Ashanti Alston OmowaliAnarchist Panther & Related Topics

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Ashanti Alston Omowali is an anarchist activist, speaker, and writer, and former member of the Black Panther Party. Even though the party no longer exists, Alston sometimes refers to himself as a Black Panther, and sometimes as "the @narchist Panther", a term he coined in his @narchist Panther Zine series. He was also member of the Black Liberation Army, and spent more than a decade in prison after police captured him and he was convicted of armed robbery. Alston, like all anarchists, disputes the moral issues of property and terms his activity in the BLA "bank expropriation". Alston is the former northeast coordinator for Critical Resistance, a current co-chair of the National Jericho Movement (to free U.S. political prisoners), a member of pro-Zapatista people-of-color U.S.-based Estación Libre, and is on the board of the Institute for Anarchist Studies...Read more below

ContentsArticles

Ashanti Alston 1Black anarchism 2Anarchism and nationalism 4Anarchism in Africa 13Anarchist People of Color 14Anarchist Black Cross Network 15

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 17Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 18

Article LicensesLicense 19

Ashanti Alston 1

Ashanti Alston

Ashanti Alston

"Anarchist Panther"Born 1954

Ashanti Alston Omowali is an anarchist activist, speaker, and writer, and former member of the Black PantherParty. Even though the party no longer exists, Alston sometimes refers to himself as a Black Panther, and sometimesas "the @narchist Panther", a term he coined in his @narchist Panther Zine series. He was also member of the BlackLiberation Army, and spent more than a decade in prison after police captured him and he was convicted of armedrobbery. Alston, like all anarchists, disputes the moral issues of property and terms his activity in the BLA "bankexpropriation". Alston is the former northeast coordinator for Critical Resistance, a current co-chair of the NationalJericho Movement (to free U.S. political prisoners), a member of pro-Zapatista people-of-color U.S.-based EstaciónLibre, and is on the board of the Institute for Anarchist Studies.Since 1999, Alston has produced four issues of the zine, @narchist Panther Zine (the name being a reference to hiscurrent affiliation as an anarchist, and his past membership in the Black Panther Party). Alston has identified himselfas a black anarchist as well as a postmodern anarchist.Alston rejects traditional anarchist dogma and says "Every time I hear someone talk about my people as if we arejust some 'working class' or 'proletariat' I want to get as far away from that person or group as possible, anarchist,Marxist, whatever" (Beyond Nationalism, but Not Without It [1]). Opponents of this perspective within the AnarchistPeople of Color camp insist that opposing authority yet placing the needs of people of color above others representsracism, and that black nationalism would mean using force to exclude people based on the color of their skin and isutterly incompatible with anarchism. Also claimed is that one cannot deny a "white nationalism" if one is to have a"black nationalism" and thus it is best that neither exist. While Alston supported a nationalist position in the firstissue of his publication, it was a far milder version of the position Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin has taken and Alstoncannot be seen as totally supporting nationalism or trying to purge anarchism of "non black people".Alston occasionally speaks at events as diverse as animal rights events and union activist conferences.

External links• Anarchist Panther [2] (personal website)• Ashanti Alston 2004 interview. [3]

• Ashanti Alston lecture in Pittsburgh, PA on February 24, 2005 [4]

• Ashanti Alston 2008 interview, by Team Colors. [5]

• Video of talk given by Ashanti at the Dublin Anarchist Bookfair 2009 in Ireland. [6]

Ashanti Alston 2

References[1] http:/ / www. anarchistpanther. net/ node/ 12[2] http:/ / www. anarchistpanther. net[3] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=xpHAJ1n0JOU[4] http:/ / pittsburgh. indymedia. org/ news/ 2005/ 02/ 17451. php[5] http:/ / inthemiddleofthewhirlwind. wordpress. com/ an-interview-with-ashanti-alston/[6] http:/ / vimeo. com/ 3954733

Black anarchism

Part of the Politics series on

Anarchism

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Black anarchism opposes the existence of the state, the subjugation and domination of black people, and favors anon-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, patriarchy, capitalism,and the state. Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Kuwasi Balagoon, Kai Lumumba Barrow,Greg Jackson, Shaka N'Zinga, Roger White, Martin Sostre and many former members of the Black Panther Party.Anarchist people of color is a network of non-white anarchists.Ashanti Alston stated:

Black culture has always been oppositional and is all about finding ways to creatively resist oppression here,in the most racist country in the world [the United States]. So, when I speak of a Black anarchism, it is not sotied to the color of my skin but who I am as a person, as someone who can resist, who can see differently whenI am stuck, and thus live differently.—Ashanti Alston, "Black Anarchism", Anarchist Panther[1]

Black anarchists have criticized the traditional anarchist movement on the grounds it has traditionally beendominated by white Europeans. Black anarchists oppose the anti-racist conception based on the moral universalismof the Age of Enlightenment, which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition. Black anarchists argue that it isnot adequate to struggle against racism, and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a de jure equality.Pedro Ribeiro has criticized the anarchist movement by declaring that:

It is a white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people. As a Black person, I am not interestedin your Anarchism. I am not interested in individualistic, self-serving, selfish liberation for you and your whitefriends. What I care about is the liberation of my people.—Pedro Ribiero, Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism[2]

Black anarchism 3

Pedro Riberio has expressed concern that the traditional anarchist movement is racist and seeks to suppress the blackvoice:

We now call ourselves Anarchists. We say we want the end of all chains and the extermination of alloppression. Yet, in the Anarchist "movement", black folk and other folks of color are still in the senzala. Weare still having to disguise ourselves, call whitey "Massa" and chain ourselves to the wall. No, don't talk aboutracism unless it is in that very abstract sense ofwe-are-all-equal-let's-sing-kumbayas-and-pretend-the-color-of-our-skin-does-not-matter" racism. While theremight be nobody yelling "die, nigger, die!", you can hear a very clear “shut the fuck up, nigger, just shut thefuck up".—Pedro Riberio, Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism

Black anarchists are influenced by the civil rights movement and the Black Panther Party, but seek to forge their ownmovement that represents their own identity and is tailored to their unique situation. In contrast to black activism thatwas based on hierarchical organizations, black anarchism favors organic development through communication andcooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution. Alston's @narchist Panther Zine stated:

Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that havebeen accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movementthat holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practicalself-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.—Ashanti Alston, @narchist Panther Zine[3]

Notes[1] "Black Anarchism" (http:/ / www. anarchistpanther. net/ node/ 17) Anarchist Panther[2] "Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism" (http:/ / www. anarkismo. net/ newswire. php?story_id=460),

Anarkismo.net[3] @narchist Panther Zine, October 1999, Edition 1, Volume 1

External links• Black Anarchism by Chuck Morse (http:/ / www. anarchist-studies. org/ article/ articleprint/ 70/ -1/ 8/ ) includes

transcript of a talk by Ashanti Alston• Anarchist Panther (http:/ / anarchistpanther. net/ )• Black Anarchism (http:/ / affinityproject. org/ traditions/ blackanarchism. html)• Black Anarchism - Has its time come? (http:/ / newshound. de. siu. edu/ online/ stories/ storyReader$3796)• Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism (http:/ / www. anarkismo. net/

newswire. php?story_id=460)• Hubert Harrison (http:/ / www. iww. org/ culture/ biography/ HubertHarrison1. shtml)• Ben Fletcher (http:/ / www. iww. org/ culture/ biography/ BenFletcher1. shtml)• Kuwasi Balagoon (http:/ / www. kersplebedeb. com/ mystuff/ profiles/ balagoon. html)• Anarchy and Chaos in Black Communities (http:/ / www. lewrockwell. com/ orig7/ wicks5. html), Robert A.

Wicks. Lewrockwell.com ("pro-market" anarchism).

Anarchism and nationalism 4

Anarchism and nationalism

Part of the Politics series on

Anarchism

• Anarchism portal•• Politics portal

Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution, and have a long relationshipgoing back at least to Mikhail Bakunin and his involvement with the Pan-Slavic movement prior to his conversion toanarchism. There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with nationalism all over the world, as well aswith internationalism. Some anarchists argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of theworld's nations requires a political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.[1]

Although anarchism is generally considered a movement of the left, the nationalist and anti-semitic side ofProudhon's and Bakunin's thought influenced some 20th-century far right parties and movements.[2] The nationalsyndicalist movement in Italy, a group of a few thousand former members of various anarcho-syndicalist laborunions who split with the larger anarchist movement over their support for Italian nationalism, was cited by BenitoMussolini as a major source of inspiration,[3] though he had a mixed relationship with the movement in his socialistleftist phase.[4] Nazis like Willibald Schulze cited Proudhon as an inspiration for National Socialism.[5][6][7][8]

In early- to mid-19th-century Europe, the ideas of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism were closely intertwined.Revolutionaries and radicals like Giuseppe Mazzini aligned with all three in about equal measure.[9] The earlypioneers of anarchism were a product of the spirit of their times: they had much in common with both liberals andsocialists, and they shared much of the outlook of early nationalism as well. In 1880 and 1881, the Boston-basedIrish nationalist W.G.H. Smart wrote articles for a magazine called The Anarchist.[10]

Anarchists in China during the early part of the 20th century were very involved in the nationalist movement whileactively opposing racist elements of the Anti-Manchu wing of that movement. During the Mexican Revolution,anarchists such as Ricardo Flores Magón participated enthusiastically in what was indisputably a left-nationalistrevolution.

Anarchist opposition to nationalismSocial Anarchists militantly oppose nationalism, as they equate the nation with the state. Contemporary Social Anarchists consider nationalist-anarchism to be a contradiction, and recent fusions of anarchism and nationalism have been characterized as outside the larger anarchist movement. The general perception of nationalism; its approach to the of liberation of a people by means of a national identity based around shared culture, values, language, history and symbols; has shifted from being considered a left-wing ideology at the beginning of the 20th century, to being seen as a right-wing ideology today. Post Colonial Anarchism in particular denounces nationalism

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for its statism and links to authoritarian ideologies. Other contemporary anarchists oppose all nationalism andnational liberation struggles from a class struggle perspective.A critique of nationalism from an anarchist point of view is Rudolf Rocker's book Nationalism and Culture.American anarchist Fredy Perlman wrote a number of pamphlets that were strongly critical of all forms ofnationalism, including Anti-Semitism and the Beirut Pogrom, a critique of Zionism,[11] and The Continuing Appealof Nationalism, which argues that nationalism is a process of state formation inspired by imperialism, whichcapitalists, fascists and Leninists use as a mean of controlling their subjects.[12]

Andrew Flood wrote in An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism,Anarchists are not nationalists, in fact we are completely against nationalism. We don't worry about whereyour granny was born, whether you can speak Irish or if you drink a green milkshake in McDonalds on StPatrick's Day. But this doesn't mean we can ignore nations. They do exist; and some nationalities are pickedon, discriminated against because of their nationality. Irish history bears a lot of witness to this. The Kurds,Native Americans, Chechins, and many more have suffered also - and to an amazingly barbaric degree.National oppression is wrong. It divides working class people, causes terrible suffering and strengthens thehand of the ruling class. Our opposition to this makes us anti-imperialists. ... So fight national oppression butlook beyond nationalism. We can do a lot better. Changing the world for the better will be a hard struggle sowe should make sure that we look for the best possible society to live in. We look forward to a world withoutborders, where the great majority of people have as much right to freely move about as the idle rich do today.A worldwide federation of free peoples - classless and stateless - where we produce to satisfy needs and allhave control over our destinies - that's a goal worth struggling for.[13] The Anarchist Federation viewsnationalism as an ideology totally bound up with the development of capitalism, and unable to go beyond it:

...At heart, nationalism is an ideology of class collaboration. It functions to create an imaginedcommunity of shared interests and in doing so to hide the real, material interests of the classes whichcomprise the population. The 'national interest' is a weapon against the working class, and an attempt torally the ruled behind the interests of their rulers ... Anarchist communists do not simply opposenationalism because it is bound up in racism and parochial bigotry. It undoubtedly fosters these things,and has mobilised them through history. Organising against them is a key part of anarchist politics. Butnationalism does not require them to function. Nationalism can be liberal, cosmopolitan and tolerant,defining the 'common interest' of 'the people' in ways which do not require a single 'race'. Even the mostextreme nationalist ideologies, such as fascism, can co-exist with the acceptance of a multiracial society,as was the case with the Brazilian Integralist movement. Nationalism uses what works – it utiliseswhatever superficial attribute is effective to bind society together behind it.[14] More recently post-leftanarchist Fredy Perlman wrote a work on the subject of nationalism in 1984 called The ContinuingAppeal of Nationalism[] In it he argues that "Leftist or revolutionary nationalists insist that theirnationalism has nothing in common with the nationalism of fascists and national socialists, that theirs isa nationalism of the oppressed, that it offers personal as well as cultural liberation."[] And so "Tochallenge these claims, and to see them in a context,"[] he asks "what nationalism is - not only the newrevolutionary nationalism but also the old conservative one."[] And so he concludes that nationalism isan aid to capitalist control of nature and people regardless of its origin. Nationalism thus provides a formthrough which "Every oppressed population can become a nation, a photographic negative of theoppressor nation" and that "There's no earthly reason for the descendants of the persecuted to remainpersecuted when nationalism offers them the prospect of becoming persecutors. Near and distantrelatives of victims can become a racist nation-state; they can themselves herd other people intoconcentration camps, push other people around at will, perpetrate genocidal war against them, procurepreliminary capital by expropriating them."[]

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Bakunin and nationalism

Anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin embracednationalist causes such as pan-Slavism and

Siberian separatism.

Prior to his involvement with the anarchist movement, MikhailBakunin had a long history of involvement in nationalist movements ofvarious kinds. In his Appeal to the Slavs (1848), Bakunin called forcooperation between nationalist revolutionary movements acrossEurope (both Slavic and non-Slavic) to overthrow empires and dissolveimperialism, in an uprising of "all oppressed nationalities" whichwould lead to a "Universal Federation of European Republics".[15] Healso agitated for a United States of Europe (a contemporary nationalistvision originated by Mazzini).[16] Later, exiled to eastern Siberia, hebecame involved with a circle of Siberian nationalists who planned toseparate from Russia. They were connected with his cousin and patron,Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor General of Eastern Siberia,whom Bakunin defended in Herzen's journal The Bell.[17] It was notuntil a full four years after leaving Siberia, however, that Bakuninproclaimed himself an anarchist.

Max Nettlau remarked of this period in his life that: "This may beexplained by Bakunin's increasing nationalist psychosis, induced andnourished by the expansionist ideas of the officials and exploiters whosurrounded him in Siberia, causing him to overlook the plight of their victims."[18]

China

Anarchists formed the first labor unions and the first large-scale Peasant organizations in China. During the roughlytwo decades when anarchism was the dominant radical ideology in China (roughly 1900-1924), Anarchists therewere active in mass movements of all kinds, including the nationalist movement.A small group of Anarchists - mostly those associated with the early 'Paris Group', a grouping of Chinese Expatriatesbased in France - were deeply involved in the nationalist movement and many served as "movement elders" in theKMT right up until the defeat of the nationalists by the Maoists. A minority of Chinese Anarchists associated withthe Paris Group also helped funnel large sums of money to Sun Yat-sen to help finance the Nationalist revolution of1911.After the 1911 Nationalist revolution, Anarchist involvement with the Kuomintang was relatively minor, not onlybecause the majority of Anarchists opposed nationalism on principle but because the KMT government was morethan willing to level repression against anarchist organizations whenever and wherever they challenged state power.Still, a few prominent anarchists, notably Jing Meijiu and Zhang Ji (both affiliated with the Tokyo Group) wereelected to positions within the KMT government and continued to call themselves Anarchists while doing so. Theresponse from the larger anarchist movement was decidedly mixed. They were roundly denounced by theGuangzhou group; but other groupings that favored an 'evolutionary' approach to social change instead of immediateRevolution, such as the 'Pure Socialists', were more sympathetic.The "Diligent Work and Frugal Study" program in France, a series of businesses and educational programs organized along anarchist lines that allowed Chinese students from working-class backgrounds to come to France and receive a European education that had previously been only available to a tiny wealthy elite, was one product of this collaboration of the anarchists with nationalists. The program received funding from both the Chinese and French governments as well as raising its own independent funds through a series of worker-owned anarchist businesses, including a Tofu factory that catered to the needs of Chinese migrant workers in France. The program allowed poor and working-class Chinese students to receive a high-quality modern university education in France at

