number of chemicals are used by projects for inland culture aquaculture. In case where chemicals are used, pesticides are applied directly to the water in aquaculture ponds to control vegetation and algae and to eliminate fish predators. Farmers and consumers must be educated about the danger of using pesticides for preservation of fish. Livestock protection. Currently, no known programs are using pesticides for production of livestock or poultry. Any future activities for control of ectoparasites using veterinary pesticides should apply those epicutaneously using pour-on treatment. The required amount of solution is applied directly on the

52 http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5048e/x5048E11.htm# On farm storage, pest control, drying and prevention of mycotoxins in Bangladesh

http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/G_0203.htm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5048e/x5048E11.htm

67

animal. Oil based formulations are available for pouring over the back of the animal, normally from the base of the neck to the tail. Dips should not be used. Low concentration solutions can be applied directly to the poultry. Pesticides are also applied to ceilings, walls, and suspended objects in poultry houses. Treatment of livestock and poultry must be conducted using PPE by trained professionals. Health services activities. These activities focus on training staff in safe use of disinfectants and pesticides, and providing training on reading and following label instructions. Staff should be trained in maintaining proper storage systems, keeping pesticides and disinfectants away from the food. Pesticides used for control of structural pests are commercial aerosol products containing AIs approved in Bangladesh and US for structural use. PPE is made available to workers applying pesticides. The clinics Health Management Plan includes guidelines for disposal of pesticides and is based on the manual. Notice of pesticides spraying should be provided so that staff and patients are not exposed during, and for a specified time after, the application of pesticides.

FACTOR E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER

HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND

MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS

Before registering a pesticide product and allowing a manufacturer to bring their product to the market, an assigned government agency (USEPA in US, MoA in Bangladesh) evaluates product toxicity. Potential registrants must generate scientific data necessary to address concerns pertaining to the identity, composition, potential adverse effects, and environmental fate of each pesticide. Pesticide manufacturers are required to generate scientific data about acute, subchronic and chronic effects of each product. Acute effects are harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure and include oral (ingestion), dermal (skin) toxicity and irritation, skin sensitization (an allergic response following skin contact), inhalation, and eye irritation. The usual expression of acute toxicity is LD50, which is the average lethal dose in milligrams per body weight in kilograms (mg/kg) required to kill 50 percent of a test population. Toxicity tests are conducted on experimental animals, such as white rats, mice, and rabbits. Because toxicity depends upon body weight, the amount of chemical considered lethal for a child is less than the amount for an adult. Similarly, it takes more to kill a large animal than a small one. The signal word on the pesticide label applies to the most toxic method or route of exposure. Generally speaking, if ingested, class I substances can be lethal to an average size adult person at a dose of less than 5gr (0.18oz), Class II at 5-30g (0.18 -1.058oz), and Class III at more than 30gr (1.058oz).53 Toxicity categories.54 The table below provides details on USEPA acute toxicity categories I to IV.

STUDY CATEGORY I CATEGORY II CATEGORY III CATEGORY IV

Acute oral Up to and including 50

mg/kg

>50 through 500

mg/kg

>500 through 5,000

mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg

Acute dermal Up to and including 200

mg/kg

>200 through 2,000

mg/kg

>2,000 through

5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg

Acute

inhalation

(based on 4

hour

exposure)

Up to and including 0.05

mg/liter

>0.05 through 0.5

mg/liter

>0.5 through 2

mg/liter >2 mg/liter

Primary eye

irritation

Corrosive (irreversible

destruction of ocular tissue)

or corneal involvement or

irritation persisting for more

than 21 days

Corneal

involvement or

other eye irritation

clearing in 8-21 days

Corneal involvement

or other eye

irritation clearing in

7 days or less

Minimal effects

clearing in less than

24 hours

Primary skin Corrosive (tissue Severe irritation at Moderate irritation Mild or slight

53 http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/docs/Background_and_Support.pdf 54 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi137

68

irritation destruction into the dermis

and/or scarring)

72 hours (severe

erythema or edema)

at 72 hours

(moderate

erythema)

irritation at 72 hours

(no irritation or

slight erythema)

Subchronic effects are the ability of a toxic substance to cause effects for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity tests include tests for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and general metabolism studies. Ecological toxicity includes potential for air, water and soil pollution and effect on non-target organisms including mammals, birds, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles, non-target insects and non-target plants. Table B-2 in Annex B summarizes the toxicological profile of the full candidate pesticide list. For situations in which they have direct control over pesticide use, IPs will be required to implement/observe core risk mitigation measures identified by the product label and the extended pesticide profiles available on the Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Where MSDS are not available in country from dealers, they can be sometimes found on line, requested from the manufacturer. In some cases MSDS for a similar product can be substituted for the product used. In situations in which their oversight is limited, IPs will be required to take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures. The toxicological information in Annex B supplemented by additional information on pesticide labels and profiles in MSDS allows screening of the candidate pesticides against additional criteria enumerated under Factor B (Basis for selection of the pesticide). Pesticides banned by Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions and banned for use in Bangladesh are rejected by this PERSUAP. All RUP products are allowed for use only by trained professionals. Products with acute toxicity I (Red Label, Words Danger-Poison, skull and crossbones on the pictogram) are rejected by this PERSUAP for use except where specified for use by trained professionals.55 Products with toxicity II and potential chronic effects are allowed for use only by trained individuals using proper PPE. Programs working on exporting agricultural produce to Europe must also take into consideration pesticides that are banned, not approved or not listed for use in the EU and/or countries of intended exports. Information about pesticide status in EU can be found at http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm for conventional pesticides and at http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/bpdb/atoz.htm for bio-pesticides. The SUAP in Section 6 identifies restrictions on the set of AIs that are supported for use only by trained and certified agricultural or pest control professionals which resulted from toxicity screening. The SUAP details measures for minimizing pesticide risks. These measures will include: (1) adoption of IPM approach that emphasized prevention, (2) sanitation and exclusion of pests, (3) use of traditional practices, and (4) utilizing pesticides only as a last resort when other options have failed. Note that the toxicity table in Annex B also provides a key reference for development of crop- and pest-specific pest management plans.

FACTOR F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES FOR THE PROPOSED

USE

Pest management needs are documented on a crop-by-crop basis in Annex A. For each crop, the tables in Annex A identify pest-specific suggested chemical controls (pesticides.) Three sources of data have

55https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm

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been used to specify these proposed uses; while each of the data sources may have limitations, together they offer a high degree of assurance that the pesticides will be effective for their proposed use:

The proposed pesticide uses are consistent with their USEPA registrations; in each case, USEPA has registered these pesticides for use on the same or similar crops and against the same or similar pests. Such registration requires that the effectiveness of the pesticides be demonstrated, though this demonstration of effectiveness is within the US agro-environmental context.

All pesticides endorsed for use are also registered for use in Bangladesh.

Each of the recommended uses has been cross-checked against information provided by a pesticide label, and registration and label information was supplemented from published literature or recommendations available from other countries.

In general, development of resistance is a key threat to pesticide effectiveness. The introduction of pesticides and continuous use over time enhances the probability that resistance will develop, particularly in vegetable farming. The use of pesticides within an IPM framework, as required by this PERSUAP, is a key measure to prevent resistance development. Monitoring is required, however, to confirm that the pesticides being recommended will perform as expected. Evaluation of pesticide efficacy (and of pest management plans more generally) is a required part of demonstration plot management. Monitoring for and reporting of resistance development is a required element of SUAP compliance reporting. Counterfeit, obsolete products and product adulteration should be addressed by current programs through building awareness among farmers and the introduction of programs promoting quality control.

FACTOR G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND

NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS

As a riverine country of 700 rivers and bordering the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh agricultural and aquaculture farmers must adopt responsible use of pesticides to avoid harmful effects to their own health and the entire ecosystem. The detrimental environmental impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, as they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems can emerge from poor production, transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application of pesticides increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.56

56 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

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Figure 7. How Pesticides Cycle Through the Environment

Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns.57 A side effect of usage of some pesticides results in dire consequences to birds, insects, fish and animals. Before making a pesticide application, it's important to become familiar with the area to be treated and the surroundings. Some pesticides are less "environmentally friendly" than others and may not be selected for sites where there are special concerns. For example, Metalaxyl has a moderate acute toxicity and has been found to have the potential to leach into the groundwater, and therefore should not be used where groundwater levels are high. Animals (including humans) can be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food. Poisoning can occur when wild animals or people enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying. Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with times and areas in which pesticides are used. Granular formulations have been found most toxic to birds when they mistake the granules for food. Pesticides also affect birds indirectly by reducing food sources. Pesticides can also pollute surface and groundwater, and fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water. Most aquatic invertebrates and fish are highly susceptible to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Fungicides such as Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil and other pesticides may have adverse effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates. Wild bees, certain wasps, honeybees, and other insects are important pollinating agents of crops. Some pesticides are harmful to these pollinators, causing direct losses of the insect populations and indirect losses of crop yield because of the lack of adequate pollination. Pesticides can be harmful to other beneficial organisms including various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species. There are several different classes of pesticides that have a wide range of toxicity to honey bees. Neonicotinoids are the group of pesticides most commonly implicated as a contributing cause of widespread honey bee losses, both through direct toxic action and chronic effects on the immune system.

57http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf

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Organophosphate compounds also have a wide range of toxicity levels on bees. Pyrethroids are not considered to have a lethal effect and Insect Growth Regulators have been found to have low toxicity levels on bees.58 The effect of soil-applied pesticides can sometimes be short-lived. In fact, they may enhance the population of certain soil microorganisms in some instances. Soil organisms are responsible for contributing to the decomposition of dead animal and plant material into organic matter, which is an important component of soil fraction. Other microorganisms can be involved in the natural control of soil pests. Aside from their direct effects on pest organisms, soil microbes are a major agent in degrading pesticides. The breakdown of pesticides is beneficial from a crop rotation standpoint and for food residue concerns. It also provides herbicide selectivity in some instances. The value of certain soil bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants in fixing nitrogen translates into reduced synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs and increased crop yields. Herbicides have the greatest potential for causing plant injury, since they are designed to control unwanted vegetation. Inert ingredients in pesticide formulations may also be capable of causing plant injury.59 The uses of pesticides in fish farming to avoid the overgrowth of vegetation and algae, to protect fish prom predators and fingerlings from mature fish are common practices. Generally chemical residues used at farm level both from direct and indirect applications can be accumulated in fish and could cause chronic health effects to consumers. These pesticides have the potential to gradually accumulate in the body and cause certain organ or system malfunction. There have been many studies about the effect of chemical residues in fish on consumers. Among the health problems caused by chemical residues are cancer, nerve problems and immunological problems. Pesticides that are labeled as natural or organic are not necessarily harmless to humans or the environment. Many are quite safe to use but some have hazards associated with them. For example neem oil and other horticultural oils have low toxicity; on the other hand a natural product such as rotenone can be toxic to people, both in dust and especially in emulsifiable concentrate formulations. Inorganic natural trace elements such as copper although required in very small amounts, are vital for maintaining health, but large amounts of these elements can build up and become extremely toxic. Four basic chemical characteristics control pesticide movement in the environment: solubility, adsorption, volatility and persistence. Solubility is the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in a solvent, usually water. Adsorption is the ability of a pesticide to bind with soil particles. Volatility is the ability of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor. Persistence is the ability of a pesticide to remain in its original active form and not break down into an inactive form.60 Pesticide likelihood to pollute air or waterways is also based on how much pesticide is applied, its formulation, and how and where the pesticide is applied. For each candidate pesticide, Table B-2 in Annex B provides toxicology information for a range of non-target organisms: mammals (for which human toxicity results are proxies), birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates, beneficial arthropods (invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton e.g crab, shrimp), honeybees, earthworms. The US EPA registration process requires that toxicity of a pesticide against each of these classes of organisms be assessed by a standardized test. In addition to its toxicity to the class of non-target organism in question, the solubility, adsorption, persistence and volatility of a pesticide in the environment and its ultimate mobility (i.e., its potential to enter groundwater, move and remain in soil and sediment, and stay in the air) affect how significant

58 http://www.pollinator.ca/canpolin/typesofpesticides.html 59 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi122 60http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf

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adverse effects on non-target organisms may be. Annex B also provides additional information on pesticide persistence and mobility. The AIP PERSUAP has developed a tool that helps to assess agricultural plots compatibility with application of pesticides. The form is included in Annex C.9.

FACTOR H: THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED,

INCLUDING CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS

Geography. Bangladesh is situated in South Asia between India and Myanmar. With an area of 148,393 sq. km and a population of approximately 165,000 million, it occupies the apex of the arch formed by the Bay of Bengal into which drain a large number of rivers and their tributaries crisscrossing the country and making it a very fertile delta. Bangladesh is situated within the subtropical belt and has a wide variety of ecological conditions. A dominant feature of life in Bangladesh is the annual cycle of overabundance of water in the monsoon season and its scarcity in winter. The water abundance changes dramatically during the winter months of November to May when the flows in the three major rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna - decrease considerably, and most of the streams and channels almost dry up leading to shortage of fresh water for use in agriculture, fishery, navigation and industries as well as for domestic use.61 Figure 8 shows Bangladesh agro-ecological zones.

61 http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/meetbangladesh/geograph_features.html

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Figure 8. Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh

Source: BARC/FAO/UNDP GIS Project BGD/95/006 http://www.apipnm.org/swlwpnr/reports/y_sa/z_bd/bd_map/bdmp231.gif The topography of Bangladesh is mostly flat, except for some areas in the northeast and southeast, which are hilly. The entire country was formed due to sedimentation of the large river systems e.g., the Ganges, Brahmaputra & Meghna. Land elevation ranges from 3 to 60 m in the plains and in the hilly areas

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land elevation varies from100 to 1,000 m.62 The highest point in Bangladesh is Keokradong, which is 1,230 m above the sea level; it is located in the southeast of Bangladesh near the border with Myanmar.63 Soil. General soil types are differentiated into three physiographic groups: floodplain soils, terrace soils and hill soils. Floodplain soils have been formed in alluvial sediments over the course of a few months to several thousand years. General pattern of floodplain soils is of sandy or loamy soils on higher parts of floodplain ridges changing to clay in the adjoining basins. Terrace soils comprise a wide range of soils formed over the Modhupur Clay. Soil differences are due to differences in drainage and in depth and degree of weathering. Hill soils include a wide range of soils formed over consolidated and unconsolidated sandstones, siltstones and shale. Hydrology. Bangladesh has a unique hydrological regime. Most of it is lower riparian country. It has 230 rivers of which 57 are trans-boundary. Rivers are classified into three broad categories depending on the flow range: i) Major Rivers: 300 to 120,000 m3/sec (cumec) e.g Ganges, Brahmaputra, Padma, Meghna; ii) Semi major Rivers: 100 to 15,000 cumec e.g. Old Brahmaputra, Dhaleswari, Gorai, Arial Khan, Surma, Kushiyara, Teesta etc. iii) Minor River: 1 to 1,000 cumec e.g., Sitalakhya, Buriganganga, Khowai, Manu, Gumti, Dharla, Dudkumar, Karnafuli, Halda, Sangu etc. Annual flow volume of the rivers is about 1,200 billion m3. The rivers of Bangladesh carry huge sediment loads, an annual amount of which is between 1.8 to 2.0 billion tons. A wide portion of land is covered by large rivers such as the Padma, the Jamuna, the Teesta, the Meghna, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma. There are also thousands of tributaries with a total length of about 24,140 km as shown in Figure 9. These rivers are connected to the Bay of Bengal. Figure 9. River Systems of Bangladesh

Source: World Meteorological Organization, Integrated Flood Management Case Study: Bangladesh Flood Management, 2003 Bangladesh generally experiences four types of floods: i) Flash floods that are characterized by rapid rise and fall in water levels; ii) Rain fed floods that happens where most of natural drainage systems are being deteriorated; iii) River floods that are a result of inundation during monsoon season, and iv) Floods due to cyclonic storm surges which occurs along the coastal area.

62 http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_bangladesh_full.pdf 63 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/asia/bangladesh/

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Bangladesh possesses enormous areas of wetlands, rivers and streams, freshwater lakes and marshes, haors, baors, beels, water storage reservoirs, fish ponds, flooded cultivated fields, and estuarine systems with extensive mangrove swamps. Natural and man-made disasters and climate change. Crisscrossed by seven major rivers and over two hundred minor ones, the country is commonly flooded during the monsoon period. 64 A large number of people living along the riverbanks are thus vulnerable to floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, including storm surges in the coastal regions and river flooding in the mainland. The impact of climate change can be particularly severe for Bangladesh due to its geographical location, flat topography, reliance of huge population on agriculture, and level of economic development. Riverbank erosion, floods, droughts, salinity intrusion, and water logging are the main causes of population displacement. 65 Almost every lake in Bangladesh is under threat due to population pressure, development pressures and increasing impacts of climate change. The major threats to the lakes of Bangladesh include drying up, pollution, overharvesting of natural resources, land use conflicts, winter droughts, floods during monsoons, saline water intrusion, erosion and siltation.66 Chars. Bangladesh receives silt deposits year-round as a result of erosion brought on by the annual monsoon. In the process of new silt deposits or water receding, land bars or islands are created. This emerging riverine land is known in Bangladesh as “chars.” Due to the constant threat of erosion and flooding, living and working conditions on these chars are precarious. Nevertheless, a significant number of people live there, as they create opportunities for human settlement and agricultural activities. In general, the downstream parts of rivers receive deposits of finer sediment (silt), which make the land in chars quite fertile. This has historically attracted many to exploit the agricultural potential of chars. Sand from chars is also collected and used for construction purposes in urban centers. Additionally, in chars that are less vulnerable to frequent flooding, the availability of wide expanses of grazing land has encouraged cattle raising.67 Wetlands. The haors, baors, beels and jheels are of fluvial origin and are commonly identified as freshwater wetlands. These freshwater wetlands occupy four landscape units - floodplains, freshwater marshes, lakes and swamp forests. Bangladesh is estimated to possess seven to eight million hectares of wetlands in the form of permanent rivers and streams (480,000 hectares), estuarine and mangrove swamps (610,000 hectares), shallow lakes and marshes (120 000-290 000 ha), large reservoirs (90,000ha), small ponds and tanks, and seasonally flooded flood plains. The life and livelihood of the Bangladeshi population is dependent on the wetlands. The lakes are the source of fisheries, aquatic vegetations, irrigation, navigation and flood control.68 Oxbow lakes, haor, baor, beel and jheel. The Bengali language has several terms to differentiate waterbody types, including Baor, Haor, Jheel and Beel. All four are types of similar freshwater wetlands.69 Haors are large saucer-shaped flood plain depressions located mostly in the northeastern region of the country, covering about 25% of the entire region. There are 411 haors comprising an area of about 8,000 km2 and dispersed in the districts of Sunamgonj, Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Hobigonj, Netrokona & Kishoreganj. The haors are enriched with various aquatic biodiversities along with 140 species of fish. About 8,000 migratory wild birds visit the areas annually. The character of the rivers and high rain fall in the northeast region compared to other parts of the country cause frequent flash floods in the haors. In Bangladesh, oxbow lakes are prevalent in the older floodplains. Locally, the feature is also known as a beel, baor, or jheel. These abandoned channels are rich in organic matters, because of profuse aquatic

64 http://chicagoweathercenter.com/blog/how-are-monsoons-typhoons-cyclones-and-hurricanes-similar 65 http://displacementsolutions.org/wp-content/uploads/CDMP-Internal-Displacement-Bangladesh-Analysis.pdf 66 http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Bangladesh.pdf 67http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/legacy/legacypdf/angoc/ch3/ch3p02.pdf?q=pdf/angoc/ch3/ch3p02.pdf 68 http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Bangladesh.pdf 69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haor

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vegetation that grow in clay and fine silty-clay sediments. Usually, oxbow lakes are deeply flooded during the monsoon, either through local rainfall and runoff water or by river flood. Depending upon the depth of flooding, the rims of the lakes are used for boro (winter) rice cultivation, at least in the early stage. Once the lake gets filled with alluvium, it is ready for rice cultivation. These lakes support a large variety of aquatic flora and fauna. Some of the lakes are considered to be very important freshwater fishing grounds, and are locally called jalmahal. During the monsoon season oxbow lakes act as local water reservoirs, and help to control the local flood level. In some areas, these lakes serve as valuable sources of irrigation during the dry season.70 Baor or an oxbow crescent-shaped, is formed when a river bank forms across the neck of a well-developed meander; it is found on the floodplain of a river. Oxbows are caused by the loops or meanders being cut-off at times by floods, causing the river to subsequently adopt a shorter course. Usually, oxbow lakes become plugged with sediment where they adjoin the channel and then progressively fill in. Beel is usually a depression or topographic low generally produced by erosion or other geographical process. These are generally smaller waterbodies and are very prevalent in Bangladesh. Beels are marshy in character, and are sometimes the remains of a river that has changed its course. Many of the beels dry up in the winter but during the rains expand into broad and shallow sheets of water, which may be described as fresh water lagoons.

Jheel is a pond, marsh, lake or similar wetland area, usually with significant vegetation providing shelter and/or food to a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic animal species.71 Coastal area. The coastal region of Bangladesh covers about 20% of total land area and over 30% of the cultivable lands of the country. It includes highly diverse ecosystems, e.g., the world’s largest single tract of mangroves (the Sundarbans), beaches, coral reefs, dunes and wetlands. With its dynamic natural environments, the coastal area provides a range of goods and services to the peoples of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has a 711 km long coastline that consists of a vast network of river systems draining the vast flow of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system. The coastline of Bangladesh is broadly divided into three regions: the deltaic eastern region (Pacific type), the deltaic central region and the stable deltaic western region (Atlantic type). A set of connections of rivers originating from the Himalayas and that carry sediments flow over the country. The rivers effect on the coastline is giving rise to a highly active, dynamic and changing estuary.72 Ground water. Since the 1960’s, groundwater has been used extensively as the main source of drinking and irrigation water supply. About 75 percent of cultivated land is irrigated by groundwater and the remaining 25 percent by surface water. Of the abstracted groundwater about 70-90 percent is used for agricultural purposes and the rest for drinking and other water needs. The country started emphasizing groundwater irrigation in the mid-seventies with deep tube wells (DTW), but soon shifted its priority to shallow tube wells (STW). The groundwater resource is one of the key factors in making the country self sufficient in food production. Groundwater-irrigated agriculture plays an important role in poverty alleviation and has greatly increased food production. Until now, availability of groundwater has not been a constraint to agricultural development. But this resource is increasingly facing various problems including quality hazards in many areas where there is exposure to pollution from agriculture, urbanized areas and industrial sites, as well as arsenic contamination in shallower groundwater aquifers, making the water unfit for human consumption and, in some cases, for irrigation purposes. High rates of pumping for irrigation and other uses from the shallow aquifers in coastal areas may result in widespread saltwater intrusion, downward leakage of arsenic concentrations and the general degradation of water resources. Use of agrochemicals may cause

70 http://www.bwdb.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106&Itemid=96 71 http://www.yourdictionary.com/jheel 72 Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (1): 114-120, 2013;

http://journalajst.com/sites/default/files/Download%201450.pdf

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http://www.yourdictionary.com/vegetation

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contamination of shallow groundwater and sediments. Continuous decline of groundwater tables due to over-withdrawal has also been reported from some areas.73 Climate. Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter. January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 26°C (78°F) and April the warmest with temperatures from 33° to 36° C (91 to 96°F). The climate is one of the wettest in the world. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm. Most rains occur during the monsoon season (June-September) and little in winter (November-February). Bangladesh is subject to devastating cyclones, originating over the Bay of Bengal, in the periods of April to May and September to November. Often accompanied by surging waves, these storms can cause great damage and loss of life. The cyclone of November 1970, in which about 500,000 lives were lost in Bangladesh, was one of the worst natural disasters of the country in the 20th century. Biodiversity. In addition to a long seacoast, numerous rivers and their tributaries, lakes, haors, baors, ponds and other forms of wetlands, there are lowland evergreen forests of tropical nature, semi-evergreen forest, hill forests, moist deciduous forests, swamps, and flat lands with tall grasses. Because of the expansion of agriculture and industry much of the endemic vegetation in some areas has lost its original characteristics and ecological features, adversely affecting the fauna and flora of the country. Floral Biodiversity. Plant resources constitute both cultivated and wild plants. The Bangladesh plains are famous for their fertile alluvial soils which support extensive cultivation. Weed flora, both indigenous and exotic, thrive well in the marginal lands. Various water bodies and wetland ecosystems provide habitats for diverse kinds of aquatic plants, and various insectivorous plants grow in abundance, particularly in ditches, canals and ponds. Throughout the country the introduced floating plant, Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) grows profusely and often becomes a troublesome weed in the agricultural land. Water lilies (both white and blue) and the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) grow during the rainy season. Tall grasses predominate in marshes, haors, baors and riverbanks. They are mixed with other species such as sedges. Marine algae resources, particularly in the Bay of Bengal estuaries and St. Martin's island, are quite rich and diverse, but these are being indiscriminately extracted and over-exploited, causing serious depletion of these resources. 74 It is estimated that Bangladesh has approximately 6-7% of its land still covered with public forests. The three main types of public forests are:

i) Tropical evergreen or semi-evergreen forest in the eastern districts of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Sylhet, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts region;

ii) Moist or dry deciduous forests, also known as sal (Shorea robusta) forests, located mainly in the central plains and the freshwater areas in the northwest region; and

iii) Tidal mangrove forests along the coast - the Sundarbans in the southwest of the Khulna and other mangrove patches in the Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Noakhali coastal belt.75

Forestry is a sub-sector of agriculture in Bangladesh, contributing to the national economy and playing a role in ecological stability. Although Bangladesh is very green, it is a forest-poor country. Most of its public forestlands are located in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, greater Khulna district, greater Sylhet district, Dhaka, Mymensingh and Tangail districts. Half of Bangladesh does not have any public forestland. Villagers grow banana, bamboo and fruit yielding trees (e.g., mango, wood apple, betel nut, coconut and palmyra palm), fuel (e.g., barun, koroi, etc.) and timber-yielding (e.g. koroi, debdaru, chhatim, etc.) tree species. Homestead forests near rural communities are critical for rural households; though these plantations are not considered forests, they meet a significant portion of fuel wood need and house construction materials.

