Alistair cockburn
Transcript of Alistair cockburn
Presenta(onOutline• AgileandAgileOverview• AboutAlistairCockburn• AlistairCockburn‘sCareer• ListofBookswriGenbyAlistairCockburn• Selectedpublica(ons• Achievements• WhyheisinAgileManifestoSignatories• Whatisthe“Crystalmethodology”?• HowIsavedAgileandtheRestoftheWorld
Thefulllistofauthorsandsignatories,inalphabe(calorderbylastname,isthis:
1. KentBeck2. MikeBeedle3. ArievanBennekum4. AlistairCockburn5. WardCunningham6. Mar(nFowler7. JamesGrenning8. JimHighsmith9. AndrewHunt10. RonJeffries11. JonKern12. BrianMarick13. RobertC.Mar(n14. SteveMellor15. KenSchwaber16. JeffSutherland17. DaveThomas
AlistairCockburnName:AlistairCockburn(pronouncedCo-burn,theScobshway)Born:19November1953Educa(ons:CockburnobtainedhisdegreeincomputerscienceattheCaseWesternReserveUniversity.In2003hereceivedhisPhDdegreefromtheUniversityofOslo.Contribu(oninAgile:• Crystalfamily• helpingwritetheAgileDevelopmentManifestoOthers• describingSoewaredevelopmentasaCoopera(veGame• crea(ngtheoathofnon-allegiance• definingUseCases• fordevelopingtheini(alresponsetechniquerelaxa(on/massageform.
• AlistairCockburn(pronouncedCo-burn,theScobshway)isanAmericancomputerscien(st,knownasoneoftheini(atorsoftheagilemovementinsoewaredevelopment.
• Dr.Cockburn(pronouncedCo-burn,theScobshway)isaninterna(onallyrenownedprojectwitchdoctorandITstrategist.
• AlistairCockburn,founderofHumansandTechnology,isknownforhisextensiveinterviewsofprojectteams.Theseinterviews,togetherwithhisac(vepar(cipa(ononliveprojects,formthebasisforhismethodologydesigns:lightbutsufficient,andself-evolving.
• Alistair'sworkinthe1990sgrewintotheCrystalfamilyofagilemethodologies.• AlistairandJimHighsmitharenowworkingtogethertoevolveCrystalandthe
Adap(veideasintorecommenda(onsforcrea(ngagilesoewaredevelopmentecosystems,themee(ngofgenericmethodologywithaprojectteam'sspecificsitua(on.
• AlistairandJimareco-sponsoringtheAgileSoewareDevelopmentbookseriestopublishtechniquesforpersonalgrowthandexamplesofagilemethodologiesthathavebeenusedsuccessfully.
Career
• Cockburnstartedhiscareerinthefieldofcommunica(ontechnologyandOO-SoewaredevelopmentatIBMoperatesfrom1984to1991.
• HethenmovedintoanadvisoryroleatIBM,inpar(cularthemethodsofOOsoewaredevelopment.From1994,"HumansandTechnology"inSaltLakeCity.
BookswriGenbyAlistairCockburn
1. Wri(ngEffec(veUseCases1stEdi(on2. AgileSoewareDevelopment:TheCoopera(ve
Game(2ndEdi(on)2ndEdi(on3. AgileSoewareDevelopment4. SurvivingObject-OrientedProjects1stEdi(on5. CrystalClear:AHuman-PoweredMethodology
forSmallTeams:AHuman-PoweredMethodologyforSmallTeams1stEdi(on
Selectedpublica=ons1. SurvivingObject-OrientedProjects,AlistairCockburn,1stedi(on,December,
1997,Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-201-49834-0.2. Wri(ngEffec(veUseCases,AlistairCockburn,1stedi(on,January,2000,
Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-201-70225-8.3. AgileSoewareDevelopment,AlistairCockburn,1stedi(on,December2001,
Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-201-69969-9.4. PaGernsforEffec(veUseCases,SteveAdolph,PaulBramble,withAlistair
Cockburn,AndyPolscontributors,August2002,Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-201-72184-8.
5. PeopleandMethodologiesinSoewareDevelopment,AlistairCockburn,February2003,D.Ph.disserta(on,UniversityofOsloPress[1]
6. CrystalClear:AHuman-PoweredMethodologyforSmallTeams,AlistairCockburn,October2004,Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-201-69947-8.
7. AgileSoewareDevelopment:TheCoopera(veGame,AlistairCockburn,2ndedi(on,October2006,Addison-WesleyProfessional,ISBN0-321-48275-1,ISBN978-0-321-48275-4.