Anarchism and nationalism 7

a time when foreign education was almost exclusively limited to the children of wealthy elites, and educatedthousands of Chinese workers and students - including many future communist leaders such as Deng Xiaoping.Following the success of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution anarchism went into decline in the Chinese labourmovement. In 1924 the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT).Originally composed of many former anarchists, it soon attracted a mass base, becoming increasingly critical ofanarchism. When the Kuomintang purged the CPC from its ranks in 1927, the small group of anarchists who hadlong participated in the KMT urged their younger comrades to join the movement and utilize it in the same way thatthe Stalinists had been using it - as a vehicle to gain membership and influence.Partly because of the growing power of the right-wing within the KMT and the repression of workers movementsadvocated by that right wing, the Anarchists opted not to join the KMT en masse or even work within it, instead, theresult of this last collaboration was the creation of China's first Labor University. The Labor University was intendedto be a domestic version of the Paris groups Diligent Work and Frugal Study educational program and sought tocreate a new generation of Labor Intellectuals who would finally overcome the gap between "those who work withtheir hands" and "those who work with their minds." The goal was to train working-class people with the skills theyneeded to self-organize and set up their own independent organizations and worker-owned businesses, which wouldform the seed of a new anarchist society within the shell of the old in a Dual Power-based evolutionary strategyreminiscent of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.The university would only function for a very few years before the Nationalist government decided that the projectwas too subversive to allow it too continue and pulled funding. When the KMT initiated a second wave of repressionagainst the few remaining mass movements, anarchists left the organization en masse and were forced undergroundas hostilities between the KMT and CPC – both of whom were hostile towards anti-authoritarians – escalated.

Italy

The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli by CarloCarrà who went on to become a fascist.

In Italy, National Syndicalism provided an intellectual path whichdrew some former members of anarcho-syndicalist labor movementsaway from anarchism and towards nationalism.[19]

Ireland

The anarcho-Platformist Workers Solidarity Movement (WSM) hasproduced a number of articles and essays on the relationship betweenAnarchism and Irish Republicanism over the years. Their position,roughly, is that Anarchism and Republicanism are incompatible andopposed to each other but that Anarchists can and should learn thingsfrom Ireland's long history of struggle. In their analysis Republicanismhas always been split between rich people who want to rule directly and working class movements that demandsocial equality and community self governance instead of simply trading foreign bosses for local ones.

In Ireland in the 1790's we had a mass republican movement influenced by the American and then the French revolutions. That movement included those who favored a radical leveling agenda as well as the democratic agenda of mainstream republicans. Edward Fitzgerald, the military planner of the rising was one such proponent. But it also contained those like Wolfe Tone who saw an independent Ireland as opening up its own colonies in the Caribbean. In the north Henry Joy McDonald had to remove the existing United Irish leadership paralyzed by fear of the mob seizing property before the rising there could get underway, weeks after it had begun in the south. After its defeat and before his execution he warned future republicans to beware that "the rich always betray the poor." ... This process was mirrored in republican movements elsewhere. Left republicans would build real popular struggle but then be

Anarchism and nationalism 8

confronted with the need to preserve national unity in the face of the wealthy republicans whose fundswere often needed for arms backing off because they feared for their privilege. And this is where wefind the roots of the early anarchist movement... So in terms of historical development anarchism andrepublicanism have a lot in common, in fact anarchism is arguably an off shoot of republicanism, an offshoot that emerged for the first time in the 1860's but has emerged on other occasions since thenincluding in 1970's Ireland where some of those leaving the official republican movement becameanarchists while other anarchists were joining both provisional and official republican movements.[20]

According to this analysis, Anarchism is the successor to left-nationalism, a working class movement working toachieve the liberation that the Republican movements that toppled the worlds monarchies in the last two centuriespromised but never delivered. So even though the ideas of Anarchism are fundamentally different from those ofNationalism it is still possible to learn from nationalist movements by studying the working class elements of thosemovements that demanded more than the bourgeoisie leadership was willing or able to deliver.

MexicoRicardo Flores Magón, one of the early leaders of the Mexican left-nationalist movement which eventuallyculminated in the Mexican Revolution, based his anarchism primarily on the works of early anarchists MikhailBakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by his anarchist contemporaries: Élisée Reclus,Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and MaxStirner. However, he was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. Flores Magón also read from the works of Karl Marxand Henrik Ibsen. Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which he considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basisfor the short-lived revolutionary communes in Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911. In addition tohis work with the Partido Liberal Mexicano, Magón organised with the Wobblies (IWW) and edited Regeneración,which aroused the workers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.

Har DayalIn the 1910s Lala Har Dayal became an anarchist agitator in San Francisco, joining the IWW before becoming apivotal figure in the Ghadar Party. A long-time advocate of Indian nationalism, he developed a vision of anarchismbased upon a return to the principles of ancient Aryan society.[21] He was particularly influenced by Guy Aldred,who was jailed for printing The Indian Sociologist in 1907. Aldred, an anarcho-communist, was careful to point outthat this solidarity arose because he was an advocate of free speech and not because he felt that nationalism wouldhelp the working class in India or elsewhere.[22] The National Bolshevik, Fritz Wolffheim was also involved with theIWW at the same time as Har Dayal.

Völkisch anarchismA concept of nationalist anarchism independent of anti-semitism or far right input can be traced back to the populistrevolutionary nationalisms of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the Russian narodniks (themselves a cradleof many political strains and tendencies with anarchistic leanings) and the völkisch movement of Germany andAustria. The latter inherited its Romantic outlook from Johann Gottfried von Herder whose own philosophy, whichalso inspired Mazzini (Hearder 1966: 44, 46), affirmed both the particularity of national cultures (nationalism) andtheir value within a universal context (internationalism).As the völkisch movement developed, sections of it focussed on to theories of anti-semitism and racial supremacywhich claimed a foundation in biology. Others, however, repudiated racism and preserved Herder's emphasis uponthe equality of all nations. Among these prophets of internationalism was the German-Jewish völkisch anarchistGustav Landauer.