73 http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H039306.pdf 74 http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna 75 http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/homegarden/forest.html

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Faunal biodiversity. The country possesses a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates in its aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Of the lower invertebrates, some parasitic species of protozoans, freshwater and marine sponges and corals, and many parasitic nematodes and helminths (parasitic worms), have been identified. Among the homoptera insects only about 30 aphid species under 20 genera have so far been listed in the country. This group has a major economic impact because of the direct damage they cause to crops and for the viral diseases they transmit. Wind currents disperse winged adults. In Bangladesh 18 species of bees have so far been reported, of which 4 are honeybees. About 35 species of Coleoptera (beetles) under 8 genera of scarab dung beetle fauna have so far been reported from Bangladesh, mostly of genus Onthophagous. About 30 species of leaf-eating scarabeids have been recorded. About 80 species of beneficial ladybirds and about 13 species of phytophagous ladybirds have been reported. There are about 20 species of firefly. Bangladesh dipterans (flies) include the common indoor fly species, the lesser house fly, the biting house fly or stable fly, the blue bottles or blow flies, the green bottles, and the flesh flies. Outdoor flies include black flies, deer flies, horse flies, hover flies, crane flies and many muscoids. The sand flies are common both indoors and outdoors. So far 5 species of fruit flies have been recognized. About 113 species of mosquitoes have so far been identified in Bangladesh. Among the spiders more than 400 species have been recorded in 134 genera, and 22 families. Many commercially important fresh and marine-water crabs, shrimps and lobsters are abundantly found in Bangladesh. The most commercially exploited species of the coastal area is Scylla serrata (mud crab). Several copepods and zooplankter are found in the freshwaters. Of the marine zooplankter about 20 species of copepods are predominant, and two species of starfishes have been reported. Starfishes and sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea-urchins are found in good numbers in the coastal belt of Bangladesh. The country has about 1,600 species of vertebrate fauna including fresh-water, brackish water and marine fish, inland amphibians and reptiles, resident and migratory birds, and inland and marine mammals. Depletion of biodiversity. Although Bangladesh has a rich biodiversity, there has not been a thorough stocktaking and monitoring of the country’s natural resources. The country has lost more than a dozen vertebrate fauna during the last century, including mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, and at least 40 inland mammals have been listed under different categories of threats.76 The depletion of biodiversity is the result of various kinds of human development interventions and activities, especially in the areas of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, urbanization, industries, chemicals, minerals, transport, tourism, and energy. Disappearance of forests, destruction of wetlands, diminishment of coral reefs and extinction of other natural resources has occurred in Bangladesh with growing frequency. Both flora and fauna are threatened by the loss of habitat resulting from increasing human populations, and poorly planned bio-resource utilization.77 Protected areas in Bangladesh cover some 2% of the country's total area or 243, 677 ha. There are eight national parks in Bangladesh as well as seven wildlife sanctuaries, five conservation sites and one game reserve. Below is a list of Bangladesh's National Parks, wildlife sanctuaries, game reserve and other conservation areas: National Parks:

Bhawal National Park – Gazipur, Dhaka

Himchari National Park – Cox' Bazar, Chittagong

Kaptai National Park – Chittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong

Lawachara National Park – Moulavibazar, Sylhet

Medha Kassapia National Park – Cox's Bazar, Chittagong

Modhupur National Park – Tangail/Mymensingh, Dhaka

76 http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna 77 http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangladesh_biodiversity.pdf

http://www.bangladesh.com/blog/pablakhali-wildlife-sanctuary-natures-treasure-trove

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Nijhum Dweep National Park – Noakhali, Chittagong

Ramsagar National Park – Dinajpur, Rangpur

Satchari National Park – Hobigonj, Sylhet

Sanctuaries:

Char Kukri-Mukri Wildlife Sanctuary – Bhola, Barisal

Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary – Chittagong

Pablakhali Wildlife Sanctuary – Chittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong

Rema-Kelenga Wildlife Sanctuary – Hobigonj, Sylhet

Sundarban (East) Wildlife Sanctuary – Bagerhat, Khulna

Sundarban (West) Wildlife Sanctuary – Satkhira, Khulna

Sundarban (South) Wildlife Sanctuary – Khulna

Game reserve:

Teknaf Game Reserve – Cox's Bazar, Chittagong

Parks and Gardens:

Baldha Garden - Dhaka

Dulahazara Safari Parks – Cox's Bazar, Chittagong

Madhabkunda Eco-Park – Moulavibazar, Sylhet

National Botanical Garden – Dhaka

Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park - Chittagong78 The protected areas of Bangladesh are subject to a range of threats, making the country’s biodiversity conservation program fragile. The most severe threats to these protected areas are policy level disorganization; illegal tree cutting; unsustainable forest resource extraction; forestland encroachment; and wildlife poaching and smuggling. Protected areas in the tropical moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of hilly regions have been subject to illegal wood cutting, while tropical moist deciduous forests of plain land area are prone to encroachment for settlement and agriculture, and those in mangrove forests’ littoral zones are extremely vulnerable to wildlife poaching.79 Environment, health, hygiene and sanitation in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with more than 1,000 people per km2. Three quarters of the population live in rural areas, where running water and sanitary latrines are often considered luxury items. Lack of access to water supply infrastructure such as tube wells and piping area are a major issue for the rural poor and urban slum dwellers who often resort to using unprotected surface water for drinking and cooking. The use of hanging latrines, suspended over rivers and ponds, is common in both rural and urban areas. This means that many water sources are likely to be contaminated with raw sewage. Poor sanitation practices in both rural and urban areas are exacerbated by seasonal flooding, which ruins many water sources and latrines, and hampers efforts to build new ones. 80 Safe drinking water, sanitary toilets and access to healthcare are huge challenges in Bangladesh. The spread of diseases that depend on environmental conditions and behavior in households and the community are related to quality of water, sanitation and hygiene. Diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infection, measles, malaria and malnutrition are the most common causes of death in emergencies and are preventable with appropriate measures. The majority of these preventive measures are related to environmental conditions: appropriate shelter and site planning, clean water, good sanitation, vector

78 http://www.bangladesh.com/national-parks/ 79 https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/parks_20_1_chowdhury_et_al.pdf 80 http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/SHEWAB_factsheet_-_FINAL-21April12.pdf

http://www.bangladesh.com/chittagong-division/chittagong/

http://www.bangladesh.com/dhaka-division/dhaka/

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control, personal protection such as insecticide-treated nets, personal hygiene and preventive health measures promotion.81

FACTOR I: THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR

NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS

As noted, the ”pests and control methods” tables presented in Annex A for each target crop serve as rough drafts for the crop- and pest-specific pest management plans to be developed by implementing partners. In these tables, many non-pesticide remedies are recommended as control measures, some of which are already practiced by the IPs. Indeed, for some crop pests, only non-chemical controls are recommended. However, effective pest management across the target crops, particularly at larger and more intensive production scales, is likely to require some chemical controls. As noted, pesticide use/support will be governed by crop- and pest-specific pest management plans. A major purpose of these plans is to assure a well-considered mix of non-chemical and chemical controls. Per the Annex A tables, pesticides are likely to play a relatively minor role in control of the following:

Diseases and pests of the food crops. These will mainly be controlled by use of improved crop management practices and crop varieties as well as biological, cultural, physical, mechanical and other IPM control methods discussed in Factor C.

Vertebrate pest. These are on the list of significant farmers’ pest problems, but chemical control options are not being used by the implementing partners; instead, mechanical and cultural measures are being utilized.

Post-harvest losses. Post-harvest losses can be reduced by adoption of non-chemical IPM control practices such as timely harvesting, proper drying and adoption of improved storage technologies such as triple-layer hermetic storage bags. Cultural practices are implemented for storage of grain and improved technologies are developed for storage of vegetables. Only where necessary, such as at large storage warehouse facilities, chemical pesticides will be applied by well trained and certified professionals.

Aquaculture predators, insects and overgrowth of aquatic vegetation and algae are controlled through improved fish farming management including improved sanitation, maintaining good water quality, and proper nutrition. Excess vegetation is usually removed by hand.

Livestock production. Implementing partners are currently using only mechanical methods to control pesticides in livestock fattening and dairy production.

Agricultural Inputs Value Chain. The Agricultural Inputs Project (AIP) is working closely with the agricultural input industry associations, their members and the GoB to develop industry standards for each of the major crop inputs. Directly or indirectly, this project addresses all pesticides registered in Bangladesh. The project is working on transparent resolution of problems such as low-quality seed, improper fertilizer formulation and adulteration of crop protection products.

Health Services. Projects providing or working with providers of health services use products that may not be defined as pesticides in Bangladesh, but are considered pesticides by USEPA. This includes surface disinfectants, sterilants, household cleaners, as well as household pesticide aerosol products used for structural control. Disinfection, sterilization and pest control are an imperative in every health facility. With input from IP practitioners, the least toxic and inexpensive alternatives with consideration for safety of the public being served and clinic staff are incorporated into this document.

81 http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-refugee-and-disaster-

response/publications_tools/publications/_CRDR_ICRC_Public_Health_Guide_Book/Chapter_8_Water_Sanitation_and_

Hygiene_in_Emergencies.pdf

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The candidate list of pesticides for this PERSUAP includes pesticides approved in Bangladesh. In some cases some of the pesticides may not be available in remote rural locations. In addition, some pesticides available at Bangladesh retailers may not be on the list of pesticides approved by MoA-DEA or may be on the list of cancelled products. There are, in a number of cases, pesticides that are theoretically more effective against target pests, but these are either not registered by USEPA, not available locally, or fail the toxicological/safety screens enumerated under the previous analysis factors.

FACTOR J: THE REQUESTING COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL

THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE

Treaties. Bangladesh recognizes the vital importance of participating in geopolitical efforts to halt the process of environmental deterioration. Bangladesh was actively involved in the proceedings of the UNCED, signed the Rio Declaration and endorsed Agenda 21. This reflects the strong commitment of Bangladesh towards promoting environmental management and sustainable development. Bangladesh is a signatory to the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Bangladesh is not yet a party to the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides. It is also a signatory to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, and to the Ramsar Convention (formally, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat). Ramsar is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. Bangladesh has three Ramsar sites: Hakaluki Haor is a marsh wetland ecological system in Sylhet, Sundarbans in Khulna, and Tanguar haor in Sylhet. Regulatory Framework. The government has the overall responsibility to regulate the introduction, availability, distribution and use of pesticides in the country. Agricultural pesticides have been primarily in use since early sixties. However, the Pesticide Ordinance was promulgated in 1971 to regulate the import, manufacture, formulation and distribution and use of pesticides. The ordinance was amended in 1980 mainly to accommodate the provision for licensing and trade that was handed over to the private sector. Pesticide rules were framed in 1985 for carrying out the provision of the ordinance. The Ordinance extends to all pesticides, whether used for agriculture, public health or any other purpose. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) through the Plant Protection Wing (PPW) of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) administers it. The Ordinance and the rules provide the basic framework for the regulation and control conforming to the proposed guidelines of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Only two uses of AIs/products are addressed by the MoA-DAE, pesticides in crop production and use of pesticides for public health. No other uses of AIs/products are covered by MoA-DAE and no other agency is engaged in evaluation, approval and registration of pesticides for these uses. Pesticides are broadly and frequently used in Bangladesh fish farming and fish preservation. The Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL)82, Departments of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC) and the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) are the main organizations responsible for aquaculture and its development. DoF does not evaluate or register pesticides used in aquaculture. Veterinary use of pesticides is not addressed by the MoFL’s Department of Livestock Services (DLS). The GoB, through the MoA/-DAE-PPW, periodically “gazettes” pesticides newly introduced in Bangladesh. The gazetting registers and sanctions the use of pesticides and their Active Ingredients (AI). For example: PPW published jointly with the Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA) a booklet in March 2013, in which 145 agricultural AIs were cumulatively registered. These 145 AIs were contained in 2,894 agricultural pesticides. BCPA is the representative body of the pesticide companies in Bangladesh.

82 http://www.mofl.gov.bd/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

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The 1999 Bangladesh National Agricultural Policy addresses, among other issues, improvement of pest management, extension, marketing, education and training. Officially, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is the focal point for the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) in Bangladesh.83 MoEF also does not regulate pesticides. The Ministry of Health and Public Welfare does not regulate pesticides used in Public Health. These are regulated by MoA-DEA. Bangladesh Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE) is a specialized labour foundation that works on issues that affect employment, income, economy, environment and livelihood of the working people. Recently OSHE has taken an initiative to draft a National Policy on Chemical Safety for Bangladesh for the consideration of the government.84 Relevant Institutions. MoA contains the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), the Department of Agricultural Marketing (DAM) and the Agriculture Information Service (AIS). The National Agricultural Research System (NARS) is composed of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) and ten agricultural research institutes:85

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI)

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)

Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI)

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)

Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI)

Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI)

Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI)

Under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL):

Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI)

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI)

Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI)

Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC) is dedicated to the development of fisheries in Bangladesh, especially in the field of marine fisheries. The parastatal organization Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) has the mandate to make suitable arrangements throughout Bangladesh on a commercial basis, for the procurement, use, transport, storage and distribution of pesticides and other agricultural inputs. BADC addresses pesticides in its National Food Policy Plan of Action (2008-2015)86. It oversees a variety of projects, sometimes enlisting an independent authority for implementation. Bangladesh Agricultural Institutions of Higher Learning. Agricultural universities and colleges in Bangladesh include Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) in Mymensingh, Bangabandh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University in Gazipur, Chittagong Veterinary & Animal Science University, Sylhet Agricultural University, a number of agricultural colleges, and other universities that provide agricultural science and technology training.87 Bangladesh pesticide registration scheme. The Ordinance provides for a Pesticide Technical Advisory committee, a laboratory, Government appointed analysts and inspectors, required licensing of all handlers of pesticides, controlling imports, manufacture and formulation of pesticides, packaging,

83 http://www.saicm.org/ 84 http://www.saicm.org/ich/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33207:bangladesh-occupational-safety-health-

and-environment-foundation-oshe&catid=256&Itemid=666 85http://hasanuzzaman.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/4/0/934025/national_agricultural_research_system.pd 86 https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/gafspfund.org/files/Documents/NationalFoodPolicyPlanofActionFINAL.pdf 87 http://www.eduicon.com/Institute/More/?page=technical_bsc.php&Degree_Name_ID=14

http://www.oshebd.org/

http://www.dae.gov.bd/



http://www.ais.gov.bd/

http://www.bari.gov.bd/

http://www.brri.gov.bd/


http://www.bsri.gov.bd/

http://www.srdi.gov.bd/

http://badc.gov.bd/

83

labeling, storage guidelines, and safety precautions for handlers of pesticides. However, implementing the necessary legislation depends to a large extent on available expertise, laboratory facilities and field research stations. The pesticide laboratories are operated by chemists and a management staff including a Director, Additional Director, Deputy Director and a Regulation Officer of Plant Protection. The registration scheme incorporates most of the concepts and guidelines recommended by FAO and certain features from countries such as Pakistan, India, Philippines and the United States. Importing, formulating, repackaging, selling, holding in stock for sale and advertising of any pesticide is prohibited unless the product has been registered. The process of registration includes:

1. An application form, according to the provision Pesticide Rules, along with literature and a sample of the product submitted to the Plant Protection Wing of the Department of Agricultural Extension. All submitted documents are reviewed and the sample is verified in the pesticide laboratory of Plant Protection for verification of the specification. The data requirements for registration are essentially in accordance with FAO guidelines and include: physical and chemical properties; toxicological data; efficacy data; residues, and environmental effects. Foreign data are acceptable, except for efficacy and fish toxicity studies. These must be conducted in Bangladesh in accordance with prescribed guidelines.

2. Upon receipt of the results of the chemical analysis the sample is sent to concerned Government research institutes for bioefficacy tests under field conditions. The results of the efficacy trials are evaluated by a sub-evaluation committee composed of experts representing various research institutes, and the Department of Environment, Health and Fisheries.

3. The Pesticide Technical Advisory Committee, chaired by the Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture, grants registration to a brand of pesticide after thorough examination of all reports (when the pesticide is recommended by a sub-evaluation committee). A registration certificate, which is valid for three years and renewable for the same period, is issued by the Director of Plant Protection if the products prove effective for the intended purpose. Under the present scheme, registration may be obtained between six months to three years from the date of application, depending on the number of seasons of trials required.

In 2010 Bangladesh introduced the Biochemical and Microbial Pesticide Regulation for Pesticide Import. According to this regulation all pesticide registration holders require the following documents: import license, repack license wholesale license, repacking factory, and environment license. All pesticide products label must be approved by the registration authority. All labels must contain the trade name of the pesticide, genetic name, doses, pest, crop first aid, toxicity label, name of principle, waiting period, and manufacture expiry date.88 Enforcement mechanisms. Ensuring the quality of the pesticides in the market and regulating the formulation and packaging of products after registration is an important aspect of pesticide legislation. Therefore inspectors are appointed to ensure enforcement through regularly visiting pesticide dealers and collecting samples for checks on specifications. In cases of adulteration, penalties are imposed. To strengthen the registration process and to ensure enforcement of the provisions of the legislation, additional controls have been implemented. These include controlling imports, controlling the availability and use of pesticides, and licensing handlers. For example, pesticides cannot be imported unless previously registered, packed and labeled as prescribed. In addition, the importer must have an import license and proper storage facilities. The MoA DAE-PPW emphasizes training programs designed to meet the needs of specific target clientele. After handing over the pesticide trade to the private sector in 1981, a training program for the pesticide dealers was conducted by the Plant Protection Wing, in collaboration with Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)/Agricultural Requisites Scheme for Asia & the Pacific (ARSAP). The industry has accepted the responsibility of training DEA personnel. In this context, pesticide dealers were being trained on safe and efficient use of pesticides by the industry.89 MoA-DAE requires retailers to obtain “No Objection Certificates” (NOC) from DAE which must be renewed

88 http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af340e/af340e06.htm 89 http://www.apppc.org/sites/apppc.org/files/1141030093825_Report_of_WSP_3.pdf

84

annually. MOA registers and lists pest control companies who are working on Fumigation, Domestic & Industrial Pest Control Service and Mosquito Control services. Donor programs and associations trainers provide training and quality pledge certificates. For example USAID funded AIP established AIRN by awarding a “Seal of Quality” to retailers who are trained and committed to making informed business decisions for efficient and ethical agricultural input retail operations. Ultimately, this network of trusted retailers should improve the availability of high-quality inputs to farmers throughout Bangladesh’s southern delta. This certification is not coordinated with formal government certification. Regulatory deficiencies and constraints. In theory, the pesticide regulatory scheme is systematic. But in practice, there are gaps between the policies and implementation. For example, while the intent of the Ordinance and Rules is to monitor formulations and residues, the lack of facilities and trained analysts does not allow for proper monitoring. Thus, specification of pesticides on the market may differ from those registered. Due to financial and staff constraints, the inspection of pesticide manufacturers, dealers and retailers or pest control applicators is also almost never conducted and only when there is a specific complaint. Maximum Residue Level (MRL) monitoring. Although the Government is concerned about pesticide residues in the food and the environment, staff and facilities are not available to conduct the necessary monitoring programs. In addition the country has not yet established legal limits for residues and depends upon Codex allowable limits, which are not always proposed for all crops and major pesticides used within the country.90 Environmental pollution monitoring. There is no agency engaged in systematic environmental monitoring and very limited data from environmental monitoring studies designed to test for the presence or absence of pesticides pollution in Bangladesh. Very few academic studies have been conducted focusing on selected regions and chemicals91. Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) and Preharvest Interval Standards (PHI). There are no regulatory REI or PHI standards for an application of agricultural or non-agricultural pesticides in Bangladesh. These standards, however, must be stated on the product label. Farmers and neighbors’ households are often located at a distance too close for spraying, as was demonstrated by the case of outbreak of illness and deaths among children living near lychee orchards in northern Bangladesh.92 Obsolete, banned, counterfeit and adulterated pesticides. Reportedly the use of poor quality pesticides is widespread in Bangladesh and farmers use up to 15 times the allowed rate because of the substandard quality of pesticides. However, there is no reliable data documenting this issue. Small-size containers of sealed pesticides are available in the shops and reportedly there is no smell of pesticides in the shops. This may attest to the fact that pesticides are not being adulterated in the shop. However, there could be other informal sources of pesticides, where farmers are buying from sellers that buy in bulk and sell cheaper poor quality products. Storage, transfer and disposal. Low collection coverage, unavailable transport services, and a lack of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management, leading to water, land and air pollution, and environmental risks.93 Empty pesticide containers are disposed of or thrown in the field, burned, buried or sometimes reused for other purposes. They are often washed in the river before reuse. In some locations Crop Life International is working to develop a system for collecting empty pesticide containers for disposal or recycling.

90 http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af340e/af340e06.htm 91http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257139786_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants_and_Pesticide_Residues_in_Seasonal

_Waters_of_Rural_Bangladesh 92icddr,b • Health and Science Bulletin • Vol. 10 No. 4 • December 2012 93 http://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_01_Bangladesh.pdf

85

FACTOR K: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS

The USAID-funded AESA program trains about 700 MOA-DAE agricultural extension agents - Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers (SAAOs) in the FTF area. The SAAOs assist farmers by providing advice and training. SAAO’s have regular communications with the retailers to whom they also provide training, materials and manuals for delivery to farmers on the safe use of pesticides. DAE extension agents generally have two-year or four-year agriculture-related university degrees. DAE extension agents are given general pre-service extension training at government-run “Agriculture Training Institutes” (ATIs). Reportedly, DAE Extension Service workers also receive annual training from Upazila level on pesticide use, IPM, health hazards, impacts mitigation and safety measures. This training is conducted by Upazila Agriculture Extension Officers. These topics are also covered on an ad hoc basic during twice-a-month monthly coordination meetings. Training agendas and materials for these trainings were not made available to AESA. Because of inherent limitations and a shortage of resources within DAE, access to government extension service is limited. Thus, in general, farmers turn to other outlets – their neighbors and local inputs sellers. Reportedly, DAE field agents (SAAOs and others) are, for the most part, capable and willing to provide extension services to those farmers who are able to link up with them. AIP and AESA are jointly training extension workers in pesticide human and ecological risks and safe use of pesticides. Agricultural extension personnel will be trained using pesticides’ safety materials already developed by AIP that have been subjected to a process of review and approval. AESA is also collaborating with AIP on demonstration plots that include farmer training on pesticides risk and safety. These trainings are conducted during the Farmers Field Days (FFDs). AESA and AIP’s Environmental Specialists jointly carry out training at the farmers’ demonstrations plots on pesticides risks and safe use. Input suppliers constitute one of the major sources of extension advice for farmers. While AESA is focusing on government extension AIP is improving provision of this service by input suppliers. AESA often refers farmers to inputs retailers who are members of the Agriculture Inputs Retailers Network (AIRN) that is being established under the AIP project. Where there are no AIRN members, AESA may link farmers with reliable inputs sellers, who are also recommended to AIP for membership in the network. AIP and AIN projects have developed pesticides and pesticide safety materials. The Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA)94 has been providing training on pesticides management since 2011. They utilize CropLife Asia agricultural pesticides materials and video thoroughly reviewed by AIP PERSUAP.95 BCPA has conducted 300 training sessions in the rural areas on IPM training about 100,000 farmers. In addition to BCPA and MoA-DAE, Bangladesh Agriculture University (BAU), Crop wing of Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculturist Institute, SAARC (South Asia Regional Cooperation) Agriculture Office, IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Institute of Food Research and Policy (IFRP) also provide training on pesticides management to farmers. The strategy of the USAID funded projects is to promote knowledge about pesticides use, risks and safety among farmers, as well as strengthen the agricultural extensions and encourage farmers to turn for advice. The ARESA project’s approach is to foster a farmer “demand-driven” extension system that includes pest management. The project works to enable farmers to identify problems themselves and then access information and advice that they need using the means available to them (with a heavy focus on ICT). The definition of “extension agent” includes both public and private sector actors. There are not

94 http://www.bcpabd.com/ 95 http://www.bcpabd.com/Pesticide/Safe_Pesticide/

http://www.bcpabd.com/Pesticide/Safe_Pesticide/

86

enough public (government) sector extension agents to meet the demand for advisory services, including pest management, so private sector extension agents fill the void to meet demand. AIP and AESA work with both public and private extension to enhance knowledge and access to information. Providing direct training to farmers and making information accessible to farmers will minimize the need for technical assistance from an extension agent or an infomediary/ information broker. AIP and AESA utilize BCPA master trainers for TOT. AIP has developed an Agro Knowledge portal. Pesticide risks and safety measures can be incorporated into the “Agro Knowledge portal” and into responses provided to farmers through the “Farmer Query System” application that AESA has developed and is currently deploying. Through these two applications, AESA project already provides information to the extension agents and to the farmers by mobile application on pesticides problems and solutions, seed selection, trans-plantation. While the pesticides put forward for approval by this PERSUAP are generally of relatively lower toxicity, the pesticide toxicology profiles presented in Annex B clearly show that use of pesticides presents human health and environmental risks.Combined with the overall extremely poor awareness of pesticide risks and safer use principles among beneficiary population (see Sections 4.5 and 4.6), it is clear that an aggressive program of pesticide safer use training is essential for the following groups:

Project staff who will apply or handle pesticides, or serve as extension agents;

Beneficiary farmers who will use/apply pesticides;

Those being trained as extension agents; and,

Beneficiary agro-input dealers.

Key training topics must include the following:

Definition of pesticides

Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons.

Concepts of Active Ingredients vs. formulated products.

Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective only against a certain class of organism.

Concept of proper application rates and pesticide resistance and techniques for avoiding resistance.

Survey of the core elements of Safer Pesticide Use: IPM, Safer Purchase, Transport, Storage, Mixing, Application, Reentry and pre-harvest Intervals, Clean-up and Disposal, including specific treatment of PPE.

