LITERATURE ON SOIL SCIENCES A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

iflagter of Hibrarp & Snformation ^timtt 1998-99

BY

S. FARHANA BURHAN RollNo. 98LSM-16

Enrolement No. Y-2282

Under tha Supervision of

Prof. Shabahat Husain Chairman

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY flc INFORMATION SCIENCE

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA)

DS3086

f ^ ( •:•••

i Ace. N '

10JUN 2000

E.mail : lst01sh@amu.nic.in Telex : 564—230 AMU !N Fax : 91—0571—40052^

Off. (0571) 40003'-' p, , I Exch. 400920,21,22 rholies i , , \n, ^ Inter. !v4

Res. (05-'i) 400673

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH—202002 (U.P.), INDIA

Prof. Shabahat Husain Ref.Na. B.Sc.(Hons.), M.Sc. Vf.Lib.Sc. (Alig.), M.Phi). (U.K.)

CHAIRMAN Dated....

CcrtificMc

i6 id to ceftifu tkat / / /d . ^arriana vDurkan kad

completed ker dldiertation entitled : cU. iterature on J^oii

^cienced: _vv ijit>iiometfic ^tudu in paftiai

fuifilment of tke reqairementi for tke deavee of Irfaiter

of cLioraru and information S^cience. S^ke ka6

ducted tke uuorh under mij 6uperui6ion. con

Chairman

Postal Wr//rw 4/465, SHARAFAT LODGE (BEHIND AKBAR MARKET). CiVIL LINES A L J G A R H—202 002 ( U.P.), INDIA

\M JL ^

CHAPTER 1

Bibliometrics 1-18

CHAPTER II

Soil Sciences : An Introduction 19-43

CHAPTER III

Bibliometrics: Objectives and Methodology 44-52

CHAPTER IV

Data Analysis, Interpretation and Representation 53-96

CHAPTER V

Conclusio n and Implications 97-100

Bibliography 101-102

A C K N O W L C L D O E M i E L N T

First of all 1 would like to bow my head before the ! L ^

Almighty for his grace and blessings which enabled me to

complete this work.

I take this opportunity to express my obedient respect

and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Shabahat

Husain, Chairman, Department of Library and information

Science, A.M.U., for his sustained interest and valuable

guidance through out this study. He has been a source of

strength and inspiration to me during all phases of this study.

My special thanks go to Mr. S.M.K.Q. Zaidiy Reader,

Department of Library & Information Science, for his

cooperation.

I am also indebted to my teachers Mr. Naushad Ali,

P.M, Ms. Suhdarma Haridarshan, Mr. M. Raza, Ms.

Nishat Fatima, Lecturers, Dept. of Library & Information

Science, A.M.U., for their help and encouragement.

Thanks are also due to Mr. Khwaja Moin Ahmad, Mr.

Riaz Abbas and Mr. Asrar Ahmad Khan non teaching

staff of the Department for their whole hearted cooperation

during the completion of this project.

My heartful thanks are due to my friend Ms Akhtar

Hina, all my classmates and well wishers.

I will be failing in my duty, if I do not express my sincere

gratitude and indebtedness to my parents and other mambers

of my family who have always been inspiring me and giving

me immense moral support during various stages of the study.

Last but not least I am thankful to Mr. Abul Kalam

Azad (Computer Professionals) for typing my dissertation at

a short notice.

CHA?Ttn-l

INTRODUCTION

Bibliometrics is a relatively new branch of information science.

It has been found that quite a good number of articles published

in library and information science periodicals are on bibiometrics

and its related topics.

Bibliometrics is a new subject which has emerged as a research

front in its own right in information science. It is now being

vigorously pursued and with the results, it has been found that one

fourth of all the articles published in library and information science

belong to bibliometrics. It lies between the border area of the social

sciences and physical sciences.

Bibliometric has been derived from the two words 'Biblion'

means book and 'Metric' means measurement. The basic units of

bibliometrics are all facets of written communications such as

primary and secondary periodicals, articles and abstracts published

in them, bibliography of articles, books, monographs and other

media of communication.

The term bibliometrics has very recent origin. It is analogous

to Ranganathan's 'librametrics', Russian concept 'scientemetrics\

FIDs 'informatrics' and also to some other well established sub

disciplines like 'Econometrics' 'Psychometrics' 'Sociometrics' and

biometries'.

We can say that bibliometric is a methodological subdiscipline

of library science, including the complex of mathematical and

statistical methods, used for analysis of scientific documents and

non-scientific documents..

EMERGENCE OF THE TERM BIBLIOMETRICS

Bibliometrics is an emerging thrust area of research involving

researchers from different branches of human knowledge. The term

'bibliometrics' was coined only in 1969. Many attempts have been

made to define the term bibliometrics and its analogous terms

since the use of term 'statistical' bibliography in 1923 by Hulme.

According to him, the purpose of statistical bibliography is to

''Shed light as the process of written communication and of the

nature and course of development of a discipline (in so far this

is displayed through written communication) by means of counting

and analysis its various facets of written communication Raising

in 1962 defined it as, 'the assembling and interpretation of

statistical movements, to determine national and universal

research, use of books and journals and to ascertain in many local

situation the general use of books and journals''. It is regarded

as one of the classical definition of bibliometrics. As it was

pointed out earlier, the term bibliometrics was first coined by

Pritchard in 1969 in preference to existing terminology statistical

bibliography as he felt there is fair likelihood to misinterpret it

as bibliography of statistics. He defined "'bibliographic" as the

"application of mathematical methods to books and other media

>1 of communication''. According to Fairthorme it is the 'Quantitative

treatment of properties of recorded discourse and behaviour

appertaining to it. The British Standard glossary of documentation

of terms explained bibliomatrics as the study of the ''use of

documents and patterns of publication in which mathematical and

statistical methods have been applied". Which is similar to

piritchard's original definition. Hawkins in his online bibliometric

study interpreted bibliometrics as the 'quantitative analysis of the

bibliographic features of a body a literature. "Nicholas and Richie

in their book entitled 'literature on bibliometrics'' opined that

bibliometrics provide information about the structure of knowledge

and how it is communicated? "They further added that bibliometric

studies fall mainly in two broad groups: those describing

characteristics or features of literature (descriptive studies) and

those examining the relationship formed between the components

of literature (behavioural studies). More recently, Potter defined

bibliometrics as the "study and measurement of the publication

patterns of all forms of written communication and their

authorship"". Schrader said "it even more simply bibliometrics the

quantitative study in the "scientific study of recorded discourse"".

Broadus presented a historical overview of various definitions of

bibliometrics and proposed an alternative definition. According to

him, bibliometrics is the quantitative study of physical published

units or of bibliographic units or of surrogates of either. More

explicitly, Sengupta defines it as the ''organization, classification

and quantitative evaluation of publication patterns of all more and

micro communications along with their authorship's by

mathematical and statistical Calculus".

