Altai Sample

7172019 Altai Sample

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullaltai-sample 120





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his atlas is about the creation of cultural landscapesthrough the purposeful location of ancient monumentswithin the larger physical setting e materials devel-

oped here are drawn from our documentation of thousands ofstone structures and images found within the Altai Mountainsof Mongolia Our approach reflects our persuasion that whenpeople long ago constructed those monuments they did so witha conscious sense of the mountain ridges rivers directional-

ity and view sheds around them Embedded in their locationof standing stones altars burial mounds image stones andconcentrations of rock art was a deep sense of the significanceof natural elements of a natural order in the world and in thecosmos In order to consider this material we need to establisha conceptual framework of interconnected and embedded con-textsmdashchronological environmental and material e purposeof this chapter is to establish that framework by looking at thelarger paleoenvironment the chronology of relevant culturesand the nature of monument typologies within a chronologicalperspective In the last sections of the chapter we will introduceapproaches to the consideration of surface monuments in the

larger landscape these will be used to guide our consideration ofthe cultural landscapes within each basin and within the regionas a whole

For several reasons chronologies of ancient cultures in theMongolian Altai remain general ere are no written docu-ments that clearly relate to cultures earlier than that of the Tuumlrksand thus no objective means of naming cultures or locating theirepicenters Scientific analyses of organic materials may helpto assign dates to monuments but they do not give us namesto attach to those remains Furthermore across the high Altairegionmdashincluding northwest Mongolia the Altai Republic in

Russia northeastern Kazakhstan and northern Chinamdashthere isno general agreement regarding either the identity of archaeo-logically retrieved cultures or their dates Although there aresignificant archaeological parallels between what we find in the Altai and in other regions of Mongolia those parallels still sup-port little more than a general chronology and one that lacks theassignment of cultural names

On the other hand archaeological excavations of monu-ments in Mongoliarsquos central and northern aimag are begin-ning to result in a critical mass of comparable material and in arange of dates that may help to identify similar monuments inthe Altai Mountains is material added to that derived from

published archaeological explorations in the Russian republicsof Altai and Tuva and in northern China certainly suggests abroad chronological framework for specific monument types Inaddition studies of lakebed sediments on either side of the AltaiRidge have allowed scientists to reconstruct the succession ofplants and trees that dominated the region in prehistory with itsindication of habitat this material suggests which animals couldhave been found in our study area and when ese objectivepaleoenvironmental conditions can be associated with techno-logical and economic changes that appear in rock art and arereflected in excavated finds from burials Finally the styles inwhich humans represented themselvesmdashwhether hunting ani-mals driving carts or ridingmdashcan be used to relate large groupsof images to specific culture periods (ese relationships setwithin a chronological framework are more fully developed in

the charts in 23) In these ways and many others by workingback and forth between contingent materials it becomes possi-ble to propose a general chronology for northwestern Mongoliaone that acknowledges the variety and overlay of archaeologicalmonuments within our study area but also respects the chrono-logical framework established in other regions with reference tomonument typologies

Because the names of prehistoric cultures in North and

Central Asia refer to sites excavated outside the Mongolian Altaitheir usefulness in our study area is limited Our primary desig-nation of cultural periods will instead depend firstly on broadepochs defined by geological prehistory and secondarily on thecultural results embedded in new technologies and their eco-nomic consequences ese epochs include the Late Pleistocenewhich ended about eleven thousand years before the presentcoinciding with the disappearance of extensive glaciation andharsh steppe vegetation the Early and Middle Holocene whichsaw a gradual amelioration of climate and the extension of forestcover over a period of approximately 5000 years and the onsetof the Late Holocene (approximately 4500 years before the

present) coinciding with the beginning of a period of coolingand drying During this period (which is of course the geologicperiod in which we live) forests began to retreat and vegetationgradually returned to steppe species

Cultural periods like geological periods do not shiftabruptly change takes time measured in decades if not in cen-turies Terminology and the timelines by which we graph theseperiods should be understood as approximate at best with endsthat blur and shift only gradually Ancient populations of theEurasian steppe were notoriously fluidmdashboth in space and inethnic reference e variety within monument typologies that

we can associate with the Bronze Age for example and thatwithin rock art of the same broad period indicates that contem-poraneous populations in our study area must have been far moreheterogeneous than are acknowledged by single culture namesUnquestionably the preliminary chronologies presented in thefollowing pages will be disputed by others and modified manytimes over they are intended however to offer a basic frame-work for giving cultural and chronological order to the materialsreviewed in this volume

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21 Square khirigsuur Bronze Age

Drawing Lynn-Marie Kara



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63

35

41

52158

170

103

Oigor Gol

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

NuurKhovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

Tsagaan Gol

Drainage basins of major rivers withinstudy area

81Number of features inventoried in eachsurveyed basin

MO N G O L I A

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S S I A

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I N A

908

393

386

283

5

271

189

408

17

Oigor Gol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

Elt Gol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

SagsayGol

SogooGol

121

6845

14

212

62

328

24

Oigor Gol

Tsagaan

Gol

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur KhovdGol

Sagsay Gol

DayanNuur

Elt Gol

Sogoo Gol

M O NG O L I A

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88

100

47

175

51

103115

14

OigorGol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

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Khirigsuur Standing stones

22 Inventory of feature counts within each basin

Mounds Turkic monuments



Geologic Context

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1 0

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5 0 0 Y e a r I n t e r v a l