Pesticide First Aid and Spill Response.

Reading and interpretation of pesticide labels --- particularly to understand PPE requirements and other precautions, dosage rates, and to identify AIs, and expiration dates.

Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

Training in record keeping and monitoring. Each project will develop a training plan meetings its specific needs, however:

The training plan must cover the categories of individuals enumerated above;

Training curricula must cover all relevant key topics outlined above and discussed in more detail in Annex C;

Training must reach all relevant individuals within 6 months of the effective date of this PERSUAP;

Brief refresher training must be provided at least annually; and

Projects are encouraged to consider the training-of-trainers approach.

FACTOR L: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDES

The project must maintain records of all pesticide use, monitor pesticide effectiveness and scout for resistance. Training in monitoring must be provided to farmers. Where literacy or language is a limiting factor, training should be developed to address this concern. Some products, such as Mancozeb, are

87

considered low risk for resistance development. Other products, such as Metalaxyl, allow a maximum of three applications per season because of the high risk of resistance development and must alternate with fungicides from different chemical groups. Implementing partners will be required to report initially and every 6 months thereafter on compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP; the SUAP (Section 6) includes a tracking reporting form (Section 6.4) that dictates the content of such reporting. As part of this reporting, IPs directly supporting farm-level pesticide use or extension will be required to report on instances observed of pesticide resistance. USAID M&E field visits will examine pesticide compliance.

SECTION 6: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

6.1 INTRODUCTION

This Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is synthesized from the PER analysis:

Section 6.2, immediately below, delineates the allowed pesticides.

Section 6.3 summarizes the mandatory safer use conditions attendant to use/support of these pesticides.

Section 6.4 describes these conditions in the attached Mandatory Template, entitled the “Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker,” for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance.

Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by the date specified on the attached tracker template and must provide an annual update. With respect to pesticides, the “Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker” (section 6.4) satisfies the requirement for an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference.

6.2 ALLOWED PESTICIDES

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FTF and FFP programs), DO3 and DO4 projects, SUBJECT to compliance with any conditions enumerated in these tables and those enumerated in the “Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker” that comprises Section 6.4. (A summary of these conditions is provided in section 6.3.) Human health and ecological toxicological summaries and EPA registration status for each are presented in Table B-2 in Annex B. Pesticides approved for agricultural use. Natural Biopesticides and Artisanal Products: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients), including natural biopesticides and artisanal (homemade) products commonly used by farmers in Bangladesh, are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, and DO4 agricultural activities. NATURAL PLANTS APPROVED FOR

AGRICULTURAL USE AND STORAGE

OF COMMODITIES

COMMENTS

Neem oil and neem leaf dust (Azadirachta

indica)

All living plants intended for use as biological control

agents are exempt from the requirements of the US

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Mahogony seeds (Swietenia mahagoni)

Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L.)

88

Dolkalmi (Ipomea carnea)

Tomato Leaf

Seed extract of Ata/leaf of Sharifa (Ata

(Annona reticulate) and Sharifa (Annona

squamosa). (Annona/Sugar Apple).

BIOPESTICIDES THAT CAN BE USED AS

PEST REPELLENTS

COMMENTS

Garlic and garlic oil These biopesticides are exempted under 25(b) of FIFRA.

For full list of biopesticides exempted from FIFRA see

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.h

tm

Thyme and thyme oil

Sodium lauryl sulfate (detergent)

Pepper

Malic acid

Peppermint and peppermint oil

Rosemary and rosemary oil

Pheromone sprays and traps 40 CFR Part 152.25(b) exempts pheromones and

pheromone traps that meet the conditions listed from

FIFRA. The following biological control agents are not

exempt from FIFRA requirements:

eucaryotic microorganism including, but not limited to,

protozoa, algae and fungi

procaryotic microorganism including, but not limited to,

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria;

parasitically-replicating microscopic element, including,

but not limited to, viruses. 96

Cuelure (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) Synthetic pheromone/parapheromone also known as

Cue-lure/Q-lure pheromone lure approved in Bangladesh

and by USEPA.

Methyl eugenol

(4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene-

carboxylate)97

Methyl eugenol is an aromatic compound found in herbs

and essential oils. It is a parapheromone that attracts

insects because of its smell. It is used as a food additive

and in cosmetic products within strictly set limits. It has

slight acute inhalation and dermal toxicity. At very high

levels of exposure it has been found to be a probable

carcinogen. It is used by itself or in combination with

Cuelure. Methyl eugenol is registered by USEPA but in

Bangladesh it is not listed as a pesticide.

PRODUCTS THAT ARE COMMONLY

USED BY FARMERS AND ARE

APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USES

WITH RESTRICTIONS

RESTRICTIONS

96 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol24-sec152-25.pdf 97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658515



89

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a pesticide

for agricultural or for health uses. It is banned for use by

the EU. It is registered by USEPA as a pesticide. Potential

uses of naphthalene in agriculture include use in soil as a

fumigant pesticide and to repel animals and insects.

Naphthalene is not hydroscopic (does not absorb

moisture) and will not absorb moisture from seeds.

Farmers using naphthalene must be informed about health

risks of this product and its potential risks to the

environment. Farmers must be trained in use of this

product and wear appropriate PPE.

Bordeaux mixture (combination of copper

sulfate, lime, and water)

Copper sulfate is high toxicity (USEPA I) for eye irritation.

Its WHO Classification is Moderate Toxicity II. It is toxic

to humans through ingestion and inhalation, irritating to

skin and eyes, highly toxic to fish and other aquatic

organism. Farmers must be trained in potential hazards of

this product and use proper PPE when mixing/applying

this product.

Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) that include herbicides, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, DO4 agricultural activities. For more complete information on each Active Ingredient’s (AI’s) impacts on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2.

HERBICIDES COMMENTS

Bensulfuron-methyl

Bispyribac sodium

Carfentrazone-ethyl

Cyhalofop-butyl

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Mefenacet

Nicosulfuron

Orthosulfamuron

Pendimethalin

Penoxsulam

Propanil

Quinclorac

Triasulfuron

Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more

toxic to mammals (including humans) than the

active ingredients.

Herbicides can be slightly, moderately or highly

toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause

reduction of sensitive species and abundance of

tolerant species.98

FUNGICIDES COMMENTS

Azoxystrobin

Carbendazim

Carboxin

Copper

Copper oxychloride

Cymoxanil

Cyproconazole

Dichloran/DCNA

Difenoconazole

Dimethomorph

In general, fungicides are of low to moderate

mammalian toxicology. These fungicides are

included here. Some herbicides, which may have a

higher overall incidence than other pesticides to

cause developmental toxicology and oncogenesis

(cause cancer),99 are not included here.

98 http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_herb_int.html 99 http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/12734.pdf

90

Fenamidone

Fosetyl aluminum

Mandipropamid (MPD)

Metalaxyl

Mefenoxam/Metalaxyl-M

Phosphorous acid

Propamocarb hydrochloride/ Propamocarb/

Pyraclostrobin

Trifloxystrobin

BACTERICIDES/BACTERIOSTATS COMMENTS

Quaternary Ammonium It is toxic to aquatic organisms and fish

INSECTICIDES COMMENTS

Azadirachtin

Chlorfenapyr

Flubendiamide

Indoxacarb (S-isomer)

Lufenuron

Spirotetramat

Sulfur

Products containing these AIs are usually of slight

to moderate acute toxicity, have no known

chronic effects, and can result in low, moderate or

high toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms, bees and

other beneficial organisms.

Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides with Restrictions: Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) that include herbicides, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2, DO3, DO4 agricultural activities, with restrictions. Unlike the products listed above, the below listed AIscan be in products that are designated as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) as well as in products designated as General Use Pesticides (GUP). RUPs are pesticides which are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. This means that a license is required to purchase and apply the product. Certification programs are administered by the federal government, individual states, and by company policies that vary from state to state.100 Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations or uses. Products can be designated RUP because of human acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) health risk, physical hazards such as risks of fire or explosion, and ecotoxicity hazards such as potential risks of water pollution and risk to flora and fauna. Only GUP products are approved for use by farmers. RUP products that contain AIs listed in the table below can be used only by professionally trained certified and registered pest control specialists. Class I products are not approved for use by farmers by this PERSUAP. Farmers must be trained to use Class II and III products. The training must require farmers to interpret product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, ecotoxicity and required safety measures. Training requirements are specified in the SUAP (Section 6). For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2. PESTICIDES (AIS) APPROVED WITH RESTRICTIONS

Herbicides Restrictions

2,4-D acids, salts, amines (2,4-dichlorophenoxy

acetic acid; 2,4-Dimethyl amine; 2,4-

dimethylamine salt)

Some products are RUP

Acetochlor Most products are RUP

100

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_use_pesticide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

91

Glyphosate Glyphosate-isopropylammonium products are RUP

MCPA ((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid) Possible carcinogen

Metribuzin Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity

Oryzalin Potential carcinogen

Oxadiazon Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, potential carcinogen

Oxyfluorfen Potential carcinogen

Quizalofop-p-ethyl Some products are acute toxicity category I due to

eye irritation risks

Fungicides Restrictions

Chlorothalonil Some products are RUP

Copper hydroxide


irritation

Tebuconazole Potential chronic toxicity

Copper sulfate/ Tri basic copper sulfate


irritation

Iprodione Probable carcinogen

Mancozeb Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, probable carcinogen

Metiram complex

Potential carcinogen, endocrinal disruptor,

Reproductive/developmental toxin

Propiconazole Some products are RUP

Tetraconazole Classified as likely to be carcinogen by EPA

Thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) Use of dustable powder only below15% Potential


Thiophanate-methyl EPA classified as likely to be carcinogen, potential


Bactericide/Bacteriostat Restrictions

Calcium oxide/Calcium hydroxide Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

Calcium oxide is approved by USEPA for

aquaculture uses. Lime increases pH to buffer

against pH fluctuations. Lime is a hazardous

product, therefore farmers must be trained it its

use and use appropriate PPE.

Insecticides Restrictions

Abamectin/Vermectin

Farmers can use only formulations below 1.9%

Acetamiprid Not to be used when plants are flowering

Acephate Possible nervous system toxin

Alpha-cypermethrin

Re-registered in the US in 2013, products available

in the US

Amitraz Potential developmental/reproductive/neurological

toxicity

Beta-cypermethrin Use only formulations 10% and below

Bifenthrin

use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations

which are GUP, all

other formulations are RUP

Buprofezin Possible carcinogen

92

Carbaryl Granular formulations are RUP

Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos ethyl Use only non RUP products

Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR) Use only non RUP products

Chlorpyrifos Use only non RUP products

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Some EC formulations are RUP due to aquatic

toxicity

Diazinon Use only non RUP products

Dimethoate

Potential nervous system toxin,

developmental/reproductive toxin, highly toxic to

bees

Emamectin/ Emamectin Benzoate Use only non RUP products

Esfenvalerate Use only non RUP products

Fenitrothion

Potential nervous system toxin, toxic to bees

Fenpropathrin

Emulsifiable concentrate spray is RUP, AI newly


Fenpyroximate

WHO acute toxicity classification II, newly


Fipronil Use only non RUP products

Gamma-cyhalothrin

Most non Microencapsulated Particles (CS)

formulations are RUP, use only GUP products

Hexythiazox

EPA classification as a possible carcinogen

Imidachloprid

Toxic to bees, not to be used when plants are

flowering. Use only non-RUP products

Lambda-cyhalothrin

Only formulations 10% and below are GUP

Malathion Potential nervous system toxicant, toxic to bees

Methomyl Use only non-RUP products

Pymetrozine Likely human carcinogen

Pirimiphos-methyl Potential neurotoxicity

Spinosad

Use only non-RUP products. Highly toxic to bees,

not to be used when plants are flowering

Thiacloprid

Likely to be carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic

organisms

Thiodicarb

RUP all formulations for seed treatment, probable

carcinogen, nervous system toxin

Thiamethoxam

Use only non RUP products, not to be used when

plants are flowering

Pesticides approved for aquaculture use. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) bactericide, algaecide, piscicide are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FFP and FTF), DO3 and DO4 projects engaged in aquaculture activities. For

93

further information on the impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table B-2. Bacteriocide/Bacteriostat Restrictions

Lime (calcium oxide or calcium

hydroxide when mixing calcium

oxide in water)

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. Calcium oxide

is approved by USEPA for aquaculture uses. It is approved for use

to sterilize ponds prior to stocking. Lime also increases the

availability of nutrients and increases pH to buffer against daily pH

fluctuations. Lime is hazardous product. Farmers must be trained

in its use and use appropriate PPE.

Disinfectant/sterilant/algaecide Restrictions

Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

It is a hazardous substance and at higher concentrations some

products are considered pesticides. For disinfectants/sterilizers

that are regulated by USEPA under FIFRA see


At low concentrations liquid chemical sterilizer is not a pesticide

under section 2(u) of FIFRA.101 Calcium hypochlorite can also be

used for emergency disinfection of drinking water.102 For use of

this product, farmers must be trained and use proper PPE.

Piscicide Restrictions

Rotenone

(Extract of Derris elliptica)

Rotenone is not registred as a pesticide in Bangladesh but it is

widely used by Bangladesh farmers. Products containing rotenone

are fish toxicants approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA). Most Rotenone products are RUP due to risks to

human health and to fish and aquatic organisms. Rotenone is

approved for use in inland culture fisheries but only by trained

professionals using appropriate PPE.103 The applicator must always

follow label instructions and specifications.

Fumigant and insecticides approved for protection of FFP commodities. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh Title II DFAP activities for storage and protection of agricultural commodities.

FUMIGANT/INSECTICIDE/RODENTICIDE RESTRICTIONS

Aluminum Phosphide All FFP warehouse pest control activities for

protection of agricultural commodities are

performed by trained and certified pest control

specialists. Only products approved in Bangladesh

for control of pests in warehouses and its

surroundings can be used by the fumigators.

In addition, Aluminum Phosphide fumigation must

comply with the USAID Programmatic

Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphide

Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity

(http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm); see

Annext T-1 for guide to compliance requirements.

Insecticides

Chloropyrifos

Cypermethrin

Pirimphos-Methyl

Pesticides approved for use in health and sanitation activities. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are approved for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh

101 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6 102 http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm 103 http://fisheries.tamu.edu/files/2013/09/SRAC-Publication-No.-4101-Removing-Fish-from-Ponds-with-Rotenone.pdf




94

DO3 Health and Sanitation Activities. For disinfectants/sterilizer products that are regulated by USEPA for specific uses please see http://epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm

COMMON ANTISEPTICS/ANTIMICROBIAL

PATIENT/MEDICAL DEVICE CARE

COMMENTS

Iodophors/Povidone-iodine solution

Strengths: 10%, 7.5%, 2%, 0.5%

EPA does not regulate liquid chemical sterilizers used

on critical and semicritical patient-care devices. For

these uses, these chemicals and concentrations used

in patient care are regulated by the US Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) with Center for Disease

Control (CDC) oversight.

Iodine 1% Tincture of iodine 2%

Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% or 4% scrub (e.g.

Hibitane, Hibiscrub, Hibiclens) or 0.5% tincture

Alcohol 70% – 90% (isopropyl)

Triclosan Strengths: 0.3%–2%

ANTIMICROBIAL/DISINFECTANTS/STERILIZER


COMMENTS


In health-care settings, EPA regulates disinfectants that

are used on environmental surfaces (housekeeping

and clinical contact surfaces). At low concentrations

liquid chemical sterilizers are exempt under section

2(u) of FIFRA.104 Calcium hypochlorite can also be

used for emergency disinfection of drinking water.

Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide

in Bangladesh.

Calcium hypochlorite is a hazardous substance

available in low concentrations for medical and

household disinfection uses.

Hydrochloric acid 10% (contained in household

product)

Hydrochloric acid is an active ingredient in many

household toilet bowl cleaner products. It is corrosive

toxic chemical.

Phenol (carbolic acid) and its salts It is found in household cleaning products and is

approved by USEPA. It is absorbed by oral, inhalation,

or dermal routes. Phenol and its vapors are corrosive

to the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract.


CONTROL

COMMENTS

Allethrin, d-Allethrin (Pynamin Forte) These AIs are contained in products designated for

use in healthcare for structural control of household

pests including mosquitoes. All AIs on this list are

approved in Bangladesh and by USEPA for public

health services for use products designated for

household use.

Bioallethrin

Cyfluthrin

Cypermethrin, alfa-Cypermethrin

Cyphenothrin, (Gokilaht), (d,d,trans-

cyphenothrin)

Deltamethrin

Diethyltoluamide (DEET)

d-trans Allethrin (bioallethrin)

Esbiothrin

Fipronil

Imiprothrin

Lambda Cyhalothrin (concentrations below 10%)

Phenothrin/d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin)

104 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6



95

Piperonyl Butoxide

Prallethrin

Resmethrin

S-Bioallethrin

Tetramethrin/d-Tetramethrin (Neo-pynamin),

Thiamethoxam


CONTROL

RESTRICTIONS

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a

pesticide for agricultural or for health uses. It is

banned for use by the EU. Naphthalene and its

derivatives are registered by USEPA as pesticides.

However, naphthalene should be very sparingly used

only when necessary in closed spaces and where

possible replaced by natural camphor. Naphthalene

kills or repels insects by generating fumes that have

very negative health effects on people. It should not

be used in spaces to which there is no access to

general public and especially people with respiratory

diseases, allergies, compromised immune systems and

particularly children.

PESTICIDES CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED Note: Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e. appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use on D02, 3 and 4 activities in Bangladesh, For reference, however, the tables below document pesticides (as active ingredients) that were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and EPA registration status for each are presented in Table B-2 in Annex B. Pesticides rejected for agricultural activities:

PESTICIDES REJECTED FOR USE

Herbicides Reason for rejection

Bistrifluron

Butachlor

Ethoxysulfuron

Fenbutatin oxide

Isoproturon

Metamifop

Oxadiargyl

Pyrazosulfuran Ethyl

Quizalofop-P-tefuryl




Most products RUP/Highly toxic to aquatic

organisms






Fungicides Reason for rejection

Benalaxyl fungicide

Bismarthiozol

Diniconazole

Edifenphos

Epoxiconazole

Flusilazole

Hexaconazole

Iprovalicarb

Isoprothiolane

Physcion

Propineb












96

Tricyclazole

Tridemorph

Validamycin (antibiotic fungicide)

Zineb





Insecticides Reason for rejection

Bromopropylate (miticide)

Cadusafos

Carbofuran

Carbosulfan

Cartap/Cartap hydrochloride

Cyhexatin (miticide)

Dimehypo

Ethion (miticide)

Fenthion

Fenvalerate

Isoprocarb

Methyl Bromide (fumigant)

Osfencarb (BPMC)/Fenobucarb

Paraquat

Phenthoate

Phoxim

Profenofos

Propargite

Pymetrozine

Quinalphos

Triazophos

Zeta-cypermethrin



Some formulations banned or phased out in the

US/RUP all uses





Bangladesh)



No federally registered products in the US-

replaced by Esfenvalerate


Ozone depleting chemical being phased out

internationally based on Montreal Protocol


All formulations and concentrations are RUP, most

products cancelled



Approved only for cotton in the US

RUP most formulations and products


Bangladesh)



RUP all formulations

Rodenticide Reason for rejection

Zinc Phosphide

Bromadiolone

High toxicity (WHO 1b)

High toxicity (EPA I, WHO 1b)

Microbicide Reason for rejection

Tetracycline hydrochloride+ Streptomycin sulfate Tetracycline hydrochloride is not registered by

USEPA for agricultural uses

Pesticides rejected for use in aquaculture:

INSECTICIDES REASON FOR REJECTION

Trichlorfon/Metrifonate AI not approved/registered in Bangladesh. This AI is toxic to fish and

aquatic organisms. Some products have been taken off the market.

For example, Dipterex was cancelled in Bangladesh. This AI is not

approved by USEPA for use in aquatic environment.

Fenitrothion This AI is approved in Bangladesh for agricultural uses.

It is not approved by USEPA for aquaculture use. Fenitrothion AI

product frequently used in Bangladesh such as Sumithion is a marine

pollutant and is toxic to fish. Study of development disorders caused

by insecticides emphasizes the links between the concentrations of

toxins and dysfunction in normal development from embryonic to

97

puberty periods. So, impairment in the normal development and the

growth may reduce the fish’s survival chance.105 Previous molecular

studies have reported that fenitrothion bioaccumulates in the brain,

liver, muscle, and blood of exposed fish.106

Aluminum Phosphide (fumigant) This AI is highly toxic to mammals including humans and is not

approved for use in aquaculture.

Kerosene Kerosene is carcinogenic and should not be released into the aquatic

environment.

Pesticides rejected for use in health services activities:

ANTIMICROBIAL

DISINFECTANTS/ENVIRONMENTAL

SURFACES CARE


Creosote oil

It is distilled from wood tar and used as an antiseptic.

Creosote oil contains carbolic acid, creosol and other

homologues of phenol which exert the necessary

germicidal powder.107 Creosote is also used as a wood

preservative and use of creosote oil products for wood has

been banned in the US due to possible oncogenic and

mutegenic effects.108 Other safer alternatives are available

for disinfecting floors in health clinics.109

AI OF HEALTH SERVICES STRUCTURAL

PEST CONTROL


Azamethiphos No registered products in the US

Bifenthrin Potential chronic toxicity

Chlorpyriphos Potential chronic toxicity

Diazinon Potential chronic toxicity

Dimefluthrin Not registered by USEPA

Fenitrothion Potential chronic toxicity

Hydramethylnon Potential chronic toxicity

Malathion Potential chronic toxicity

Meperfluthrin Not registered by USEPA

Metofluthrin Potential chronic toxicity

Permethrin Potential chronic toxicity

Phenthoate Potential chronic toxicity

Pirimiphos methyl Potential chronic toxicity

Propoxur Acute toxicity and potential chronic toxicity

Temephos Potential chronic toxicity

Transfluthrin Not registered by USEPA

6.3 SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

In summary, the mandatory mitigation measures and restrictions that apply to the above listed pesticides are as follows.

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with USAID funds in USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FFP and FTF), DO3, DO4 activities. These pesticides are listed

105 http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/27801.pdf 106 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es103814d 107 http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/pdf/frup.pdf 108http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5COK%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C61470%5C614

70-3%5C61470-3_Coal_Tar_Creosote_P2_5_30_2014_12_27_33_PM.pdf 109 http://medind.nic.in/hab/t01/i3/habt01i3p164.pdf

http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/pdf/frup.pdf

http://medind.nic.in/hab/t01/i3/habt01i3p164.pdf

98

above. (Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement or use or both, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all active ingredients are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use and pesticide first aid;

D. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices;

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring. These conditions are additional to those enumerated in the lists of approved pesticides above. They have been synthesized from the PER analysis and are detailed in the mandatory SUAP template (see Section 6.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR and MEO 30 days before the implementation of the activity and must provide an annual update of the SUAP. With respect to pesticides, the SUAP satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference. The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.

IPM/SAFER USE REQUIREMENT KEY RESOURCES PROVIDED

Pesticide recommendations and

use must be governed by a set of

crop- and pest-specific IPM-based

pest management plans.

(IPs are responsible for

developing these plans.)

ANNEX A: sets out crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest chemical and non-chemical

management methods recommended by this PERSUAP. The pests and

control methods table for each crop is intended to serve as a rough draft

for a crop-specific pest management plan.

ANNEX B: provides toxicology information for each approved active

ingredient, including human acute toxicities and chronic health issues,

water pollution potential, as well as potential ecotoxicities to important

non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several

aquatic organisms. This information is summarized in table B-2.

Appropriate project staff and

beneficiaries must be trained in

safer pesticide use and pesticide

first aid.

ANNEX C: Mandatory Elements of Pesticide Safer Use Training provides

significant discussion of safer use training elements.

To the greatest degree

practicable, projects must require

use and maintenance of

appropriate PPE—as well as safe

pesticide purchase, handling, and

disposal practices.

99

6.4 PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN & COMPLIANCE TRACKER

2015 USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP

Must be submitted to AOR/COR by Date: and annually updated thereafter.

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:

Prime Contractor Initial submission

Project Annual Update #1

Pesticide Compliance

Lead & Contact

Information

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest

Management Needs

on Project

Annual Update #3

Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.

100

PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN & COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2015 USAID/BANGLADESH PERSUAP

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE

(MITIGATION) MEASURE

INITIAL COMPLIANCE STATUS (IF

NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE &

MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE

(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2015 USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP

Immediately

Inventory Pesticides being supported and

ensure NO SUPPORT for Class I

chemicals.

(insert extra rows if needed)

Ensure that Class I fumigants, as

approved in this PERSUAP, can only be

used by or under supervision of a

certified pesticide applicator.

Ensure that Restricted Use Pesticides

(RUPs), as classified by USEPA, can only

be used by or under supervision of a

certified pesticide applicator.

Ensure that the veterinary use of

pesticides can only be provided by

trained veterinary workers.

Distribute copies of the list of allowed

AIs with matching commercial product

names and list of cancelled products to

all project field extension staff & advice

regarding the Date: deadline for

compliance (below). Updated lists can be

found in References and Resources.

As soon as possible but not later than [DATE]:

Assure that USAID-funded pesticide

support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES

APPROVED BY PERSUAP.

Continue verification throughout life-of-

project

101

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE



Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. For agricultural

activities these will be crop-and-pest specific.

By [DATE]:

Starting from the information in

PERSUAP Annex A and drawing on

PERSUAP Annex B, adopt/develop crop-

and pest-specific IPM-based pest

management plans (PMPs).

For chemical controls, PMPs must

include the use restrictions specified in

the Annex B pesticide profiles. (E.g. no

use near surface waters.)

Note: sharing/collaboration among

projects is encouraged.

Translate PMPs into crop-specific field

reference guides or posters for farmers

to anticipate and manage pests.

By [DATE]:

Provide first-time training to appropriate

project staff, partners and beneficiaries in

PMPs;

Provide refresher training annually.

From [DATE]:

Require and enforce PMP

implementation in situations where the

project has direct control over pesticide

use

Require and enforce that field extension

under direct project control be PMP-

based.