3. HISTORY OF BIBLIOMETRICS:

The history of bibliometrics can be, for the sake of

convenience, divided into three distinctive periods: Early period

covering the years 1917 to 1923. The second period from 1925to

1950 and the modern period 1950 onwards. In the year 1917 Cole

and Eales reported in the science progress under the title 'The title

of comparative anatomy'. A literature surveys covering a period

of three hundred years, of contribution in the field of anatomy

produced by different countries. This may be regarded as the first

contribution in the field of bibliometrics.

In the year 1923 Hulme analysed the author and journal

entries in the "international catalogue of scientific literature,

ranked the results, country wise and showed that Germany

occupied the first place in the production of scientific literatures

during the period.

It was Lotka's who initiated the second phase (1900 - 1913)

of development in the field of bibliometrics by giving it a

theoretical basis by proposing a law in the year 1926. He studied

the frequency distribution of scientific papers by the authors.

Gross and Gross were the first to study the scattering of references

in journal articles. In the year, 1977 they ranked the journals in

chemistry based on the citation counts. They were also responsible

for studying the distribution of reference by age. In the year 1934,

Bradford reported his findings that major portion of the literature

of any discipline is concentrated in a small number of core

journals. Zipf in the year 1949, proposed his law of least

resistance, which is based on the frequency of word distribution

in a document. In the same yQ&r Fussier studied the journals in

the subject chemistry and ranked the journals by the chemists. The

modern period in the field of bibliometrics begins from the year

1950. Engine Garfied entered the field in 1956 with his

contributions in citation analysis and ever since bibliometrics has

developed into a powerful methodologist in the research in the

library and information science,

4. BIBLIOMETRICS: ITS SCOPE AND APPLICATION

Nicholas and Rtchie in 1978 very "Lucidly elaborated the

scope of bibliometrics. They opined that bibliometrics provide

information about the structure of knowledge, and how it is

communicated". They further added that 'bibliometrics ' studies

fall mainly into two broad groups.

a) Those describing the characteristics or features of a literature

(descriptive studies)

b) Those examining the re la t ionsh ip formed between

components of literature (Behavioural studies) white defining

scope of 'Bibliometrics, Doniel Corner and Henry Voos adds

that the ''scope of bibliometrics includes studying the

relationship within the literature or describing a literature

Typically these description focus on consistent patterns,

involving authors, monographs, journals or subject

language''. Rolland Stevens considers bibliometrics as a

quantitative science and divides it into two basic categories.

Descriptive bibliometrics and Evaluative bibliometrics. He

has further divided these two areas into different sub areas

such as

(a) Descriptive bibliometrics.

Geographic

Time period

Discipline

Evaluative bibliometrics

Citations count

Reference count

7

Steven further adds that descriptive bihliometrics includes

the "study of the number of publications in a given field or

productivity of literature in the field for the purpose of comparing

the amounts of research in different countries, the amount

produced in different subdivisions of the field. The kind of study

is made by a count of the papers, books and other writings in the

field or often by a count of these writings which have been

abstracted in specialized abstracting journals. The other i.e.

evaluative bihliometrics includes the study of the literature used

by research workers in a given field. Such a study is often made

by counting the references cited by a large number of research

workers in their papers".

4.2 APPLICATIONS

Bibliometric techniques are now being consistently used to get

factual and accurate data for information handling and transfer.

Enumerated below are some of the areas where bibliometric

technique may be used.

1) ' To study quantitative growth of a discipline and its literature

quantitatively.

2) To evaluate the quality of research of an individual of an

institution or of a country.

3) To assess the research output i.e. productivity study of an

individual scientist, an entire organization or of a country.

8

4) To undertake sociological studies of science and scientists.

5) To study science of science and scientists

6) To predict past, present and future of scientific classics

7) To estimate comprehensiveness of secondary periodicals

8) To regulate inflow of information and communication.

9) To develop norms of standardization etc.

5. RESEARCH IN BIBLIOMETRICS

Bibliometrics connotes the science of measurement relating to

books. The scope of 'biblio' with passage of time got widened

to include all types of documents books, periodicals potents,

standards, theses and so on. At present, the connotation of

bibliometrics turns out to be the science of measurement relating

to documents. The word measurement means the application of

mathematical and statistical techniques to find out growth and

scattering of literature in various types of documents, publication

of documents by an author, impact of a document and so on.

Bibliometrics lies in the border area of social and physical

sciences. It is a matter of common experience that for any body

of knowledge to evolve as a subject of study and research. Their

should be concerted efforts of study and research, there should be

concerted efforts of scholars to develop the necessary theoretical

basis. Gradually explanation to these theories are made through

diligent research work. For this purpose, very often techniques and

methodologies are borrowed from the frontier areas which later

become part of the new subject.

Bibliometrics have emerged as a research front in its own right.

It along with what we wants to designate by librametrics. Forms

probably the hardest core of information science. It has however not

yet been organized with a formal structure. As should be natural at

this stage of development, most of the research studies in

bibliometrics are themselves rather soft. These are based on simple

counting enumerations and statistical methods.

Its back bone lies in its sound, theoretical foundation most

effectively laid by some pioneer like Lotika, Gross, Bradford,

Zipfs,Brooker, Narin Garfied, Vickery Hulme Pritchard and many

others and its techniques are capable of throwing light to various

complicated problems faced by information scientists to qualify the

process of written communications.

LAWS OF BIBLIOMETRICS:

Three fundamental laws actually laid the solid foundation of

bibliometrics they are:

1) Lotka's inverse square law scientific productivity-1926

2) Bradford law of scattering of scientific paper - 1948

10

3) Z i p f s law in linguistics - 1949 (remarking of word frequency

in a particular set of documents)

6.1 Lotka's Law:

This law was put forth by Alfred J. Lotka in 1926. It relates

to the productivity of scientists in terms of number of papers

published. He was interested in determining. "If possible the part

which men of different calisro contribute to the progress of

science" (

Lotka studied the productivity; of authors by publication

frequency as indicated in chemical abstracts from 1907 to 1916.

Similar ly , he s tudied. The name index of Auerback's

Geschichtstafler de physik. It revealed that the productivity of

scientists confirmed to inverse square law such that for every 100

authors contributing one article, 25 will contribute 2 articles, 11

contribute 3 articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles, and so on.

The observed figures for single article authors were 57.9 percent

for chemical abstracts data (6,891 contributors) and 59.2 percent

for the physic data (1,325 contributors).

The law states that "?/;e number of to chemists publishing

papers is proportional 1/n^ in each", resulting in the authorship

of a large number of documents by small number of writers.

The original paper of Lotka gave no suggestion to show that

this was a universal law with applicability to all branches of

knowledge, or even for that matter, to all the branches of science.