Y e a r s B e f o r e

P r e s e n t

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he end of the Pleistocene and its cold harsh environ-ment spelled the end of the Paleolithic Period and thedisappearance of megafauna that appear in Paleolithic

rock art e Holocene was characterized by a gradually amelio-rating climate with the consequent spread of forests dominatedby larch and spruce throughout the western section of our studyarea e cultures of the early and mid-Holocene would havecorresponded to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods but we

do not know how these periods should be dated or even whethersuch terms apply within the Mongolian Altai By approximatelyforty-five hundred years before the present however the climatewas again becoming drier and colder forests were retreatingand lake levels falling Given what we know of the emergenceof the Bronze Age across the Eurasian steppe and within North Asia we are safe in dating its inception to approximately twothousand 983138983139983141 and its duration into the early first millennium983138983139983141 Critical technological developments during this longperiod included the adoption of wheeled vehicles (probablyin the form of heavy carts 29) and somewhat later of horseand camel riding (124 126) ese changesmdashand particularly

the development of riding with its opportunities for large-scaleherdingmdashcombined with the effects of climate change to createa need for more frequent changes of pasture e result of these

environmental and cultural shifts was the appearance of a fullhorse-dependent semi-nomadism

Dated materials from heavy mounds and from the largestructures known as khirigsuur in other parts of the Altai-Sayanuplift and in north-central Mongolia suggest that their con-struction began sometime in the mid-Bronze Age and contin-ued through the late Bronze Age Once again we do not knowhow to name the culture or cultures responsible for these and all

other Bronze Age monuments in our study area Judging fromthe archaeological record in the Minusinsk Basin to the norththe North Asian tradition of erecting massive standing stonesmay have begun before the Bronze Age we propose that withinour study area the largest of these stones are Bronze Age in datethough probably not as early as the huge standing stones in theMinusinsk Basin On the other hand the imagery on deer stonesand certain image stones indicate that they should be dated noearlier than the Late Bronze Age at period is contemporane-ous with cultures that have been named in other parts of North Asiamdashthe Karasuk Culture for example but we cannot say iftheir contemporaries in our study area should be so named For

that reason they will here be referred to as people of the LateBronze Age

23 Concordance of paleoenvironment and culture

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1000

1500


P r e s e n t

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We are on more certain ground with a burial structureand imagery associated firmly with the Eurasian Scythian Cul-ture and dated to the Late Bronze and Early Iron agesmdashthatis between the eighth and third centuries 983138983139983141 During thatperiod there was a gradual shift from the use of bronze to thatof iron and thus no clear division between the eponymous agesnor was there a sudden emergence of the full horse dependencythat came to characterize these people For this reason the tran-

sition period encompassing the Late Bronze and Early Ironages will also be referred to as the period of the Early Nomadse Pazyryk phase of this culture centered in the Russian Altaimountains and dated to the fifth through third centuries 983138983139983141is securely rooted in the Iron Age After that however we arefaced with renewed uncertainty e impact of the Hsiung-nu(Xiongnu) confederacy across the eastern steppe does not seemto be reflected in Bayan Oumllgiy and the nature of culture andits archaeological monuments between the Early Iron Age andthe Turkic Period is uncertain Only with Turkic monumentsdo we return to a solid if still general chronology sixth throughthe ninth centuries with the Uighur hegemony dated to the last

century of that period With the end of the Turkic Period how-ever the Altai region seems to have receded from history untilthe modern period

24 Bear hunt Bronze Age This composition is a window into an

ancient hunt when men worked in bands and on foot with long bows

and spears In this composition several men surround the animal

Another figuremdashdone more recentlymdashrushes in from the left where a

piece of the boulder has been knocked off



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ock art is the general term for imagery pecked or paintedon natural rock surfaces In mountainous Bayan Oumllgiyaimag rock art occurs in the open air rather than within

caves and if there were ever any painted images they have longsince disappeared e rock art that has survived to the presentwas pecked-out with heavy stones or sharp metal instrumentsusing direct or indirect blows For the first several hundred yearsafter they were executed the images were white but over the

millennia most have darkened down from their original appear-ance Depending on the time of year and the sunrsquos angle theimages may stand out clearly or disappear from before our eyes

Within our focus region are located several of the largestand finest concentrations of rock art in North Asia includ-ing one in the upper Oigor drainage and another within thevalley of the upper Tsagaan Gol A smaller but important siteextends over three hills on the north shore of Khoton Nuur anda fourthmdashunknown until 2005mdashis located under the east flanksof Tsengel Khairkhan Uul Aral Tolgoi at the far northwesternend of Khoton Nuur is the smallest of these complexes but themost ancient In addition to these complexes many small con-

centrations of rock art exist throughout the region Taken alto-gether the complexes and sites attest to the desire of ancient Altai inhabitants to represent their world in visual imagery andto do so with an impressively realistic expression

e rock art of mountainous Bayan Oumllgiy includes individ-ual images as well as simple and complex compositions involvingup to more than one hundred elements In some valleys one findsthis material randomly pecked on the surfaces of granitic boul-ders left from the last major glacial advance is is true within

the upper valley of Khatuugiin Gol on the massive moraine alongKhoumlltsoumloumltiin Gol and across the rocky moraine known as KharBoumloumlroumlg at the east end of Khurgan Nuur Rocky outcroppingsat the top of high ridges offer the possibility of ancient imageryElegant examples exist on the high ridges between the Turegtiin

27 Predation scene Late Bronze Age

This fine representation of wolves attacking a deer

from Baga Oigor appears to have been pecked

over another earlier scene with wild goats

25 Hunter animals and birthing women

Early Bronze Age Tsagaan Salaa IV The frontal

hunter with a large weapon and static animals

indicate an early date Two frontal birthing

women arms raised are visible in the right-center

and may be earlier in date

26 Rock art concentrations

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riversmdashhere so isolated that one asks why gifted artists of theBronze Age should have chosen to leave their creations there

