ALTERNATE RENEWABLE ENERGY

RESOURCES

PRESENTED BY: IQRA ZUBAIR

MS CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS ENERGY?

Power derived from the utilization of

physical or chemical resources,

especially to provide light and heat or to

work machines

SIGNIFICANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Primary Energy supplies are not enough to meet the present demand

Pakistan is already facing a major challenge of energy shortage

Environmental friendly renewable energy sources need to be developed and popularized

Renewable Energy consumption is an index of prosperity

WHERE DO WE NEED IT?

MAJOR ENERGY GENERATING FIRMS IN

PAKISTAN

• WAPDA Produces 6283 MW

• Tarbela 3478 MW

• Ghazi Brotha 1450 MWHydel

• PAEC 852 MW

• KANUPP 137 MWNuclear

• KESC 2341 MW

• IPP’s 7070 MWThermal

STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN

Electricity – Sources (2014)

Sources Production Capacity Percentage of Total Need

Fossil fuel 14,635MW 64.2% (Oil-35.2% + gas-29%)

Hydro 6,611 MW 29%

Nuclear 1,322 MW 5.8%

Average Demand: 17,000 MW

Shortfall: 4,000-5000MW

WHAT DO WE CALL AN ALTERNATIVE

RESOURCE ?

Sources that have no undesired consequences

Are renewable

Thought to be “free” sources

Have lower carbon emissions

Non-depletable

MAIN TYPES OF ALTERNATE RENEWABLE

ENERGY RESOURCES

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Hydro Energy

Biomass

Nuclear Energy

Geothermal Energy

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy comes from using the sun as fuel to

create heat or electricity

Solar modules use photons from the sun to generate

electricity through the photovoltaic effect

Total solar energy absorbed by Earth is approximately

3,850,000EJ per year

Exceeds twice as much as will ever be obtained from

all of the Earth's non-renewable resources combined

APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

Electricity generation

Water disinfection

Solar lighting

Cooking

Solar powered

ventilation

Transportation

•Long distance supply is possible

• Affordable in the long run

•Independent of fossil fuel supplies

Pros

•Initial cost is high

•Only generate electricity during daylight hours

•Weather and pollution affects the efficiency

Cons

Pros and Cons

WIND ENERGY

Wind Energy can be

transformed into useful

mechanical power or

electricity

Wind turbines convert

the kinetic energy in

the wind into

mechanical power and

make electricity

HOW WIND TURBINE WORKS?

Wind Turbines turn in the moving air and power anelectric generator that supplies an electric current

A wind turbine is the opposite of a fan

Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,wind turbines use wind to make electricity

The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,which connects to a generator and makes electricity

•Can produce electricity throughout the day

•Wind power is clean, sustainable resource

•Land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable

activities

Pros

•Installation cost is high

•Wind produces inconsistent energy

•Noise is regularly reported

Cons

Pros and Cons

HYDRO ENERGY

Power generated from the energy of moving water

Generating methods are:

Conventional dam

Run-of-the-river dam

Small dam

Micro dam

Conduit dam

Pumped-storage dam

HOW IT WORKS?

Power plant uses a dam on a

river to store water in a

reservoir

Water released from the

reservoir flows through a

turbine, spinning it, which in

turn activates a generator to

produce electricity

•Dams are designed to last many decades

•Energy can be stored till needed

•Reliable, Non-fluctuating resource

Pros

•Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems

•Disruption of surrounding areas

•Requires large areas and human displacement

Cons

Pros and Cons

All organic matter is

known as biomass and

energy released from it

when eaten, burnt or

converted into fuels is

called biomass energy

It includes wood, wood

waste, straw, sugar

cane and many other

by-products

BIOMASS: ENERGY FROM WASTE

•Less demand of fossil fuel

•Less air emission than fossil fuel

•Greenhouse gas (CO2) can be balanced

Pros

•Expensive when building friendly

•Higher demand can leave soil infertile

•Has to be manually maintained

Cons

Pros and Cons

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear power is generated using mined metal Uranium-

235

Fission produces free neutrons and photons, and

releases a very large amount of energy

Heat generated by the process is used to drive a steam

turbine which generates usable electricity

•Lower greenhouse emissions

•Powerful and Efficient

•Cheap Electricity

•Easy transportation

Pros

•Radioactive wastes and radiations

•Limited Uranium is available

•Nuclear Accidents and National risk

Cons

Pros and Cons

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth

Upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly

constant temperature between 50° and 60°F

Thermal energy generates from radioactive decay and

continual heat loss from Earth's formation

Used for air conditioning, heating, cooling and supply

of hot water.

HOW IT WORKS?

• Energy tap into naturally occurring hydrothermal convection systems

Step 1

•Cooler water seeps into Earth's

crust, is heated up, and then rises

to the surface

Step 2• relatively

simple matter to capture that steam and use it to drive electric generators

Step 3

•Can be directly used

•Significant cost saving

•Reduce reliance on fossil fuels

Pros

•Not a widespread source of energy

•May release harmful gases

•Transportation is difficult

Cons

Pros and Cons

WE

NEED

TO

THANK YOU