Subsequent studies have shown that this law is applicable to the

subjects of history, technology, science, literature,etc.

6.2,ZIPF'S LAW

This law enunciated by George K. Zipfs in based of frequency

of occurrence of words in a text and their ranking in a descending

order.

Zipfs analyzed the words and arranged these in a descending

order of frequency and multiplied the numerical value of each rank

(r) with its frequency (f), and arrived at a product (c).

Thus the Zipfs law states """"that if words occurring in natural

language text of sizeable length were listed in the order of

decreasing frequency, then the rank of any given word in the list

would be inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of

the word".

Zipfs equation is

rf = C

Where r and f are, rank and frequency of words respectively and

C is a constant,

12

Numerous studies have been carried on the areas of application

of zipF's law its utility lies in the fact that the law can measure

an author's richness in vocabulary.

6 3 BRADFORD'S LAW

Bradford's law was received the greatest attention in literature

of library and information science. Bradford's law of scattering

was promulgated by the British bibliographer S.C. Brad ford,

""Brad ford's concern was with the time problem of overlap an

omission in the coverage of primary journal articles indexing and

abstracting sources ".

Much earlier than the above treatise, he described the pattern

of scatter of literature in a subject in various periodicals, in a

paper on applied geo-physics and lubrication. In this study he

found out that a journals covered 429 articles and the next 59

journals accounted for 404 articles, in other words first nine

journals contributed for one-third of the articles found in the

subject, the next 5x9 journals accounted for another one third, and

the next 5x9x9 journals for the remaining one-third. In other words

periodicals can be categorized in three separate groups:

(i) Those periodicals, which carry four reference in a year, in

a given subject.

(ii) Those which carry between two and four in a year.

13

(iii) Those which carry one or fewer references a year.

The first group thus becomes the nucleus of periodicals in a

subject and necessarily contains more articles on that subject rather

than periodicals that cover articles on related subjects.

"Thus if scientific journals are arranged in the descending

order of productivity of articles in a subject, there will he a

nucleus of periodicals contributing more on the subject, and

several other groups or zones containing the same number of

articles as in the nucleus, when the number of periodicals in the

nucleus and succeeding zones will 1: n: n2 this is the law of

distribution, or "Bradford's law of scattering". The refinement of

law has been made by B.C. Victory. He found discrepancy between

the verbal and graphical representat ions and restated the

mathematical expression. He pointed out that application of the

Bradford's law should not only be to three zones, but with suitable

modification of the value of the ratio n, to any number of zones.

Some other emperical laws:

a. Price's Square Root, Law of Scientific Productivity:

) Derek De ^olla Price's square root law of price states: "Half

of the Scientific papers are contributed by the square root of the

tool number of scientific authors".

14

b. Garfield's LQM' of Concentration:

E.Garfield enuciated a law in 1971 which is known as Garfileds

law of concentration. Garfields in his law predicts, "A basic

concentration of Journals in the Common Core or Nuucleus of all

field".

c. Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics:

This law has been forward by Sengupta in 1973 whicnis knwo n

as off setting weight formula for re-marking periodicals to avoid

discrimination against new journals which necessarily have few

citation credits. This is basically an extensions of the Bradfore's

law.

An expotential growth of literature on bibliometric has been

noticed during the last five decades mostly based on these laws,

because their application are for an wide.

«- APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRICS

Application in library management:

It has been said that bibliometric studies should ultimately

help in the library management. It is true that knowledge of

scattering and obsolescence can be utilized in the acquisition and

management of stocks. But there is much more scope for

investigation has been shown by AD BOOTH. While considering the

optimum physical layout of a library when it is desired to minimize

75

the distance to be traveled by the reader. While picking up books

from shelves, this means books are to be arranged according to their

frequency of use. Several interesting geometrical models of stack

have been suggested by Booth. It is claimed that frequency-ordered

arrangement can lead to increase efficiency by as much as ten times.

7 Testing of Retrieval Systems:

Information workers have been active in finding a technique,

which could be used in testing the performance of a retrieval

system. The well-known 2x2 contingency table of the relevant not

relevant, retrieved and not retrieved has been a significant

contribution in this area. This has now been further refined by

Fairthorne, Swels, Brookes, Robertson and others.

Search Strategy:

Another related area for bibliometric investigation is the study

of search strategy in automatic information retrieval. A recent

study by C.V. Negoitamay be mentioned in this connection. In his

study retrieval processed considered in geometric terms.

Application in Indexing:

Bibliometric studies have been made in some other areas of

library and information work also. Studies have been made to find

out the pattern of frequency distribution, of description of a

thesaurus and the distribution of indexing terms Eugenie Fona

16

analyzed the rank frequency distribution on the EURATOM-

thesaurus. Zipf s law, essentially a hyperbolic function, was not

found suitable for such distribution. On the other hand, an

exponential function was found in good agreement with the actual

entropy of the thesaurus. This exponential function may provide

a criterion to 'revise' some zones of thesauri. A compression of

the actual distribution of the term groups with the calculated

optimum distribution can provide an objective measure for

evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as

information transmission channel.

Limitation in application:

Though most of the studies tend to support the Bradford

distributions, some other researcher could not get satisfactory

results. Gross found that the scatter of research papers among

physics journals deviated from that predicted by Bradford law of

fifty bibliographies studied by chonez, only six followed the law.

Therefore, he calls the law Pseudo scientific.

In the case of lotka's law, it was found to fit in most cases.

However, the value of the index ' n ' was found to vary for different

group of scientist.

Another problem with lotka's law is that totally ignores the

potential authors who have not produce any publication so far.

17

Because of these limitation the empiric nature of these laws are

generally questioned.

Citation Studies:

The common arguments levelled against citation analysis are the

following:

1. Negative citation

2. Too much of self-citation and in-house citation.

3. Citation given just to dress up the paper.

4. Variation of citation rate during life time of paper.

CONCLUSION:

Bibliometric studies have enable to develop a body of

theoretical knowledge and a group of techniques and have

facilitated its application for the further growth of knowledge

based on bibliographical data. The past work by Lotka's, Brad

ford, and Zipf have been valuable in helping the librarian to assess

the patterns of authorship, identifying the lore collection and

designing the better retrieval systems.

Bibliometric data provide precise and accurate observations

particularly in the study of science and scientist. The information

scientist makes use of their technique for economical and efficient

management of his material and services.

18

Bibliometric technique has been gaining recognition and

importance especially during the part two decades. The result of

such studies are increasingly being applied to manage the library

and information science resources and services more effectively.

The studies of subject literature and their characteristics have also

been found useful and helpful in managing the research and

development activities in those subject specialities.