Winter dwellings nestled against rocky cliffs may offer cluesto the presence of rock art concentrations e appearance ofthese modest structures almost always indicates the millennia-old locations of winter habitation sites in protected places thusthe cliffs behind the snug wood and stone huts of today are oftenmarked by rock-pecked images dating back to the Bronze and

Early Iron ages Excellent examples of such sites and their rockart occur in the valleys of Khar Yamaa and Khargantyn Gol Ancient artists seem to have preferred the hard smoothed

surfaces of metamorphosed sandstone found along a few highriver valleys is stone has typically been scraped and polishedby ancient glaciers and darkened to a deep rose or mahoganyhue e time-hardened surfaces can take fine dense pecking aswell as elegant engraved lines As a result the sandstone outcrop-pings in the high Altai valleys contain an extraordinary pictorialrecord of cultures extending over thousands of years Among allsurface monuments rock art has a unique character while it ispossible to identify period styles and general cultural markers

we are also regularly struck by the individualizing nature of rep-resentation In this respect rock art brings us much closer to asense of real if anonymous individuals from a deep past

e varied subjects of Altai rock art offer a window into thelife and values of the people who lived here over many millen-nia Large animals in profile dominate rock art from the prendashBronze Age ey are almost always represented individuallymotionless and lacking any psychological interaction with otherimages (619 622) Early Bronze Age scenes of hunters hold-

ing cudgels and long bows may reflect the emergence of mythictraditions revolving around the heroic hunter (25) In rock artdatable by style and subject to the middle and late Bronze Agewe find many hunting scenes (24) but we also find herdingscenes scenes of men driving carts (29) and of families cara-vanning from one habitation site to another their children andhousehold goods packed onto massive yak (336) ese com-positions reveal developing patterns of transhumance as herd-

ing increasingly shaped peoplesrsquo lives Images of animals racingover the rock surfaces are also typical of the Bronze Age theyare often rendered with a keen sense of grace delight and evenwhimsy It is striking that elements clearly indicative of a spiritworld are remarkably few and these belong to the Bronze Ageor earlier (332)

Representations of scenes of combat and early representa-tions of horse and camel riding (124 126) can be dated tothe Bronze and Early Iron ages Animal imagery slowly beganto reveal a new conventionalization so that by the middle ofthe first millennium 983138983139983141 rock art had lost much of its formervitality During the Turkic Period the tradition enjoyed a brief

renaissance marked by images of warriors riders (28) and hunt-ing scenes ereafter and for reasons we do not yet understandrock art was forgotten as a form of collective expression ework of individual artists also lost its vitality as if visual represen-tation had been supplanted by some other means of individualcreativity Taken together however the materials from the largecomplexes and small petroglyphic sites of mountainous BayanOumllgiy constitute in effect an extraordinary documentation oftime long past

28 Rider on fast horse Turkic Period

The whitish patina of this image from the Upper

Tsagaan Gol Complex indicates that it is not as old

as the other images on this page The rider rsquos bow

headdress and style of riding are clear indications

of the Turkic Period

29 Cart with driver Bronze Age This image

from Tsagaan Salaa typifies the mixed perspective

with which carts were represented in Bronze Age

North Asia In this case the wheels are spoked and

the reins from the driverrsquos hands are barely visible

as thin lines

210 Hunter Late Bronze Age In this scene

from Tsagaan Salaa the artist has clearly rendered

the recurved bow and gorytus (quiver) typical of

weaponry developed in the early period of horse

riding Varied patinas indicate images done in

successive periods



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een from a distance the valleys of the Mongolian Altaiseem empty of signs of human culture One might spy faroff a cluster of yurts a single rider or animals accompa-

nied by a herder meandering up trails to high slopes and ridges An occasional wooden hut nestled into a hollow against a cliff suggests the potential presence of people but except in wintersuch dwellings are empty In all directions the view that stretchesbefore us suggests that ancient human cultures must have over-

looked this land discouraged perhaps by the harsh wind andcold and by a pitiless summer sun With closer examination the empty landscape begins to

reflect life and movement Marking passes bordering lakesand punctuating river terraces are countless stone monumentsindicating the paths of ancient peoples ese silent monumentsoffer a window into a deep past they enable us to repopulate theancient Altai

Of all the monuments khirigsuur are the largest structuresand in many ways the most puzzling Within the Mongolian Altai these elaborate even elegant constructions are typicallyfound on open plains or on terraces overlooking rivers singly

or in pairs or even in groups ey range in size from as smallas 10 m to greater than 50 m in diameter Originally their cen-tral mounds were much higher but with time they have settledalthough some retain impressive height (211) One kind ofkhirigsuur is marked by a round or squared surrounding frame(217) of low boulders Radii aligned with the cardinal direc-tions may connect the mound and surrounding wall A secondtype called platform looks like a flying saucer or a solid pave-ment its central mound is surrounded by a rounded or squaredstone skirt (213) ese khirigsuur do not of course have rays A third type of khirigsuur can be called a boulder khirigsuursince the central mound is either replaced by or forms a skirtaround a massive naturally occurring boulder (1143) Smallcircular altars constructed with low boulders are usually foundon the khirigsuurrsquos northern western and southern perimeterswhile the eastern edge of the frame may be marked by a kind ofentrance standing stone or mound

ere is a great variety in the basic structure type some khi-rigsuur are massive affairs others low and thin in appearanceSome are made with elegant white or rosy-hued boulders otherswith black boulders and some reflect an interest in a variety ofcolors e mounds themselves are often marked by one or moredepressions as if the stones had been purposely cleared perhapsto allow fire ceremonies