102

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE



Where project control over extension

or agricultural practice on the ground is

less than complete, promote and support

to PMPs to the greatest practicable

extent.

Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP)

Modify PMPs over LOP based on ground-

truthing/field experience.

For all target activities appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid

Ensure availability of product label and

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). For

all products that will be in use, the

project personnel must obtain and

review the product label and MSDS to

ensure that pesticide users are aware of

potential hazards and are undertaking all

measures to minimize risks to human

health and safety and to the environment.

Ensure that, for all projects that provide

support for procurement or use, or both

of seed treated with pesticides, training

in handling dressed seed is provided.

Ensure that training is provided to

relevant staff of all projects that provide

support for treatment of stored

commodities.

103

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE




relevant staff and TOT beneficiaries of all

projects that provide support to farmers

in post-harvest use of pesticides.



projects that provide support to fish

farmers that are using pesticides.



projects that provide support to health

services activities that use of disinfectants

and pesticides.

Ensure that if livestock projects

introduce veterinary pesticide use, they

must inform Environmental Officer for

approval.

Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe

Practices and IPM for project staff and

beneficiaries, including at least annual

refresher training.

Develop or source curricula conforming

to required training elements specified in

Annex C.

Implement training plan, providing first-

time training to all relevant staff and

beneficiaries within 6 months.

To the greatest degree practicable, all projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.

104

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE



If carbamate or organophosphate-class

pesticides are used extensively, follow

procedures for baseline testing for

cholinesterase inhibition, and establish a

periodic cholinesterase monitoring

schedule when necessary.

Implement/observe core risk mitigation

measures (PPE and other precautions)

identified in the summary section of each

extended pesticide profile.

Where control is less complete, take all

practicable measures to support and

promote implementation of these

measures.

Whenever providing, supporting or

recommending pesticides for use, assure

that appropriate personal protective

equipment is available and, to the degree

possible, require its use.

Whenever directly using, procuring or

supplying pesticides, assure that quality

application equipment is available and

local capacity for its available and

maintained.

To the greatest degree practicable,

enforce good disposal and clean-up

practice.

105

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE



For directly supported pesticide stores,

assure that FAO Best Management

Practices are met. (See Annex C).

For directly supported pesticide

transport, assure that minimum practices

specified in Annex C are met.

Projects must follow safety restrictions and precautions for all target activities

People who are not wearing PPE should

not enter pesticide treated areas during

Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) to

perform tasks that involve contact with

pesticide treated surfaces. Each pesticide

label specifies a REI usually ranging from

12 to 72 hours.

Warning signs should be posted to warn

people in advance about pesticide

application and REI.

Products that are suspected to have

potential to cause harm to unborn child,

such as Dimethoate and Mancozeb will

not be handled and applied by pregnant

women. Pregnant women should not

enter treated areas during application

and REI.

Pre-harvest interval (PHI) is the time

required between the last application of

pesticides and the safe harvesting of

edible crops for immediate consumption.

Farmers will be trained about the

importance of adhering to the PHI stated

on the label to ensure no chemical

residues are found on harvested crops.

Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring

Pesticide efficacy in demonstration plots

106

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE





MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE



must be evaluated

Any evidence of pesticide resistance

development must be tracked and

reported.

Flow-down requirements

Prime contractors must write pesticide

compliance requirements as set out

above into each grant or sub-contract

that will involve support for pesticide

use.

Pesticide registration status in Bangladesh and USEPA must be updated yearly.

107

ANNEX A:

PESTS & DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS & AVAILABLE &

RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHODS

This annex details the primary pests of all target crops on a crop-by-crop basis, available non-chemical control methods, and recommended chemical controls, where these are necessary. As such, this Annex contains both information compiled as INPUT to the PER analysis (pests of target crops), and OUTPUTS of that analysis (available non-chemical controls, recommended chemical controls.) The pest-control method matrices provided for each target crop are intended to serve as the basis for the crop and pest-specific management plans required by the SUAP. The pest lists were generated from interviews conducted with implementers of USAID projects, agro-input dealers, from project sites, farmers, warehouse operators, researchers and agricultural extension staff and consideration of the most common pests impacting major food crops in Bangladesh and other South-east Asian countries. The USAID/Bangladesh agriculture sector target crops and livestock are profiled in this annex. Per section 4.1 of the PERSUAP, these are: Rice, Maize, Wheat, Jute, Chili, pulses (Mungbean, Lentils, etc.), Vegetables (Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, Carrots, Radish, Brinjal, Okra, Taro, gourds etc.) Oil Seed Mustard, Onion, Potato, Sweet potato, Banana, Papaya, Lemon, Mango, Wood apple, Strawberry, Sapota and storage pests. Rice Oryza sativa Family: Poaceae Rice is the staple food of about 160 million people of Bangladesh and it provides about two-third of total calorie supply and about one-half of the total protein intake of an average person in the country. Rice is grown on about 10.5 million hectares which has remained almost stable over the past three decades. About 75% of the total cropped area and over 80% of the total irrigated area is planted to rice. In Bangladesh rice is grown round the year in Aus, Aman, and Boro season. Generally, rice is grown throughout the country in upland and low wet land. Upland rice cultivations are mainly rainfed. Rice production in Bangladesh is increased three folds in the past three decades. In the year 1971 total rice production was about 10.59 million tons, while the country is now producing about 25.0 million tons. This increased rice production has been possible largely due to the adoption of modern rice varieties on around 66% of the rice land, availability of inputs and use of improved pest and nutrient management practices. Until now Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developed 62 HYV rice varieties of which some are pest and disease tolerant, some varieties are rich with micro nutrient like Fe and Zn. Major pests are weeds and insects including stem borers, plant suckers and leaf feeders. Rats also concentrate on fields near bushy areas causing localized but severe damage. Bad agronomic practices have also led to some diseases attacking rice. Pests and Diseases in Rice and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

sedges,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients

Thorough land preparation

Hand weeding

Mechanical weeding

Pre- emergence herbicide

preferably on moist soil

Post-emergence herbicide

on young weeds

Oxadiazon

Pendimethalin

Pretilachlor

Ronstar 25 EC,

Corostar 25 EC

Panida 33 EC,

Pendulum 330 EC

Rifit 500 EC

108

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Rice leaf folder

(Lepidoptera)

Lava scrape

leaves and folds

them together

Reduced

photosynthetic

area

Keeps the field free from

weed

Fix sticks in the fields for

birds to perch

Set up light traps in the

evening near the fields to

collect the moths

Use bio-pesticides when

necessary

Insecticide spray if severe

infestation

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Stem borers

(Lepidoptera)

Lavae bore

through stem

eat up plant

tissue giving

dead heart or

white head

panicles

Burn or feed crop residue

to livestock after harvest

Plough down straw after

harvest

Practice early and

synchronized planting

Conserve natural enemies

such as wasps, predators

like ants, dragonflies,

assassin bugs, carabid

beetles and spiders.

Cultivate resistant varieties.

Apply insecticide when

necessary.

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fipronil

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

Regent 50 SC

Ascend 3GR

Brown

planthopper,

Green leafhopper

(Hemiptera)

Suck plant sap

and cause

hopper burn

Use tolerant varieties (BR1,

BR2, BR3, BR10, BRRI dhan

26).

Destruction of volunteer

plant (weeds) or ratoon.

Removing excess water

from field.

Avoid excess nitrogenous

fertilizer.

Maintain optimum plant

spacing.

Use insecticides in case of

severe infestation.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fipronil

Imidacloprid

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 60EC

Regent 50 SC

Admire 20 SL

Rice bug

(Hemiptera)

Bugs suck the

milky juice from

young panicles

Remove grasses from the

field and field bounds

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

109

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Unfilled or

damaged and

stained grains

Use light traps for attracting

and killing the bugs

Use insecticides when

necessary.

Classic 20 EC

Rice hispa

(Coleoptera)

Larvae bore into

leaf and feed

internal tissue,

adult scrape

leaves

Reduced

photosynthetic

area

Transplant clean seedlings

which are free from eggs

and grubs.

Clipping infested leaf to

remove grubs.

Ratoon crops should not be

allowed to grow.

Discourage the use of urea

in an infested field.

Conserve parasitoid

(Trichogramma zahiri) and

spiders as natural enemies.

Use insecticides when

necessary.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Fipronil

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Regent 50 SC

Rice tungro disease

(Virus)

Causes leaf

discoloration,

stunted growth,

reduced tiller

numbers and

sterile or partly

filled grains

No chemical cure

Grow tungro or leafhopper

resistant varieties.

Practice synchronous

planting with surrounding

farms.

Rouging infected plants only

when diseases incidence is

low.

Plow infected stubbles

immediately after harvest to

reduce inoculum source.

None None

Rice blast –Leaf

and Neck blast

Pyricularia oryzae

(Fungus)

Most

destructive.

Removes

photosynthetic

tissue from

leaves, stems

and gains.

Infects grains.

Reduces yield by

up to 50% or

more.

Use resistant varieties

Avoid excess nitrogen

fertilizer

Tebuconazole

(50%)

+Trifloxystrobin

(25%)

Nativo 75 WP

110

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Sheath Blight

(Fungus)

Reduced

photosynthetic

areas.

Leaves die

Yield reduction

by 20-25%.

No variety has a high level

of resistance

Do not apply excessive

nitrogen

Carbendazim

Propiconazole

Tebuconazole

(50%)

+Trifloxystrobin

(25%)

Bavistin DF

Tilt 250 EC

Nativo 75 WP

Brown spot

(Fungus)

Reduced

photosynthetic

area.

Reduced grain

weight and

quality.

Provide adequate fertilizer

Use resistant varieties.

Hot water treatment of

seed.

None None

Brown field rats Cut tillers and

feed on grains

Clear bushes around the

fields.

Destroy burrows.

Preserve predators of rats

e.g. owls.

Use traps set carefully in the

field.

In severe case use

rodenticide.

None

None

Wheat Triticum aestivum Family: Gramineae Wheat is the second important cereal crop in Bangladesh. It is grown during Rabi season and the duration extends from the month of November to March. The Rabi season in Bangladesh is dry and as such, the inadequate soil moisture in this season limits the use of fertilizer, resulting in decreased grain yield. About 24.84% of the total wheat area in the country is irrigated and the rest of the area is cultivated under rain fed condition. The yield of wheat in Bangladesh has increased to some extent with the introduction of high yielding varieties. But the yield is still not satisfactory rather it is low compared to that of the leading wheat growing countries of the world. The low yield of wheat in Bangladesh is attributed to a number of reasons, viz. the low yielding varieties, the traditional cultural practices, lack of irrigation facilities, improper fertilizer management and the attack of pest and diseases. Among the pests, rat and weeds caused significant damage to wheat crop. Insect attack is not so frequent, but fungal disease particularly wheat rust is a serious problem of wheat cultivation in Bangladesh. Pests and Diseases in Wheat and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

111

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

sedges,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients

Thorough land preparation.

Hand weeding.

Mechanical weeding.




on young weeds

Carfentrazone Ethyl

Pendimethalin

Hammer 24 EC

Fist 33 EC

Wheat leaf rust

Puccinia triticina

Reduces

photosynthetic

area.

Cultivate resistant varieties.

Use healthy seed.

Use fungicide.

Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC

Loose smut

Ustilago tritici

Damage grain Use certified seed.


seed.

Use fungicide- spray/seed

treatment

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Brown field rat Cut the panicle

and damage

grain

Clear bushes around the

fields.

Destroy burrows.


e.g. mongooses, owls etc.

Use traps set carefully in

the field.

None

None

Maize Zea mays Family: Gramineae Maize is one of the most leading cereals in the world ranks third next to wheat and rice. Maize is exotic to Bangladesh and it is now well adapted to agroecological conditions. Maize is mainly cultivated as fodder crop and the grain is also use for human consumption in various ways, such as corn meal, fried grain and corn flour. Maize in Bangladesh is becoming an important crop in the rice based cropping system. With the increase in demand from poultry and other feed industries it is expected that more area will be diverted from Boro rice to hybrid maize in the coming years. Maize is reported to be most sensitive to weeds and yield loss due to weeds in this crop ranges from 24 to 70%. Due to labor constraints and often a lack of draught animals, weeds remain a pivotal constraint with the only economical method of control being herbicides. Delayed weed removal is the primary cause of maize yield loss in smallholder agriculture. Herbicides can save labor and time to increase the net benefits to farmers. However, very few farmers use herbicides because they have low capital, inadequate knowledge systems and poor access to credit. The parasitic weeds Striga spp. known as witch weeds, are important pests of maize, particularly in drier areas. The weeds grow on the roots of maize affecting development of maize plants. A single weed plant produces many thousands of tiny seeds that survive in

112

the soil for long periods. A heavy infestation can cause complete yield loss. Among the insect pest, cutworm, stem borer and Earworm cause significant damage to maize crop in Bangladesh. Pests and Diseases in Maize and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (Grass

and broad leaf)

Compete for

water and

nutrients

Thorough land

preparation.

Weeding.

Crop rotation.

Use of herbicide.

Metribuzin Neon 70 WG

Cutworms Sever seedlings

damage,

defoliate and

reduce

photosynthetic

surface

area

Early planting.

Deep plowing to expose

worms.

Conserve natural enemies.

Apply insecticide poisoned

baits.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Armyworm

Spodoptera sp.

Defoliation to

decrease

photosynthesis.

Fertility management.

Scout field edges.

Spray Bio-pesticides or

botanicals like neem

extracts when caterpillars

are still small.


Apply insecticide if

incidence of damage

exceeds 30% plants.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Pink Stem borer

(Sesamia inferens)

Tunnel stalks to

inhibit nutrient

and water flow.

Feeding causes

ears to break off.

Early planting

Judicial use of fertilizer.

Insecticide at first sign of

feeding injury.

Spot treat infested plant

and its neighbors only (not

the whole field).


wasps and predatory ants.

Destroy crop residues to

prevent carry-over.

Intercrop with non-hosts

e.g. legumes.

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Fipronil

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

Regent 50 SC

Ascend 3GR

113

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Spray neem products into

funnels of maize plants.

Earworm

Heliocoverpa

armigera

Feed on grains in

ear

Early planting.


(parasitic wasps, ants and

predatory bugs).

Monitor crop regularly.

Use bio-pesticides.

Use plant extracts (neem

seed and leaf) – time spray

before larvae enter the

cobs.

Fenitrothion

Chlorpyrifos

Sumithion 50EC

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Damping off,

seedling

blight

Rhizoctonia

Cause seedling

to

wither

Use certified disease free

seed.

Seed treatment with

fungicide.

Carbendazim Bavistin DF

Maize streak virus Reduce

photosynthetic

area.

Plant early in the season

Eradicate grass weeds

Control vectors (mainly

leafhoppers)

Intercrop with non cereals.

None None

Common leaf rust

Puccinia sp.

Reduce

photosynthetic

area

Use resistant/ tolerant

varieties

Deep plough crop residue

Destroy weeds which are

alternate hosts e.g. Oxalis

sp.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Cuptun 50 WP

Purple witch

weed Striga spp

Parasitic weed

Tap the roots of

maize plant and

draw water and

nutrients

Stunting of plants

and yield loss

Weeding regularly but is

labor intensive

Inter crop with legumes

like cowpea and pigeon pea

– can cause suicidal

germination of Striga seed

Boost plant health through

manure/fertilizes

application.

None None

Jute Corchorus olitorious C. capsularis. Family: Tiliaceae

114

Jute is called “Golden fiber” as it contributes significantly to the economy of Bangladesh. Among the jute growing countries of the world, Bangladesh ranks second in respect of production. Jute fiber is mainly used for making bags, sacks, carpets, coarse cloth etc. Jute stick is used as house construction material and also used as fuel in the rural areas. Moreover, the leaves are used as vegetable. Two species of Jute are cultivated in Bangladesh, Deshi and Tossa. Jute is grown in Kharif season (April-September) in Bangladesh. The abundance of weeds and insect pest is high in jute fields as high temperature and rains prevails in the Kharif season. Weed usually competes with the jute plants at early stage and farmers require weeding for two to three times. Leaf feeding insects and mites are commonly found in jute field. Black band is the most destructive diseases cause significant damage to jute fiber. Pests and Diseases in Jute and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

sedges,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients


Hand weeding

Hand hoe weeding.




on young weeds.

Fenoxyprop-p-

Ethyl

Quizalofop-p-Ethyl

Whip Super 9 EC,

Release 9 EC

Weednil 5 EC,

Pull 5 EC,

Juteox 50 EC

Jute hairy

caterpillar

Spilarctia obliqua

Feed on leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Deep ploughing.

Removal and destruction of

alternate wild hosts.

Grow trap crops like

cowpea, on field bunds.

Mass collection and

destruction of eggs and just

emerged caterpillars.

Conserve natural enemies-

spiders, praying mantis,

green lace wing, etc.

Use insecticide when

severe attack.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Spinosad

Sevin 85 SP,

Sevin 50 WP

Ripcord 10 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Tracer 45 SC

115

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Jute semi looper

Anomis sabulifera

Feed on leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Brushing the top of the

plants with kerosinized long

rope to detach caterpillars

from plants.

Perching for sitting

insectivorous birds.

Installation of light trap to

kill adult moth.

Deep ploughing after

harvesting to kill pupa.

Use of insecticides.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Sevin 85 SP

Ripcord 10 EC

Jute apion

Apion corchori

Feed on stem

and damage

fiber

Rouging of the infested

plant.

Encouragement of

Corchorous olitorius jute

cultivation.

Bon okra (Triumfetta

rhomboidea) and other

shrubs and bushes should

be removed.

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Sevin 85 SP

Diazinon 60 EC

Jute mite

Tetranychus

bioculatus,

Polyphagotarsonem

us latus

Suck sap from

leaf resulting

yellowing,

curling of leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Use tolerant varieties.

Removal and destruction of

alternate wild hosts.

Use acaricide.

Sulphur

Ronovit 80 WG

Sulphotox 80 WP

Thiovit 80 WG

Black band of

jute/stem rot

Damage fiber Burn the crop debris.

Crop rotation.

Seed treatment with

fungicide.

Mancozeb

Propiconazole

Dithane M 45

Remedy 25 EC

Anthracnose of

jute Colletotrichum

corchori

Reduced

photosynthetic

area and

damage fibre

Use of sun-dried healthy

seeds.

Field sanitation through

removing weeds and

infected crop debris.

Crop rotations.

Use of fungicide.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Potato Solanum tuberosum Family: Solanaceae Potato is an important cash and food crop grown in the highlands of Bangladesh during winter season (Rabi season), when the weather is comparatively dry and cool. Potato varieties are highly heterogeneous and usually vegetatively propagated. Propagation usually done by planting pieces of tubers that bears two

116

or three eyes. Potato can be grown in all types of soil except saline and alkaline soils. Loamy soil, sandy loamy soil and organic matter enriched soil are the most suitable for cultivation of potato crop. According to the Department of Agriculture Extension offices, potato is cultivated under 0.45 million hectares of land and the production of potato is 86.5 lakh metric tons. Increased input supplies such as seed of high yielding varieties, fertilizers and pesticides encourages farmer to cultivate more potato. However, the storage facilities do not develop accordingly. Late blight is the major disease of potatoes which is epidemic at very low temperature and foggy weather. Early rain also destroy potato crop in the field. Among the insect pest, Cutworm is a serious pest, while the larvae not only cut the young plants or shoots at the ground level but also make damage by boring into the tubers. A lot of potatoes are damaged in the storage due to bacterial diseases like soft rot and due to the attack of potato tuber moth. Pests and Diseases in Potato and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE DONE AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds Compete with

crop for nutrients

Hand weeding.

Use of herbicide.

Metribuzin

Pendimethalin

Sencor 70 WG,

Sencor 70 WP,

Orchid 70 WP

Panida 33 EC

Aphids

Myzus persicae,

Macrosiphum

euphorbiae,

Aulacorthum solani,

Aphis gossypii

Suck out plant

sap

Conserve natural

enemies.

Monitor fields regularly

for aphid build up.

Remove yellow

flowering weeds, the

yellow color attracts

aphid.

Use soapy water.

Use neem seed or leaf

extracts.


severely attacked.

Acephate

Cypermethrin

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

Malathion

Asataf 75 SP,

Lancer 75 SP,

Impact 75 SP

Mazic 10 EC

Tafgor 40 EC

Admire 20 SL

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Cutworms

Agrotis spp

Cut sprouts below

ground level

Use tight trap to collect

moth.

Spray neem leaf and

seed extract (1 kg/40 I

water).

Rice bran bait laced with

insecticide.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Potato tuber moth

Phthorimaea

operculella

Attack stored

potato

seed

Earthing up to exposed

tubers.

Harvested tubers should

not be left in the fields

overnight.

Potatoes should be kept

in cold storage.

None None

117

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Insecticide dust.

Late blight

Phytophthora

infestans

Reduces

photosynthesis

in leaves

Can cause death

of plant

Early planting.

Plant Tolerant/resistant

variety.

Use only certified

disease free seed, do

not plant table potatoes.

Practice rotation with

non-solanacious crops.

Uproot infected plants.

Fungicides but rotate

chemical family to

prevent resistance.

Copper hydroxide

Copper

oxychloride

Dimethomorph

(9%) + Mancozeb

(60%)

Mancozeb

Mancozeb (63%)+

Carbendazim

(12%)

Champion 77 WP

Win 77 WP

Oxivit 50 WP,

Delight 50 WP

Acrobat MZ,

Forum MZ

Dithane M 45

Companion

Virus complex of

Diseases:

Potato Leaf Roll

Virus (PLRV),

Potato X

Potexvirus (PVX),

Potato Virus Y

Potyvirus (PVY)

Leaf mottling and

crinkling;

Reduce

photosynthesis;

Kill plant

Use virus free seed

tubers

Plant resistant varieties

Rogue diseased plants

Do not overlap potato

crops


extracts or soapy water

for aphid vectors

Control aphid vector

with insecticide if

necessary.

None

None

Root-knot

nematodes

Meloidogyne spp.

Reduce nutrient

uptake

in roots

Crop rotation e.g.

potato-brassicas-cereals.

Maintain high levels of

organic matter.

Use mixed cropping.

None None

Storage disease

(Bacterial soft rot)

Rotting potato

tubers.

Drying land before

harvesting.

Postharvest curing.

Proper ventilation in

storage.

Maintain temperature in

the store house.

None None

Brinjal/Eggplant

118

Solanum melongena Family: Solanaceae Brinjal is locally known as “Begoon” and its early European name is “Egg plant”. In Bangladesh, brinjal is the second most important vegetable crop after potato in relation to its total production. It is commercially cultivated throughout the year mainly by small farm families and is an important source of cash income for many resource-constrained farmers. Additionally, it is cultivated in homestead gardens and is an important source of nutrition. Supplying about 25 calories per serving with virtually no fat and it is one of the cheapest vegetables to procure by resource poor communities. In Bangladesh, brinjal occupy 25.4% of the lands under vegetable cultivation and approximate cultivated area is 64,208 ha and its total production is 340,000 metric tons. The main brinjal growing districts in Bangladesh are: Bogra, Chittagong, Comilla, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Jamalpur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rangamati, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Sylhet, and Tangail. Brinjal production in Bangladesh is affected by many factors. Critical analysis for such low productivity revealed that major portion of brinjal produced is being damaged by dread insect pests. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer is the most serious and destructive insect pest, which cause direct damage to tender shoots and fruits (30-70%). Brinjal shoot and fruit borer starts to cause damage from seedling stage but severe attack starts soon after transplanting of seedling and continues until harvest of the fruits. Pests and Diseases in Brinjal and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients and

water


Hand weeding

Use of post-emergence

herbicide on young weeds.

Fenoxyprop-p-

Ethyl

Whip Super 9 EC

Brinjal shoot and

fruit borer

Caterpillar bore

into the shoot,

buds, fruits, and

feed inside.

The attacked

shoots are

wilted and

wither.

The damaged

fruits are full

with dark

excreta and

unfit for

consumption.

Cultivation of tolerant

variety.

The brinjal field should be

kept clean of fallen leaves

and debris.

Collection and destruction

of larvae-infested shoots

and fruits at weekly

intervals.

Crop rotation with non

host crop.

Use of pheromone trap.

Use of insecticides in case

of severe infestation.

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Emamectin

Benzoate

Spinosad

Ripcord 10 EC,

Basathrin 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Proclaim 5 SG

Tracer 45 SC

119

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Leaf hopper/Jassid Suck sap from

the underside of

leaves.


variety.

Use of Neem seed kernel

and leaf extract.

Use of insecticides in case

of severe infestation.

Imidacloprid

Thiamethoxam

Chlorpyrifos

Admire 20 SL

Actara 25 WG

Classic 20 EC

Dursban 20 EC

Phomopsis

blight/fruit rot

Reduces

photosynthetic

area.

Pale to light

brown sunken

spots develop

on the old

fruits.

Use healthy seeds collected

from healthy fruits.

Give hot water treatment

to seeds at 500 C for 30

minutes.

Seed treatment with

fungicide.

Crop rotation is required

with any non-host crop.

Burn infected crop residue.

Spray fungicide at 10-15

days interval.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Okra/Lady’s finger Abelmoschus esculentus Family: Malvaceae Okra is one of the most common summer vegetable grown in Bangladesh and it is locally known as “Dharos” or “Vendi”. Okra contributes greatly in filling up the gaps when the market suffers from adequate supply of both winter and summer vegetables. In Bangladesh, about 42 thousand metric tons of okra is produced and the average yield is about 3.93 t/ha. Both the area and production of okra are gradually expanding. Okra is mainly cultivated for edible fruits but other parts like leaves, stem along with roots are also being used as fuel. Okra fruit has nutritious as well as dietary value. Okra is susceptible to the attack of various pests from seedling to fruiting stage. This crop is infested by many insect species, of which okra shoot and fruit borer, okra jassid and cutworm are main. Among the diseases, okra mosaic disease caused significant damage to the crop. Pests and Diseases in Okra and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients and

water


Hand weeding

None None

120

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Okra shoot and

fruit borer

Earias vittella

Caterpillar bore

into the shoot,

fruits, and feed

inside.