Achievements
• Dr.AlistairCockburn(pronouncedCō-burn)wasvotedoneofthe“All-TimeTop150i-TechnologyHeroes”forhisworkincrea(ngandsteeringAgilesoewaredevelopment.
• ThreeofhisbookshavewonJoltawardsandbeenlistedin“TheTop100BestSoewareBooksofAllTime”.Heconsistentlyreceiveshighra(ngsforhispresenta(onsandcourses.
WhatisJoltAwards???• Dr.Dobb'srecognizesthebestbooksofthelast12monthsviatheJoltAwards—
ourcycleofproductawardsgivenouteverytwomonthsineachofsixcategories.Nocategorygetsmoreentrantsthanbooks,andthisyearwasnoexcep(onwithmorethan30nomineessubmiGedbypublishers,vendors,readers,andtheJoltjudgesthemselves.TheawardcoversallbookspublishedduringthetwelvemonthsendingJune30thofthisyear.
• TheJoltjudgesdidanini(altriagethatreducedthefieldtoareadablenumberofentrants.Then,therefollowedasecondpassinwhichthetopbookswereselectedandranked—aeerlongdelibera(onandconsiderablediscussion.Asalways,thebestbookoftheyearreceivestheJoltAward;thetworunnersupeachreceiveaJoltProduc(vityaward;andtheremainingthreebooksareawardedJoltFinaliststatus.Reviewsofthesesixvolumesareincludedinthisar(cle.
• ThejudgesforthiscategorywereAndrewBinstock,JonathanHarley,GastónHillar,DavidMulcihy,LarryO'Brien,GaryPollice,RolandRacko,MikeRiley,andGigiSayfan.Giventhemanynomineesandthelargenumberofjudges,youcanhavehighconfidencethattheawardwinnersrepresenttheverybestofthebookspublishedinthe12-monthawardperiod.
WhyheisinAgileManifestoSignatories
• CockburnhelpedwritetheManifestoforAgileSoewareDevelopmentin2001,theagilePMDeclara(onofInterdependencein2005,andco-foundedtheInterna(onalConsor(umforAgilein2009(withAhmedSidkyandAshRofail).Heisaprincipalexpositoroftheusecasefordocumen(ngbusinessprocessesandbehavioralrequirementsforsoeware,andinventoroftheCockburnScaleforcategorizingsoewareprojects.
• Heco-authoredtheManifestoforAgileSoewareDevelopmentandthe“Declara(onofInterdependence,”createdthefirstAgileSoewareDevelopmentConference,co-foundedtheAgileProjectLeadershipNetwork,servedontheboardoftheAgileAlliance,designedtheCrystalfamilyofagilemethodologies,andco-foundedtheInterna(onalConsor(umforAgile.
• ThemethodologiesintheCrystalfamily(e.g.,CrystalClear),describedbyAlistairCockburn,areconsideredexamplesoflightweightmethodology.TheCrystalfamilyiscolour-codedtosignifythe"weight"ofmethodologyneeded.Thus,alargeprojectwhichhasconsequencesthatinvolverisktohumanlifewouldusetheCrystalSapphireorCrystalDiamondmethods.AsmallprojectmightuseCrystalClear,CrystalYelloworCrystalOrange.
Whatisthe“Crystalmethodology”?
• IntroducedbyAlistairCockburn,CrystalMethods,whichisa
collec(onofAgilesoewaredevelopmentapproaches,focusesprimarilyonpeopleandtheinterac(onamongthemwhiletheyworkonasoewaredevelopmentproject.Thereisalsoafocusonbusiness-cri(calityandbusiness-priorityofthesystemunderdevelopment.Unliketradi(onaldevelopmentmethods,Crystaldoesn’tfixthetoolsandtechniquesofdevelopment,butkeepspeopleandprocessesatthecoreofthedevelopmentprocess.However,itisnotonlythepeopleortheprocessesthatareimportant,rathertheinterac(onbetweenthetwothatismostimportant.
• InCockburn’swords,“Crystalisafamilyofhuman-powered,adap(ve,ultralight,‘stretch-to-fit’soewaredevelopmentmethodologies.”
whatdoes“human-powered,adap(ve,ultralight,‘stretch-to-fit’”mean?
• Crystalis“human-powered”—Thismeansthatpeoplearethemostimportantaspectof
Crystal,andalltheprocessesandtoolsarerela(vetothem.Crystalbelievesthatsoewaredevelopmentisessen(allyahumanac(vity,sopeopleinvolvedinthisac(vityarevitalwhiletheprocessesshouldbemodelledtomeettherequirementsoftheteam,nottheotherwayaround.Crystalemphasizesthatdevelopmentteamsareself-sufficientandself-organizing,sotheyarecapableofstreamliningtheprocessesasthedevelopmentprocessprogressesandbecomemoreorganizedandcompetent.
