Alternative solutions to improve gut health
Transcript of Alternative solutions to improve gut health
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Alternative products to enhance intestinal health.
Experiences in EU.
Dr.Hilde Van Meirhaeghe - Vetworks
RSA – AFMA 2013
Overview
Introduction
Importance of gut health and contributing factors
Alternative solutions to improve gut health
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Introduction
Challenges poultry production:
Provide animal protein for the growing world population in a sustainable way
Guarantee food safety
Respect the environment – waste management
Keep it profitable
EU policy: meat production safe ‘from stable to table’
EFSA : concerns of Antimicrobial Resistance AMR in humans
2006 Antimicrobial Growth Promotors AGP banned
Reduction antimicrobial use in animal
Non EU countries: KFC and McDonald’s announced to promote AGP-free poultry meats
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Public opinion AMR
Dame Sally Davies, Chief Medical Officer for England, warns that within the next 20 years, people having simple operations may die because there will be no antibiotics left that can deal effectively with routine infections.
The danger posed by growing resistance to antibiotics should be ranked along with terrorism on a list of threats to the nation.
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Link AMR humans –animals?
Looks simple but…..
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What will be the impact of reduction of antibiotic use in food animals?
Very difficult to measure…but EU ‘precautionary principle’
‘One World – One Health’.
Epidemiology of AMR is very complex
adapted and modified from Linton [1977] by Rebecca Irwin, Health Canada[Prescott 2000] and IFT.
Introduction
EU regulations food animal production controversy
- Since the ban of AGP more therapeutic AB use
- Reduction of antimicrobial resistance by reducing antibiotic use in food animals
• The Netherlands: 50% reduction ( imposed by the goverment)
• Germany: voluntary reduction in some integrations ( imposed by retailers)
• Belgium: ‘prudent use of AM’ – formularium, monitoring AB use
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EU: Antibiotic use in poultry
AB use mainly in broilers (not in layers, eggs for consumption)
70% of the antibiotic use in is for problems related to gut health
To reduce antibiotic use: improve intestinal health
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Overview
Introduction
Importance of gut health and contributing factors
Alternative solutions to improve gut health
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Intestinal health and integrity
Efficiency of ingredient digestion and nutrient absorption depends on
Structural integrity and physiologic activity of the gut
Balance between microbial ecosystem and the host defence mechanisms
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Intestinal health and integrity
Structural integrity
• Long and wide villi: greater surface for absorption
• Small crypts: lower tissue turn over, less energy and protein required for recovery
• Goblet cells: produce protective mucines
• Strong tight junctions:
• prevent bacteria and toxic substances to enter the cells and the blood, and cause inflammation and ‘leaky gut’
Physiologic activity:
Greater particle size promotes peristalsis and reverse persistalsis:
better mixture with enzymes and digestion
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Host defense mechanism: gut barrier function
Maximize the protective innate immunity
Prevent inflammatory response, keep a state of oral tolerance
Complex regulation of the microbial ecosystem:
Suppress invasion of pathogens ( Salmonella, E. coli)
Increase diversity in de microflora
Inhibit overgrowth ( Clostridium perfringens – Clostridiaceae)
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Microbial ecosystem and host defense
Gut problems since the ban of AGP
Broilers:
Coccidiosis clinical and subclinical
Necrotic enteritis
Dysbacteriosis - Bacterial Enteritis – bacterial overgrowth
Wet Litter
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Clinical signs and necropsy:
- Wet litter (-> pododermatitis)
- Diarrhea
- No increase feed intake
- Water/feed ratio
- Thin, transparent, fragile intestinal wall
- Ballooning intestinal wall
- Undigested feed in distal part gut
- Abnormal intestinal content: too liquid, too gassy, too fat, too slimy
- Inflammation gut wall (much milder than with NE, not necrotic!)
characterised by redness (mucosal and/or serosal) and hyperaemia of
blood vessels servicing gut
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Bacterial Enteritis
1. Coccidia infecting gut
mucosa, causing villus atrophy
Coccidiosis =main pre-disposing
factor NE and bacterial enteritis!
0. Normal gut with well developed villi
2. Damaged gut reacts by: villus
fusion, increase of mucus production
Goblet cells and immune reaction
causing inflammation
3. Immune reaction and damage
causes plasma protein leakage/
intestinal function decreased, more
nutrients in gut
4. Clostridiaceae (rods) grow on
available nutrients, mucus and plasma
proteins and attach to gut lining,
causing further reaction of immune
system and gut defences (mucus,…)
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BE and Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis prevention is a key factor to control BE
Anticoccidials: some also have antimicrobial activity
Most important is to preserve good anticoccidial efficacy of the limited products available
Rotation programs, chemical clean up
To enhance integrity of the gut, and absorption of nutrients
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Bacterial Enteritis
Imbalance microbial
system
Inflammation and
oxidative stress
Result: back to 1….