The attacked

shoots are

wilted and

wither.

The damaged

fruits are full

with dark

excreta and unfit

for

consumption.

Collection and destruction

of affected shoots and fruits

at weekly intervals.

Crop rotation with non host

crop.

Use of insecticides in case of

severe infestation.

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Emamectin

Benzoate

Spinosad

Ripcord 10 EC,

Basathrin 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Proclaim 5 SG

Tracer 45 SC

Leaf hopper/Jassid Suck sap from

the underside of

leaves.


variety.


and leaf extract.

Use of insecticides in case of

severe infestation.

Acephate

Malathion

Imidacloprid

Thiamethoxam

Mimphate 75 SP

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Admire 20 SL

Actara 25 WG

Mosaic disease

(virus)

Leaf yellowing

and crinkling.

Reduce

photosynthesis.

Kill plants

Use virus free seed.

Rogue diseased plants

Control vector insect with

insecticide if necessary

None

None

Cucurbits (Cucumber, Water melon, Bitter gourd, Sponge gourd, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Pointed gourd, Snake gourd) Family: Cucurbitaceae The vegetable under the family cucurbitaceae is broadly called cucurbits, which primarily include 16 crop species. The cucurbits such as cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, bottle gourd, sweet gourd etc are some of the popular vegetables grown across Bangladesh in both summer and winter seasons. Cucurbits

are important vegetables especially for its leafy vines and fruits with high nutritious values (β-carotene), long shelf-life and acceptable palatability to all levels of consumers. Water melon is cultivated throughout the country in summer usually in char land. All the cucurbits have a good market value which encourages the farmer to cultivate gourds in large scale. During the summer season, it becomes principal vegetable mostly covering the market due to the scarcity of other vegetables. Cucurbit contributes to 11% of total vegetable production in Bangladesh. Cucurbits are infested by various pests such as cucurbit fruit fly, pumpkin beetle, epilachna beetle etc. Among them cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is the devastating pest and caused significant damage to fruits. Among the cucurbit vegetables, bitter gourd is highly susceptible and frequently attacked by this insect. Farmers of Bangladesh are frequently use different chemical insecticide to control cucurbit fruit fly. Pests and Diseases in Cucurbits and Control Methods

121

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses

and broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients


Hand weeding

Mechanical weeding

None

None

Cucurbit fruit fly Damage fruit Collection and destruction

of infested fruit with larvae

from the field.

Deep ploughing for

controlling pupae.

Use of light trap/pheromone

trap/poison bait.

Application of insecticide if

severe infestation.

Cuelure

Fenitrothion

Q-Phero

(80 Lures/ha)

Sumithion 50 EC,

Folithion 50 EC

Pumpkin beetle Adult beetle

feed the leaves

and reducing

photosynthetic

area.

Larvae damage

the fruit.

Covering the seedlings up

to 20-25 days old with

mosquito net.

Deep ploughing for

controlling larvae.

Detaching the fruit from soil

with the help of rice straw.

Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Diazinon 60 EC

Epilachna beetle Adult beetle and

larvae scrape

the leaves and

reduce

photosynthetic

area.

Dusting of plants with wood

ash.

Use of neem seed kernel

and leaf extracts.

Use of insecticides if

infestation is severe.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Diazinon 60 EC

Powdery mildew Reduce

photosynthetic

areas

Good field sanitation and

weeding.

Crop rotation with non

host.

Use Fungicides when

disease is severe.

Sulphur

Carbendazim

Hexaconazole

Mancozeb (63%) +

Carbendazim

(12%)

Thiovit 80 WG,

Mc Vit 80 DF

Goldazim 500SC,

Sinozim 50 WP

Contaf 5 EC

Companion

Crucifer vegetables (Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Kohlrabi, Radish) Order/Family: Cruciferae/Brassicaceae

122

The main crucifer vegetables grown in Bangladesh include: Cabbage, Cauliflower, broccoli, Kohlrabi, and radish. These vegetables are grown mainly for the local market and are valuable as sources of vitamins and minerals, as well as a source of cash for small holder farmers in rural and peri-urban areas. Crucifer vegetables prefer cool weather and full sunlight. In Bangladesh it is grown in winter (Rabi) season. The optimum mean temperature for growth and quality head development is 15-18°C, with a minimum temperature of 4°C and a maximum 24°C. Crucifer vegetables grow well on a wide range of soils with adequate moisture and fertility. Cabbage is a heavy feeder, so to get good yields, proper fertilization is necessary. Production of cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables is often constrained by damage caused by a range of pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Major insect pests include the diamondback moth, cabbage aphids, cabbage web worm, cabbage butterfly, and cutworms. The most important diseases are Alternaria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot and damping-off/seedling rot. Weeds also compete for nutrients and moisture and can be a refuge for some pests and diseases. Pests and Diseases in Crucifer vegetables and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Weeding using hand

hoe.

Good seedbed

preparation.

Mulching.

None None

Aphids-

Cabbage aphid

(Brevicoryne

brassicae),

Mustard aphid

(Lipaphis erysimi),

Green peach

aphid (Myzus

persicae)

Suck sap from

plants, distort and

curl leaves.

Large numbers can

kill young plants.

Transmit viruses.

Natural enemies but not

effective in heavy aphid

populations.

Use insecticidal soap.

Use of Neem seed

kernel extract.

Application of

insecticides.

Acephate

Malathion

Thiamethoxam

Mimphate 75 SP

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Actara 25 WG

The cabbage

looper

(Trichoplusia ni)

Larvae chew holes

in leaves reducing

photosynthetic

area.

Eat into the heads,

reducing the

marketability of

produce.

Conserve natural

enemies by avoiding

broad spectrum

pesticides.

Use botanicals (Neem

based products).


Emamectin

Benzoate

Spinosad

Indoxacarb

Proclaim 5 SG

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Rav-Zoom 14.5

SC

The cabbage

webworm

(Hellula undalis)

Larvae feed on

leaves, petioles,

growing points,

and stems.

Spray with Neem

extracts.

Use insecticides

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Dursban 20 EC

Classic 20 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Cutworms

(Agrotis spp)

Cut the stem of

plants below the

Minor pest, cutworm

can be extracted by

Chlorpyrifos

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

123

soil surface.

Wilting, withering

and plant death

hand and destroyed.

Use pesticide when

severe attack.

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Karate 2.5 EC

Diamondback

moth

(Plutella xylostella)

Serious pest of all

Brassicas.

Chews numerous

holes into leaves

and heads reducing

photosynthetic

areas.

Intercrop Brassicas with

trap crop like tomato to

repel pest.

Use botanicals (Neem

based products)


Cypermethrin

Alpha

Cypermethrin

Fipronil

Thunder 10 EC

Fastac 2 EC

Regent 50 SC

Cabbage white

butterfly (Pieris

rapae)

The larvae make

round holes in

leaves, bore into

the center of heads

Early cropping.

Use of tolerant

varieties.

Use insecticides.

Cypermethrin

Emamectin

Benzoate

Spinosad

Basathrin 10 EC,

Thunder 10 EC

Proclaim 5 SG

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Alternaria leaf

spot (Alternaria

brassicicola)

Leaf spot first

develop on young

plants in seedbeds,

where leaf spots,

stunting, or

damping off may

occur.

Dark brown to

black leaf spots

may appear on

tissues of any age

and vary in size

from pinpoint to 2-

inches in diameter.

Reduce the

photosynthetic

area.

Use disease free seed

and seedlings.


seeds.

Remove and destroy

infected plant debris of

previous season.

Crop rotation reduces

severity of disease.

Use Fungicides if

necessary.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Cercospora

leafspots

(Cercospora

brassicicola)

Brown colour

spots with

concentric curves.

Reduce the

photosynthetic

area.

Use healthy plant

Proper spacing

Remove infected plants

Use fungicides.

Tebuconazole Folicur EW 250,

Tebuzole 250

EW

124

Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Family: Solanaceae Tomato is one of the most popular and versatile vegetables in Bangladesh and is cultivated in almost all parts of the country. Tomatoes are fairly adaptable, but grow well in winter with optimum temperatures of 15°C -25 °C. High humidity and temperatures reduce fruit set and yields. Very low temperatures delay color formation and ripening and temperatures above 30°C inhibit fruit set, lycopene development and flavor. Tomatoes thrive best in low-medium rainfall with supplementary irrigation during the off-season. Wet conditions increase disease attacks and affect fruit ripening. Tomatoes grow well in a wide range of soil types, which are high in organic matter, well-drained and a pH range of 5 - 7.5. The major constraints to tomato production are pests and diseases and poor crop management practice. Pests and disease infestation occur at every stage of the crop value chain (nursery, transplantation, field, fruiting, harvesting and after harvest) and proper management is required for each stage. Major diseases are bacterial wilt, early and late blight, tomato leaf curl/mosaic virus, leaf blight and powdery mildew while insect pests and other arthropods include aphids, fruit borer, cutworm, spider mites, and nematodes. Most sap feeding pests are also vectors of viral diseases e.g. aphids have been reported to transmit the tomato mosaic virus disease, while the whiteflies are known vectors of potato leaf roll virus which also infects tomato. Proper identification of the pest and disease is critical in a control strategy. In general, the following practices can help reduce and/or control the incidence of pests and diseases in tomatoes:

Avoid sowing seeds densely at nursery stage;

Maintain a mixed cropping system which helps maintain natural enemies;

Mulching provides an attractive environment for ground living natural enemies;

Spray with bio-pesticides and neem products; avoid using broad spectrum pesticides.

Practice crop rotation

Use pesticides when necessary while preserving the natural enemies Pests and Diseases in Tomato and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Hand weeding.

Weeding using hand

hoe.

None None

Damping-off

diseases/seedling

rot (Pythium spp.,

Rhizoctonia solani,

Fusarium spp.)

Wire stem of

seedlings in seed

bed

Bottom and head

rot in the field and

storage

Favored by cool

wet soils

Use certified seed.


seed.

Avoid planting in wet

cold soils.

Use raised seed beds.

Crop rotation.

Transplant healthy

seedlings.

Avoid contaminating the

heads with soil during

weeding.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

125

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Good seedbed

preparation.

Mulching.

Cutworms

(Agrotis spp)

Serious pests of

tomato seedlings.

Cut stems of newly

transplanted or

emerged plants at

the base

Remove weeds before

transplanting.

Harrow field before

transplanting to expose

the worms to natural

enemies.

Conserve natural

enemies (parasitic

wasps and ants).

Pesticides when severe

in severe attack.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Fruit borers

(Helicoverpa

armiguera,

Spodoptera

littoralis)

Attack the

developing and

mature fruit of

tomato.

Bore into the fruit

from the stem end,

and feed on the

inner parts of the

fruits causing

extensive damage.

Cause fruit decay

by secondary

infection

Preserving natural

enemies such as

predatory ants, spiders,

damsel and robber

flies, and parasitic

wasps and flies.

Don’t plant tomatoes

near maize or cotton.

Monitor for eggs for

prompt action before

larvae hatch and

damage fruits.

Use biopesticides

(neem extracts).

Do not use Pyrethrin

and rotenone as are

harmful to natural

enemies.

Emamectin

Benzoate

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Proclaim 5 SG

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Aphids

(Aphis gossypii,

Myzus persicae)

Suck plant sap,

which can reduce

plant growth.

Secrete honeydew,

on which sooty

moulds growth.

Reduced

marketability of

fruits by sooty

moulds.

Aphids may also

Conserve natural

enemies.

Avoid using broad

spectrum pesticides

which kill natural

enemies.

Use pesticides to bring

down excessive

populations.

Malathion

Acephate

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Mimphate 75 SP

126

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

transmit virus

diseases such as

the cucumber

mosaic virus.

Spider Mite Suck sap from leaf

resulting yellowing,

curling of leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Use tolerant varieties.

Removal and

destruction of alternate

wild hosts.

Use acaricide/miticide

Sulphur

Ronovit 80 WG

Sulphotox 80 WP

Thiovit 80 WG

Root-knot

nematodes

(Meloidogyne spp.)

Cause small lumps

known as root

knots or galls on

the roots.

Heavily infected

roots are severely

distorted and

swollen.

Affected plants are

either stunted or

have tendency to

wilt or even die in

hot weather.

Rotting of roots.

Rotate with tomato,

cabbages or cereals.

Avoid putting tomatoes

near okra, sweet

pepper, eggplant.

Avoid land which one

cultivate previously

with potato, carrot or

cucurbits.

Use resistant/tolerant

varieties.

Use mixed cropping

with marigolds (Tagetes

spp.).

Use neem cake to kill

the nematodes.

None None

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum

sp.)

Sunken fruits

Severely affected

fruits drop.

Resistant varieties.

Use certified seed.

Crop rotation.

Destroy infected

residues.

Use fungicides

Carbendazim

Copper hydroxide

Dimethomorph (9%)

+ Mancozeb (60%)

Mancozeb (63%)+

Carbendazim (12%)

Propiconazole

Genuine 50 WP,

Sinozim 50 WP,

Bencarb 50 WP

Champion 77 WP

Acrobat MZ

Companion

Tilt 250 EC

127

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Damping-

off/seedling rot

diseases (Pythium

spp. and

Rhizoctonia solani)

Can also be

transmitted

through seed

Seedlings die

before they have

pushed through the

soil

Seedlings may

emerge but fall

over and die some

time afterwards.

Use certified seed.

Hot water treatment

of home saved seed.

Do not use previous

field of eggplant,

pepper, potatoes and

tomatoes as seed bed.

Avoid excessive

watering.

Can use fungicide

where necessary.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Early blight

(Alternaria solani)

Affects the leaves

and reduces

photosynthetic

areas

Resistant varieties.

Use certified seed.

Hot water treatment

of homemade seeds.

Crop rotation with

non-solanaceous crops

e.g. legumes.

Staking and pruning

indeterminate varieties.

If endemic apply

preventive copper

compounds.

Copper hydroxide

Copper oxychloride

Dimethomorph (9%)

+Mancozeb (60%)

Mancozeb

Mancozeb (63%)+

Carbendazim (12%)

Win 77 WP

Oxivit 50 WP

Acrobat MZ

Dithane M 45

Companion

Fusarium wilt

(Fusarium

oxysporum sp.

Lycopersici)

Fungus is both

seed and soil

borne

Diseased leaves

turn yellow and

readily break away

from the stem

Use certified seed.

Avoid locating seed

beds in previously

Fusarium infected

place.

Avoid excessive

Nitrogen fertilization

and root-knot

nematodes.

Sulphur

Thiovit 80 WG

Late blight

(Phytophthora

infestans)

Affected leaves

wither, yet

frequently remain

attached to the

stem.

Fruits are also

affected


Use disease free

seedlings.

Pruning and staking.

Do not plant tomatoes

after Irish potatoes.

Copper hydroxide

Dimethomorph (9%)

+Mancozeb (60%)

Mancozeb

Champion 77 WP

Win 77 WP

Acrobat MZ

Dithane M 45

128

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Powdery mildew

(Leveillula taurica)

Leaf blades collapse

and dry up

Keep fields weed free.

Do not plant eggplant

or tomatoes

repeatedly.

Use fungicides where

necessary

Carbendazim

Hexaconazole

Mancozeb (63%) +

Carbendazim (12%)

Goldazim 500SC,

Sinozim 50 WP

Contaf 5 EC

Companion

Tomato leaf roll

disease (virus)

Leaf mottling and

crinkling.

Reduce

photosynthesis.

Kill plants

Use virus free seed.

Rogue diseased plants.

Control aphid vector

with insecticide if

necessary

None

None

Red amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus) Stem amaranth (Amaranthus tristis) Family: Amaranthaceae Red amaranth (Lal shak) and stem amaranth (Data) are popular leafy vegetables grown in Bangladesh round the year in high flat land. Usually red- and stem-amaranth is cultivate in the home stead for family level consumptions. However, these two vegetables are also cultivated commercially in many part of the country, especially peri-urban areas. In the amaranth crop, problem with insect pest is very few however, they are mainly leaf feeder. Damping-off is the serious disease caused significant damage of amaranth seedlings, particularly in wet soil. Pests and Diseases in Amaranth and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grass and

broad leaf)

Compete for

Nutrients, water and

light, may harbor

pests and diseases

Thorough land

preparation.

Hand hoe weeding.

None

None

Leaf eating beetle Make hole of leaves

and reduced

photosynthetic area

Plant dusting with

wood ashes.


extracts.

Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Diazinon 60 EC

Defoliating

caterpillars

Spodoptera are

sporadic pests.

Remove

photosynthetic

tissue

Monitor caterpillars

and hand pick when

few

Use neem extract

Use of insecticide.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Ripcord 10 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Karate 2.5 EC

129

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Damping off,

Rhizoctonia sp.

Pythium sp.

Kill off seedlings and

reduce plant

population

Using certified seed

Have crop residue

thoroughly

decomposed

Crop rotation

Seed treatment with

fungicide

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Bavistin DF

Dithane M 45

Carrot Daucus carota Family: Apiaceae Carrot is a very important root crop has high nutritional value due to high carotene content. Carrot is a cool season crop and grown during the winter in tropical and subtropical countries like Bangladesh. Carrot is grown successfully in Bangladesh in Rabi season and mid November to Early December is the best sowing time for its satisfactory yield. Farmers of Bangladesh face very few problems of pests and diseases for the cultivation of carrots. Pests and Diseases in Carrot and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES, WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses) Compete for

nutrients and

water


Hand weeding

None None

Cutworm Cut seedlings

below

ground level

Collect the larvae from the

soil and destroy it.

Use tight trap to collect

moth.

In severe attack use rice

bran bait laced with

insecticide

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Dursban 20 EC

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Scab of carrot

Streptomyces sp

Raised and

sunken, dry,

corky lesions on

the carrot root.

Damage roots.

Avoid land which one is

alkaline.

Use sufficient amount of

organic manures.

Crop rotation with cereals.

None None

Black root rot

(black mold)

Chalara elegans

It is a post-

harvest disease.

Dark, irregular

lesions will

develop on the

surface of the

root

Careful harvest handling and

storage at proper

temperatures (below 25 ⁰C)

from harvest to sale

None None

Taro

130

Colocasia esculenta Family: Araceae Taro is thought to be native to Southern India and Southeast Asia including Bangladesh. It is a popular summer vegetable contain considerable amount of iron and vitamin-A and C. All plant parts such as leaf, leaf-stems, corm and stolon are used as vegetable. Taro can be grown in paddy fields where water is abundant or in upland situations where water is supplied by rainfall or supplemental irrigation. Taro can be grown under flooded conditions in medium low land. However, warm, stagnant water sometimes causes basal rotting. The crop attains maturity within six to twelve months after planting in dry-land cultivation and after twelve to fifteen months in wetland cultivation. The crop is harvested when the plant height decreases and the leaves turn yellow. These signals are usually less distinct in flooded taro cultivation. Harvesting is usually done by hand tools. The stolon are harvested by cuting at the base periodically. To harvest the corm, first the soil around the corm is loosened, and then, the corm is pulled up by grabbing the base of the petioles. Both the stolon (kochur loti) and corm (mukhi) is usually cooked with small prawns or the ilish fish into a curry, but some dishes are cooked with dried fish. Pests and Diseases in Taro and Control Methods

Type of

Pest/Disease

Damage Done Available IPM Control

Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide product

Weeds Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding.

None None

Common

cutworm,

Spodoptera

littoralis

Damage leaves and

stolons.

Collection and

destruction of larvae

when they are at

gregarious stage.

Use insecticides.

Emamectin

Benzoate

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Proclaim 5 SG

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Taro hornworm

or taro

hawkmoth

Eat the leaves and

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Hand-picking of larvae.

Use of insecticide.

Emamectin

Benzoate

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda Cyhalothrin

Proclaim 5 SG

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Red spider Mite

Tetranychus

cinnabarinus

Suck sap from leaf

resulting yellowing

of leaves and

reduce

photosynthesis

Use mite free

seedlings.

Crop rotation with

non-host crop.


Sulphur

Ronovit 80 WG

Sulphotox 80 WP

Thiovit 80 WG

131

Type of

Pest/Disease

Damage Done Available IPM Control

Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide product

Taro leaf blight

(Phytophthora

colocasiae)

Affects the leaves

and reduces

photosynthetic

areas

Use healthy planting

material.

Intercropping taro

with other crops

rather than growing it

as a sole crop.

Crop rotation.

If endemic apply

fungicide

Mancozeb

Mancozeb (63%)+

Carbendazim (12%)

Dithane M 45

Companion

Chili Capsicum spp. Family: Solanaceae Among spices and condiments, chili is the most important and widely grown spices crop in Bangladesh. The fruits are consumed fresh, dried or processed as a spice. It is one of the important cash crop in certain districts such as Jamalpur, Shirajgonj, Bogra and Jessore. Chilli usually commercially cultivate in high land during Rabi season. However, it grows round the year in kitchen garden and small scale farm lands. Mealybug and mite infestations are two constrain to chili cultivation. Among the diseases, anthracnose caused severe damage to plants and fruits. Pests and Diseases in Chili and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients and

water.

Thorough land

preparation.

Hoe and hand weeding.

Use of herbicide.

Pendimethalin Monsoon 330 EC

Mealybug Suck sap from

leaves and

terminal shoots.

Clean cultivation to

remove alternate host.


extracts.

Monitor crop regularly

and apply insecticide if


Dimethoate

Buprofezin

Malathion

Tafgor 40 EC,

Biesterthoate 40 EC

Sunprozin 40 SC

Award 40SC

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Yellow mite

Polyphagotarsonem

us latus

Suck sap from

leaves and

cause curl.

Removal and destruction

of alternate wild hosts.


Sulphur

Ronovit 80 WG

Sulphotox 80 WP

Thiovit 80 WG

132

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Anthracnose Reduces

photosynthetic

area.

Rotting of

fruits.

Pathogen-free chilli seed

should be planted.

Eliminate weeds and

volunteer chilli plants.

Crop rotation for at least

2 years.

Infected plant debris from

the field must be removed

or deep ploughed.

Use fungicide when

necessary.

Carbendazim

Copper

hydroxide

Dimethomorph

(9%) + Mancozeb

(60%)

Mancozeb

(63%)+

Carbendazim

(12%)

Propiconazole

Genuine 50 WP,

Sinozim 50 WP,

Bencarb 50 WP

Champion 77 WP

Acrobat MZ

Companion

Tilt 250 EC

Legumes (Beans, cowpea, lentil, peas) Legumes are important source of plant proteins in the human diet and considered as the ‘meat of the poor’. The important legume crop in Bangladesh are country bean, yard long bean, cowpea, lentil and peas, and they are grown very profitably all over the country in high flat land particularly in dry season. In the farming system, legumes are planted in crop rotations to improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, breaking pest cycles, controlling soil erosion, and producing livestock fodder. The legumes crops are consumed in many ways. The green pods are eaten as vegetable, but the mature grains are used as dhal. Production constraints of legumes center on fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, insect pests, weeds and soil fertility problems. The legume crops share a common pest complex. Farmers rely almost exclusively on the application of chemical pesticides. In Bangladesh, the country bean is being sprayed at weekly or biweekly intervals—sometimes every day—to control Maruca vitrata. The overuse of pesticide causes the destruction of indigenous biodiversity as well as increases production costs, thus reducing profits for farmers. Pesticide residues hamper the export market potential for vegetable legumes. Pests and Diseases in legume crops and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grass and

broad leaf)

Compete for

Nutrients, water and

light, may harbor

pests and diseases

Thorough land

preparation.

Hand hoe weeding.

None

None

Aphids

Aphis fabae

Aphis craccivora

Aphids suck sap on

stems, terminal

shoots and petioles

of seedlings, and on

pods and flowers of

mature plants

Vectors of viral

diseases

Use resistant varieties

if available

Monitor build up of

aphids and natural

enemies

Use wood ashes.


extracts

Monitor crop regularly

Acephate

Acephate (45%) +

Imidaclorprid

(25%)

Buprofezin

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

Asataf 75 SP

Current 70 WP

Sunprozin 40 SC

Award 40SC

Tafgor 40 EC

Admire 20 SL

133

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

and apply insecticide

when infestation is

severe.

Malathion Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Epilachna beetle Scraping leaves and

Remove

photosynthetic

tissue

Plant dusting with Use

wood ashes.


extracts.

Use insecticides.

Malathion

Carbaryl

Diazinon

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Diazinon 60 EC

Defoliating

caterpillars

Spodoptera are

sporadic cowpea

pests.

Remove

photosynthetic

tissue

Monitor caterpillars

and hand pick when

few.

Use neem extract.

Use insecticide.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Ripcord 10 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Pod borer Maruca

vitrata

Feed on developing

flowers and pod

seeds

Eradicate the weed

host Sesbania spp. from

cropping areas.

Use pheromone traps.

Use neem products.

Use insecticides if


Emamectin

Benzoate

Lambda

cyhalothrin

Spinosad

Proclaim 5 SG,

Protect 5SG

Karate 2.5 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Bollworm

Heliocoverpa

armigera

Feed on flowers

and young pods

and seeds in pods

Use neem seed kernel

or leaf extracts.

Use trap crops such as

Okra

Use insecticide

when 3 larvae/20

plants.

Chlorpyrifos

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Dursban 20 EC

Ripcord 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Aphid borne

Mosaic Virus

disease

Causes leaf mottling,

cholorosis and

reduced

photosynthetic area

Use tolerant varieties

Timely planting and

weeding.

Crop rotation with

non-legumes.

None None

Leaf spots

Phaeoisariopsis

griseola,

Alternaria sp.,

Reduces

photosynthetic area

Use certified disease

free seed.

Practice crop rotation

with non-legumes.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

134

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Bean rust

Uromyces

appendiculatus,

Uromyces vignae

Reduce

photosynthetic

Areas

Severe leaf damage

and defoliation.

Resistant/tolerant

varieties

Use sulphur based

Fungicides

Mancozeb

Tebuconazole

Dithane M 45

Folicur EW 250

Powdery mildew Reduce

photosynthetic

areas

Resistant/tolerant

varieties if available.

Good field sanitation

and weeding

Avoid close spacing.

Use Fungicides when

severe.

Sulphur

Carbendazim

Thiovit 80 WG,

Mc Vit 80 DF

Goldazim 500SC,

Sinozim 50 WP

Anthracnose Damage pods Plant resistant

varieties.


free seed.

Plow bean crop debris

into soil.

Use fungicide.

Mancozeb (64%) +

Metalaxyl (8%)

Propiconazole

Mexzil 72 WP

CP-Zole 25 EC,

Essy 250 EC,

Tilt 250 EC

Bacterial blight

Xanthomonas

axonopodis pv.

Vignicola

Seed-borne

Cause whole plant to

wilt

Early blight can

destroy whole fields


free seed

Avoid working in fields

when it is wet

Practice good field

sanitation

Uproot infected plants

when first noticed.

None None

Fusarium wilt

F. oxysporum

Seedlings infected

with Fusarium are

often yellow, later

turning necrotic and

finally wilt and die

Use resistant/tolerant

variety

Crop rotation without

legumes.

Plant beans in hills or

ridges in heavy soils

Seed treatment with

hot water.

Use fungicide.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

135

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Damping off,

seedling

blight

Rhizoctonia sp.

Kill off seedlings and

reduce plant

population

Using certified seed

Have crop residue

thoroughly

decomposed.

Crop rotation.

Seed treatment with

fungicide.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Bavistin DF

Dithane M 45

Onion Allium cepa Family: Alliaceae Onion is a biennial vegetable grown in temperate zones as an annual crop. In Bangladesh, onion is used as spices. They are rich in nutrients such as calcium, iron and vitamin B among others. They are used for salads (bunching onion or sliced full-grown bulbs), pickling (e.g. silver skin onions), cooking (such as in soups) and frying (for example, with meat). Onions are particularly suited to smallholder farming in most countries. Optimum temperatures for plant development are between 13 and 24°C, although the range for seedling growth is narrow, between 20o c and 25°C. High temperatures favor bulb formation, growth and curing. In the tropics only short day or day neutral onion varieties will form bulbs. These thrive in warm to hot climates of 15-30°C. If the temperature greatly exceeds that required for bulbing, maturity is hastened and bulbs do not grow to maximum size, consequently lowering the yields. They are grown on fertile and well-drained soils at a preferred optimum pH range of 6.0 to 6.8, although alkaline soils are also suitable. Onion seeds can be directly drilled and thinned, or planted in seedbeds and the seedlings transplanted or grown in seedling trays and the plugs planted out. Being a seed propagated crop, proper seed selection is recommended to minimize problems of splits and doubles. The seed is usually sown in a nursery. About 6-8 weeks after sowing, when the seedlings have a base as thick as a pencil and approximately 15 cm tall, the seedlings are transplanted to the field. At the bulbing stage, they need a substantial amount of water, but excessive moisture must be avoided during the growing season as this encourages pests and diseases. Application of fresh manure to the crops should also be avoided as this causes the plants to develop thick necks and too much leaf at the expense of bulb formation. Over-fertilization, uneven watering, and temperature fluctuations also influence bulb formation. Harvesting takes place 90-150 days after sowing. Onions are ready for harvest when the leaves collapse. The crop is pulled out by hand and kept for some days in the field with the bulbs covered by the leaves (windrowing). The leaves are then cut off and the mature bulbs are bagged or packed in crates if they are to be stored. Onions production is adversely affected by pests and diseases. A variety of diseases and disorders affect onions. Most of the diseases are caused by fungi or bacteria, whereas disorders may be caused by adverse weather, soil conditions and nutritional imbalances. The most important onion pests and diseases include onion fly, thrips, purple blotch, bacterial soft rot, fusarium bulb rot. Weeds are also a problem as they compete for nutrients, moisture and sunlight with the onion plants. These are usually controlled through fine seed preparation, hand weeding and mulching. Pests and Diseases in Onions and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds

(grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients, water and

space

Thorough land

preparation

Oxadiazon

Ronstar 25 EC

http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/125/crops#_1810_1213




136

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Hand weeding

Herbicide

Onion thrips

(Thrips tabaci)

Major pests

Immature and adult

thrips feed on the

plant sap, on

developing leaves

resulting in white

and silvery patches

on the leaves.

Severe infestations

cause browning of

the leaf tips, slowing

of plant growth,

distortion of leaves

and bulbs, and

reduction in bulb

size.

More severe in dry

seasons, where

entire fields may be

destroyed.

Keep the plants well-

watered as dry plants

are more susceptible.

Weed free crop.

Spray with neem

extracts and neem oil.


necessary and observe

pre-harvest period.

Imidacloprid

Dimethoate

Admire 20 SL

Tafgor 40 EC,

Biesterthoate 40

EC

Onion fly

(Delia antiqua)

Also called

onion maggot is

a major pest of

onions

Eats the lateral

roots, tunnels into

the taproot and

sometimes bores

into the base of the

stem.

Attacked leaves wilt

and the leaves turn

bluish

Plants become

shriveled or

eventually die.

The maggots feed

just above the base

of seedlings killing

them.

Poor plant

establishment in the

field.

Plant in well prepared

seed bed with well

decomposed organic

matter.

Avoid continuous

cropping with onions.

Crop rotation with

crops not related to

onions.

Plough in crop residues.

Neem-based products

deter egg-laying.

Diazinon

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

137

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDE

D PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Fusarium basal

rot (Fusarium

oxysporium f.sp.

cepae)

Yellowing of leaf

blades

Leaves shrivel and

decay.

Diseased plants can

be easily pulled out

because the root

system is rotted.

Crop rotation with non-

related crops.

Avoid root injury.

Properly cure bulbs

before storage.

Store bulbs at 0 ⁰C and

65-75% relative

humidity.

None None

Purple blotch

(Alternaria porri)

Purple blotch

attacks the leaves.

Leaves turn yellow

and collapse.

Bulbs may also be

attacked, mainly at

the neck

Increased ploughing

between seasons.

Increased spacing

between plants.

Seed treatment.

Crop rotation and

removal of crop

residues after harvest.

Use fungicides.

Difenoconazole

Iprodione

Score 250 EC,

Rofenon 25 EC

Rovral 50 WP

Bacterial soft

rots (Erwinia

carotovora

subsp.

carotovora)

Major cause of

loss in storage

onions

Invade one or more

scales of onion

bulbs which

become water-

soaked and soft

with foul smell.

Onion maggots can

introduce the

bacteria while

feeding on bulbs

Onion tops should be

allowed to mature well

before harvesting.

Do not bruise bulbs

while harvesting.

Store in well ventilated

room.

None None

Sweet potato Ipomea batatas Fam: Convolvulaceae Sweet potatoes are perennial vines, with one main season. It is widely grown throughout char land on a small scale mainly in subsistence farming. The roots are eaten either boiled or roasted alone or cooked with other vegetables. Young leaves are used as vegetable. The sweet potato vines are a useful and nutritious fodder crop, especially in the dry season. Sweet potato cultivars are various types- usually white, red or purple, although orange-fleshed types are becoming popular in. Farmers plant a mixture of varieties, mostly based on yield, performance, maturity, culinary values and tolerance to pests. The crop can be grown on a wide range of soil types, but a well-drained, sandy loam with clayey subsoil is considered ideal. It cannot stand water logging and is usually grown on high lands. Flooding shortly before harvest may result in storage roots rotting in the soil or during subsequent storage. The optimum soil pH for sweet potato is 5.6-6.6, but it grows well even in soils with a relatively low pH, e.g. 4.2. It is sensitive to alkaline or saline soils. Sweet potato grows best and produces smooth, well-shaped storage roots in a well-prepared soil. Good land or soil preparation involves incorporation of crop debris, removal of any vegetation that may compete with the sweet potato crop, and deep manual or mechanical cultivation. Cultivation aims to turn

138

over the topsoil and loosen the compacted soil below, to achieve a good tilth for forming the hills or ridges, and provide a soft, uniform medium where storage root growth is not impeded. After cultivation, the land is usually prepared into ridges. In some areas, broad raised beds are used. On deep, well-drained soil, planting may be done on flat fields. Weed infestation during the first 2 months of growth poses a problem in stand development, and requires adequate control to ensure high yield. Thereafter, vigorous growth of the vines covers the ground effectively and smothers weeds. In Bangladesh, manual weeding is generally practiced. Major pests of sweet potato include a weevil species attacking the vines and eventually the tubers, foliage eaters mainly butterfly caterpillars which destroy young plants. Several diseases infect sweet potato of which Alterneria diseases is main. Some resistant varieties developed by BARI have been released. Pests and Diseases in Sweet Potato and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Sweet potato

weevils

Cylas formicarius

Fab.

Larvae tunnel into

the stems to

block nutrient

flow and

eventually enter

the tubers

destroying them

and rendering

them

unmarketable

Use of tolerant variety- e.g.

BARI SP1

Eradicate alternate host

(Ipomea spp. weeds).

Select healthy planting

materials (vines).

Select planting vines from

the tips <30 cm from the

ends.

Use insecticide- dipping

vine before planting or

spraying.

Diazinon

Diazinon 10G

Diazinon 60EC

Armyworm

Spodoptera

Defoliation Hand picking of caterpillars

Destroy leaves containing

eggs and caterpillars

Monitor adults using light

traps

Use bio-pesticides when

necessary.

Insecticide spray if severe

infestation.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Ripcord 10 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Cutworm

Agrotis spp.

Feeds at the base

of the plant

Early planting.

Deep plowing to expose

worms.


Apply insecticide poisoned

bait of rice bran when

larvae first seen in

economic numbers.

Chlorpyrifos

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

139

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Aphid Removes plant

sap,

vectors virus

disease


Spray neem extracts and

soap water.

Use insecticides.

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

Malathion

Tafgor 40 EC

Admire 20 SL

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Alternaria

disease

Causes black

lesions on the

stems and can kill

the vines

Use tolerant/ resistant

varieties if available.

Use fungicide.

Iprodione

Rovral 50 WP

Brown field rat Feed on tubers Clear bushes around the

fields

Destroy burrows


e.g. mongooses, owls etc.

Use traps set carefully in

the field

None

None

Mustard Brassica spp. Family: Cruciferae Mustard is one of the popular and the main cultivable edible oil seed crops which is mainly grown in winter season in Bangladesh. The oil seed crops grown in Bangladesh occupy about 755000 hectares of land and produce about 894000 metric tonnes of oil seeds. Of which mustard occupies 518000 hectares of land and the production is about 568000 metric tons. Mustard plays an important role in the agro-economy and national health of Bangladesh. About 1/3 of the requirement of edible oil is produced in Bangladesh. To meet the minimum requirement, Bangladesh imports 52147 m. tons of edible oil and spends a huge amount of hard earned foreign exchange. Mustard seeds have several health benefit effect against cancer, diabetes and cholesterol deposition, on skin and hair care etc. In Bangladesh, mainly three species from the genus Brassica are cultivated namely, Brassica campestris, B. juncea and B. napus. This crop is mainly cultivated during the Rabi season which is well adapted to almost all agro climatic zones of the country. During cultivation, mustard crop is infested by several species of insect pest such as Mustard aphids, Sawfly, Spodoptera sp etc., which is the main problem for our farmers. Many factors may be responsible for the severe infestation of aphids in the mustard fields which includes environmental factors, uncontrolled fertilizer application, date of sowing etc. The environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and drought usually influence the population growth of aphids. High infestation of mustard aphid in the month December to February might be associated with the prolonged dry period and favorable temperature. Among the diseases, Alterneria leaf spot is the most destructive one. Pests and Diseases in oil seed mustard and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

140

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients


Hand weeding

Herbicide application.

Quizalofop-p-Ethyl

Pull 5 EC

Aphids-

Mustard aphid

(Lipaphis erysimi),

Cabbage aphid

(Brevicoryne

brassicae),

Green peach aphid

(Myzus persicae)

Aphids suck sap

on stems,

terminal shoots

and petioles of

seedlings, and

on pods and

flowers of

mature plants



particularly Coccinellids.


extract.

Monitor crop regularly and

apply insecticide if


Acephate

Dimethoate

Malathion

Thiamethoxam

Mimphate 75 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Actara 25 WG

Mustard Sawfly

Athalia lugens

Eat leaves and

reduce

photosynthetic

areas



Apply insecticide if


Malathion

Carbaryl

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Alternaria leaf

spot (Alternaria

brassicicola)

Dark brown to

black leaf spots

may appear on

tissues of any

age and vary in

size from

pinpoint to 2-

inches in

diameter.

Reduce the

photosynthetic

area.

Use disease free seed and

seedlings.


seeds.

Remove and destroy

infected plant debris of

previous season.

Crop rotation reduces

severity of disease.

Use Fungicides if necessary.

Iprodione

Rovral 50 WP

Groundnut Arachis hypogaea Family: Fabaceae Groundnut is the third important oilseed crop in Bangladesh, cultivated mainly by small-scale farmers both as subsistence and as a cash crop. It is an important source of protein (23-25% content) and other nutrients (45-52% oil content) for poor rural communities. In Bangladesh, groundnut is mainly cultivated in the sandy soil of Char lands and the yields are traditionally low, due to low soil fertility, pest and disease occurrence, poor seed variety. Nevertheless, groundnut is a drought-tolerant species and can withstand severe lack of water, but yield is generally reduced. If harvesting conditions are wet, aflatoxins (severe poison produced by some fungi such as Aspergillus spp.) may develop on the nuts. Aflatoxin contamination is a major hazard to human and animal health. Plant suckers such as Aphids, Jassid and Thrips, and leaf feeder like hairy caterpillar are the major insect pest of groundnut. Tikka disease (leaf spot) is the most important disease of groundnut in Bangladesh. Pests and Diseases in Groundnuts and Control Methods

141

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds

Grasses annuals

and perennials

Compete for

nutrients,

water and light

Hosts to pests

and diseases

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

Hand hoe weeding

None None

Cowpea aphid

Aphis craccivora

Aphids suck sap

from tender

leaflets, and

terminal

shoots.

Vectors of viral

diseases


like Ladybird beetle


extract

Do not crop with

groundnuts continuously.

Malathion

Dimethoate

Imidacloprid

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Tafgor 40 EC

Admire 20 SL

Jassid

Empoasca

terminalis

Suck sap from

tender leaflets

causing

yellowing, leaf

curling,

necrosis,

stunting the

growth and die.


like spider, coccinellid

beetle etc.


extract.

Use insecticide in case of

severe infestation.

Imidacloprid

Dimethoate

Acephate

Admire 20 SL

Tafgor 40 EC,

Biesterthoate 40

EC

Asataf 75 SP

Hairy

caterpillar

Spitactia obliqua

Feed on leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Deep ploughing.

Removal and destruction

of alternate wild hosts.

Grow trap crops like

cowpea, on field bunds.

Mass collection and

destruction of eggs and

just emerged caterpillars.

Conserve natural

enemies- spiders, praying

mantid, green lace wing,

etc.

Insecticide when severe

attack.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Lambda

Cyhalothrin

Spinosad

Sevin 85 SP,

Sevin 50 WP

Ripcord 10 EC

Karate 2.5 EC

Tracer 45 SC

Thrips

Scirtothrips spp.

Suck flower

buds, flowers

and young

leaves.

Reduces flower

formation.

Causes flower

abortion.


lacewings and predatory

bugs

Spray with botanicals

(neem).

Insecticide when severe

attack.

Imidacloprid

Dimethoate

Admire 20 SL

Tafgor 40 EC,

Biesterthoate 40

EC

142

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Damping off

Sclerotium rolfsii

Poor

emergence and

death of

seedlings

leading to poor

stands

Rotting of seed

before

germination

Use certified disease-free

seeds.

Avoid over-irrigation and

excessive fertilization with

nitrogen fertilizers.

Avoid fields previously

planted with cotton or

other related crops.

Crop rotation.

Fungicide-seed treatment.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Bavistin DF

Dithane M 45

Cercospora leaf

spot (Early and

Late)

Cercospora

arachidicola,

Cercosporidium

personatum

Early leaf spot

severe attacks

cause heavy

defoliation

Reduces

photosynthetic

surface area

and yield loss

Late leaf spot

does not affect

yield.

Crop rotation with

cereals.

Burying crop residues

during land preparation.

Tolerant variety if any.

Fungicides may be used.

Mancozeb

Carbendazim

Dithane M 45

Bavistin DF

Groundnut Rust

Puccinia arachidis

Sporadic but

can be severe

Reduces

photosynthetic

surface

area

Resistant/ tolerant variety

if available

Crop rotation with

cereals

Remove volunteer

groundnut plants

Fungicides may be used

Copper

hydroxide

Dimethomorph

(9%)+Mancozeb

(60%)

Mancozeb

Mancozeb (63%)

+

Carbendazim

(12%)

Champion 77 WP

Acrobat MZ

Dithane M 45

Companion

Banana Musa spp. Family: Musaceae Banana is a familiar fruit of Bangladesh and cultivated throughout the country either in homestead or in high flat land. Banana occupies an important position among the fruits of Bangladesh not only for its highest production among the fruits but also for its increasing popularity to many farmers as an economic crop. Among the fruit crops grown in Bangladesh, banana ranks first in terms of production comprising nearly 42% of the total. Varieties of banana grown in Bangladesh are Amritasagar, Mehersagar, Sabri, Champa, Chini Champa, Kabuli, Jahaji, Agnishwar, Basrai, Seeded banana, and Anaji or Kancha Kola. Temperature is a major factor; the optimum for growth is about 27°C and the maximum 38°C. Bananas are propagated by vegetative means. Banana may be intercropped sparsely with potato, turmeric, zinger, maize, beans, and some vegetables. Farmers use very little purchased inputs. In drier zones mulch is placed around the banana pseudo stems to reduce moisture loss. The crop is normally not fertilized when grown in the homestead. But in commercial cultivation, the plants are properly fertilized and the leaves

143

are pruned and used as mulch. Crop residue is often spread in plantations to increase mulch load. Desuckering is done leaving a mother plant and 1-2 suckers. Excess suckers are used to establish new plantings. Weeds are controlled by hand until the plantation shades the inter-row areas. Pseudo stems are chopped as mulch for moisture retention as well as weed control. Crop rotation is practiced and new areas are selected for planting. The crop is attacked by some diseases and pests and disease pressure is much reduced in the highlands. Local varieties are comparatively tolerant to insect and diseases. However, commercially cultivated two varieties the Amritasagor and Sabri are susceptible to diseases and insect attack. Major disease is Sigatoka of Banana. Other important pests of banana include the banana weevil, and banana leaf and fruit beetle. Pests and Diseases in Bananas and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds

Compete for

nutrients and water.

Harbor pests and

diseases.

Heavy mulching

Hand hoe weeding

Crop rotation

Intercropping with

short crops like beans

and groundnuts

Use herbicides.

None

None

Banana leaf and

fruit beetle,

Nodostoma

viridipennis

Feed on

chlorophyllus tissues

of leaves and young

fruits by scraping.


Clean cultivation,

particularly the removal

of grass, weeds from

plantations

Crop rotation must be

followed. More than

two years ratoon crop

should not be

encouraged in the same

land.

Cover the bunch with

polythene bag.


Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Carbaryl

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

Sevin 85 SP

144

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Banana weevils

Cosmopolites

sordidus

Larvae and adults

tunnel into the corm

destroying nutrient

uptake, weakening

and causing plants

to fall with strong

winds

Using tolerant varieties

Using insect free

planting material

Trimming sucker or

corm to remove

eggs/larvae/adults

before planting

Pre-plant insecticide dip

Dipping suckers in a

20% neem seed solution

at planting protects the

young suckers from

weevil attack by

repelling adult weevils

thus preventing egg

laying.

Boost tolerance with

good fertility

management and good

hygiene around the

plants.

Chopping up pseudo

stem residues to hasten

decomposition.

Chlorpyrifos

Carbaryl

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Sigatoka of

Banana

Micosphaerella

figiensis,

Mycosphaerella

musicola

Reduces the

photosynthetic area

of the leaves.

Resistant cultivars

Avoid overcrowding of

plants, reduce plant

density

Keeping plantations

clean of Weeds

Well drained fields

Maintaining soil fertility

for good plant vigor

Removing infected

leaves.

Use of fungicide.

Carbendazim

Copper

oxychloride

Difenoconazole

Dimethomorph

(9%) + Mancozeb

(60%)

Propiconazole

Bavistin DF

Haymoxy 50 WP

Score 250 EC

Acrobat MZ

Tilt 250 EC

Papaya Carica papaya Family: Caricaceae Papaya (Carica papaya) is a soft-wooded perennial plant grown in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world. Economically, C. papaya is the most important species within the Caricaceae family, being cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use in drinks, jams candies and as dried and crystallized fruit. Green fruit and the leaves and flowers may also be used as a cooked vegetable.

145

Nutritionally, papaya is a good source of calcium and an excellent source of vitamins A and C. In Bangladesh, millions of family farms cultivated papaya not only for their own consumption but also for sale on local markets as a side cash crop. Pests and Diseases in Papaya and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds

Compete for


Harbor pests and

diseases.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

None None

Papaya mealybug,

Paracoccus

marginatus

Feed sap from

leaves, flower bud,

fruits.

The leaves become

crinkled, yellowish

and wither.

The honey dew

excreted by the bug

help to grow black

sooty mould that

impairs

photosynthetic

efficiency

Clean cultivation,



plantations.

Use of neem seed

kernel extract.

Crop rotation with

non-host must be

followed.


Carbaryl

Dimethoate

Buprofezin

Sevin 85 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

Award 40 SC

Papaya mosaic

diseases (Virus)

Curling, crinkling

distortion of leaves

accompanied by vein

clearing.

Reduction in leaf

size and reduces the

photosynthetic area.

Use healthy seeds and

seedlings.

Removal and

destruction of affected

plants.

Control insect vector

(white fly).

None None

Mango Mangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae Mango, locally called “Amm” is a delicious fruit have characteristic taste, flavour and fragnance. Mango is rich with carbohydrate and vitamin A. It is cultivated throughout Bangladesh. The major mango growing areas are Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabgonj, Bogra, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Jessore, Chuadanga, Meherpur, and Kustia. A home garden without a mango tree is very rare in the country. As a fresh fruit mango has high demand in local market. Mango trees as well as fruits are attacked by a number of insect pest and diseases. Major insect pests are mango leaf cutting weevil, mango defoliator, mango stone weevil and mango hopper. Anthracnose is the most destructive diseases caused significant damage to mango fruits. Pests and Diseases in Mango and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds Compete for Thorough land None None

146

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT


Harbor pests and

diseases.

preparation

Hand weeding

Mango hopper Suck sap from

tender leaves,

inflorescence and

peduncle of young

fruits.

Caused fruit drop.

Clean cultivation,



plantations.

Use of neem seed

kernel extract.

Crop rotation with

non-host must be

followed.


Carbaryl

Dimethoate

Buprofezin

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Sevin 85 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

Award 40 SC

Ripcord 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Mango leaf cutting

weevil

Cut the leaf at base. Covering tender leaf

with mosquito net or

perforated polythene

bag.

Collection and

destruction of fallen

tender cut leaves as

larvae grow there.

Application of

insecticides.

Carbaryl

Cypermethrin

Sevin 85 SP

Ripcord 10 EC

Mango defoliator Defoliate the leaves

and reduces the


Collection and

destruction of egg

masses and newly

hatched larvae.

Use insecticides.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

Mango stone

weevil

Larva and adult feed

on pulp and damage

the fruit.

The damaged fruits

are full with dark

excreta and unfit for

consumption.

Profenofos (40%)

+Cypermthrin

(2.5%)

Chlorpyrifos

Diazinon

Shobicron 425

EC

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Diazinon 10G,

Diazinon 60EC

Fruit fly Maggot feed on pulp

and damage the fruit

Use pheromone trap.

Application of

insecticides.

Cuelure

Carbaryl

Bactro-D

(80 Lures/ha)

Sevin 85 SP

147

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Anthracnose of

mango

Greyish-brown spot

on leaves, reduce


Rotting of fruits.

Disease twigs should be

pruned and burnt.

Use of fungicide.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Bavistin DF

Dithane M 45

Citrus fruits (Lime and Lemon) Citrus spp. Family: Rutaceae Different species of citrus fruits are grown in Bangladesh which contain considerable amount of Vitamin-C. In Bangladesh, citrus plants are grown in most of the homestead, nurseries as well as orchards of greater Sylhet, Chittagong, Noakhali, Faridpur, Jessore, Khulna, Kustia, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra and Mymensingh district. The production of citrus fruit is about 136756 Metric tons from an area of 5995 ha, which is far below from the current requirements and about 80% peoples in Bangladesh are suffering from Vitamin-C deficiency. Pest attack is considered a major concern to low production of citrus fruit in Bangladesh. Pests and Diseases in Citrus fruits and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (annual

and perennial)

Compete for


Harbor pests and

diseases.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

None None

Citrus aphid

Toxoptera aurantii

Suck sap from

tender shoots.

Caused immature

fruit drop.

Use of neem seed

kernel extract.


Dimethoate

Buprofezin

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Tafgor 40 EC

Award 40 SC

Ripcord 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Citrus leaf miner

Phyllocnistis citrella

Mining the leaves

and reduces the


Collection and

destruction of attacked

leaves to kill larvae.

Application of

insecticides.

Imidacloprid

Chlorpyrifos

Thiamethoxam

Admire 20 SL

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Actara 25 WG

148

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL

MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Lemon butterfly

Papilio demoleus

Eat the leaves and

reduces the


Hand picking of the

larvae.

Use insecticides.

Fenitrothion

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Sumithion 50

EC

Fenitox 50 EC

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Die back Dying of twigs Prune the diseased

twig.

Use of fungicide.

Propiconazole

Copper

oxychloride

Tilt 250 EC

Sunvit 50 WP

Scab Scaby and warty

spots on leaves.

Fruits have corky

projection.

Use of fungicide.

