Altruism Among Kin vs. Non-kin: Effects of Cost of Help and Reciprocal Exchange
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Transcript of Altruism Among Kin vs. Non-kin: Effects of Cost of Help and Reciprocal Exchange
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Altruism Among Kin vs. Non-kin: Effects of Cost of Help and
Reciprocal Exchange
By: Esmeralda Arrizón-Palomera, Elena Rodriguez, and Alexa Tangalakis
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Video Clip: Gorilla Saves Kid
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Hamilton’s Kin Selection Theory (KST)
Higher levels of altruism is associated with greater relatedness
Problems with KST Unable to explain data on human altruism
Unrelated acquaintances receive less help than kin, but do receive some help
Certain categories of non-kin are exceptions to the general rule that humans tend to help kin more than nonkin
Friends often receive as much or even more help than kin
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Present Study & Purpose
The study explored some of the ways in which the findings can be reconciled with KST. Costs of Helping
Hypothesis 1: As the cost of helping increases, the share of help given to kin will increase, and the share given to nonkin will decrease.
Levels of Reciprocal Exchange: KST in tandem Triver’s Altruism Theory (RAT) Hypothesis 2: The association between help
given and help received will be larger for acquaintances than for friends, and larger for friends than for siblings or cousins.
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Method & Procedures Participants Materials
Recruitment: online Received Credit for Participation Completed a booklet of questionnaires titled “Understanding
Behavior” Procedure
one of eight conditions based on sex of the target the relationship
Word Meaning Task had to choose which one of the synonyms was closest to the
original word. Social Relationships
demographic data items related to altruism and were representative of three
categories of help: low-cost, medium-cost, and high-cost help Other Variables
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Results Help Given as a Function of Relationship
Category and Cost of Help Hypothesis 1 Findings Hypothesis 2 Findings
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Explanations, Limitations, and ConclusionExplanations
Emotional closeness is an evolved psychological disposition that helps to mediate the link between relatedness and altruism.
Communal Relationships Exchange Relationships Cultural Norms
Limitations Weakness in measurement strategy
Assessment of level of reciprocity Comparison between actual helping and hypothetical helping
Conclusion The results constitute good support for an inclusive fitness
approach to explain altruism among humans
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Critique: Weaknesses Recruitment
Testing
Actual Helping vs. Hypothetical Helping
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Interesting Points
low-cost help, people helped friends more than siblings
Even though young adults report that they are emotionally closer to friends than to siblings, participants were more willing to provide high-cost help to siblings
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Test Questions: Multiple Choice 1. One of the ways in which this study attempts to reconcile the
findings about human altruism with Kin Selection Theory is by considering:A. The proximity to the target individualB. Cultural normsC. Age differenceD. Cost of Help
2. According to the article, the category of nonkin that is an exception to the rule that people help kin more than nonkin is: A. Acquaintances B. Friends C. Classmates D. Co-workers
3. The results indicate that ________A. The degree of reciprocity among friends is higher than that among siblings or cousins.B. The degree of reciprocity among siblings is higher than that of friends.C. The degree of reciprocity among friends was no higher than that among. siblings or cousins.D. The degree of reciprocity among cousins was not higher than that of siblings.
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True or False4. According to the article, Kin Selection
Theory is able to explain all of the data on human altruism.
A. True B. False5. According to the article, greater
relatedness is associated with higher levels of altruism.
A. True B. False6. According to Stewart-Williams, the cost-
help finding is a product of cultural norms.
A. True B. False
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Answer Key:
1. D-Cost of Help2. B-Friends3. C-The degree of reciprocity among
friends was no higher than that among siblings or cousins.
4. B-False5. A-True6. B-False
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Reference
Stewart-Williams, Steve (2007). Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 193-198.