High feed intake,
high NSP levels,
coccidiosis 1
4
3
2
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Overview
Introduction
Importance of gut health and contributing factors
Alternative solutions to improve gut health
Copyright 2013 VETWORKS
Bacterial Enteritis
Suppress bacterial
proliferation (antibiotics,
acids, probiotics, AGP
…. )
Add beta-glucan/MOS
or other products for
faster restoration gut
morphology, reduce
inflammation and
oxidative stress
Optimise anticoccidial
program, use exogenous
enzymes, mycotoxin
binders ….
Reduce feed intake,
limit NSP levels, avoid
coccidiosis, avoid viral
infections 1
4
3
2
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Alternatives to enhance intestinal health
Combination of different products that act in synergy to improve
Gut barrier management: integrity and recovery of intestine
Control the microbial ecosystem and the host defence mechanisms
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Alternatives to enhance gut health
Improved cox control
Improved digestibility feed
Enzymes
Lower NSP
Mycotoxin binders
Alternatives
Acids
Pre and probiotics
Phytonutrients (herbs and essential oils)
Others: Bacteriophages, Antimicrobial peptides, Toll-like receptor agonists……….
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Organic Acids
Antimicrobial activity of the acid depends on
Chemical structure, chain length SCFA- MCFA
Form dissocciated or not (pKa value)
MIC values versus certain pathogens
Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA)
C6:0-C12:0 have more antibacterial activity than SCFA
Caprylic –caproic acid have lower MIC for E. coli and Salmonella
Lauric acid has a lower MIC for Clostridium perfringens
(Huyghebaert et al. 2011)
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Organic acids
Originally: SCFA used for general bacterial decontamination of the feed itself or drinking water
• effective in the crop and gizzard, not in the caeca
Butyric acid:
• Promotes development and recovery of villi
• Stimulates the expression of the tight junction proteins – claudines
• Limits invasion of pathogens ( E. coli, Salmonella)
• Promotes beneficial microbial ecosystem
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Organic acid
Butyric acid has a beneficial effect on the gut integrity and the microbiotic ecosystem but it has to be available in the caeca
Coated Butyrate by micro-encapsulation (slow release matrix)
Or
Enhance butyrate producing bacteria in the caeca
• Direct –BA producers( Clostridium clusters IV –XIVa)
• Indirect- Lactobacilli stimulate growth of BA producers (cross-feeding)
(Van Immerseel et al. 2010)
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Probiotics
= Single or mixed cultures of living microorganisms which beneficially affect the host by improving the properties of the indigenous microbiota (Fuller 1992)
Mode of action:
Competition pathogens for adhesion site
Competition pathogens for nutrients
Immunomodulation
Production antimicrobial compounds
e.g. quorum sensing = different populations of bacteria communicate and influence each other (Boyen et al 2008)
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Prebiotics
= Non digestible food ingredients that selectively favor the multiplication or metabolic activity of a specific fraction of the intestinal microbiota (Gibson & Roberfroid, 1995)
Products:
Inulin + oligofructose/fructo-oligosaccharides (plant roots)
Mannan-oligosaccharides (yeasts)
Mode of action:
Β-glucans: immunomodulators
Mannan oligosaccharides: supports Lactobacillus spp., reduction pathogens
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Bind to macrophages
-> activation macrophages
1. Stimulation phagocytosis
a-specific immunity boost
2. Activation T&B-lymphocytes through
increase cytokine production
specific immunity boost
• Polysaccharide-protein complexes
1. Substrate and energy source for
Lactobacillus spp.
Enhancement of beneficial flora
2. Competitive bindingsite for certain Gr-
bacteria
Inhibits attachment Salmonella
spp.and E.coli to the intestinal wall
(1-3,1-6) ß-glucans mannan oligosaccharides
Prebiotics
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Alphamune: effect on gut morphology
• Villus height and villus surface area:
– Increase villus length & villus surface area
Better digestion and nutrient absorption
Increased BW, better FCR
Much more epithelial cells available
for nutrient absorption in picture on
the left
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Herbs and essential oils
Phenolic compounds, glycosides, alkaloïds: derived from plants
Carvacrol (oregano) allicin( garlic), cinnamaldehyde(cinnamon)
Mode of action:
Effect on tight junctions, anti- oxidant, immunomodulation
Stimulate the endogenous digestive enzyme
Large variation in composition:
Origin, harvest and storage, extraction method
Cave! Contaminants: mycotoxins, heavy metals
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Alternative approach to gut health
Stable gut flora => good gut health
-> Save nutrients
-> Less microbial and toxin leakage
-> Minimise reaction immune system
Improved performance
A lot of research on alternatives: synergistic blends of different products
Objective parameters needed to evaluate the effect on gut health in vitro and in vivo
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conclusion
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Now, there has been a great deal of information on
new biocontrol approaches for preventing and treating
bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens in food animal
production. Multiple alternatives, including prebiotics,
probiotics, phytonutrients (herbs and essential oils),
hyperimmune antibodies, bacteriophages, antimicrobial
peptides, and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, have
already been used by the animal industry for various
claims, but it is generally accepted that none of these
alternatives are known to be as effective as AGP in
field application. However, a combination of additives
(e.g., probiotics and prebiotics) or novel feed additives
have shown some efficacy to compensate for production
loss, in the absence of AGP, with economic returns.