Propiconazole

Copper hydroxide

Tilt 250 EC

Champion 77

WP

Coconut Cocos nucifera Family: Palmae In Bangladesh, the coconut plant is cultivated as a homestead plant and frequently found in the southern part of the country. It can withstand temporary water-logging conditions like floods and tides with special adaptability against the strong winds, storms and cyclones. Moreover, as it is salinity tolerant crop, it is greatly adaptable for the coastal zones. Coconut water is a wonderful safest natural drink, thrust quencher and remedy for diarrhea and cholera. Mature fruits are use to prepare coconut milk, cakes, bakery items and oils. Farmers of Bangladesh faces some problems associated with pests to cultivate coconut in the home stead. Major pests are mite, insect and fungal diseases. Pests and Diseases in Coconut and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds Compete for


Harbor pests and

diseases.

Hand hoe weeding

None None

Coconut mite

Aceria guerreronis

Attacks young fruits,

cause scarring and

distortion of fruit,

which may cause

premature fruit drop.

Cleaning of plants

periodically and use of

acaricide.

Sulphur

Ronovit 80 WG

Sulphotox 80

WP

Thiovit 80 WG

149

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Rhinoceros beetle

Oryctes rhinoceros

Damage palms by

boring into the

centre of the crown.

Do not pile cow dung

or debris in the

orchard.

A hooked wire can be

used to extract and

destroy rhinoceros

beetle adults feeding in

coconut trees.

Inject insecticides to the

damage part.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Thiamethoxam

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Actara 25 WG

Leaf spot disease

Pestalotia

palmarum

Reduces the


Spray fungicide. Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Minor fruits (Wood apple, strawberry, Sapota) Three minor fruits are identified from the project areas and these are wood apple, strawberry and Sapota. The wood apple (Feronia limonia, Family: Rutaceae) in Bangladesh is commonly known as Kotbel. It is a hardy tree, as adaptive to drought conditions and suitable for marginal rainfed lands, thus when compared to many other fruit tree species wood apple can be grown with little investment. Only few minor insects and disease have been known to damage wood apple and farmer usually not requires taking control measures in Bangladesh. Strawberry is an exotic fruit very recently got introduce to Bangladesh. It is cultivated very limitedly. Report on the infestation of insect pest of strawberry in Bangladesh is very few. However, mature fruit is severely damaged by birds and farmers need to cover fields with net to prevent the attack of birds. Weeds compete for nutrients, water and space. Thorough land preparation and hand weeding is recommender to control weeds in the field. Strawberry fruit is very delicate and rotting is found in the harvested fruits. Care should be taken from harvesting to marketing fruits to avoid injury and proper temperature should be maintained in the store house to prevent soft rotting of fruits. Manilkara zapota L. commonly known as the Sapota, is a long-lived evergreen tree belongs to Sapotaceae family. It is widely grown in India, Pakistan and Mexico. In Bangladesh it is known as Sofeda/Sobeda. Sapota can be found to grow throughout Bangladesh but widely grown in Barisal, Khulna, Jessore,

Chittagong, Chttagong Hill Tract districts. It can be grown well at a temperature range from 10-30 ⁰C and 70-75% relative humidity. It can be grown on wide varieties of soils. Well drained high land with deep, loose organic soil is ideal for better crop yield. Sapota is highly drought resistant and can withstand in saline soil. Sapota fruits are almost two types ‘Round’ and ‘Oval’ grown for commercial or home. Four varieties are cultivated in Bangladesh: FTIP BAU Sapota-1, FTIP BAU Sapota-2, FTIP BAU Sapota-3, and BARI Sapota-1. In general, the Sapota tree remains supremely healthy with little or no care. However, In Bangladesh and India, it is sometimes attacked by various insect pests and diseases. Pests and Diseases in Sapota (Sofeda) and Control Methods

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Weeds (Annual/

perennial)

Compete for


Harbor pests and

diseases.

Hand hoe weeding

None None

150

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Bark borer

Indarbela tetraonis

Caterpillar feed on

the bark, plant

growth arrested and

fruit formation is

drastically reduced.

Kill the caterpillars by

inserting an iron spike

into the tunnels.

Injecting ethylene glycol

and kerosene oil in the

ratio of 1:3 into the

tunnel and then seal the

opening of the tunnel

with mud.

Use of insecticides on

the surface of berk.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Mealybug Presence of white

mass on the terminal

shoots and under

surface of the leaves.

Yellowing of older

leaves.

Application of neem oil

2% or neem seed kernel

extract 5 %.


Carbaryl

Dimethoate

Buprofezin

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Sevin 85 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

Award 40 SC

Ripcord 10 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Bud worm

Anarsia epotias

Shedding of buds and

flowers.

Application of neem oil

2% or neem seed kernel

extract 5 %.

Use insecticides in case

of sever attack.

Carbaryl

Chlorpyrifos

Sevin 85 SP

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Scale insects

Coccus viridis

Suck sap from tender

shoots and leaves.

Yellowing of leaves.

Encourages sooty

mold.

Prune and destroy the

infested shoots at initial

stage of infestation.

Use of insecticides

Carbaryl

Dimethoate

Deltamethrin

Sevin 85 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

Decis 2.5 EC

Fruit fly

Bactrocera dorsalis

Maggot bore into

semi-ripen fruits with

decayed spots and

dropping of fruits.

Collect fallen infested

fruits and dispose.

Provide summer

ploughing to expose the

pupa.

Use bait spray combing

any one of the

insecticides and

molasses for two

rounds at 2 weeks

interval before ripening

of fruits.

Cuelure

Carbaryl

Dimethoate

Bactro-D

(80 Lures/ha)

Sevin 85 SP

Tafgor 40 EC

151

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE


CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Fruit bats Damage the ripe

fruits.

Spread nets over the

tree.

None None

Storage Commodity The farmers of Bangladesh stored their products with the purposes of consumption, sale in the market at suitable time with better price, and used as seed in the next planting season. They store their products in small scale in different storage structure such as earthen pot (Motka, Kolos), bamboo baskets (Duli) and in the gunny bags. Recently different plastic pot or metallic containers are available to store the grain safely. Stored grain is under threat from a wide array of pests such as insects, rodents, fungi, and aflatoxin which reduce quality and germination. Many of these pests attack the crop in the field before harvest such as potato tuber moth. If grain is to be stored at home, farmers may add a number of botanically based products such as neem leaves to protect the grain. These home remedies however have only limited effects so that if grain is to be stored for more than 3 months an insecticide or fumigant must be used. It is also a practice often quoted, but seldom practiced at farm level in Bangladesh. Fumigation is warranted if large quantities of seed or processed produce (rice, split pulses) is to be stored for long periods or is infested in a warehouse. Fumigation only controls infested seed and does not offer residual control. Often fumigation is enough in a relatively pest free storage area. Aluminum phosphide is used by commercial seed companies to disinfest grain for long term storage in large warehouses. The government organization- Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) produce and store huge amount of seeds to distribute among the farmers and this organization uses fumigants frequently with the help of their trained workers. Aluminum phosphide is highly dangerous and should only be used by contracted fumigators (for indoors or outdoors) or by project staff (outdoors only) that have had the training. Fumigation should not be done directly by farmers. Warehouse Commodity Pests and their Management

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMEND

ED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

152

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMEND

ED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

Storage pests

Bruchids,

Weevils,

Lepidopteran

insects

Consume

produce and

contaminate

with feces

making produce

unfit for

consumption.

Predisposes

produce to

secondary

infection by

moulds which

produce

poisonous

mycotoxins.

Pre-spray the warehouse

before commodities arrive

with contact pesticides.

Check commodity for

infestation on arrival at the

warehouse

Separate damaged bags from

the undamaged ones.

Keep warehouse clean,

sweeping and dusting stacks

on daily basis.

Have no cracks in the

warehouse floor.

Spray the outside of the

warehouse and perimeter

surrounding with contact

pesticides.

Sample commodities for

infestation before

fumigation.

Aluminium

Phosphide

(fumigant)

Pirimiphos

methyl

Phostoxine 57%,

Quik-Fume 57%,

Fumitox 56%

(4 tables/1000 kg)

Super Guard 50 EC,

Primos 50 EC

(10 ml/1000 kg)

Rodents

(mainly rats)

Destroy bagging

causing spillage

of commodities.

Consume

commodities.

Contaminate

commodities

with urine,

feces and hair

and rodent

transmitted

diseases.

Predisposes

produce to

secondary

infection by

moulds which

produce

poisonous

mycotoxins.

Close all likely entrance

points for the rats.

Use traps.

Rearing cat around the ware

house.

None

None

Termites Subterranean

termites

damage wood

and feed on

cellulose

Frequent termite inspections

and termite monitoring

should be undertaken.

Termites swarming don’t do

Imidacloprid

Chlorpyrifos

Admire 20 SL

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

http://www.termites101.org/termite-basics/termite-species

http://www.termites101.org/termite-basics/termite-species

153

TYPE OF

PEST/DISEASE

DAMAGE

DONE

AVAILABLE IPM

CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMEND

ED

PESTICIDES,

WHEN

NEEDED

PESTICIDE

PRODUCT

products (Jute)

damage but initiate new

colonies. Where termites

are swarming must initiate

termite treatment.

Flooding of termite nests

and physical removal of the

queen.

Use subterranean termite

baits, which are slow-acting

insecticides consumed

during feeding and shared

within the colony, if

available.

The primary methods of

controlling subterrenean

termites are insecticides,

either applied to the soil

adjacent to the structure,

directly to nests via shelter

tubes, or through bait

stations.

Aluminum

Phosphide

Phostoxine 57%,

Quik-Fume 57%,

Fumitox 56%

154

ANNEX B:

PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGY

B.1 ORIENTATION: PESTICIDE TOXICITY AND RISK

Pesticides of necessity are poisons, but the toxicity of different compounds varies greatly, as do the risks of using them in particular circumstances. Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous or harmful to animals or plants. A highly toxic substance causes severe symptoms of poisoning with small doses. A substance with a low toxicity generally requires large doses to produce mild symptoms. (Even common substances like coffee or salt become poisons if large amounts are consumed.) Doses can be received (absorbed) via oral ingestion, through dermal contact, or through inhalation. These different dose channels typically have different toxicities. Toxicity can be either acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects which develop rapidly following absorption, i.e. a few hours or a day. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. There is a great range in the toxicity of pesticides to humans. The relative risk of harm from a pesticide is dependent upon the toxicity of the pesticide, the dose received and the length of time exposed. Dose can be influenced by the amount of pesticide used, concentration of the pesticide and how the pesticide and application equipment are handled. For example, a pesticide can be highly toxic as a concentrate, but pose little risk to the user if:

used in a very dilute formulation,

used in a formulation not readily absorbed through the skin or inhaled, or

used by experienced applicators who are equipped to handle the pesticide safely. In contrast, a pesticide may have a relatively low toxicity but present a high risk because it is used in the concentrated form which may be readily absorbed or inhaled. Formulated pesticide products (which often include inert ingredients) are given an overall acute toxicity rating by US EPA which is shown on the label on the pesticide container: Category I: Extremely toxic Category II: Highly toxic Category III: Moderately toxic Category IV: Slightly toxic, Relatively non-toxic The WHO toxicity classification system is similar (classes I-III), but assigns toxicity classes to Pesticide Active Ingredients, not formulated products. As such, it is less precise.

B.2 SUMMARY TOXICOLOGY PROFILES OF PESTICIDES ASSESSED BY

THIS PERSUAP

The following table summarizes the toxicological profiles of all AIs examined by this PERSUAP, as well as their EPA registration status.

155

Table B-2: EPA Registration Status & Toxicological Profile of Analyzed Pesticides

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS

HUMAN HEALTH ISSUES GROUND-

WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY

RUP? WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibi

ans

Earth-

Worms

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic

Insects

Plankton

HERBICIDES

2,4-D acids,

salts, amines,

(2,4-

Dichlorophen

oxy acetic

acid; 2,4-

Dimethyl

amine, 2,4-

Dimethylamine

salt)

Also plant

growth

regulator

Phenoxy

Some II II,III

Acids

and salts

Toxicity

level: I

for eye

irritatio

n

PC,ED, RD Potential MT ST MT ST MT NAT ST NAT ST

Acetochlor Chloroacetanilid

e

Most III II, III PC, ED Potential MT MT ST MT MT

Bensulfuron-

methyl

Sulfonyl Urea No U II, III NL Potential T MT ST MT ST NAT

Bispyribac

sodium

Pyrimidinyl

carboxy

No III - NL Potential MT LT LT MT

Carfentrazone

-ethyl

Triaolinone No III III NL No data MT T T MT MT MT

Cyhalofop-

butyl

Phenoxypropion

ate

No U II,III NL No data MT MT T MT MT

Fenoxaprop-p-

ethyl

Propionic acid No NL III NL No data MT ST PNT ST MT MT

156

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Glyphosate

and glyphosate

salts

Phosphonoglycin

e

No III II,III None Potential ST-

MT

ST NAT ST NAT NAT-ST NAT-ST ST

MCPA Chlorophenoxy

acid

No II II, III PC No data ST PNT T ST ST T NAT ST

Mefenacet Oxyacetamid No U IV NL No data MT T MT MT

Metribuzin Triazinone No II II,III ED,RD Potential MT T MT MT ST ST

Nicosulfuron Sulfonylurea No U II,III NL Potential MT MT MT MT MT

Orthosulfamur

on

Pyrimidinylsulfo

nylurea

No NL III NL Potential T T MT MT

Oryzalin Dinitoaniline No U III PC,RD Potential MT MT MT MT HT HT

Oxadiazon Oxidiazole No U II,III PC,RD No data MT MT ST MT MT ST HT

Oxyfluorfen

Pendimethalin Dinitoaniline No III III NL No data MT T ST MT MT

Penoxsulam Triazolopyrimidi

ne

No U III NL Potential MT MT MT NAT T

Propanil Analide No III II, III NL Potential MT NAT ST ST

Quinclorac Quinolinecarbox

ylic acid

No U III NL Potential MT T MT ST

Quizalofop-p-

ethyl

Propionic acid No NL I,III NL No data MT MT MT MT MT

Triasulfuron Sulfonylurea No U III NL Potential MT MT T MT MT

FUNGICIDES

Azoxystrobin Strobin No U III NL Potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT

Carbendazim Benzimidazole No U III NL No data MT NAT ST ST ST HT

Carboxin Oxathim No U III NL No data MT MT NAT MT NAT

Chlorothalonil Chloronitrile No NL II,III PC Potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT

Copper Inorganic No NL II,III NL No data MT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST

157

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Copper

hydroxide

Also

bactericide

Inorganic No NL I,II,III NL No data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT

Copper

oxychloride

Also repellent

Inorganic No NL II,III NL No data MT MT MT MT VHT

Copper

sulfate/ (Tri

basic)

Also algicide,

bactericide

Inorganic No II I,II,III NL No data MT HT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST

Cymoxanil

Cyanoacetamide

oxime

No III II,III NL No data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST

Cyproconazol

e

Azole No III III NL No data MT MT MT MT MT

Dichloran/DC

NA

Chlorophenyl No U II NL Potential MT MT MT MT MT MT

Difenoconazol

e

Azole No III III NL No data MT MT ST MT MT HT

Dimethomorp

h

Morpholine No U III NL Potential MT MT MT MT ST

Fenamidone Imidazolinone No NL II,III NL No data MT MT MT MT MT

Fosetyl

aluminum

Organometallic No NL II,III NL Potential NA

T

ST ST MT NAT MT

Iprodione Dicarboximide No U III LC, ED Potential MT NAT ST HT

Mancozeb Dithiocarbamate No U III PC,ED,RD Potential MT MT ST HT NAT

158

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Mandipropami

d (MPD)

Mandelamide No U - NL Potential MT LT MT MT MT

Mefenoxam/

Metalaxyl-M

Phenylamide No NL - NL Potential MT LT MT MT ST

Metalaxyl Phenylamide No III II,III NL Potential ST PNT PNT MT ST

Metiram

complex

Dithiocarbamate No U III PC, ED,RD Potential ST PNT ST MT MT MT

Phosphorous

acid

Used for

oomycetes,

also fertilizer

Inorganic No NL III,IV - No data

Propamocarb

(hydrochloride

)

Carbamate No U III NL Potential MT MT MT MT MT

Propiconazole Azole No II II,III PC,RD Potential MT ST MT MT

Pyraclostrobin Strobin No NL II,III Potential ST MT MT MT HT

Tebuconazole

Also plant

growth

regulator

Azole No III II,III PC, ED,

RD

Potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT

Tetraconazole Triazole No II III PC Potential MT MT MT MT MT MT

Thiophanate-

methyl

Benzamidazole No U III PC,RD Potential MT PNT NAT ST

Thiram

(tetramethylthi

uram disulfide)

Dithiocarbamate No III III ED, RD No Data HT NAT PNT VHT HT NAT HT HT

159

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Trifloxystrobin Strobin No NL III NL No Data ST ST MT MT

BACTERIOCIDES/BACTERIOSTATS

Calcium

hypochlorite

(Chlorinated

lime)

sterilizer/algae

cide

Inorganic

compound

No NL II NL No data HT NAT HT MT

Copper

sulfate/ (Tri

basic)

Inorganic

compound

See Fungicides

Lime (Calcium

Oxide and

Hydroxide)

Inorganic

compound

No NL III NL NA

T

T T

Quaternary

Ammonium

Inorganic

compounds

No NL NL HT

INSECTICIDES

Abamectin/Ver

mectin

Also acaricide,

nematicide,

veterinary

substance

Micro-organism

derived

Some NL II,III ED,RD No data ST MT PNT MT HT VHT VHT

Acephate Organophoshate No III II,III PC,ED Potential MT MT MT ST ST ST

Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid No NL III NL Potential NA

T

MT HT NAT

160

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Alpha-

cypermethrin

Also

veterinary

substance

Pyrethroid No II III PC No data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

Amitraz

Also acaricide,

veterinary

substance

Formamidine No III III PC,ED,RD,

P

No data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST

Azadirachtin

Also fungicide,

acaricide

Plant derived No NL IV NL No data MT MT MT MT MT ST VHT MT-HT HT

Beta-

cypermethrin

Also

veterinary

substance

Pyrethroid Some NL II,III PC,ED No data HT HT ST HT

Bifenthrin Pyrethroid Some II II PC,ED,RD No data VHT HT MT HT

Buprofezin

Also acaricide

Insect Growht

Regulator

No U II,III PC No data MT ST MT NAT MT

Carbaryl

Also plant

growth

regulator

Carbamate No II II,III KC,PC,ED Potential MT HT PNT MT VHT ST HT HT MT

161

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Chlorantranilip

role (CTPR)

Anthranilic

diamide

Some NL III NL No data NA

T

MT MT MT HT

Chlorfenapyr

Also acaricide

Pyrazole No II III NL No data HT HT HT

Chlorpyrifos

(ethyl)

Organophosphat

e

Some II II,III ED No Data HT HT HT MT PNT MT VHT HT MT

Cuelure Synthetic

Pheromone

No NL NL NL No Data MT MT

Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid Some Ib II P, RD Possible HT HT MT MT HT HT

Cypermethrin

Also

veterinary

substance

Pyrethroid Some NL II,III PC,ED,RD No Data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT

Deltamethrin

Also

veterinary

substance

Pyrethroid Some II I,II,III ED No Data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT

Diazinon

Also acaricide,

repellent,

veterinary

substance

Organophosphat

e

Some II II,III ED,RD Potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT

Dimethoate

Also acaricide

Organophosphat

e

No II II PC,ED,RD Potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT

Emamectin/

Emamectin

Micro-organism

derived

Some NL I,II,III NL Potential HT MT HT HT HT

162

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Benzoate

Esfenvalerate Pyrethroid Some II II,III ED No data VHT HT ST VHT ST HT

Fenitrothion Organophosphat

e

No II II,III ED No data MT HT MT MT MT MT VHT HT MT

Fenpropathrin Pyrethroid Some II II NL No data VHT HT MT VHT MT VHT HT VHT

Fenpyroximate Pyrazole No II II NL No data HT NAT MT MT HT

Fipronil

Also acaricide,

veterinary

action

Pyrazole Some II II,III PC,ED Potential HT HT HT HT HT

Flubendiamide

Benzenedicarbo

xamide

No NL III NL No data HT NAT MT MT HT

Gamma-

cyhalothrin

Pyrethroid Some III I,II,III ED No data HT HT ST HT

Hexythiazox

Miticide,

Ovicide

Insect Growth

Regulator

No U III PC No data HT T MT MT MT

Imidachloprid

Also

veterinary

action

Neonicotinoid No II II,III NL Potential NA

T

HT MT VHT

Indoxacarb (S-

isomer)

Oxadiazine No II III NL No data MT NAT-

HT

HT NAT MT

Lambda-

cyhalothrin

Pyrethroid Some II II,III ED No Data VHT HT PNT VHT VHT VHT VHT

Lufenuron Benzoyl Urea No NL III NL No data MT ST MT MT HT ST

163

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Also acaricide,

veterinary

substance

Malathion

Also acaricide,

veterinary

substance

Organophosphat

e

No III II PC,ED Potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MY VHT HT

Methomyl

Also

acaricide

Carbamate Some 1b I,II,III ED Potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT

Methyl

eugenol

Alkenylbenzene No NL - NL No data MT MT LT MT

Pirimiphos-

methyl

Also acaricide

Organophosphat

e

No II II,III P No data MT HT MT MT HT MT

Pymetrozine Triazine No III III PC,ED Potential MT ST MT MT MT

Spinosad Micro-organism

derived

Some U III,IV NL No data MT HT PNT ST HT MT

Spirotetramat Keto-enol No NL II,III NL No data MT MT MT

Sulfur

Also miticide

Inorganic No U III NL No data T T T NAT NAT

Thiacloprid

Also

Molluscicide

Neonicotinoid No II II PC No data MT ST MT VHT ST

Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid Some NL III PC No data PNT HT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT

164

ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

CHEMICAL

CLASS


WATER

CONTAMINA

NT?

ECOTOXICOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY

CLASS/CATEG.

CHRONIC

TOXICITY


ans

Earth-

Worms


Insects

Plankton

Thiodicarb Carbamate Most II II,III PC No data MT MT PNT MT VHT HT

FUMIGANTS

Aluminum

Phoshide

Rodenticide

Inorganic All NL I NL No data HT HT HT MT

Naphthalene

Repellent

Aromatic

Hyrdocarbon

No O II PC,P No data MT LT LT MT

PISCICIDE

Rotenone

(Also

insecticidal,

acaricidal mite

and spider-

killing

propertieis)

Plant derived Most II I,II,III NL No data VHT HT ST MT HT

165

Key to abbreviations and color coding

WHO Acute Toxicity:

Class O = Obsolete Pesticide; Class 1a = Extremely Hazardous, Class Ib = Highly Hazardous; Class II = Moderately Hazardous; Class III = Slightly Hazardous, Class

U = Unlikely to Present Acute Hazard in Normal Use

EPA Acute Toxicity:

Category I = Extremely Toxic, II = Highly Toxic, III = Moderately Toxic, IV = Slightly Toxic

Chronic Toxicity:

KC = Known/Likely Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin; P =

Potential Parkinson’s disease Risk Factor110

Ecotoxicity:

VHT = Very Highly Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; PNT = Practically Not Toxic; NAT = Not Acutely Toxic

Grey=With Restriction White= Without Restriction

110 Neurological toxins

166

ANNEX C:

MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFER USE TRAINING

Pesticide safer use training must address the following minimum elements.

Definition of Pesticides

Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons

Concepts of active ingredients vs. formulated products

Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective against only certain class of organism.

Concept of proper application rates and the concept of pesticide resistance and techniques for preventing resistance.

Concept that pesticides have specific organisms against which they are effective

Survey of the core elements of Safer Pesticide Use: IPM, Safer Purchase, Transport, Storage, Mixing, Application, Reentry and pre-harvest Intervals, Clean-up & Disposal, including specific treatment of PPE

Pesticide First Aid & Spill Response

Interpretation of Pesticide Labels --- particularly to understand PPE requirements and other precautions, dosage rates, and to identify AIs, and expiration dates

Proper sprayer operation and maintenance. The following sections provide specific content notes on some of these topics.

C.1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM is an integral part of Safer Pesticide Use and supporting the use of pesticides only within an IPM framework is core requirement of this PERSUAP. Therefore Pesticide Safer use training must build an understanding of IPM fundamentals. The heart of IPM is an understanding of the relationship between pest injury, damage, yield loss, and economic loss. IPM was developed within the discipline of economic entomology. Farmers who are not trained in IPM may spray a crop upon seeing a single insect in a field or a few brown spots of a disease on a leaf. Pesticides are expensive and should only be used as a last resort and only when economically justified. Extension workers and farmers first need to understand the relationship between increasing injury levels and crop yield of each pest which is known as the damage function. A small amount of injury in fact can cause yield gain called overcompensation. In most cases significant yield loss does not occur until a certain pest density occurs in the field because the crop can compensate for this level of damage. Then there is normally a linear decline in yield with increasing pest density. From this relationship the economic injury level, economic threshold or action threshold can be defined in the case of insect pests. Other methods to assess the threat of weeds and crop diseases will need to be developed based on field experience. Certain guidelines can be developed based on experience in neighboring countries. IPM involves several tiers of integration. First there is the integration between control methods which must be harmonious. Non harmonious examples are the negative effect of pesticides on biocontrol agents. Biocontrol, which is the action of natural enemies against the pest, is free to the farmer so it behooves him not to upset this delicate balance unless absolutely necessary. The next tier of integration occurs between the different pest control disciplines. When one sprays an insecticide, herbivorous insects feeding on weeds are

167

killed. Some fungicides also kill insect pests. Removing weeds forces army worms to feed on the crop. The third tier is the integration with the cropping system and farming system. Crops that are well nourished can tolerate more damage. Many crop husbandry practices also affect pests, either positively or negatively. Application of Nitrogen fertilizer is an example. On the one hand it can stimulate plant diseases but on the other can provide strength of the crop to tolerate insect pest damage. Pests do not occur in isolation thus the crop has to deal with multiple pests as well as multiple stresses. A crop that is weak from zinc deficiency or water stress cannot tolerate as much pest damage as a healthier crop. In fact some sucking insect pests explode in abundance on a drought stressed crop further exacerbating the problem. The relationship between multiple pests and multiple stresses can be additive (1+1 = 2), antagonistic (1 + 1 = 1), or synergistic (1 + 1 = 3). This can occur in terms of yield loss from adding more pests or stresses or can occur in terms of yield gain when one or more stresses are removed due to an effective curative control effort. The IPM training will provide examples of the different pest control methods beginning with preventative ones which start with quarantine and cultural crop husbandry methods based on good agronomic practices which increase the crop’s tolerance for pest injury. Many of these methods fall under the rubric of cultural control. Host plant resistance is also a good example of prevention. Other pest control methods can be physical (a fence to keep out animals), mechanical (using nets), or biological (parasitoids, predators, pathogens). Biological includes natural control and man induced methods such as purchasing and releasing natural enemies or using selective pesticides. As a last resort there is chemical control. Farmers will need to be trained to recognize pests in the field and to be able to assess their densities as well as know of the several methods of control for each. Training manuals with good color photos will be essential in the training process. Government approved recommended practices need to be published and updated annually in guides given to extension officers. Using personal protective equipment and clothing needs to be understood for each level of toxicity. This information is summarized below as well as other information on the risks and hazards of transport, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Safety practices need to be learned such as that pesticides should not be stored in the home where children can find them.