Application of bibliometric technique in selecting most

important journal in any field of knowledge. The exponential

growth of literature and rapid development of libraries generated

several evolutionary studies about effectiveness and efficiency of

information services. Their studies led to the identification and

application of appropriate quantitative measuring technique known

as bibliometric. The obvious use of this technique is to improve

bibliographical control, as it is not possible to start efficient

services without analyzing the size and character of literature.

CHAPTtR'2

19

INTRODUCTIOTSr

1. Definition of Soil

2. Concept of Soil

3. Classification of Soil

4. Soil Formation

5. Factors of Soil Formation

6. Process of Soil Formation

7. Soil Profile

8. Major Soil Constituents

9. Properties of Soils

9.1 Physical properties of soil

9.2 Soil texture

9.3 Soil Structure

9.4 Shrinkage and swelling

9.5 Soil Moisture

10. Chemical Properties of soil

11. Biological Properties of soil

12. Soil Destruction: Problem and Solution

20

S O I L S C r i E I N T C E

INTRODUCTION

All living beings are dependent on soil. To a great^extent good

soil is dependent on man and the way he uses it. Soil as a natural

body supports land plants.

Some time economic conditions of man is obviously

determined by the quality of soil and the kinds of plants and

animals having in it.

Fertile soil as one of the chief natural resource attracted many

great civilisations to grow e.g. the valley soils of Nile river in

Egypt, Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and Ganga rivers in India.

These soils provided continued supplies of abundant food, subject

to replenishing of their fertility of frequent natural flooding. Those

good soils made stable and organised communities in contrast to

nomadic and shifting tribes associated with less fertile uplands

soils.

1 : DEFINITION OF SOILS:

The term soil has various meanings and carried a different

sense to different professional groups. An agriculturist restricts the

use of the term soil to a few upper part of the earth crust which

are of important to the growth and support of plant life. Similarly,

a geologist considered soil as the material in the relatively their

surface zone of the earth crust where is capable of supporting

vegetation and all the rest of the earth crust is grouped under the

21

terms rock irrespective to its hardness. Earth crust may be divided

into two categories soil and rock. Soil is considered to include

all naturally occurring loose or soft deposit overlying. The solid

rock crust, which is produced by the physical and chemical

disintegration of rock and which may or may not contain organic

matter.

l: CONCEPT OF SOIL:

A thin layer of soil covers most of the land surface of the earth.

This soil layer varies from place to place in thickness. In this layer

of soil, plants and animals established a dynamic relationship with

soil constituents.

Evolution Concept of Soil:

Liebig and other early chemists considered soil as a storehouse

of plant nutrients. Early geologists thought soil as weathered rock.

These concepts are not wrong, but incomplete. There should be

development of a scientific concepts about the soil to encompass

the different view points based on practical and scientific

discoveries of the past and present.

Early records give evidence that man learned to distinguish soil

from their differences. Man learned to treat soils with plant and

animals wastes, more than four thousand years ago. The Chinese

used schematic soil map for taxation purposes. Early Greek and

Roman writers described farming systems and soil amendments. In

the 17 and 18 century application of science improved the

22

agricultural practices including those involving soil.

From the seventeenth century to the middle of the 20"' century

primary task of soil scientists was to increase the production of

crop-plants, German chemists Liebig (1840) established the

agricultural concept that the crop yields are directly related to

minerals in the manners, applied to the soil.

A brief background of the history of the development of current

concept would not be complete if the contributions of the soil

scientists on soil characteristics and processes is not endoursed

properly to ones knowledge.

3 . CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS:

The most comprehensive basis for the classification of soils

is the specific climate and vegetation under which the soil has

grown and developed. The soils can be broadly classified into two

broad classes.

3.1 Pedalfars:

3.2 Pedocols:

3.1.1 Pedalfars:

Pedalfars are those soils which have grown in humid areas

under rich vegetation cover. These contain a greater proportion of

aluminium and iron. But these lack important plant foods as

potassium, calcium and phosphorous.

2. 7

3.2.2 Pedocols:

Pedocals - are those soils which have grown under arid

conditions. These retain all the elements which go to make plant

foods. These soils are found in regions having less than 28 inches

of rainfall per annum, generally lighter in colour, they do not suffer

from leaching and are alkaline.

These broad classes of soil contain further sub-divisions or

sub-varieties on the basis of the type of vegetation cover,

temperature conditions and the amount of precipitation.

Their sub-varieties will be following under.

A. Pedalfars are

i. Laterites

2. Tropical red soil

3. Red earth soil

4. Gray brown soil

5. Prairie soil

6. Podsols

7. Tundra soil.

1: Laterites: In the equaitonal regions due to heavy rainfall

throughout the year, the soils are weathered and leached.

They are known as the laterites.

24

2: Tropical red soils: Tropical red soils are characteristically

found in tropical grasslands and as such are richer in humus.

3: Red Soils: Red soils are rich in iron content but contain only

a small amount of humus they are poor in alkaline elements

and lime.

4: Grey brown Soils: Grey brown soils are characteristic of

deciduous forest regions of the humid continue climate.

5: Prairie Soils: Prairie soils are black in colour but do not

containing much lime. These are poorer in alkalis also. Their

black colour is due to the high percentage of humus.

B. Podsol Soil:

Podsol soils can not be made productive even by extensive use

of fertiliser. It consists of the following.

1: Tundera soils: Tundera soils are not only poor but also

support mosses, lichens and such like shrubs only.

2: Black earths: or chernozems, a soil of dark brown colour,

is found in semi arid region. The black colour is not due to

humus but due to the high moisture, so they are very suitable

for agriculture in dry areas.

3: Chestunt Soils: Chestunt colour is only deep brown, not as

dark as the praise soils on the black soils. Their fertility is

due to the absence of leaching, but these soils are poor in

organic matter and in nitrogen.

25

4: Gray soils: Gray soil are found in the hot and temperature

deserts of the world. These soils are deficient in humus,

organic matter as also in nitrogen.

5: fir</H'/f 5<?//; Brown soil of the mediterranean regions are very

much similar to the chestunt soils. The content of inorganic

element is quite high but they lack in nitrogen.

H5.* SOIL FORMATION:

There is a geological cycle continuously taking place on the

face of the earth which results in the formation of soil. The circle

of events consists of climate, organism, organic matter, time,

toporgraphy and human activity.

H.1 Factors of Soil Formation:

Soil is the product of environment soil formation inevitably

leads to the importance of the environment controls over factors

affecting the manner in which a soil develops. These are five soils

forming factors which help to develop soil. The factors are parent

material, climate, age of land, plant and animal organisms and

topography. In the present time human activity has been considered

as the sixth forming factors by the soil scientists. In the process

of soil formation human interference has both, constructive and

destructive effects.

^.2 Climate:

Climate is an active factor in soil foundation. All soils are the

product of both direct and indirect action of climatic forces for

26

centuries climate is a composite concept which includes amount and

intensity of rainfall, temperature variation, humidity conditions,

evapotransporation system during sun shine, climate influences soil

formation largely through rainfall and temperature.