It is said that the word khirigsuur refers to the Mongolianname for a Kirghiz burial (Khirgis-khuur) but why that termshould be applied to this structure type is not clear e monu-ment type probably came into use sometime around the middleBronze Age (mid-second millennium 983138983139983141) and continued tobe built and used into the Early Iron Age (c 600 983138983139983141) In someregions of Mongolia and the pre-Baykal khirigsuur were used as

211 Massive khirigsuur Bronze Age

The deeply depressed mound of this khirigsuur

or collared mound originally rose approximately

35 m in height Small circular altars appear on the

north west and east sides but there is no external

frame The structure is located at the top of a pass

commanding a view of the wide Khovd valley

213 Mound or khirigsuur Bronze Age

The extended skirt of this mound suggests it is

a platform khirigsuur It is the only substantial

structure in the immediate area on a road leading

up from Buyant and over to Khargantyn Gol Its

isolated location at a pass suggests an ancientovoo a structure dedicated to the spirit of the

mountain rather than to a human burial

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212 Bronze Age structures



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simple burials with the body laid directly under the mound andwith few funerary objects In Tuva just north of our study region

and where a number of spectacular khirigsuur have been exca-vated there is no evidence they were used for burials We do notknow if the khirigsuur in the Mongolian Altai served as burialsor as altars To date none here or in the Russian Altai have beenexcavated It is easier to guess the function of the small circularaltars around the khirigsuur Excavations have revealed that forthousands of years they were used for burned offerings

e khirigsuur is not the only structure type that can beassociated with the Bronze Age roughout our study regionwe find a distinctive kind of stone mound composed of piles ofsharp talus or heavy boulders (216) ese structures are foundindividually on high points of land along terraces or spread inlarge numbers across elevated slopes Curiously most studies of Altai monuments have ignored these mounds yet their num-bers the massiveness of their construction and their locationssuggest they were connected to ceremonies relating to deathPerhaps because of the immovability of their settled stones themounds rarely have central depressions If they were used asburials the individual was probably laid directly on the surfaceof the ground and covered with bouldersmdashmuch as one findsin the case of isolated herdersrsquo burials today It is also possiblethat these mounds were the sites of sky burials or were used tocommemorate sky burials on the cliffs above If that were the

case then these mounds would more appropriately be consid-ered funerary altars or cenotaphs Whatever their function weare certain they are much earlier than the Early Iron Age becausetheir form does not match any known for postndashBronze Age cul-tures in this part of Asia

Scattered throughout the Mongolian Altai are small groupsof structures squared in form with unusual boulders of contrast-ing coloration marking their four corners and centers (214)Known as four-cornered mounds these structures are usuallyaligned to the cardinal directions Few have been excavated butthere is sufficient evidence to indicate they were Bronze Ageburials and for all the beauty of the stones with which the sur-

face structures were constructed it seems that the dead were laidin simple shallow pits with minimal grave goods

Another poorly understood structure here called dwellingtakes the form of a rectangular or rounded pattern laid out on

the surface of the earth in white grey and black stones (215)Such patterns sometimes occur in great numbers consistentlyoriented east to west and marked by entrances at both endsStanding boulders outside the east entrance indicate the par-ticular significance of that direction Double walls and interiorhearths call to mind present-day winter dwellings with chinkedlog and plank walls (119) ere is no evidence these structureswere ever used for underground burials they may rather havebeen intended to represent dwellings for the dead in the nextworld What happened to the bodies of the deceased is a mys-tery one must again consider the possibility that the dead weregiven sky burials perhaps in the cliffs that so often loom behindor above the fields of dwellings By reference to images of dwell-ings in rock art of the Bronze Age we can hypothesize that thesepatterns belong to the same period Also to this period must datethe curious long lines that so frequently stretch for many metersfrom the dwellings down to the river below or up to a mountainridge or in the direction of a sacred mountain We can surmisethat these lines somehow anchored the dwellings to a significant

zone of transition that they functioned in some way to assist thedead to travel to the realm of the spirits

214 Four-cornered mound Bronze Age This mound is one of

several on the high north side of the Sogoo valley Still visible are fine

white stones in the center and large corner stones of contrasting color

215 Dwellings and lines Bronze Age

The dwellings in this group within the middle

Tsagaan Gol valley are made from white and black

stones To the west they face out to the sacred

mountain Shiveet Khairkhan visible in the center

background On the left can be seen some of the

stone lines that also extend in that direction

216 Old mound Bronze Age This mound

above Khoumlltsoumloumltiin Gol is typical of so many in the

Mongolian Altai rough earthed-over and located

high above the river with a view shed to the east

and west At some point in the millennia since it

was built the huge boulder poised on the mound

rolled down from the cliff to the north


This fine platform khirigsuur approximately 14 m

on each side stands on a terrace over KhoumlltsoumloumltiinGol its east side oriented to Sagsay Gol below

its west side to the sacred mou ntain Tsengel

Khairkhan Uul



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ome Bronze Age structure types may have continued to bebuilt well into the Early Iron Age An example is a kindof thin khirigsuur frequently found in the vicinity of

Early Iron Age burial mounds and occasionally involving acomplex group of altars unlike anything easily related to Bronze Age monuments

ere are other structure types of which the functions liketheir date also remain unclear ese include a curious circularmonument surrounded by a wall of standing flat slabs slantingin toward the center (219) ey may also include small pavedstructures sometimes associated with certain khirigsuur (223)Several structures are reminiscent of burial types reported in adja-cent Altai-Sayan regions but their identification in the Mongolian Altai is uncertain