168

C.2 UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE RISKS

Many times, non-chemical controls can be used to deal with pests. If you decide to use a pesticide, it is important to understand the risks associated with a specific product or treatment. No matter the treatment method, there is always some degree of risk associated with using a pesticide. Understanding the risk from specific pesticides can help you decide whether or not you want to use them, or help you choose between two different products. Many people believe that some pesticides are “safe,” while others are “dangerous.” Actually, all chemicals, including all pesticides, have the potential to be hazardous. Even products that are considered low in toxicity, natural, or organic can be hazardous if someone or something comes in contact with enough of the substance. The toxicity of a pesticide, its formulation, and how much a person touches, ingests, or inhales, gets in contact with skin and eyes are all important considerations. The likelihood of experiencing some health effect as a result of using a product is referred to as the pesticide risk. The risk of any pesticide use depends on which pesticide is used, how much pesticide is applied, how often the pesticide is applied, and who or what has contact with the pesticide. The length of time the exposure occurred and how much of the substance actually gets on or in the body are important details in understanding the risk.111 Occupational exposure often occurs in case of agricultural workers in fields, people living close to agricultural fields, people working in the pesticide industry and working in structural pest control. Exposure of the general population occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues. Water, soil and air becomes contaminated from pesticides leaching into the ground, running off into rivers with rain water or drifting as spray from pesticide applications. Ecological risk is risk posed by a pesticide to the wildlife and the environment. USEPA looks at ecological risks including:

Wildlife and aquatic organisms: How the pesticide affects various animal species.

Plant protection: How the pesticide affects various plant species.

Non-target insect: How the pesticide affects insects other than the ones the pesticide is intended to kill

Environmental fate: What happens to the pesticide in soil, water and air after being released into the environment

Residue chemistry: How much pesticide remains after application over time. Helps determine how much pesticide is present in the environment over time.

Spray drift: How much the pesticide drifts off-site when sprayed from the air. Helps determine exposure of non-target organisms.

An adjuvant is any material that is added to a pesticide solution to enhance or modify the performance of the solution. Most pesticides are not flammable, but the solvents or dilutents of liquid emulsion concentrates or oil solutions—xylene, kerosene, or other organic solvents—can be flammable and under some conditions explosive. Adjuvant can be inert but it can also significantly increase pesticide toxicity.

111 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/WhatsMyRisk.pdf

169

C.3 UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE LABEL AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA

SHEET

The label of a pesticide container must have all the information about risks as well as information needed for safe and effective use. Additional important detail about risks of pesticide product and instructions bout safe use can be found in the manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets for some pesticides are available on-line at http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net The label on a pesticide container has three main functions:

To tell the user what pest the product can be used on

To tell the user how to handle, use and store the pesticide safely

To tell the user how and when to apply the pesticide for the best effect By law, pesticide labels must contain:

the name of the product

its level of toxicity

active ingredients

other ingredients-co-formulants

the pests which the product will control

the rate of application of the product (how much of it to use)

the time and method of application

directions for handling the product safely

first aid procedures in case of an accident

any special instructions or warnings about its use, transport, storage or disposal

the net contents (weight when packed) of the container The pesticide pictogram will provide information about risks and safety measures required including PPE.

All programs must review the MSDS and provide training on reading and understanding the pesticide label prior to using pesticides.

C.4 PESTICIDE SAFETY AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND

EQUIPMENT

Training must address the types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why. When applying chemical sprays, wear eye goggles or a face shield, rubber gloves, long pants, and a long-sleeved shirt. For added protection, also wear rubber boots, a hat, and a chemical resistant coat or spray suit.

HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS

http://www.cdms.net/

http://www.greenbook.net/

170

Route of Exposure

Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product

I

DANGER

II

WARNING

III

CAUTION

IV

CAUTION

Dermal Toxicity

or Skin Irritation

Potential1/

Coveralls worn over

long-sleeved shirt and

long pants

Coveralls worn over

long-sleeved shirt and

long pants

Long-sleeved shirt

and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and

long pants

Socks Socks Socks Socks

Chemical-resistant

footwear

Chemical-resistant

footwear

Rubber boots or

shoes

Rubber boots or shoes

Chemical-resistant

Gloves2/

Chemical-resistant

Gloves2/

Chemical-resistant

Gloves2/

No minimum4/

Inhalation Toxicity Respiratory protection

device3/

Respiratory protection

device3/

No minimum4/ No minimum4/

Eye Irritation

Potential

Goggles 5/ Goggles 5/ No minimum4/ No minimum4/

1/ If dermal t1/Toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required. 2/ Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove. 3/ Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection. 4/ Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS. 5/“Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection.

Note: Where necessary, Farmers can make their own PPE. For example a plastic or water repellent apron from the waist to ankle length, can be fashioned from a large piece of plastic purchased in the local market (important if walking through the spray path).

171

Source: CropLife

C.5 PROPER SPRAY TECHNIQUE: PROTECTING AGAINST PESTICIDE SPRAY

DRIFT

Many farmers apply pesticides with a knapsack sprayer which means that delivery of pesticides is either in front of the person spraying or to the side, not to the back as it is with tractor drawn sprayers. Inevitably pesticide drift will be carried by the wind and potentially settle on sensitive ecosystems such as national parks if they are nearby. Herbicides pose the greatest risk for environmental damage especially when their drift lands on a neighbors crops and kills or severely damages them. The potential for drift to travel long distances has been shown with the highly residual chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as DDT have been found at both of the poles on earth that arrived via the atmosphere. They are in sufficient quantity that their amount can be measured. Pesticides are transported to the earth’s distant poles are bound tightly to dust particles carried high into the atmosphere and moved on jet streams. Their presence only represents a very small age of the drift. Spray drift is a mostly local phenomenon, whereby spray droplets move to areas near to the field. There are a number of ways in which pesticide drift can be minimized: Increase spray droplet size. Fog sized droplets can travel three miles while a coarse droplet < 10 feet. To increase droplet size, the farmer can reducing spray pressure (i.e. 30 to 50 pounds per square inch with 5 to 20 gallons of water per acre), increase nozzle orifice size, use special drift reduction nozzles, and purchase additives that increase spray viscosity. Distance between nozzle and target. Reduce the distance between the nozzle and the target crop. Temperature and relative humidity. As pesticides vaporize more under high temperature, low relative humidity and/or high temperature will cause more rapid evaporation of spray droplets between the spray nozzle and the target. Evaporation also reduces droplet size, which in turn increases the potential drift of spray droplets. It is best not to spray in the heat of the day to avoid drift problems. Avoid spraying when the wind speed > 10 mph. As drift occurs as droplets suspended in the air, it is best to minimize applications during windy days. If spraying has to be done, however, the farmer should spray away from sensitive areas. Local terrain can influence wind patterns, thus every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and how they affect spray drift.

172

Do not spray when the air is completely calm or when a temperature inversion exists. When the air is completely still, small spray droplets become suspended in the warm air near the soil surface and will be readily carried aloft and away from susceptible plants by vertical air movement. A temperature inversion occurs when air near the soil surface is cooler than the higher air. Temperature inversions restrict vertical air mixing, which causes small suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud and impact plants two miles or more downwind. This cloud can move in unpredictable directions due to the light variable winds common during inversions. Application height. Making applications at the lowest height reduces exposure of droplets to evaporation and wind.

C.6 PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

Where IPs or beneficiary groups will be transporting pesticides, training must address the fundamentals of safe transport of pesticides. (Some of the largest accidents involving pesticides have occurred during transportation.) Drivers should be trained on how to deal with and contain spills and not to transport pesticides with food. Many of the agro dealers are also small and they ship their stock individually in relatively small quantities. Agro dealers should be sensitized about minimizing potential risks during transportation. Minimum elements of safer transport are:

Keep pesticides away from passengers, livestock and foodstuffs;

Do not carry pesticides in driver’s compartment;

Containers must be in good condition;

Do not transport packages with any leakage;

Transport under cover and protected from rain, and direct sunlight. Storing pesticides properly protects human and animal health, safeguards wells and surface waters, and prevents unauthorized access to hazardous chemicals. The pesticide label is the best guide to storage requirements for every product. The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides additional information on normal appearance and odor as well as flash point, fire control recommendations, boiling point, and solubility. Preventative measures are required in pesticide warehouses in order to reduce cases of pilferage, exposure through leakages, theft and expiration of pesticides. Where IPs or beneficiaries, including agro dealers, will be maintaining pesticide stores, training must address these practices, as per the best management practices for pesticide storage highlighted in Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) storage manual112 and summarized below:

All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded on a 24 hour basis

All the storage facilities will be located away from water courses, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals etc. Wastewater from pesticide storage facilities must not be drained directly into public drains but should be pre treated on site.

Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities

A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility

Pesticides will be stacked as specified in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual.

112 http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm

173

Inventory management will include recording expiration dates of all pesticides and maintaining a “first-in first-out” stocking system.

All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of fire outbreak

A non-water-based fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities, and all workers will be trained on how to use this device, and how to respond to fire. (see below)

Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones sign to caution against unauthorized entry

Further, if IP-run pesticide stores exist in an area with fire or emergency services, local first responders must receive training on how to deal with pesticide fires. The smoke from such a fire is highly hazardous and effluent from water spray can do great harm to the environment. If fire fighters use water to put out a fire in a pesticide storage shed, the runoff will be highly toxic.

C.7 FIRST AID

It is important to provide training on recognition of the symptoms of a pesticide poisoning so the victim will receive timely treatment. Contact information of the closest medical facility must be known and available if someone can be possibly poisoned with a pesticide. Quick action could save the victim's life. Farmers must be trained to make sure to take the label and if possible the MSDS on the chemical to the hospital. This will enable the medical professionals to treat the victim properly and promptly. Training must include the basic elements of pesticide first aid, as per the table below. Wherever possible, personnel at local health facilities should participate in/receive such training. GENERAL Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do not become

exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the

label) to the physician.

POISON ON

SKIN

Act quickly

Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water

Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water

Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

CHEMICAL

BURN ON

SKIN

Wash with large quantities of running water

Remove contaminated clothing

Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth

Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid treatment of burns

POISON IN

EYE

Wash eye quickly but gently

Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water

Wash for 15 minutes or more

Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase the extent of injury

INHALED

POISON

Carry victim to fresh air immediately

Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned

Loosen tight clothing

Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s skin is blue. If patient is in an

enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper

protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department (if available)

POISON IN

MOUTH OR

SWALLOWED

Rinse mouth with plenty of water

Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink

Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label

PROCEDURE Position victim face down or kneeling forward, Do not allow victim to lie on his back, because

174

FOR

INDUCING

VOMITING

the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage

Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat or give syrup of ipecac

Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is

Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting

WHEN NOT

TO INDUCE

VOMITING

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions

If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. It

will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may get into the

lungs and burn there also

If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates

and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting

C.8 PROPER PESTICIDE CONTAINER DISPOSAL

Once pesticides have been used, the empty containers need to be properly disposed of. Training must address proper disposal. This table gives a summary of the best practices for doing so.

PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERS

Container Type Disposal Statements

Metal Containers (non-aerosol) Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture

and bury

Paper and Plastic Bags Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then bury empty

bag

Glass Containers Triple rinse. Then bury.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture

and bury

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C.9 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST OF POTENTIAL

DEMONSTRATION PLOT (PROVIDED BY AGRO-INPUTS PROJECT, CNFA)

(Updated January 18, 2015) Summary for evaluator’s use after all fields (1-4) below are completed: Overall evaluation of potential of field to be used for a demo plot: Allowed with no conditions: Allowed with conditions (State all conditions): Disallowed: __________

Evaluator’s Name: Date of Evaluation:

1. Location of the demo field:

Name of farmer: Name &AIRN ID no. of Retailer:

Name of Collaborator: Company _______________ FTF Collaborator: __________________

Village: Union/PO: Thana:

District: Latitude: Longitude:

2. Topographic, Hydrologic and Soil Data:

I. Size of the demo plot (decimals):

II. Distance from nearby water body (m): Pond ____Canals_____, Lakes______ Rivers______ and nearby drinking water sources: (shallow DWS)_______(deep tube well)___________ a) Depth of the water table (m.) (source: DPHE): http://www.dphe.gov.bd/aquifer/index.php/borelog

III. Distance from nearby household or livestock housing (m):

IV. Soil Texture: Porous: Dense:

V. Ecologically critical area near the potential demo plot (Y/N):

VI. Type of demo plot: Open field: Bund of aquatic resource:

3. Pesticide(s) Include for seed treated with fungicide:

I. Active Ingredient(s):

II. Pesticide brand name:

III. Type of the Pesticide(s): Insecticide Fungicide Herbicide Miticide Rodenticide

a) If soil amendment, then type: NPK mix _________________ Micronutrient ______________ Other (describe specifically)____________________________

b) If seed is treated, fungicide AI:

IV. Position as per PERSUAP: Allowed Rejected Allowed/wc

________________ Evaluator’s

Signature & Date:

______________________ Environmental Specialist’s

Signature & Date:

________________ Chief of Party

Signature & Date:

http://www.dphe.gov.bd/aquifer/index.php/borelog

176

a) If w/c, what are the conditions:

V. Target pests and diseases:

VI. Application interval and concentrations: Pre harvest interval (PHI):

VII. Toxicity classes (Annex 7 / PERSUAP):

a) EPA (I-IV):

b) WHO (Ia, Ib-V):

c) Chronic Human Toxicity (KC, PC, etc.):

d) Ground water contaminant (Potential/No data):

e) Eco toxicity (NAT-VHT): [6 out of 9 is aquatic]:

f) AI status eco toxicity for aquatic environment: Fish ____ Amphibians ____ Planktons ____ Mollusks ____ Crustaceans ____ Aquatic Insects ____

4. Analysis and Findings:

What is the distance from the edge of the spraying area to surface drinking or shallow well drinking water source for humans or livestock_________m, or household or livestock housing: ____________m

If less than 30m in either of the two cases above:

Demo plot is disallowed for pesticide use, but not disallowed for soil amendment, OR

Demarcate the nearest edge of the proposed demo plot area to ≥ 30 m from the source or household or livestock housing (spraying is allowed only beyond 30 m from surface drinking water, shallow wells used for drinking, human habitation, and livestock habitation),

Is the demo plot on the bund or boundary of a pond, lake, of river (Y/N)? ____ If Yes, What is the eco toxicity of AI regard to (Annex 7 / PERSUAP): Fish ____ Amphibians ____ Planktons ____ Mollusks ____ Crustaceans ____ Aquatic Insects ____ If any of the above is MT, HT, or VHT then:

Plot is disallowed

Or, sprayer changes to NAT, PNY or ST AIs

177

Examine the DPHE water table depth and compare with soil texture:

Porous Dense L

ow

wat

er

tab

le

No Condition No condition H

igh

wat

er t

able

If AI is a potential ground water contaminant and shallow drinking water source (SDWS) present then:

demo plot is disallowed

If SDWS is not present then allowed

If SDWS is present, then: Use no contaminating AIs If SDWS is not present then, allowed

What is the last spraying interval before harvest in days? __________ days.

178

C.10 MONITORING AND DATA RECORD KEEPING

Bangladesh small-scale farmers do not keep records of information on crops grown, production, pest attack, pesticides used, whether the pesticides worked well or not, pest resistance development and pre-harvest intervals to reduce pesticide residues. Certified large-scale commercial and estate farms, on the other hand, generally keep detailed records. Projects much conduct training programs on monitoring and data record keeping techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness. Suggestions for development of simple charts for monitoring and record keeping can be found at http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx Example of record keeping chart:

CROP PLOT

LOCATI

ON

PESTS

OBSERVE

D

INFESTATI

ON

SEVERITY

MANAGEMEN

T TECHNIQUE

DATE/TIME OF

APPLICATION

NOTES (RATE OF

APPLICATION,

WEATHER, ETC.)

RESULT

S

http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx

179

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

Bangladesh List of Cancelled Products http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/a71472c4_de10_4e51_b657_4fa3e9fe8dd1/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides_Banned%20List.pdf

List Of Registered Public Health Pesticides (Php) Approved up to 65 Ptac Meeting in Bangladesh http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/245bca44_f570_4432_8297_82d9a9308e35/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides%20List_PHP.pdf List of Registered Agricultural, Bio Pesticides and Public Health Pesticide in Bangladesh, Approved up to 65th Pesticide Technical Advisory Committee Meeting http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/8a812db0_3544_4105_b066_df78074d3efb/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides%20List.pdf EPA chemical search: http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=CHEMICALSEARCH:1:0 EPA product label search: http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1 US product search: http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/ National Pesticide Information Center: http://npic.orst.edu/npicfact.htm WHO Recommended Classification http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pdsother/class_2009.pdf Pesticides approved in EU: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/bpdb/atoz.htm Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP): http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/rupreport-sec3-update.pdf http://www.agri.ohio.gov/apps/Restricted_Products_Rpt/default.aspx http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/pesticid/pdf/ec2500.pdf http://ipcm.wisc.edu/pat/download/download/RUP-2013.pdf https://s3.amazonaws.com/publicworks-takomapark/public/safe-grow/us-environmental-protection-agency-restricted-use-products.pdf http://www.vdsc.com/ReferenceMaterials/Restricted%20Use%20Pesticide%20CO%206-06-14.pdf http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi073 http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/iapm99/ch22.pdf http://www.simsfarm.com/images/E0162301/minstorage.pdf

http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/a71472c4_de10_4e51_b657_4fa3e9fe8dd1/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides_Banned%20List.pdf



http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/245bca44_f570_4432_8297_82d9a9308e35/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides%20List_PHP.pdf



http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/8a812db0_3544_4105_b066_df78074d3efb/Approved%20(66%20PTAC%20&%2095%20PTASC-PPW)%20Registered%20Pesticides%20List.pdf



http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=CHEMICALSEARCH:1:0

http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1

http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/

http://npic.orst.edu/npicfact.htm

http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pdsother/class_2009.pdf

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/bpdb/atoz.htm

http://www.agri.ohio.gov/apps/Restricted_Products_Rpt/default.aspx

http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/pesticid/pdf/ec2500.pdf

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/pat/download/download/RUP-2013.pdf

https://s3.amazonaws.com/publicworks-takomapark/public/safe-grow/us-environmental-protection-agency-restricted-use-products.pdf

https://s3.amazonaws.com/publicworks-takomapark/public/safe-grow/us-environmental-protection-agency-restricted-use-products.pdf

http://www.vdsc.com/ReferenceMaterials/Restricted%20Use%20Pesticide%20CO%206-06-14.pdf

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi073

http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/iapm99/ch22.pdf

http://www.simsfarm.com/images/E0162301/minstorage.pdf

180

Banned Pesticides http://sanstandards.org/userfiles/file/SAN%20Prohibited%20Pesticide%20List%20November%202011.pdf WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf?ua=1 Pesticide formulations http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/fnr/html/faculty/holt/NRCASupplement.pdf Pesticide adjuvants http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/gen-peapp-adjuvants.aspx Codex alimentarius (pesticide residues in food and feed): http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/pesticides/search.html NFPA Hazard Rating Information for Common Chemicals: http://safety.nmsu.edu/programs/chem_safety/NFPA-ratingJ-R.htm http://www.ehs.neu.edu/laboratory_safety/general_information/nfpa_hazard_rating/ Bangladesh Country Development Cooperation Strategy http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Bangladesh_CDCS.pdf Bangladesh Feed The Future Strategy https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Bangladesh+feed+the+future+strategy USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Country Framework for Bangladesh FY 2015–2019 http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Bangladesh%20_FSCF_FINAL.pdf USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) guidelines for Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm F2F Programmatic PERSUAP http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/41716.pdf FAO Country Report http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af340e/af340e06.htm General information about Bangladesh and its regions http://www.countrywindow.net/index.php?id=142 http://www.bangladesh.com/regions/ http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-974687 http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/aug/28/rangpur-has-highest-poverty-rate Bangladesh flora and fauna http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna Bangladesh Rivers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh

http://sanstandards.org/userfiles/file/SAN%20Prohibited%20Pesticide%20List%20November%202011.pdf

http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf?ua=1

http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/fnr/html/faculty/holt/NRCASupplement.pdf

http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/pesticides/search.html

http://safety.nmsu.edu/programs/chem_safety/NFPA-ratingJ-R.htm

http://www.ehs.neu.edu/laboratory_safety/general_information/nfpa_hazard_rating/

http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Bangladesh_CDCS.pdf

https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Bangladesh+feed+the+future+strategy

http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Bangladesh%20_FSCF_FINAL.pdf


http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/41716.pdf

http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af340e/af340e06.htm

http://www.countrywindow.net/index.php?id=142

http://www.bangladesh.com/regions/

http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-974687

http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/aug/28/rangpur-has-highest-poverty-rate

http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh

181

Maps of Bangladesh http://mapofbangladesh.blogspot.com/2012/02/agricultural-land-use-bangladesh.html Bangladesh statistics http://www.geohive.com/cntry/bangladesh.aspx Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/bangladesh-life-on-the-edge-402127.html http://www.adbi.org/files/2011.12.13.cpp.day1.sess1.9.country.paper.bangladesh.pdf http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangladesh_disasters.pdf http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Climate%20Change%20BEJS%2010.2%20Final-5.pdf Herbicides http://www.gaweed.com/Herbicide_Modes_of_Action.pdf http://old.wssa.net/Weeds/Tools/Herbicides/HerbicideNames.htm Veterinary pesticides: http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2480&Itemid=2749 http://www.esgpip.org/PDF/Technical%20bulletin%20No.41.pdf USEPA organophosphate/crop site http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/tolmon.htm Guide to management of poultry insects http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/g954/build/g954.pdf Guidelines for Training http://pesticidestewardship.org/Pages/default.aspx http://www.croplifeafrica.org/ Bangladesh National Integrated Pest Management Policy https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20130605/1336290308_ipm_201304232116en_2013060516%3A23--156.37%20KB.pdf Bangladesh Extension (SAAOs) Responsibilities Handbook http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/21621699_7eb3_45c4_8e5a_21b8688a6a4a/BS_Handbook.pdf MoA-PPW-DAE Pest Management http://www.dae.gov.bd/site/page/5a9b5034-229c-40e9-9582-22796a8d5e62 IPM www.infonet-biovision.org www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html www.birc.org/products.pdf www.ipm,ncsu.edu/agchem/1-toc.pdf www.warda.cgiar.org Vegetable IPM for Bangladesh

http://mapofbangladesh.blogspot.com/2012/02/agricultural-land-use-bangladesh.html

http://www.geohive.com/cntry/bangladesh.aspx

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/bangladesh-life-on-the-edge-402127.html

http://www.adbi.org/files/2011.12.13.cpp.day1.sess1.9.country.paper.bangladesh.pdf

http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangladesh_disasters.pdf

http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Climate%20Change%20BEJS%2010.2%20Final-5.pdf

http://www.gaweed.com/Herbicide_Modes_of_Action.pdf

http://old.wssa.net/Weeds/Tools/Herbicides/HerbicideNames.htm

http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2480&Itemid=2749

http://www.esgpip.org/PDF/Technical%20bulletin%20No.41.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/tolmon.htm

http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/g954/build/g954.pdf

http://pesticidestewardship.org/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.croplifeafrica.org/

https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20130605/1336290308_ipm_201304232116en_2013060516%3A23--156.37%20KB.pdf

https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20130605/1336290308_ipm_201304232116en_2013060516%3A23--156.37%20KB.pdf

http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/21621699_7eb3_45c4_8e5a_21b8688a6a4a/BS_Handbook.pdf

http://dae.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/dae.portal.gov.bd/page/21621699_7eb3_45c4_8e5a_21b8688a6a4a/BS_Handbook.pdf

http://www.dae.gov.bd/site/page/5a9b5034-229c-40e9-9582-22796a8d5e62

http://www.infonet-biovision.org/

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html

http://www.birc.org/products.pdf

http://www.ipm,ncsu.edu/agchem/1-toc.pdf

http://www.warda.cgiar.org/publications/Insect_Guides.pdf

182

http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rahman.htm Developmental Perspective of Organic Agriculture and IPM: a Review of Bangladesh http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/217.pdf Gher system http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10499-010-9382-z#page-1 ‘Gher’ (prawn-fish-rice) farming system in Bangladesh http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212003076 Cage culture http://aqua.ucdavis.edu/DatabaseRoot/pdf/160FS.PDF Farming fish in open ponds in Bangladesh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Lcyi5rTmIM Guide to drug, vaccine, and pesticide use in aquaculture https://www.extension.org/mediawiki/files/5/54/Drug_Guide_7-5-07.pdf Pesticide regulations http://epi.yale.edu/files/pops_final.pdf http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/compliance/22cfr216 Pesticides and Aquatic Animals: A Guide to Reducing Impacts on Aquatic Systems https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-013/420-013.html Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets for some pesticides http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net

http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rahman.htm

http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/217.pdf

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10499-010-9382-z#page-1

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212003076

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