• Crystalis“adap(ve”—Firstofall,itshouldberememberedthatCrystalisnotasetofprescribedtoolsandtechniquesforsoewaredevelopment;rather,itisanapproach.So,theprocessesandtoolsarenotfixed,buthavetobeadjustedtotherequirementsandcharacteris(csoftheproject.Inotherwords,Crystalisa“stretch-to-fit”methodology,becauseeachprojectisuniqueandrequiremethodsthatsuitthebusinessrequirementsandthatsa(sfythetechnicalrequirementsoftheproject.
• Crystalis“ultralight”—Crystalisknownasa“lightweightmethodology.”ThisisbecauseCrystaldoesn’tadvocatetoomuchdocumenta(on,overheadmanagementandrepor(ng.Instead,itbelievesinkeepingthingslightandfocusingondevelopingbusiness-valuedandfunc(onalsoeware.Forthis,teamsfollowingtheCrystalapproachworktowardenhancingfreeandopencommunica(onamongteammembersaswellasestablishingtransparentflowofinforma(onbetweendevelopersandstakeholders.
HowdoesCrystaloperate?• Asstatedabove,Crystalisnotasetofprescribeddevelopmenttoolsandmethods,
butafamilyofvariousdevelopmentapproaches.Atthebeginningoftheproject,theprocessesandtoolsarenotfixedbutaredecidedbyconsideringthebusinessrequirementsandtechnicalneedsoftheproject.WhendecidingwhetherCrystalistherightmethodologyforaproject,considercomfort,discre(onarymoney,essen(almoneyandlifealongwiththesizeoftheteamworkingonapar(cularproject.VariousmethodologiesintheCrystalfamilyareknownasthevarious“weights”oftheCrystalapproachandarerepresentedbydifferentcolorsofthespectrum.
• Therefore,theCrystalfamilyofmethodologiesconsistsofthefollowingvariants:CrystalClear,CrystalYellow,CrystalOrange,CrystalOrangeWeb,CrystalRed,CrystalMaroon,CrystalDiamondandCrystalSapphire
• Toclarify,CrystalClearismoreappropriateforcompara(velyshort-termprojectsbeingmanagedbyateamofsixdevelopersworkingoutofasingleworkspace,whereasCrystalOrangeissuitedforprojectsthatrequireateamof10to40membersandhavealifespanof1-2years.Ontheotherhand,CrystalSapphireorCrystalDiamondmethodsareusedinlargeprojectsthatinvolvepoten(alrisktohumanlife.Therefore,theweightoftheCrystalmethodologyisdeterminedbytheprojectenvironmentandtheteamsize.
Whatarethemainprac(cesrecommendedbyCrystal?
• Crystalispreciseaboutcertainprac(cesbecausethesearecrucialforthesuccessfulimplementa(onoftheCrystalapproachontoanyproject.Theseprac(cesinclude:
• Anitera(veandincrementaldevelopmentapproach—Theprojectisdevelopedinitera(onsthataregenerally(meboxed.Thefeaturedeliveredattheendofanitera(onisintegratedintotheoverallsystem.Userfeedbacktakenattheendofanitera(onisusedtoplanthenextitera(on;and,newandaddi(onalfeaturesareaddedineverysubsequentitera(on.Allthisresultsinrefinementandcomple(onoftheoverallsoeware.
• Ac(veuserinvolvement—ThisisamustbecauseCrystalisapeople-centricapproachandemphasizestransparency.So,usersarenotonlyac(velyinvolvedbutalsoregularlyinformedabouttheprogressoftheproject.
• Deliveringoncommitments—Theteamendeavorstoensurefrequentdeliveryofclient-valued,poten(ally-shippablefunc(onali(es.ItistothisendthatCrystalfollowsanitera(veandanincrementaldevelopmentapproach.
WhataretherolesprescribedbyCrystal?
• TheCrystalapproachdefinesanumberofroles:ProjectSponsor,SeniorDesigner/Programmer,Designer/Programmers(BusinessClassDesigners,Programmers,SoewareDocumentersandUnitTesters)andUsers.Also,thereareanumberofotherrolessuchasArchitect,Coordinator,RequirementsGatherer,BusinessExpert,BusinessAnalyst/Designer,ProjectManager,DesignMentor,UsageExpert,LeadDesignProgrammer,UIdesigner,TechnicalFacilitatorandTechnicalWriter.