Anarchism and nationalism 9

Alternative SocialismA recent revival of völkisch anti-racism can be found in the Alternative Socialist Movement, an alliance of Britishradicals formed during the 1970s in which Keith Motherson (formerly Keith Paton) and the controversial artistMonica Sjöö were key members.[23][24] Alternative Socialism sought to synthesise a range of seeming contraries:dissident Marxism with anarchism, socialism with libertarianism, Christianity with paganism, and reformism withrevolution.It espoused the love of homeland and country from a nonviolent and feminist perspective which Motherson dubbed'matriotism',[25] and drew upon an interpretation of German völkisch thought as an essentially cosmopolitan currentof ideas celebrating ethnic and cultural diversity. The movement rejected every form of patriarchal machismo fromthe left as well as the right, and therefore it advocated countering fascism through dialog.

Black Ram

Anarcho-swastika, symbol of the Black RamGroup

Alternative Socialism is an evident precursor to a similar concept ofvölkisch anarchism which surfaced briefly in Britain in 1982 when theBlack Ram Group (formerly Derby Anarchist Group) published the onlyedition of its journal Black Ram. This publication made connectionsbetween anarchism, neo-paganism and völkisch nationalist ideas(Landauer in particular), with further exploration of these themespromised. However the group disbanded in the following year withoutfurther elaboration.

The Black Ram Group remained within the mainstream anarchistconsensus of anti-racism and anti-sexism. Its positive evaluation ofnationalism derived not from any roots in far right political organisations,but from the theoretical consideration that:

the pseudo-'nationalism' of the 'nation-State' - whichanarchists unequivocally oppose...must be distinguished from the nationalism of the people (Volk)which in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination and internalauthoritarianism, i.e. the State.[26]

The term anarcho-nationalist is introduced in Black Ram 1: 12 to describe the outlook of American Odinists withwhom the paper's editors were in sympathy and, since then, it has been reused as a general term covering nationalistanarchisms. The term national anarchism was also used in the title of an article projected for publication in thesecond edition, "Towards an Anarchist Nationalism: provisional manifesto of the National Anarchist PaganResurgence",[27] but no further editions appeared and so it was never formally defined. Wotan, 'Fylfots for Freedom',Black Ram 1: 7-8 sets out a programme aiming to subvert fascism by reclaiming symbols and concepts for libertarianends. The group's emblem was a circled A in the centre of a swastika ('anarcho-swastika').

Anarchism and nationalism 10

Black anarchism or Panther anarchismBlack anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors anon-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, capitalism, and the state.Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Kuwasi Balagoon, many former members of the BlackPanther Party, and Martin Sostre. Black anarchism rejects the traditional anarchist movement.Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the Black Panther Party, and the anarchistmovement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been European and/or white-based. They oppose the anti-racistconception, based on the universalism of the Enlightenment, which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition,arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against racism and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiminga de jure equality. For example, Pedro Ribeiro has criticized the whole of the anarchist movement by declaring that:"It is a white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people. As a Black person, I am not interested inyour Anarchism. I am not interested in individualistic, self-serving, selfish liberation for you and your white friends.What I care about is the liberation of my people."[28]

Black anarchists are thus influenced by the civil rights movement and the Black Panther Party, and seek to forgetheir own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, incontrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations, black anarchismrejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring aboutan economic and cultural revolution that does away with racist domination, capitalism, and the state. From Alston's@narchist Panther Zine:

Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions thathave been accepted as 'common-sense.' It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-calledmovement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life,diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. ThisPigocracy is in our 'heads,' our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest inour eternal domination.[29]

Post-colonial anarchismPost-colonial anarchism is a relatively new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. The name is taken froman essay by Roger White, one of the founders of Jailbreak Press and an activist in North American APOC circles.Post-colonial anarchism is an attempt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchistmovement and re-envision them in an explicitly anti-imperialist framework.Where traditional anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of proletarians in industrialized westernEuropean nations - and thus sees history from their perspective - post-colonial anarchism approaches the sameprinciples of mutual aid, class struggle, opposition to social hierarchy, and community-level self-management,self-government, self-management, and self-determination from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout theworld. In doing so it does not seek to invalidate the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, butrather seeks to add a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism, anti-stateforms of nationalism, and APOC (Anarchist People of Color), among other sources.

Anarchism and nationalism 11

National-Anarchism

The official National-Anarchist Movementsymbol and flag, featured here on a Black flagwhich is, among other things, the traditional

anarchist symbol.

The most recent current to combine nationalism and anarchism isNational-Anarchism[30] a position developed in Europe during the1990s. Among its first advocates were Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer, andformer National Front activist, Troy Southgate, founder of the NationalRevolutionary Faction, a since disbanded UK-based organizationwhich cultivated links to certain far-right circles in Britain andpost-Soviet states. National-Anarchist groups have also arisenworldwide, most prominently in Germany, the United States ofAmerica, and Australia.[31][32] In the UK, National-Anarchists workedwith Albion Awake, Alternative Green (published by former GreenAnarchist editor, Richard Hunt) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the"Anarchist Heretics Fair". While many mainstream anarchist groupscondemned them,[citation needed] SchNEWS ran advertisements for the Fair.

National-Anarchists advocate a society that allows separation to exist along ethnic and religious lines, and evenalong lines of sexual orientation. Like other anarchists they oppose the totalitarian state typically advocated bystalinism and fascism. Such autonomous zones would allow communities to set their own rules and qualifications foracceptance into permanent residence in a community, and are not necessarily limited to the strict ethnic divisionsadvocated by white nationalism and black nationalism. Cultural pluralism and the right to self-determination are keytenets of National-Anarchism. Genocide, murder, and social conformism (as typical of America and Westernsocieties on the whole) are denounced by National-Anarchists as tyrannical and an affront to libertarian mindedpeople. Each collective would be free to practice the economic or political structure of its choosing as long as it doesnot interfere with the rights of other communities to follow their own lifestyle choice (excluding the abovementioned crimes); however, National-Anarchists generally believe that environmental protection and conservationare things that all people should coordinate on. Areas without significant human development and borderlands wouldbe maintained collectively and the existence of free zones allowing trade and sharing between communities would beestablished with the agreement of all parties involved.

Notes[1][1] Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.[3][3] Mussolini, La teoria sindacalista, Opera, 2, 124 - 125[5][5] The Birth of Fascist Ideology, Zeev Sternhell, Princeton University Press, NJ, 1994. pp 101, 124, 43-44, 110.[6] Schapiro; J. Salwyn; Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism: Social Forces in England and France, 1815-1870, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, Inc., NY, 1949. pg 368.[7] Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Harbinger of Fascism, by J. Salwyn Schapiro © 1945 American Historical Association (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/

1842699), at JSTOR[9][9] Hearder 1966: 46-7, 50.[10] The Raven 6.[11][11] Anti-Semitism and the Beirut Pogrom by Fredy Perlman. Detroit : Black and Red 1983[12] The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism by Fredy Perlman.Detroit : Black & Red, 1985.[13][13] An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism, by Andrew Flood. Workers Solidarity Movement (Ireland).[14] Against Nationalism (http:/ / www. afed. org. uk/ publications/ pamphlets-booklets/ 126-against-nationalism. html), by the Anarchist

Federation (UK)[15][15] Bakunin 1848.[16][16] Knowles n.d.[17][17] Billingsley n.d.[18][18] Nettlau 1953.[19] The Janusian Impulse: The Substance of Intellectual Duality Shared by Both the Italian Renaissance Mentality and the Outlook of Italian

Fascism, Perry M. Ward

Anarchism and nationalism 12

[20] The Republican Tradition - A Place to Build From? http:/ / www. wsm. ie/ c/ republican-tradition-ireland-anarchism Accessed 11/26/2010[21][21] Puri 1983.[22][22] Aldred 1948.[23][23] West 2005.[24] Alternative Socialism Newsletter 1977-78.[25][25] Motherson 1980: 11.[26] Editorial comment, Black Ram 1: 5.[27] Black Ram 1: 18.[29] @narchist Panther Zine October 1999, 1(1).[30][30] The name is usually, but not always, hyphenated and is not to be confused with the earlier 'national anarchism' of the Black Ram Group.[31] Unattr. " NA-Internationale, der internationale Nationalanarchismus und etwas zu seiner Geschichte (http:/ / www. nationalanarchismus.

org/ Nationalanarchismus/ NA-International/ na-international. html)". Nationalanarchismus.

References• Aldred, Guy. 1948. Rex v. Aldred. Glasgow: Strickland Press.• Bakunin, Mikhail. 1848. Appeal to the Slavs (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ reference/ archive/ bakunin/ works/

1848/ pan-slavism. htm). Translated in: Sam Dolgoff, 1971, Bakunin on Anarchy.• Billingsley, Philip. N.d. " Bakunin, Yokohama and the Dawning of the Pacific Era (http:/ / alternative-anar.

ifrance. com/ asie/ 04. pdf)".• Hampson, Norman. 1968. The Enlightenment. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.• Hearder, Harry. 1966. Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1830-1880. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48212-7.• Knowles, Rob. N.d. " Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism (http:/ / raforum. info/ imprimerart.

php3?id_article=2221)". R.A. Forum.• Motherson, Keith. 1980. "The ice floes are melting: the state of the left". Peace News 5 September 2127: 9-11.• Nettlau, Max. 1953. "Mikhail Bakunin: A Biographical Sketch". Reproduced in: The Political Philosophy of

Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism 42. The Free Press.• Puri, Karish K. 1983. Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy. Guru Nanak Dev University

Press.• Rocker, Rudolf. 1998 Nationalism and Culture. Black Rose Books (Reprint of 1937 Edition).• West, Pat V.T. 2005. " Monica Sjoo (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ obituaries/ story/ 0,3604,1576349,00. html)"

(obituary). The Guardian September 23.

External links• Anarchist Integralism (http:/ / www. stewarthomesociety. org/ ai. htm)• Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism (http:/ / raforum. info/ imprimerart. php3?id_article=2221) by

Rob Knowles• The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism by [[Fredy Perlman (http:/ / libcom. org/ library/

continuing-appeal-nationalism-fredy-perlman)]]• Anarchists against nationalism (http:/ / flag. blackened. net/ antinat/ ) and Anarchists and nationalism (http:/ /

flag. blackened. net/ antinat/ anarnat. txt) at flag.blackened.net• Are anarchists against nationalism? (http:/ / www. spunk. org/ library/ intro/ faq/ sp001547/ secD6. html) at the

Spunk Library• Beyond Nationalism, But Not Without It (http:/ / colours. mahost. org/ articles/ alston. html). Nationalism and

anarchism from a Black anarchist perspective, from Anarchist Panther by Ashanti Alston.• Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White (http:/ / jailbreakpress. org/ articles/ spring07/ postcolonialanarchism.

html). Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.

Anarchism in Africa 13

Anarchism in Africa

Part of the Politics series on

Anarchism

• Anarchism portal•• Politics portal

Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societiesand to modern anarchist movements in Africa.

Anarchism and traditional culturesSam Mbah and I. E. Igariwey in African Anarchism: The History of a Movement make the claim that:

“To a greater or lesser extent, all of [...] traditional African societies manifested “anarchic elements” which, upon close examination, lendcredence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, notinevitable in human society. While some “anarchic” features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development,some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day. ”

The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal politicalstructure and absence of classes. In addition to that leadership of elders normally did not transcend into theauthoritative structure, which characterizes the modern state (see also Pierre Clastres' thesis expounded in SocietyAgainst the State).A strong value was however placed on traditional and "natural" values. So for example, although there were no lawsagainst rape, homicide, and adultery, a person committing those acts would be persecuted together with his or herkin. The principle of collective responsibility was sometimes upheld.Starting in the 15th century the class system began to form in the last empires of Africa, although it had alreadyexisted in some African civilizations (such as Nubia, Egypt, Axum and Hausa) for millennia. However, manysocieties have until this day remained as what is called “tribes without rulers”, a form of “ordered anarchy”.

Anarchism in Africa 14

Anarchist Organizations in Africa• The Awareness League - Western Africa• Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front - Southern Africa• CrimethInc. - Southern Africa

African anarchism in literature• "Anarchism and Revolutionary Syndicalism in South Africa, 1904-1921" by Lucien van der Walt• "Military Dictatorship and the State in Africa" by Samuel Mbah and I.E. Igariwey, an anarchist critique of the

African military dictatorships.• "Toward The African Revolution" by Frantz Fanon ISBN 0-8021-3090-9• "African Anarchism: The History of a Movement" by Sam Mbah and I. E. Igariwey [1]

References[1] http:/ / www. zabalaza. net/ texts/ african_anarchism/ contents. htm

External links• African Anarchism, freedom and revolution in Africa (http:/ / struggle. ws/ africa/ )• An Irish anarchist in Africa (http:/ / flag. blackened. net/ revolt/ africa/ accounts/ chekov. html) An introduction to

today's western Africa from Anarchist perspective.• Towards a Vibrant & Broad African-Based Anarchism (http:/ / www. newformulation. org/ 3alston. htm)

Anarchist People of Color

Part of the Politics series on

Anarchism

• Anarchism portal•• Politics portal

Anarchist People of Color is an American anarchist/anti-authoritarian group created to address issues of race,anti-authoritarianism and people of color struggle politics within the context of anarchism, and to increase/createpolitical (safe) space for people of color.Initially started as an e-mail list and website by Ernesto Aguilar, APOC is inspired and influenced by such historicalanarchists of color as Lucy Parsons, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Ricardo Flores Magón, Práxedis Guerrero, MartinSostre, and Luisa Capetillo.

Anarchist People of Color 15

APOC is not a centrally organized group, but a loosely organized network of individuals, collectives and cells.APOC has also been known to use tactics/strategies that they call "APOC Blocs" and tend to be direct actionoriented.[citation needed]

APOC held its first national conference on the campus of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, in2003.[citation needed]

In Spring 2007, the APOC website went offline. A new site, Illvox [1], appeared in July 2007 as a mirror of previousAPOC site content, and to continue posting of articles.The APOC publishes and maintains an online journal, People of Color Organize!, which is dedicated to supportingthe activism, theories and perspectives of people of color and revolutionary social movements.[2]

References[1] http:/ / www. illvox. org/[2] http:/ / www. peopleofcolororganize. com/ about/

External links• Anarchist People of Color (http:/ / illvox. org/ )• Resistance, Community, and Renewal - Institute for Anarchist Studies article on APOC conference (http:/ / illvox.

org/ 2008/ 02/ 01/ anarchist-people-of-color-conference-resistance-community-and-renewal/ )• Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism (http:/ / illvox. org/ 2007/ 06/ 23/

senzala-or-quilombo-reflections-on-apoc-and-the-fate-of-black-anarchism/ )• (http:/ / podster. de/ view/ 5649) podcast: "Unser Quilombo heisst jetzt APOC"(Pocast in German about APOC)• People of Color Organize! Webpage (http:/ / www. peopleofcolororganize. com/ )

Anarchist Black Cross Network

Part of the Politics series on

Anarchism

• Anarchism portal•• Politics portal

The Anarchist Black Cross Network is a worldwide decentralized and egalitarian network of organizationscommitted to the original ideals of the Anarchist Black Cross movement -- of seeing prisons and the poverty, racismand genocide that accompanies them to be symptoms of a social order whose last days are near.Anarchist Black Cross Network differs significantly with Anarchist Black Cross Federation, since it has no official joining procedure or strict requirements. So even a group that does not name oneself as Anarchist Black Cross may

Anarchist Black Cross Network 16

join as long as it does work in bettering prison conditions or working to abolish prisons all together. Anarchist BlackCross Network refers to that as defensive work (bettering prison conditions) and offensive work (abolishing prisonsystem).

HistoryLorenzo Komboa Ervin, former member of Black Panthers Party and anarchist political prisoner, wrote "A DraftProposal for an Anarchist Black Cross Network" in 1979. Here is an excerpt from that proposal:

"The stated purpose of the Anarchist Black Cross Network is to actively assist prisoners in their fight to obtaintheir civil and human rights, and to aid them in their struggle against the state/Class penal and judicial system.The prison system is the armed fist of the State, and is a system for State slavery. It is not really for "criminals"or other "social deviants," and it does not exist for the "protection of society."It is for State social control and political repression. Thus it must be opposed at every turn and ultimatelydestroyed altogether. The abolition of prisons, the system of Laws, and the Capitalist State is the ultimateobjective of every true Anarchist, yet there seems to be no clear agreement by the Anarchist movement to putactive effort to that anti-authoritarian desire. We must organize our resources to support all political/class warprisoners if we truly wish to be their allies, and we must give something more than lip service.Organizing against the enemy legal and penal system is both offensive and defensive. It is carried on withindividuals, groups and among the masses in the community. We must inform the people on a large scale ofthe atrocities and inhumanity of the prisons, the righteousness of our struggle, and the necessity of their fullparticipation and support. We must organize our communities to attack the prison system as a moral and socialabomination, and we must fight to free all political/class war prisoners." [citation needed]

Later, it became obvious that this is not single issue campaign. But rather a part of a larger fight against racism,nationalism, sexism, homophobia, religious intolerance etc. After much dialogue Anarchist Black Cross Networkwas formed in 2001. Many prison abolition groups who didn't want to or couldn't join Anarchist Black CrossFederation have joined in. In addition to that many new groups have started up or changed their inner politics tosupport this struggle.