113 Organisms:

The role of organisms in soil formations is very important,

organic matter accumulation, soil making, nutrient cycling and

Structural stability are all made possible by the present of

organisms in the soil. Bacteria and fungi and both responsible for

the break down of plant tissues and within the surface of the soil.

Plant and animal remains are the main source of organic matter

which undergoes process of humification to form humus. Humus

is usually dark in colour. The mineral content in vegetation

influences the characteristics of the soil, that develops greater

changes occur in soil agricultural development. Thus vegetation is

an important factor in determining the soil factors.

HA Relief/Topography:

Relief influences soil formation mainly as factor which affects

drainage, run off erosion. Topography is not a modifies of climate

and vegetation, but it also maintains water air relationship in the

soil. Vertical zonality in soil is a function of topography.

H.5 Parent material

As described by Jenny as the initial state of soil system.

It may be defined as the unconsolidated and geo-chemically

21

weathered mineral organic matter from which soil is formed by

pedogenic processes. Parent materials from which soils are formed

can be classified as residual transported and cumulose. Residual

materials are sedentary and metamorphic rock.

*|.6 Human activity:

Man's role in the development of soil is very significant. The

existing soils are more and more influenced by the activity of man.

Upto the recent past man's activity was haphazard and mainly

destructive soils fertility became exhausted and was subjected to

destruction deforesation of extensive forest areas, aggravated the

harmful effect of drought which caused depletion of humus in soils.

The activities of man in land use systems may have both deleterious

and beneficial effects on soil.

<«.7 Time

The lenght of time required for soil development depends upon

many inter-related factors, such as climate, organism and

topography.

i.lA PROCESS OF SOIL FORMATION:

The process of formation modify soil with some acquired

characteristics which distinguished soil from parent material. The

ultimate result of the soil formation processes is the development

of soil profile. Specific profile features develop under certain soil

formation processes.

28

a. Humification

b. Eluviation and lUuviation

c. Laterization

d. Fertilization

e. Calcificaiton

f. Salinization

g. Podzolization

a. Humification: This process helps in the formation of humus

layers in the surface soil.

b. Laterization: Laterization is a process in which silica (SIjO^)

is removed from the upper layers by alkaline leaching

lateriziation in characterised by rapid decomposition of parent

rock under the humid tropical climate with high rainfall and

high temperature for intense leaching .

c. Fertilization: Fertilization is the process in which parent

material in changed in a soil consisting of kaolinite and

sesquioxide, under the humid tropic climate with albundant

rainfall and high temperature.

d. Calcification: In calcification process there is usually a

downward accumulation of calcium carbonate in the soil

profile, but the soluble constituents are not removed from the

soil profile.

29

e. Salinization. Salinization is the process in which soil is

enriched with salts. In this process salts in solution are drawn

upwards by the capillary action and are then deposited on the

surface of the soil as the water is evaporated.

/ . Podzolizaiion\?oAzoWzzWons is the process which tends to

remove iron and aluminium and leave behind a bleached,

sandy and silica rich soil horizon under the cool temperature

climate.

T SOIL PROFILE:

A vertical section of the soil body presenting more or less

distinct horizontal layer is called a soil profile. The individual

layer is called a horizons. The profile represents succession of

horizons differentiated from one another and genetically interrelated

and parent material lying below. The profile is divided into three

broad horizons called A, B and C.

X.\ Horizon - A:

Is the upper most layer of a soil profile showing maximum

elevation or leaching and decomposition. Soil material in horizon

- A is usually darker in colour than the underlying strata, because

of the presence of large quantities of organic matter or humus.

1.2 Horizon - B:

Is the soil layer beneath the horizon - A, in which material

leached from the overlying horizon gets accumulated. It is called

the horizon of illuviation or deposition.

30

6.3 Horizon - C:

Is the undisturbed parent, maternal form which the overlying

the soil profile has been developed. Horizon-C, also called

substratum.

6.4 Surface Soil:

About 10 to 20 cm thick layer of soil below ground surface,

with or without organic matter.

6.5 Top Soil or Depth Soil:

Depth of sub soil is equal to or many times more than the

surface soil. It is more compact and lighter in colour than the

surface soil. Rain water carries fine particles including clay

minerals and salts in solution into the sub soil and causes

enrichment of the subsoil.

^ MAJOR SOIL CONSTITUENTS:

Soil in composed mainly of four constituents:

7.1. Mineral matter

7.2 Organic Matter

7.3 Soil water

7.4 Soil air

"J.l Mineral Matter:

The mineral matter of the soil is obtained by the weathering

of parent rock and also by recombination from the substances in

31

the soil solutions. It consists partly of the completely weathered

material like the alumina - silicates, free slice, etc and partly of

the unweathered particles of original rocks and minerals like

quartz, mica etc., oxides of iron, aluminium etc. and insoluble salts

like calcium and magnesium carbonates, etc. Constitute the insoluble

mineral matter and forms the major part of the soil, the soluble salts

like alkalin and alkaline earth etc. Constitute the soluble mineral

matter and forms a small part of the soil.

9'.2 Organic Matter:

Soil organic matter is derived from partially decayed and

synthesised residues of plants and animals. Such material are

continuously being broken down by soil micro-organism. The dead

vegetable and animal remains and the tissues of dead micro­

organisms form the rain source of soil organic matter. Various

organic matters that are applied to the soil from time to time

also enrich the soil organic matter.

Soil organic matter consists of two groups.

a. Original tissues, and their partially decomposed equivalents.

b. The Hums.

The well decomposed complex mixture of organic materials in

soil is known as Hums.

?.3 Soil Water:

Major component of the soil water and soil solution which

occupy soil pores. It is essential for all forms of life. It acts as a

32

solvent and nutrient, carrier from soil to the plant and maintain the

turgidity of the plant. It is a great regulation of physical, chemical

and biological activities in the soil.

The main source of soil water are precipitation and irrigation.

Soil water dissolving any soluble constituents forms soil solution

which acts as medium for supply of soil nutrients of plants.

f.4 Soil air

Soil air, or the gaseous phase, in the most important component

of soil. It is a source of oxygen for plants roots and aerobic micro­

organism. Air in available in three conditions :

a. Free-that which occupies the bores free from water.

b. Absorbed - Concentrated on the surface of soil profiles.

c. Dissolved - that which in dissolved in water.

8 PROPERTIES OF SOIL:

Soil has its own set of properties according to its component

parts. Soils are composed of solids, liquids and gases in various

properties.

a. Physical properties

b. Chemical properties

8.1 Physical properties of soil

The nature of both soil texture and structure influences the

amount and distribution of pore space in a soil texture, structure.