• Crystalisnon-jealous,meaningthataCrystalmethodologypermitssubs(tu(onofsimilarelementsfromothermethodologies.
• Methodologiesarebigthings,andCrystalisafamilyofthem.Althoughthereisagrowingbookcollec(onabouttheCrystalmethodologyfamily,noteverythingofvaluecanbecollectedintothatbookcollec(on(somepeoplehadtheaudacityofpublishinggoodbooksbeforeCrystalwasconceived!)Further,Crystalisnon-jealous,meaningthatyoumightwishtosubs(tutesomethinginthatwasn’tgivenaprimespotinthefamily.
• Crystalisevolvingintandemwithourunderstandingoftheprinciplesoflightweightsoewaredevelopmentprocessesandpeople-centricprojectmanagement.Italignswiththemanifestoforsoewaredevelopment.
HowIsavedAgileandtheRestoftheWorld
• Thisisnotaboutmesavinganything.Itistoremindyouthat
theAgileManifestowaswriJenby17people,allveryexperiencedandwithverydifferentbackgrounds.Beforeyouclaimtounderstandtheheritageoftheagilesoewaredevelopment,youneedtointerviewall17ofthosepeoplewhowroteit.Hopefullysomeonewilldothatbeforewestartdyingoff.
• Inpar(cular,payaGen(ontotheauthorsofPragma>cProgramming,DaveThomasandAndyHunt.Theyareunderrepresentedinthehistoryofagile,becausetheyjustkeptdoingtheiragilething,crea(ngPragma(cBookshelf,whichbroughtagileworkingstyleandcon(nuousintegra(ontopublishing.TheyareonrecordasbeingpreGysadwithwhattheindustrydidwiththeagilemanifesto,sotheywentsilent.Butthatdoesn’thaveanythingtodowithhowmuchtheycontributedtothemee(ng
• AskBrianMarickwherehewastakinghisthoughtsfromatthe(me.Adeepthinker,hehascontributedmanyoriginalthoughtsonthesubject.Heisonrecordaspreferringtheterm"Ar(sanalretro-futurism⊗team-scaleanarcho-syndicalism",partlybecauseitismoreaccurate,asheexplains,butalsosothatnoteveryonewillgoaroundsayingtheyarethat.
• TheEuropeanDSDMcommunity,largelyoutofEnglandandHollandandrepresentedbyArievanBennekum,wereperhapsthebestorganizedofallofus,alongsideXP.TheyhadalreadywriGen,in1995,nineprinciplesthatwecouldhavetakenwholeclothastheen(reagilemanifesto.Ifyouhaven’tseenthoseprinciples,youshouldstudythem.However,Arierepresentedhisownbackgroundandthinking,notjusttheDSDMdoctrineofthe(me.
• JonKerncameonbehalfoftheFDDcommunity,originallycomingoutofAustralia,represen(nghisownexperiencesandpersonalviewsaswell.
AlistairCockburn‘sContribu(oninAgile
• JimHighsmithhadgoGentohis“Adap(veSoewareDevelopment”bystudyingteamsatNikearound1994.Hiswashisownoriginallineofinves(ga(on,whichsomeoneshouldcapture.Jimwonthepres(giousWayneStevensawardin2005forhisworkonagilemethodologies,andhisbook“AgileSoewareDevelopmentEcosystems”containsinsigh{ulinterviewsandcharacteriza(onsofsomeofthemanifestoauthors,wellworthreadingnow,justasitwaswhenitcameout.
• Sidenote:JimHighsmithandIrepresentedtheviewthatthereisnoonemethodology,everyprojectneedsitsownpersonalmethodology.Wewererepresen=ngthepluralityofmethodologies.WhatwewantedwasthatEVERYmethodologyproducedhadthesecharacteris=cs.
• Andasanoddtwistofhistory,WayneStevenswasmytechnicalbossatIBM1991-93anditwashe,alongwithDickAntalek,whotaughtmewhatIknowaboutmethodologiesandsuccessfulsoNwaredevelopment.Hediedlatein1993,andhadamethodologyawardcreatedinhismemory.MyCrystalmethodologiesareactuallyacon=nua=onoftheprogramhewaspushingattheIBMConsul=ngGroupatthe=me.IoNenwonderwhathe’dthinkofwhatI’veproduced.
• KentBeck’sExtremeProgrammingwasthedominantagilemethodologyintheworldatthe(me.Anumberofpeopleatthemee(ngwerethenusingXPastheircurrentwayofworking.Butdon’toverlooktheirpast.WardCunningham,RonJeffriesandBobMar=neachhadadeeppastoutsideofandinsideofXP.Mar=nFowlerisanavowed“Idon’tbelongtoanygroupthatwillacceptme”person,whohadbeenstudyingXPandotherwaysofworkingforalong(me.JamesGrenningwasandisareal-(me-systemsexpert.