We are on more secure ground with the burial mounds ofthe Early Iron Age (sixth through third centuries 983138983139983141) eseare usually arranged in irregular rows of two to eight or moremounds extending roughly from north to south (222) Rowsof standing stones (balbal) may extend from the mounds to theeast for a distance of up to 30 meters (220) and small altars of

grey boulders and black standing slabs often occur on the westside of the mounds (221) Excavations of mounds through-out the Altai-Sayan region have revealed wooden chambers inwhich the dead were placed either in larch coffins or directly onthe south side of the chamber floor their heads to the east andtheir faces to the north ey were laid out with their householdgoods their finest clothing and even horsesmdashas if prepared forlife in the next world and for the journey there In the high Altaithe stone mounds of some burials have created a subsoil lensof permafrost that has effectively preserved the organic mate-rials in deeply buried wooden chambers Despite a few well-publicized excavations of frozen burials however the vast major-

ity of these chambers were plundered in antiquity Others arecuriously empty built but never used marked on the surfaceof the ground by their stone mounds ese burials are associ-ated with what is sometimes referred to as the Scythian Periodculture of early nomads or the Pazyryk Culturemdashthe culture ofthe Scythian Period specific to the Altai region However onenames the culture responsible for these burials they all belong toa relatively limited era

218 Late Bronze and Early Iron Age structures

219 Collared mound Late Bronze Age () This structure one of two above the left bank of Nutsgenii Gol is unusual within our region and has no

clear published analogies in neighboring regions It has a diameter of approximately 10 m



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220 Burial mounds Early Nomadic Period One long row of balbal stretches to the east from sunken burial mounds on the left bank of Sagsay Gol

221 Altar Early Nomadic Period

Within this altar from Tsagaan Asgat the round

light-colored boulders on the west are river

stones the standing black slabs on the east are

mountain stones This color pattern regularly

recurs in altars accompanying burials of the Early

Iron Age It suggests a concern for a symbolic

integration perhaps of mountains and rivers

deemed essential at death

222 Burials mounds Early Nomadic Period A row of five deeply sunken burial mounds on the left bank of Chigirtein Gol is seen here from the

north looking south to Dzhalangash Uul On the right (west side) one of the typical altars associated with Early Iron Age burials in the Altai is visible

223 Circular structure Late Bronze Age ()

The fine circular structure with a diameter of 11 mis made of carefully placed light and dark stones It

is one of several altar-like forms su rrounding a thin

khirigsuur at Tsagaan Asgat Its date is uncertain



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Dayan Nuur

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l

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G o

l


CH INA

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KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

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S983156983137983150983140983145983150983143 S983156983151983150983141983155oving from broad valleys into side draws or travel-ing over high ridges the traveler frequently thinks hesees another person standing quietly in the distance

Only on closer inspection is that figure revealed as a large stand-ing stone ese monoliths vary in size but may be of massiveproportions and the material from which they are carved isoften of unusual quality and color Over the millennia manyhave fallen but originally they were oriented with their sides tothe four quarters Deer stones are a particular kind of standingstone named for the images of deer and other animals oftenpecked on their surfaces A deer stone is typically carved withround earrings on the sides of its head a necklace of beads anda belt and hanging weapons (227) More rarely a human faceexplicitly conveys the stonersquos anthropomorphic reference (228)Deer stones usually occur singly but in one instance just aboveTsengel there are two tall stones one with a muted human face(511) At the famous site of Tsagaan Asgat there are more thaneighty standing stones or fallen fragments (75)

Whatever the size of the standing stones they all con- jure human figures in the case of deer stones that reference

was clearly intended and expressed Scholars have traditionallydivided North Asian deer stones into three broad stylistic typesroughly associated with north central Mongolia Tuva and theRussian Altai Within the Mongolian Altai however these stonetypes are often found in unusual combinations suggesting theconstant mix of populations within this large region

e dating of standing stones will always be approximateand dependent on size number location the stonesrsquo proximityto other datable monuments and the elements carved on thestonesrsquo surfaces With those criteria in mind we may proposethe following schema Massive standing stones always set withinframes and often accompanied on their east sides by small cir-

cular altars must have been erected in the Bronze Age On thebasis of the carvings on their sides and by comparison with deer

stones from other regions those of the Mongolian Altai can con-fidently be dated to the Late Bronze and Early Iron ages elatest standing stone type can be easily dated to the Early Iron Age Smaller than the massive Bronze Age stones but larger thanlater Turkic balbal these stonesmdashalso called balbalmdashappear inrows that stretch to the east from Early Iron Age burial mounds(220) Within the Mongolian Altai these stones are frequentlyshaped with the high narrow face to the east eir coloration

and richly textured mineralization recall stylized deer in flightey are certainly the last of the deer stone tradition

224 Standing stones

225 Standing stones Bronze Age

Within this group on the right bank of the Khar

Yamaa there were originally four or more standing

stones but over the centuries at least one has

toppled and broken The rectangular enclosing

frame has also been disrupted perhaps as a result

of the trampling of animals rubbing their backsagainst the stones These impressive monoliths

seen here from the southwest are set within a

wide valley easily visible from a great distance



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226 Leaning stones Bronze Age

Set within a still clear frame this finely quarried

pair of stones each approximately 110 m tall is

essentially hidden from view in a small draw on

the north side of Chigirtein Nuur Originally the

stones stood erect but over the millennia one

has slumped back against the other The stones

are seen here from the northeast

227 Deer stone Late Bronze or Early Iron Age This small deer

stone in the Upper Tsagaan Gol Complex is of the Altai type it lacks

animal imagery but is carved with a beaded necklace round earrings

and three parallel slashes to indicate a human face The dark grey stone

is unusual in being covered on its east side with drilled concavities often

referred to as cup marks The stone faces east within a large ritual site on

the left bank of Tsagaan Salaa

228 Image stone Late Bronze Age

The high side of this stone is carved with a now-

muted human face but other than its shape there

are no elements that allow it to be identified as a

deer stone Alone facing to the east and with a

height of 13 m the stone is located within a high

closed draw sloping down to Sogoo Gol for all

appearances the master of its hidden valley



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G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