33

depth, porosity, consistency. Colour, moisture, temperature density

and shrinkage and expansion are all important physical properties of

soils

8.1.1 Soil Depth

Soil depth refers to the depth of the solum which comprises

of the thickness of the surface soil and sub soil horizons of any

soil. Soil thickness is important to various soil formation. The

properties, which distinguish horizons from one another, influences

the suitability of the horizons for various uses. Surface soil in

generally most suitable for plant growth, it is justified that the deep

soil is more productive than the shallow soil.

8.1.2 Depth Classes

Depth classes of any soil in fixed in definite figure in

consideration of the upper and lower limits of soil thickness.

The following points cluttine of the depths classes applicable

to all soils.

Depth classes are

a. Very shallow

b. Shallow

c. Moderately deep

d. Deep

c. Very deep.

34

9 TEXTURE OF THE SOILS

Depends upon the size and arrangement of soil particles. In some

soils, the particles are bigger and in some smaller. Similarly in

certain soils, the arrangement of soil particles in more adhesive than

in others. On the arrangement of soil particles depends the pore

spaces in a soil and this determines the thoroughness of a soil. The

larger the size of the soil particles, greater would be the pore space

and would be the percolation of water through then sand in a good

example, which soaks water very quickly. But in sand or soil with

large particles, the water in readily evaporated as well. On the other

hand, soils with finer particles, with a closer texture, retain moisture

in them.

Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of all three mineral

fraction namely.

a. Sand

b. Silt

c. Clay

d. Loamy

a. SAND: Sand grains are rounded or irregular in shape. They

consist of sandy and loamy sand.

b. SILT: Silt are cluartzrains and varied in shape.

c. CLAY: they are plant, shaped grains they consist of sandy

clay, silty clay and clay.

35

d. LOAMY: Loamy (medium textural soils) consist of sandy loam,

loan, silt loam, silt.

10 SOIL STRUCTURE

Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into

larger units. Soil structure in an important physical characteristic

of any soil. The arrangement of particles of varying sizes are great

importance in determining the relationship that exists in soil water

soil air and plant. Soil structure controls and regulates the amount

of water and air present in the soil depending on the basis of its

moisture capacity, percolation, aeration, porosity heat transfer and

soil erosion.

Soil structure is classified into four categories.

10.1 Platy structure

10.2 Crumb or granular structure.

10.3 Block structure

10.4 Prismatic structure

10.1 Platy structure:

Platy structure is associated with fateral movement of water

in the soil. Planty structure in notrieable in the surface layers of

virgin soils.

10.2 Crumb or granular structure:

Crumb and granular structure are characteristic soil of surface

soils having high organic matter. These structural aggregates are

36

commonly inflounced by practical method of soil characteristic.

10.3Block Structure :

Block peds are usually equal in their vertical and horizontal

dimensions. In the structure aggregates have been reduced to sided

faced blocks. The design it generally so individualistic that the

identification is easy.

10.4Prismatic structure :

In prismatic structure peds, vertical dimension in greater than

the horizontal dimension. These types of structures are

characterised by vertically oriented aggregates or pillars which vary

in length with different soil. They usually occur in subsoil horizons

in arid semi arid regions

11 SOIL CONSTITENCY:

Constitency of soil in natural water contaent in to be specified

whether it refer to the undistursed state or to the remoulded state:

11.1 Soil consistency under wet condition

A. Stickness :

Strickness in a measure of the tendency of wet soil to adhere

to other objects. For field evaluation terms for degrees of stickness

are.

a. non sticky

b. slightly stickily, stickily and very stickily.

37

11.1 Plasticity :

Depending upon its tougliness soil in termed slightly plastic,

medium plastic or highly plastic,

11.2 Soil condition under most condition

11.3 Firmness :

Under pressure most tends to deforms and then to break into

smaller aggregates which again cohere when pressed together.

To evaluate this consistency under field condition of moisture

content the termed used are

a. loose, very friable, firm

3. Soil consistency under dry condition

11.4 Hardness

The consistency in dry soil in characterised by rigidly or

brittleness. To evaluate of dry soils the terms used are

a. loose,

b. soft

c. slightly hard

d. hard

e. very hard.

12 SOIL COLOUR

Colour in the most useful and important characteristic for soil

ossification. Although it has little direct influence on the

38

functioning of soil, but it helps to infer adequately about a soil. Soil

colour may also be inherited from its parent material soils colour

values depending on the organic matter content of the soils colour

may be brown, grey, black, red, blue, yellow and red brown etc.

13 SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING

Shrinkage and Swelling in volume of a soil depends upon the

change in moisture content. Fine textural soils especially clayers

soils have these properties. Cracks tend to be more clay soils due

to shrinkage on drying.

14 Soil Moisture

Moisture content in soil plays a significant role in soil plant

relationship. Plants receive moisture mostly from the soil held by

it. Ram is the only source of water, that it gets, through percolation.

15 Chemical properties of Soil:

Soil chemical properties include those that have developed

through the chemical activities within the soil mass. Soil chemical

properties depend on soil chemical constituents. Soil nutrients.

Composition and behaviour of clay fractions, soil reactions, soil

pH, bases exchange soil solutions, humus, etc.

15.1 Soil reactions:

Soil reaction is a very important property in soil solution the

reaction of a soil solution represents that degree of acidity,

vantrality and basicity caused by relative concentration of hydrogen

(H+) or hydroxyl (oH-) lens present in it. Excess of hydrogen ions

39

over hydroxy ions in a soil solution refers to alkalinity. An equal

concentrations a hydrogen and hydroxyl ins in a soil solutions refers

to neutrality.

The chemical properties of soils are determined by the colloids

portions of soils chemical properties of soils include

15.1 Acidic Soil

15.2 Soil Reaction (pH)

15.3 Cation exchanges and buffering action

15.2 Acidic Soil

Soils became acidic in high rainfall areas by reaching

considerable proteins of the exchangable cations in acidic soils.

Soils are various forms of hydrated aluminium and some lesser

amount of H'^ions. Although some acidic soils develop from acidic

parents materials.

15.3 Cations exchanges and Buffering action

Cation exchange in plant growth is altered by modification of

many chemical properties. Such as soil acidity, availability of

nutrients and toxicites. These concern involve cation exchange, soil

acidification and nutrient balance.

16 Biological Properties of soil:

a) Nutrient Availability

The nutrient regime of soil in tried with the dynamics of the

soil solutions. Plants and micro-organising alter the soil solution,

40

drawing from it from the solutions by plants and micro-organisms

are constantly being replaced by new ones.