• Scrumwasrepresentedbythreepeople,KenSchwaber,JeffSutherlandandMikeBeedle.Oddthoughitseemsnow,ScrumwaspreGymuchunknownatthe(me.itwasonlywiththeadventofKenSchwaber’s2-dayCer(fiedScrummasterCer(ficateseveralyearslaterthatScrumroseinascendancy,un(lnowtherearehundredsofthousandsofpeoplepassingalongtheScrumviewoftheworld.ThefactthatScrumisdominantintheindustry15yearsaeerthewri(ngofthemanifestoisunrelatedtoitsprac((oners’contribu(oninthemee(ng,justasXP’spopularityatthe(mehadliGletodowiththenamechosenandthewordswewrotethen.
• SteveMellororiginallywastherejusttoseewhatwasgoingon(“I’maspy”,hefamouslysaidasheintroducedhimself).Buthisdeepbackgroundandinsighthadabigeffectonourdiscussions,andheendedupco-construc(ngandagreeingwiththewordsweproducedjustasmuchanyone.
• Myownworkwasmo(vatedbymybossattheIBMConsul(ngGroup1991,KathyUlisse.Iwasanewbiemethodologist.ShesaidIshoulddebriefsometeamstolearnwhatdoesanddoesn’twork.Thatsentmedownthepathofgroundedresearchandmyeventualdoctoratein2003.FromthoseinterviewsIcreatedin1992thefirstIBMmethodologyforSmalltalkandC++projects(whichcontained,forthoseinterested,onlyincrementaldevelopment,usecases,CRCcards,andversioncontrolasitselements).Wegottousethatonalargefixed-priceprojectin1994,whichbecametheseedforCrystalOrange.Asmanyknowfrommywri(ngs,Iintervieweddozensofteamsoverseveralyears,andworkedtoconstructatheorytocoverthosefindings.ThatproducedtheCrystalapproach.
• Sidenoteaboutselec>ngthename‘aglie’:Ifacilitatedthename-findingsession,soIhaveafairlydetailedrecallofhowthatwent:“Agile”,forexample,wasnotasurewinnerforanameatany>me,“Adap>ve”>editatthefinalround.Wefilledpageswithbrainstormednames.Weselectedahandfulandsaidwhywedidnotlikethem,oddthoughthatproceduresounds.Thedominantmemeinthatdiscussionwas“Idon’twanttohavetowearpink>ghtsandatutuwhenIsayit”!Wevoteddowntofive,thenvotedforawinnerbutfounda>ebetweenagileandadap>ve,thenselected“agile”.
• BobMar(nfloatedtheideaformanifestowri(ngandprovidedtheini(alinviteelist(manyofwhomcouldn’tmakeit).Iwaslocalorganizer.JimHighsmithgottheCuGerConsor(umtosponsorpartofthecostsofthemee(ng.Oncethosethreeitemsweretakencareof,itwasafree-for-all,thatistosay,therewasnogivenpurposeoragenda.Self-organiza(onatit’sfinest,heldtogetherbydeeprespectandgenerouslisteningonallsides.Whatemergedwaswhattheseexact17peoplecouldproducetogetheratthatpar(cularmomentinhistory.Weagreedattheendnevertoupdatethemanifestoforthatexactreason.(Sodon’taskusto)
• WhatIhopeyouseeisthattheAgileManifestowastheproductof17peoplefromdifferentschoolsandbackgrounds.Noonepersonisresponsibleforthewordswecameupwith–itisclearthatitwastheproductofall17people.Theaddi(onorremovalofany1personwouldhavechangedtheoutcome,somethingwerecognizedanddiscussedattheendofthatmee(ng.
• Whetheryouthink“agile”savedtheworldorpoisonedit,besurealwaystorecognizethatitgrewfromarichcompost(jokeinten(onal)ofbackgrounds.Thenext(meyoureadawould-behistoryoftheagilemovement,lookforallthosenames.Ifyoudon’tseethem,itisnotahistory,itisoneperson’spersonalrecoun(ngoftheirownjourney,yearsaeertheevent(asindeed,thisoneis).Asyougoforwarddiscussingtheoriginandheritageoftheagilemovement,pleasebesuretocreditthediversethinkerswhoputsomuchintothatwri(ng.
• Name:AlistairCockburn(pronouncedCo-burn,theScobshway)
• TwiGer&Facebook:@TotherAlistair• Website:hGp://alistair.cockburn.us/