External links• Anarchist Black Cross Network [1]

References[1] http:/ / www. abcf. net

Video Book

Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsAshanti Alston  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=550557080  Contributors: Alai, Brandon97, Brooklyn agit, Caerwine, Cast, ClovisPt, Conscious, Cotoco, CsDix, Dtobias,Dumpster, Eco84, Edward, Enochlau, Faithlessthewonderboy, J JMesserly, Johnpacklambert, Joseph Solis in Australia, KevinOKeeffe, Koavf, LookBook, Lquilter, MONGO, MacGyverMagic,Magioladitis, Matt Toups, Moral Authority, Mraxehandle, N1h1l, Pompato, RJII, Radical Mallard, Ransdy, SarekOfVulcan, Skomorokh, Something, TDC, Tarc, That Guy, From That Show!,Tothebarricades.tk, Trios2007, Wiki anarchist, 25 anonymous edits

Black anarchism  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544070365  Contributors: Albamuth, BTChicago, Brooklyn agit, Byelf2007, C12H22O11, CsDix, Dinnertimeok,Dmwilliams, Dyskolos, FordPrefect42, GoingBatty, Jason Quinn, Jrtayloriv, Kubigula, LamaLoLeshLa, Millerc, Natonga, Paki.tv, Pgan002, QuartierLatin1968, RJII, Sardanaphalus, Skomorokh,Skosem, Splash, Spylab, Stefanomione, SteinbDJ, Tazmaniacs, Tothebarricades.tk, Vis-a-visconti, WhiteShark, ΙωάννηςΚαραμήτρος, 27 anonymous edits

Anarchism and nationalism  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544083544  Contributors: Anarchocelt, Anthony Appleyard, Arthur Warrington Thomas, Attilios, Belzub, BlackButterfly, Blahblahblahblahblahblah, Bobfrombrockley, Byelf2007, Carabinieri, Cast, Chris the speller, Closedmouth, CommonsDelinker, Danieltiger45, Danthemankhan, Dinnertimeok, Eduen,Exploding Boy, Fang 23, Father Inire, Fightindaman, FrancisTyers, Gnostrat, Gobonobo, Ground Zero, Headbomb, Hisownspace, Hogeye, Ijon, Ingowart, Jeff3000, KillerBoogie, Koavf, Leutha,Loremaster, Manishearth, Maziotis, Milton Stanley, Moreschi, N1h1l, Natonga, Olegwiki, Owen, Paki.tv, Plrk, R'n'B, RekishiEJ, Richard Myers, Rjwilmsi, Robin klein, Sam Spade,Sardanaphalus, Sirhanx2, Skomorokh, Spylab, Srich32977, SteinbDJ, Steven J. Anderson, Tazmaniacs, TheOldJacobite, VoluntarySlave, Warut, Woland1234, Woohookitty, Xezbeth, Zazaban,81 anonymous edits

Anarchism in Africa  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543935418  Contributors: Aranel, Beta m, Black Butterfly, Boffob, Cast, Che y Marijuana, Everyking, Exander,FETuriousness, FrancisTyers, Frombelow, Full Shunyata, Guaka, Gyrofrog, Iamblessed, Igor "the Otter", Jonkerz, Life in General, Lquilter, Lucky007, Michael Hardy, Morven, Murderbike,Owen, RJII, Sardanaphalus, Skomorokh, Soman, Tazmaniacs, Toribitch, Twinxor, Unara, UserDoe, Wes!, Weyes, Ytny, 23 anonymous edits

Anarchist People of Color  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543948946  Contributors: Aille, Bellerophon5685, Beta m, Blanchardb, Cast, Che y Marijuana, ChrisGualtieri,Ghostbear616, Haymaker, Hmains, Jrtayloriv, Melaen, Millerc, Mindgrime, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Owen, RJII, Sardanaphalus, Skomorokh, Tothebarricades.tk, Vis-a-visconti, 19 anonymousedits

Anarchist Black Cross Network  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=508318954  Contributors: Beta m, Charles Matthews, Che y Marijuana, Dhidalgo, Exit2DOS2000, Frank,George Burgess, GiantSnowman, JHunterJ, Jrtayloriv, Kate, PVSpud, Postdlf, RJII, Sardanaphalus, SimonP, Skomorokh, Strongwindsahead, Tainter, TheArchivist, Voltage2, Wolfling, 4anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 18

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:ashantialston.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ashantialston.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Wiki AnarchistFile:Anarchy-symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anarchy-symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Linuxerist, Froztbyte, ArcyFile:BlackFlagSymbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Original uploader wasJsymmetry at en.wikipediaImage:Bakunin Nadar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Herr X, Jonkerz, Koroesu, Rd232, RillkeImage:Funeraloftheanarchistgalli.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Funeraloftheanarchistgalli.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Attilios, Jrtayloriv, Lithoderm,Mechamind90, Skomorokh, Sparkit, Tothebarricades.tkImage:Anarcho-swastika.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anarcho-swastika.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: RamaFile:N-A Flag.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:N-A_Flag.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cathy Richards, Delicious carbuncle, Ices2Csharp, Joshbates1,Yann

License 19

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/