17. SOIL DESTRUCTION, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS:

The fertility of the soil depends upon origin, elements present

in it, its texture and structure. All these factors go to make a soil

tillable and useful for agriculture. But of all these, the organise

and inorganic elements are the most important, because on them

depends the food for the plants. These elements are not fixed nor

in others. Besides, these elements are consumed and exhausted by

crop farming. Each crop, after it has been grown leaves the soil

poorer and deficient. In case crops are grown constantly and

repeatedly, the soil properties will be depleted and it will become

useless for agricultural purpose. Soils are destroyed due to the

following reasons

17.1 The Moving ice or glaciers.

After carry away top soil leaving behind a back rock surface.

Large expanses in fiuland and seandinav have been rendered

infertile in this way. The glaciers may deposits over the top soil.

The heterogenous rock material brought by them and three by render

it useless for agriculture. Such regions of stony drift can be used

as pasture land.

17.2 Sheet Erosion

Sheet erosion in the most dangerous form of damage done to

the soil it escape as sheets and sheets of top soil are washed away

by water.

41

17.3 Erosion by water:

Water erosion of soil starts when raindrops strike bare soil peds

and clods, causing the finer particles to move with the following

water as suspended sediments. Each subsequent rain erodes

additional amounts of soil until erosion has transformed the area

in barren soil

Causes of water Erosinon of soil:

This is of three types and is known as gully Erosion. Kill

Erosion and sheet Erosion. Rapidly flowing water in able to cut

gullies and it happens mostly an step bare slopes. Kill Erosion is

not so apparent but silt soils suffer most in this way during heavy

down pours. The heavy rain falling in torrents carries out numerous

depressions in the soils and the whole land becomes untillable. But

the damage done by rill erosion can be done by cultivation.

Water erosion control techniques:

Soil erosion in lessened by reducing either soil detachment or

soil sediment transport or both.

17.3The wind Damages

The soil in arid and semi-arid regions. The top layer of the soil

in blown off by strong winds but the wind action depends upon the

configurations of land and the vegetation cover. The texture and

structure of the soils also determine the extent of wind erosion.

Erosion of soil by wind can be controlled by building fences and by

planting trees and shrubs.

42

Causes wind erosien is accelerated when soil in dry, weakly

aggrigated, bare and smuooth and the winds are strong, winds

seregates dry humans, clay, silt and sands. The least dense being

carred the farthest.

wind erosin is most serve in areas of arid and semiarid crimate.

which comprise on third of the land surface of the world, excluding

polar desers.

Causes of Wind Erosion of soil

Wind erosion is mot sever in areas of arid and semiarid demote,

which comprise one third of the land surface of the world excluding

polar deserts. Wind erosion in accelerated when soil is dry, locakly

aggregated, bare smooth and the winds are strong. Winds segregate

dry humus, clay, silt and sands the least dense being carried the

farthest.

Control technique

Some factors that influence wind erosion cannot be controlled

by the land manager. The soil erodibility index can be altered by

changes in soil humus levels and tillage practices. The wind effects

on climate can be altered by using wind breaks or irrigation, to wet

soil. Soil surface roughness, field length, and vegetative cover can

be controlled by the land manager.

17.4 Soil Erosion and sediment control caused

Soil erosion in the removal of soil by water and/or wind. Erosion

in slight from soil well covered by dense grasses or forests bat is

enormous from steep poorly covered. Soils which are exposed to

43

heavy rain full or strong winds. Well aggregated soils resist erosion

pulverized silts and very fine sand are the most easily corded.

Solution

The methods used the reduce "detachment" process.

The methods used to reduce soil "transport" process.

The factors affecting soil erosion by wind.

The various ways to control soil erosion by wind.

17.5 Soil and Environmental Pollution:

Soils are nature's dispose all, its sewage treatment plant, its

water purifies, and at times, also a pollutant. Soils are as valuable

as cleaners of the earth's environments as they are as nurtures of

its plant life the soil is a [physical filter (sieving action) a chemical

filter (adsorption and precipitation) and a biological filter

(decomposition organic materials) as the receptacle for all things

buried and disposed of beneath and as the surface.

Although the soil is the most universal and extensive substance that

cleans waters and recycles, it is not infinite in capacity. Already high land

costs near most large cities have increased the expense of waste disposal.

Not only are soils limited to the present amounts but they also can be made

unusable. Many toxins added to soils can build up to concentrations that

became serious threats to plant and animal health. Some toxic substance

became residual in the soils; perhaps centuries will pass before they will

be removed. Even harmful organic substances that will decompose

eventually to non harmful recycled elements of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

phosphorous, nitrogen and sulfur are dangerous until decompositions is

complete.

CHA?T£R-3

44

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

The exponential growth of the production of all types of

literature in the last few decades has caused liberarians and

bibliographers to look for quantitative and statistical methods

to keep track of the flood of information.

Bibliometerics have been extended today to cover not only

behaviour and properties (or characteristic) of documents but

also of users in the library, use patterns, uses needs, and so

on.

A. Collections Characteristics

The variable or representations used for the study can be

defined in terms of :

a. Form : monographs, journals, reports or patents are

included.

b. Type : articles, letters, news, digest, news items are

included.

c. Subject : specific subjects.

B. Source Detail

A bibliometric study can be short or detailed one depending

45

on the source used for collecting the data. It in possible to

distinguish at least four level of increasing detail.

a. The collection of document representations or references/

citations studied in used with only the data that are

available in it.

b. Information inherent in the colletion eg. subject

classification.

c. Information available by examining the corresponding

document is added.

1. PURPOSE

Due to the rapid growth of knowledge, a librarian faces

problems in acquisition, collection, selection and organization

of relevant documents with in the limited financial resources.

1. Selection of core documents.

2. For the preparation of the bibliographies.

3. Providing CAS and SDI services.

4. Weeding cent less used documents.

5. Providing abstracting and including services.

6. To study the use of literature from different countries.

46

7. To prepare ranking list of periodicals.

8. To study the rate of collaborative research.

9. To determine the inter dependence and time age of subject.

10. To regulate inflow of information and its communications.

2. Objectives of the Study:

This study aims at identifying and described some of the

characteristics of soil science literature, used by the researchers

over a period of two years from 1996-97 with a view to identify

the place , time, subject are and country of origin, from where

the documents are being published. The present study will help

the librarians in the selection of literature in the field of social

science.

Most precisely the objectives of the studies are:

a. Forms of documents: - To find out most used from

of source material i.e. periodicals articles, research

report, conference proceeding, bulletins etc.

b. Geographical study: To know the most productive

year/years/ the literature published on the subject.

c. Language wise distribution of items: To know the

dominating language in which most of the subject has

been produced.

41

d. Ranking of periodicals: To know the core periodicals

containing the most of the literature on soil science.

e. Ranking of authors: To know the eminent

personalities in the field of soil science.

f. Subject dispersions: - To show the interdisciplinary

character of the under study.

g. Application of bibliometric laws: - Application of

bibliometric laws of collected data to enable us to

focus on the recent trends in soil science.

