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Introduction to Business Research

Chapter #1

Introduction

Research A systematic and organized effort to investigate

A specific problem that needs a solution It comprises a series of steps designed and executed

Goal of finding answers to the issues Concern of manager and work environment.

First step in research is to Identify the problem Once problem is identified then

Steps can be taken to gather information The entire process through which we attempt to

Solve problems is called ResearchConcept of Business Research

Business Research is an Organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation

into a specific problem

undertaken with the purpose of finding answers to it Research provides the needed information

Guides managers to make informed decisions Information provide can be the result of

Careful analysis of gathered data Data can have two natures

Quantitative


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Generally gathered through structured questions Involve numbers or figures

Qualitative Generated from broad answers to specific questions Responses to open-ended questions Through observation

Types of Research

Basic Research (fundamental/pure) To generate a body of knowledge by trying to

Comprehend about certain problems That occur in organizations Needed to be solved

Research conducted chiefly to enhance Understanding of certain problems

that commonly occur in organizations Seek methods of solving them Such findings contribute to the building of knowledge

In various functional areas Quite possible that some organizations may later

Apply knowledge gained by the findings To solve problems

Applied Research Research done with intention of applying results or findings

To solve specific problem Currently being experienced in the organization


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Basically in this type of research The researcher find reasons about that problem

Accordingly looks for the solutionManagers and Research

Being knowledgeable about research and research methods- help professionals to Identify and effectively solve minor problems in work setting Constantly be aware of multiple influences and multiple effects of factors impinging on a

situation

Take calculated risk of decision making Combine experience with scientific knowledge while making decisions

Formulating and Clarifying Research Topic

Chapter # 2

(Saunders Book)

Attributes of a Good research topic

Research topic should meet The requirements of examining body

Topic to be chosen with care One should be capable of undertaking

The research project through research topic Gaining access to any data- needed

Research topic should excite the imagination of researcher Feel comfortable and develop skills

Required to research topic Genuine interest in the topic is a MUST Issues in research must be

Linked with some theory


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Clearly defined Research questions and objectives

Financial and time resources are required To undertake research on topic

Check List for attributes of topic

Capability: is it feasible? Is the topic something with which you are really

fascinated?

Do you have, or can you develop within the

project time frame, the necessary research skills

to undertake the topic?

Is the research topic achievable within the available

time?

Will the project still be current when you finish

your project?

Is the research topic achievable within the financial

resources that are likely to be available?

Are you reasonably certain of being able to gain

access to data you are likely to require for this topic?

Appropriateness: is it worthwhile? Does the topic fit the specifications and meet the

standards set by the examining institution?

Does your research topic contain issues that have

a clear link to theory?

Are you able to state your research question(s)


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and objectives clearly?

Will your proposed research be able to provide

fresh insights into this topic?

Does your research topic relate clearly to the

idea you have been given (perhaps by an

organization)?

Are the findings for this research topic likely to be

symmetrical: that is, of similar value whatever

the outcome?

Does the research topic match your career goals?

Format of Research Proposal

Title Chapter # 1

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of study 1.3Research Objectives/ Objectives of study 1.4 Research Questions 1.5Significance of Research 1.6Problem statement

Chapter # 2 Literature Review

For each variable Hypothesis Theoretical Framework


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Chapter # 3 Research Methodology

Population Sampling Method

Sample size Instrument (Questionnaire) Statistical tools / techniques

References APA format Appendices

Questionnaire Tables or Graphs

Reviewing the Literature

Chapter # 3

Importance of Literature Review

Provide foundation for research Develops understanding and insight into research

about relevant trends in your area of interest Selection of approach

Deductive Approach Help in identifying theories and ideas

Through Literature For developing theoretical framework To be tested by using data

Inductive Approach Explore data to develop theories


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Relate to the literaturePurpose of literature review

Review the most relevant and significant On your topic

To help you to refine further research questions and objectives

To highlight research possibilities have been overlooked implicitly in research to date

To discover explicit recommendations for further research. can provide you with a excellent justification for

your own research questions and objectives To help you to avoid simply repeating work

that has been done already To sample current opinions in newspapers, professional and trade journals

gaining insights into the aspects of your research questions and objectives

considered newsworthy To discover and provide an insight into

research approaches, strategies and techniques may be appropriate to research questions and objectives

To include the key academic theories within your chosen area of research

To demonstrate that up to date knowledge of chosen area Through clear referencing, enable those reading about project report

to find the original publications


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which is to be cited.The Research Process

Chapter # 5

Features of a theoretical framework Variables considered relevant to study

Should be clearly identified and labeled Discussion should state the nature of relationship of variables with each other The direction of the relationship should be indicated whether positive or negative Clear explanation of the existing of relationship

To be drawn from previous research findings Schematic diagram should be given- theoretical framework- easy comprehension of readers

Theoretical Framework

Need for theoretical/conceptual Framework Theoretical framework discusses

The interrelationships among the variables Believed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated

identifying the network of relationships among variables Considered important to the study of given problem or situation

Theoretical framework makes logical sense of Relationships among several factors/variables

Developing such a conceptual framework Help us to postulate or hypothesize and test certain relationships

Improve understanding of the dynamics of the situation The hypothesized relationships can thereafter be tested

Through appropriate statistical tools The entire research rests on the basis of


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Theoretical frameworkVariables

Variable Anything that can tale on differing or varying values For example

number of units produced by different teams Number of employees being absent per day etc

Types of variables Dependent variable Independent variable Moderating variable Intervening variable

Types of Variables

Dependent Variable (Criterion Variable) Variable of primary interest to the researcher To explain its variability or predict it

Independent Variable (Predictor Variable) A variable that influences the dependent variable

In a negative or positive way Increase in each unit of independent variable causes increase or decrease in the

dependent variable

Variance in the DV is accounted for by the IV Moderating Variable

A variable that has a strong contingent effect on the IV DV relationship

It modifies the original relationship


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IV DV Intervening Variable

A variable tat surfaces the time the independent variable starts operating to influencethe dependent variable

Also called Mediating VariableDevelopment of Hypothesis

Based on the identification of important variables Through logical reasoning in theoretical framework Test the relationship

Whether true or false Formulating such testable statements

Hypothesis Development Hypothesis Defined

A logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in theform of a testable statement

The concept of Differentiation and Association Differentiation

When the researcher wants to find out the difference between the two variables Association

When the researcher wants to find out the strength of association between the twovariables

Directional Hypothesis Stating the relationship in words like

Positive, Negative, More than and Less than etc Non-Directional Hypothesis

Those statement that do assume a relationship but no indication of any direction Null Hypothesis


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Null hypothesis is expressed in negative wording of a statement I.e. No significant relationship or Difference

Alternative Hypothesis Hypothesis expressed in positive wordings

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