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T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155

he most visible monuments associated with the Tuumlrksinclude burial mounds rectilinear altars called enclo-sures and a variety of standing stones including small

balbal false image stones and true image stones Turkic burialstake the form of mounds (229) usually greater in height and lessearthed-over than the much older mounds of the Early Iron AgeNot infrequently one can find a wooden stake or what lookslike the base of a tree protruding from the west or north sideof the mound is is all that remains of what may have been apole carrying the flayed body of a horsemdasha virtual steed for theperson buried beneath the mound Within mountainous BayanOumllgiy the most curious aspect of Turkic burial mounds is thatthey are so infrequently encountered is circumstance suggeststhat here the dead were disposed of in some other manner thanburial their lives and deaths rather than their bodies memorial-ized through the ubiquitous enclosures

Turkic enclosures (233) are box-like structures defined bylong slabs laid on their sides and abutting at the enclosurersquos cor-ners e space within the enclosure is piled with light-coloredboulders and dark slabs e enclosures may occur individually

or in groups of between two and seven In many cases their dif-ferent sizes suggest memorial structures for a family or a groupof related individuals eir sides are always roughly aligned withthe cardinal directions often there will be a row of small balbalextending to the east (11116) Less common are enclosures sur-rounded by a low trench and an outer dike ese forms arecertainly the remains of more elaborate memorial structures

229 Burial Turkic Period Within the

Mongolian Altai Turkic burial mounds are

relatively infrequent They may appear individually

or in clustered groups This mound in the Elt basin

has the remains of a wooden post protruding from

its west side Small mounds of boulders lost in

deep grass around the large mound suggest the

remains of followers of the individual buried here

230 Turkic memorials



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Excavations of enclosures in the Russian Altai and Tuva haverevealed the presence of central pits within which may be foundthe remains of a lower tree trunk e placement of a larch polewithin the pit has suggested that the Turkic memorial rituals alsoinvolved erecting a virtual tree that may have represented the axisbetween this world and the next or perhaps the path along whichthe dead personrsquos soul was conducted from this world to the landof the spirits Bones of sheep and horses and occasional finds ofsilver cups also indicate that funerary rites involved burned offer-ings and drinking ceremonies

In addition to the lines of small balbal a larger standingstone or a stone partially or fully carved to represent a manoften stands outside the east frame of the enclosure or withinthe enclosure but facing east (232) Uncarved standing stonesor stones carved in the most rudimentary way are substitutes fortrue image stones (233) but the fully carved image stones areamong the most interesting of all Altai antiquities ey rangefrom crude to detailed and refined Hundreds of such figuresare known from Tuva Russian Altai and Mongolia Withinmountainous Bayan Oumllgiy scholars have recorded more than

115 most still in their original positions e images are typi-cally carved with mustaches and small beards ears and fine ear-

231 Stone image Uighur Period This fine

image discussed in the chapter on Sagsay Gol

typifies the Uighur image type Its head is massive

its expression solemn its heavy body dressed in a

long robe faces out to the east With both hands

the image holds a vessel in front of its chest The

figure looks out over a rocky plain as if affirming

his ancient authority

232 Image stone Turkic Period This figure is one of four standing

together in a large ritual site The bird guano covering its head does not

hide the fine carving par ticularly of the manrsquos arms and hands With a

height of 090 m he faces east Upper Tsagaan Gol

233 Enclosures and false image stone Turkic Period These two enclosures from Khargantyn Gol typify the structure

type with heavy slab walls and interiors filled by boulders and broken slabs In this case the southernmost enclosure is fronted

on its east side by a roughly shaped standing stonemdasha false image stone The view here is to the northwest

rings large collared and belted jackets and small purses on theirright hips With his right hand each figure holds a goblet infront of his chest while his left hand clasps a sword hanging fromhis belt At their most impressive the images are solemn andcompelling gazing steadfastly to the east e figures associatedwith the late Turkic or Uighur Period are similar to those of theTuumlrks but with decisive differences they are not associated withenclosures and their figure type is more massive than that of theTuumlrks (231) Typically they wear long Central Asian robes andwith both hands they hold large vessels before their chests

ere is general agreement that the Turkic images must rep-resent honored dead but the meaning of the balbal that extendto the east before them is less certain Some argue on the basis ofold Turkic texts that balbal refer to specific enemies slain by thedeceased warrior others argue that they refer to a generic enemyand indicate an abstract honoring of the dead

In the case of the Turkic and Uighur materials as with thoseof much earlier periods within each specific typology we find sig-nificant variations in both style and quality Clearly the culturalnorm was constantly subjected to individual creative impulses

that we can perceive even if we cannot identify the individual orlineage responsible for that innovation



i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a

View shown in photo above

Areas visible from artifact

0 5 km

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R U S S

I A

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M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141

234Standing stones Bronze Age When

closely approached these stonesmdasha little over

10 m in heightmdashcan be seen to frame the snowy

mountain Shiveet Khairkhan rising at the west

end of Tsagaan Gol valley Seen from a greater

distance as here the side valley within which the

stones are located and the round altars on t heir

east are clearly visible

ust as archaeological monuments reveal significant spacethrough their directional orientations so their locationssuggest ancient understandings of important landmarks in

their physical world is spatial imperative conveys an expres-sive depth that cannot be understood by simple drawings of themonuments themselves nor is it revealed to the viewer by look-ing only at the monuments It is rather essential that we lookaway from the monument out at the surrounding landscapeand particularly in the direction indicated by the monumentrsquosorientation In doing so we begin to sense that monuments weredeliberately placed in relationship to specific rivers and theirflows to snow-crested ridges and mountains e monumentseems to borrow the power of the physical feature or to set up areverberation of reference between the eternal natural element

and the time-bound human-erected stones is recurring rela-tionship between monument and physical feature becomes obvi-ous to the observer in the field it can be recreated in a virtualform by photography and through the delineation of the monu-mentrsquos view shed