48

3. METHODOLOGY OF BIBLIOMETRICS

L.Egghe proposed the methodology of Bibliometric through the following diagrarne"

RAW DATA

V

STRUCTURE

V

ANALYSING INTERPRETATION OF DATA

\ /

CONCLUSIONS

49

3.1 SOURCE OF DATA:

Biological abstract is found most comprehensive and

appropriate source literature in the field of applied biology. The r

informative abstract given there is the best and most used

source of information. For the purpose of this study primary

sources can be taken into consideration but because of the list

of such source journals has been growing rapidly and the

method of counting is therefore, becomes impracticable.

Because of this and other reasons like geographic and linguistic

bias, it was thought better to collect data from a secondary

source like biological abstract for this purpose. Two latest

available volumes of biological abstract (i.e. 1996-97) were

chosen as the source document.

3.2 PREPARATION OF ENTRIES:

By the help of biological abstract data was collected as

catalogue cards (5x3). Each reference consisted of information

about author (up to 2) subject, periodical, year, language, and

form of the document and place of origin.

3.3 ANALYSIS:

All 4634 references were arranged and re-arranged in order

to conduct the following type of studies.

50

3.4.1 RANKING OF PERIODICALS:

In the subject "soil science" the information is published

in many different forms such as...However, it is always better

to find out the most popular form, which produces most of the

literature on the subject, hence the study was conducted to find

out document form of information in soil sciences. This study

was primarily focussed on the core journals containing the

research literature on soil science. For conducting this study,

it is necessary to know the most productive periodicals in the

subject. This information is useful for librarian, the

procurement of most productive or cores journals in the subject.

This will help in more optimum utilization of library services.

3.4.2 GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY:

Certain countries are lead in research on various subjects.

It is therefore useful to know the country/countries producing

most of the research material on the subject 'Soil science'. The

entirely may help the . Applying acquisition in are library

the information may also help the researches in one way or the

other.

3.4.3 LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION:

By international in scope biological abstract, published

research material in different language. It is therefore.

51

important to know the most document language used in

scientific communication on the subject thought Bibliometric

we can find out the most document language in the field of

literature.

?.4.4 YEAR-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS.

This study is useful in knowing the currency of information on

the secondary source and also is knowing the most productive year

of the items ranked. Through this study, we know that how many

articles were published in which year. The information about the

period of origin of the items can be easily known by the bibliographic

information given in biological Abstract.

3.4.5 SUBJECT DISPERTION:

An every subject there is certain core journals that

published most of the literature. However, some times the

information on a given subject is published in some other

journals belonging to other subjects. It is therefore necessary

to consult not only the core journal. But also fringe journals,

so that comprehensive information on the subject may be

obtained .The study about the subject wise distribution will not

only identify the core journals containing relevant information.

52

3.4.6 RANKING OF AUTHORS:

This type of bibliometric analysis is conducted to know the

eminent personality of the subject. The data cards of different

authors/contributors in the field were separated, counted,

tabulated and ranked in the order of decreasing productivity.

This will show the name of authors with highest productivity.

This information will be useful for users as well as librarian.

4.4.7 FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION:

Documents on any subject are published in different form

like periodical articales, research report, letters, bulletin and

patent. It is interesting to know the most propular form of

document. For this purpose the information about the form of

document was collected and tabulated.

3.4.8 APPLICATION OF BIBLOMETRIC LAWS:

In the last Bibliometric laws such as Bradford law, ZipFs

law and Lotka's law were applied on the collected data to check

the validity of the laws.

CHA?TER'4

53

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND REPRESENTATION

For collecting the data, two volumes of ogical Abstract) for

the years 1996-97 were consulted and a total number of 4634

references were collected. Biological abstract of 1996 contained

2554 references that of 1997 contained 2054 references on the

subject soil science. Each entry consisted of information regarding

Author, title, place, publication, year and forms. The data collected

on 5x3 catalogue cards was analyzed under the following

headings:-

1. Authorship Pattern:

In every subject certain authors made identible impression by

way of their contribution. As these personalities from the each

time of the subject, it is a worth wide study to know the scientist

who have contribute most in the subjects.

For this purpose, three categories of authors were consideraed

single authors, Two Authors and multiple authors.

The above table shows the order of frequency of occurence.

From the analysis it follows that 564 items (11.78%) were

contributed by single author, 1354 itesm (24.21%) by two authors

and 2634 items (56.84) by more than two authros. It can ,

therefore, be inferred that the trend of research in the field of soil

science is joint efforts involved to complete a research project.

54

It may be due to the complexity of research and interdisciplinary

nature of Research topic. The top three eminent authors are

1. Rice James, R (13)

2. Shepard, M.A. (13)

3. Schanabel, R.R. (11)

The result of the survey with a limited sample of two years,

may not yield the name of major contributois but the present

ranking list may help in knowing the latest significant

contributors in soil science. Such authors may be given due place

in the bibliographical services of subject.

55

TABLE - 1

RANKING OF AUTHORS

S.NO.

0]

32

D3

34

05

[)6

[)7

38

39

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Rice, James R.

Shepherd, M.A.

Schnabel, R.A

Zalifuejad, M.

Zwieniecki, Maciej,A

Anderson,Arias.M

Kane,Peter. F

Dattilo, Benjamin,F

Ulaby, Fawwaz.T

Unger, Paul.W.

wall, Autti

Champion, L

Buckton, Sebaslian T

Barten, C

Hashim, Ghulam.M.

0 ' Sullivan, M.P

Fish, Melany C.

Foster, Frid.

Johnson. D.W

Mecloskey, Thomas.F

Lindbo, D.L

Gotway, Carol.A

Oduro, Apriyie.K

Qolebiousk, D.L

Vorobeva, L.A

Hadasm , Aviva

Schlunegger, Fritez

FREQUENCY

13

13

11

11

10

10

'8

8

9

9

7

7

7

7

7

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

5

56

S.NO.

28

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41 .

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Delvisa, A.

Stepanauskas, Ramunas

Al-Darby, A.M.

Oberthur, T.A.

Bell, Keulen, A.

Sukhija, B.S.

Nandagiri, Lakshman

Carrillo, Rivera, J.

Golebiowska, D.

Min, Weeizong

Jensen, L.S.

Jackson, David

Farrell, Richard-E

O'Sullivan, M.P.

Harrison, A.F.

Bird, Michael

Champions, I

Wang, X.J.

William, White

Usowicz, B.

Dekker, Louis, W

Dobrovol'Skii, G.V.

Khanna, P.K.

Aridsson, Johnan

Zhang, Renduo

Stark, John, M.

Singh, Karan

Reeva, Andrew, S.

FREQUENCY

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

57

S.NO.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63

64.

65

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Min, Weizong

Jones, Lucite, M.

Orlov, D.S.

Huffman, J.A.

Fratcllo, