Alkaloid Opium

Opium Alkaloids Opium Definition: Opium (Raw Opium) is the latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, from the Papaveraceae Family. It is dried partially by spontaneous evaporation and partly by artificial heat.

Commercially known as Indian opium.

BP monograph: opium is intended only as a starting point for the manufacture of galenicals, and should not be dispensed as such.

Papaver somniferum - Constituents30 Alkaloids6 main onesMorphineCodeineThebaineNoscapineNarceinepapaverine

Tests for Opium AlkaloidsMorphine: soluble in sodium hydroxide (due to phenols)

Codeine is precipitated by sodium hydroxide.

Other chemical tests are found in pharmacopoeias.

Opium - AdulterantsAdulterated with sugary fruits, gums, powdered poppy capsules and other substances.

Adulteration is now useless (product is first analysed and the price is paid depending on the content of morphine and other alkaloids)

Papaver somniferum UsesOpium & Morphine:Relieve painHypnotics (affect the sensory nerve cells of the cerebrum).Opium (closely resembles morphine) exerts action more slowly preferable to morphine (e.g in diarrhoea).Opium: also a diaphoretic

CodeineMilder sedativeRelieve coughHabitual use may cause constipation

Both Morphine & Codeine decrease metabolismCodeine was used to treat diabetes (before the introduction of insulin).

Codeine May Be No Cure For CoughResearchers at the University of ManchesterNorth West Lung Centre have found that codeinea standard ingredient in cough remedies could be no more effective than an inactiveplacebo compound at treating cough.

Scientists at the Centre, which is based atWythenshawe Hospital, studied a sample ofpatients with chronic lung disease. Aftercoughing was induced with citric acid they weregiven either codeine or a placebo, and senthome wearing a lapel microphone to record theircoughing during the day and night.

Lead researcher Dr. Jacyln Smith said: "Codeinehas long been considered the standard anticough agent against which others are measured,but until now little has been known about itsimpact in patients with chronic lung diseases.

"After the placebo therapy the patients' coughingfell from an average of 8.27 seconds per hour to7.22 seconds, and after codeine to 6.41seconds."Even though there was a significant reductionafter codeine, from a statistical standpoint therewas really no difference between codeine andplacebo - despite the fact that the dose ofcodeine used far exceeds that in over-thecounter cough remedies.

The findings were reported in Journal of Allergyand Clinical Immunology, and seem to confirmsome medics' view that reductions in coughingafter codeine are attributable to a placeboeffect

Ipecac Alkaloids - IpecacuanhaDefinition: Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha Root) is the dried root or rhizome and root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha of the Rubiaceae family.It should contain at least 2% alkaloids

Ipecacuanha CollectionA pointed stick is used to lever the plant up from the ground.Most of the roots are then removed.The plant is replaced into the ground, where it will continue t produce more crops.Roots are dried in the sun or by fire and then transported.

Ipecacuanha ConstituentsIpecac alkaloids (isoquinoline) alkaloidsMainlyEmetinePsychotrineCephaeline

AlsoEmetaminePsychotrine methyletherIpecoside (glycoside)

Ipecacuanha - AdulterantsOther ipecacuanhas, different roots said to have emetic properties.These are easily distinguished from the original root and are now very rarely imported.

Test for emetineMix 0.5g powdered herb with 20ml HCL and 5ml water.FilterTo 2ml filtrate add 0.01g potassium chlorate

Result: if emetine is present, a yellow colour appears. After standing for 1hr, changes to red.

Ipecacuanha UsesExpectorantEmeticAmoebic Dysentry

Emetine is more expectorant and less emetic in action than cephaeline

Psychotrine: selective HIV inhibotors (study could lead to therapeutically useful agents)

Alkaloid Opium

Inti IsokuinolinInti Fenantren

Inti FenantrenMorfinDiasetilmorfin (heroin)Dihidromorfin (decodid)Metil morfin (codein)Etil morfin (dionin)DihidrocodeinDihidroksi codein (eucodid)ThebainApomorfin

I. MorfinKelarutan : Larut dalam 500/air, 400/air mendidih, 250/etanol, 500/CHCl3.Umumnya tidak larut dalam eter.

Garamnya : morfin asetat, morfin HCl, morfin sulfat.

Identifikasi MorfinFrohide testungu tua sampai hijauMarquis testunguVitalli testkuning atau kuning orangeZat dalam air + FeCl3biru, hijau, diasamkan hilang, juga bila ditambah alkohol atau dipanaskan.Reaksi kristal : HgCl2, Dragendorf, Mayer

II. Heroin3,6-diasetoksi-7,8 dihidro-4,5-epoksi N-metilmorfinDiamorfin/aselomorfin, diasetilmorfin

Kristal PutihTL : 171-1730C

Kelarutan : 1700/air, 31/etanol, 100/eter, 5/CHCl3

Identifikasi HeroinMarquis testmerah ungu biru Frohide testungu hijauBouchardat(+)King, Mayer(+)Vitalli testkuning pucat atau orange

6. Heroin + 0,5 cc alkohol+ 1cc H2SO4 pencerkan hati-hati

dengan 5 cc airtercium bau etil asetat.

7.Reaksi kristal dengan Dragendort dan HgCl2

III. Hidromorfin (Dilaudid)4,5-epoksi-3-hidroksi-N-metil-6-orto-morphinan

TL: 265-2670C

Bentuk garam dengan HClBubuk atau serbuk halus kristal putih, rasa pahit, basanya agak coklatBasanya larut dalam 3 bagian air, tak larut dalam airGaramnya larut dalam 3 bagian air, 100/etanol, umumnya tidak larut dalam eter dan HCl.

Reaksi Identifikasi :MarquisunguFrohdeungu biru hijauMandelincokal roseKing(+)Sanchez, Pesez(-)Vitallikuning/orange