Regular principles of placement and view shed are partic-ularly apparent in the case of massive standing stones is isexemplified by a pair of standing stones in a hidden draw alongthe Tsagaan Gol (234) e stones are fronted on the east bythree circular altars to the west they frame the sacred moun-tain Shiveet Khairkhan Further to the west a stone erectedhigh above the valley floor and invisible from below directs onersquos

attention east and downriver (237) An impressive example of

235 View shed from standing stones in 234

(view looking west)



Oumlndoumlr Khairkhan Uul 3914 m

I k h GolT ur geni i

K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

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an extended view shed is offered by two stones one now fallenabove the left bank of Mogoityn Gol (238) e stone pair wasraised in a high closed draw off any track or trail But the stoneslook out over the large plain of Ketnes with its huge khirigsuurquite visible in the distance and beyond to the glaciated ridge atthe border of China on the south

In the case of khirigsuur the view shed often becomes circu-lar and the shape of the monument echoes that of the mountain-encircled plain in which it is found is effect is clearly visible

in the case of the large khirigsuur scattered over Ketnes (915) Asomewhat different kind of view shed is offered by a fine khirig-suur at the confluence of Khovd and Godon gol (236) isround structure marks that confluence as significant tipped tothe south on its slope it directs our attention to the high peakson the south side of Khurgan Nuur thus joining confluence todistant mountains

By contrast to Bronze Age monuments Turkic memorialenclosures are bound above all to the easterly direction and notto large features in the landscape Occasionally however eastcoincides with an unusually impressive physical feature and the

memorial structure seems to take advantage of that spot to bor-row added meaning

236 Round khirigsuur Late Bronze Age This khirigsuur at the

confluence of Godon and Khovd gol shifts our attention to the south and

to Oumlndoumlr Khairkhan Uul one of the highest peaks on the Chinese border

237 Standing stone Bronze Age Located on a high and protected

terrace above Tsagaan Salaa this stone is virtually invisible unlessapproached from above However the stone seems to have been placed

with careful intention for it looks directly east down to Shiveet Khairkhan

and the glacial stream that feeds Tsagaan Gol

238 Standing stones Bronze Age One of these two massive stones has now fallen and the frame is broken but the

view from the site is spectacular In the far mid-ground are visible several large khirigsuur on Ketnes The high mountains at the

Chinese border rise in the distance The standing stone measures 138 m the fallen stone measures 165 m

239 View shed from standing stones in 238 looking south



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M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141

240 Old circle Bronze Age () This muted

circle set on a high terrace on the east face of the

sacred mountain Shiveet Khairkhan may have

been constructed in the Bronze Age It seems

intended to carry our attention out to the east and

the flow of the milky Tsagaan Gol


Set within the large plain known as Ketnes and

surrounded by mountains the round mound of

the khirigsuur is contrasted by its squared frame

At each of the four corners small altars reaffirm

the cardinal directions


These four massive stones each of varying

coloration are set within a rectangular frame

oriented from north to south Not only do thestones insist on the four directions they also point

down slope to a number of large khirigsuur and

beyond to the marshy valley of the middle Khovd

he surface structures and standing stones reviewed inthese pages encode ancient understandings of meaning-ful space Even if we cannot say for certain what those

understandings were analogies with other elaborate spatial dia-grams allow us to infer that they were intended and loaded withcultural significance

A round khirigsuur obviously has no specific spatial orien-tation with or without rays it suggests a concern for the pos-sibility of infinite extension from the center (246) With theaddition of rays to the four quarters circularity is integrated withthe indication of earthly directionality When the khirigsuur issquared (241) the same integration occurs through the cen-tral mound and external frame As a whole the khirigsuur thusbecomes a supreme sacred diagram by analogy to later Chineseor Tibetan formulations it suggests a deliberate figurative join-ing of Heaven and Earth of eternal and delimited time Whenan entrance standing stone or altar is added on the east side ofthe frame (1125) one senses that the cosmic integration of cir-cle and square has been qualified and that the direction east car-ried some overriding importance with reference to the afterlife

Variations on these themes may be expressed in the heavymounds with collars and adjoining altars (412 1126) as wellas in the four-cornered mounds of the Bronze Age Massivestanding stones set within rectangular frames offer a somewhatdifferent spatial configuration (242) Stones and frames affirmthe four cardinal directions but when there are multiple stones

together they add an insistence on a north-south axis as wellas on the vertical axis implicating infinite extension above andbelow Deer stones reflect a similarly encoded space but theyinsist on east as the dominant direction (75) With the rows of



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burial mounds from the Early Iron Age (243) we find an evengreater complication of familiar patterns e rounded moundsrecall the circularity affirmed by the khirigsuur but their spatial

distribution indicates an ancient preoccupation with the polarityof north and south at axial order is balanced by the altars onthe west side of the mounds and the balbal extending to the easte regularly recurring layout of mounds and their adjacent ele-ments indicates that each direction must have had its own mean-ing within the cosmology of the Early Nomads and that east wasprobably related to renewal and west and north to death

243 Burial mounds Early Nomadic Period

There are seventeen burials within this long line

of mounds extending from north to south on the

sloping terrace of Khara Zharyg On the west side

of the mounds are visible several altars of black and

white stones A single line of black balbal extends

to the east from one of the more northern mounds

right background

244 Image enclosure and balbal Turkic

Period This memorial grouping is located in the

valley of Sogoo Gol The simple image looks out to

the east and toward the sacred mountain Khuren

Khairkhan Uul

245 Thin khirigsuur and altars Bronze Age The mound

and paved disk of the khirigsuur are so low that they are difficult to

distinguish Outside the disk one can see some of the altars indicated inthe diagram on the right as well as modern Kazakh burials and a large

khirigsuur mound in the background

When we come to the memorial enclosures images andbalbal of the Turkic Period it is certain that the cosmos was con-ceived in terms of the orderly extension of the four quarters and

that eastmdashthe direction toward which the images face and thebalbal extend (244)mdashmust have been associated with a prin-ciple of renewal e diagram encoded in the Turkic memorialstructures suggests an understanding of the cosmos in terms thatwere bound to principles of order and delimitation and withinwhich the infinite cosmic extension expressed in the khirigsuurwas eschewed

246 Diagram of khirigsuur Bronze Age

The disposition of a variety of altars around a thin

khirigsuur (245) demonstrates the extreme senseof spatial organization embedded in many of the

ancient monumentsDrawing Lynn-Marie Kara





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C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141983155C983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 C983144983137983150983143983141





M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

63

35

41

52158

170

103

Oigor Gol

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

NuurKhovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

Tsagaan Gol



MO N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

908

393

386

283

5

271

189

408

17

Oigor Gol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

Elt Gol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

SagsayGol

SogooGol

121

6845

14

212

62

328

24

Oigor Gol

Tsagaan

Gol

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur KhovdGol

Sagsay Gol

DayanNuur

Elt Gol

Sogoo Gol

M O NG O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

88

100

47

175

51

103115

14

OigorGol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983089983097






Geologic Context

11000

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

12000

1000

1500

1 0




P r e s e n t

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983088










C983144983154983151983150983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 A983150983139983145983141983150983156 C983157983148983156983157983154983141983155



1000

1500


P r e s e n t

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983089











0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983090



















R983151983139983147 A983154983156



A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

63

35

41

52158

170

103

Oigor Gol

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

NuurKhovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

Tsagaan Gol



MO N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

908

393

386

283

5

271

189

408

17

Oigor Gol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

Elt Gol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

SagsayGol

SogooGol

121

6845

14

212

62

328

24

Oigor Gol

Tsagaan

Gol

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur KhovdGol

Sagsay Gol

DayanNuur

Elt Gol

Sogoo Gol

M O NG O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

88

100

47

175

51

103115

14

OigorGol

TsagaanNuur

TsagaanGol

DayanNuur

Khoton-Khurgan

Nuur Khovd Gol

Sagsay Gol

SogooGol

Elt Gol

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983089983097






Geologic Context

11000

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

12000

1000

1500

1 0




P r e s e n t

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983088










C983144983154983151983150983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 A983150983139983145983141983150983156 C983157983148983156983157983154983141983155



1000

1500


P r e s e n t

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983089











0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983090



















R983151983139983147 A983154983156



A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













Geologic Context

11000

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

12000

1000

1500

1 0




P r e s e n t

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983088










C983144983154983151983150983151983148983151983143983161 983151983142 A983150983139983145983141983150983156 C983157983148983156983157983154983141983155



1000

1500


P r e s e n t

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983089











0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983090



















R983151983139983147 A983154983156



A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













1000

1500


P r e s e n t

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983089











0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983090



















R983151983139983147 A983154983156



A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983090



















R983151983139983147 A983154983156



A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983091






















as thin lines






successive periods



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983092























M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155B983154983151983150983162983141 A983143983141




A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983093































Khairkhan Uul



0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983094

M983141983149983151983154983145983137983148S983156983154983157983139983156983157983154983141983155L983137983156983141 B983154983151983150983162983141 983137983150983140E983137983154983148983161 I983154983151983150 A983143983141983155












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983095



















0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a g

s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983090983096









224 Standing stones












A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983090983097


























0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













0 40 km

M O N G O L I A

R U

S S I A

C H

I N A

Khurgan

Khoton Nuur

Nuur

Dayan Nuur

TolboNuur

S a

g s a

y

G o

l

S o g o o

G o

l


CH INA

RU S S IA

KAZAKHSTAN

M O N GO L I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983088

T983157983154983147983145983139M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155
















A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983089

























i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













i

W e s t

StandingStones

Shiveet Khairkhan

3349 m

K h a r

S a l a

a

T s

a g a a n

G o l

T y d y k

G o l

BagaKhatuugiinNuur

D e z rsquo

G o l

B a g a

K h

a t u

u g i i n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

S a l a

a



0 5 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983090

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 983145983150983156983144983141 L983137983150983140983155983139983137983152983141















(view looking west)





K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul















K h

o v d

G o l

G o l

G o d o n

K h a r g a

n t y n

G o l

T s a g

a a n

A s g

a t

KhurganNuur

DayanNuur

K h o t o n

N u u r

i

South

i

North



0 10 km

MO NG O L I A

C H

I N A

R U S S

I A

A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983091



















A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983145 983150 983156 983144 983141 M 983151 983150 983143 983151 983148 983145 983137 983150 A 983148 983156 983137 983145983091983092

M983151983150983157983149983141983150983156983155 W983145983156983144983145983150 S983152983137983139983141


























A 983154 983156 A 983154 983139 983144 983137 983141 983151 983148 983151 983143 983161 983137 983150 983140 L 983137 983150 983140 983155 983139 983137 983152 983141 983091983093










right background





Khairkhan Uul













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right background





Khairkhan Uul













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right background





Khairkhan Uul











Altai Sample

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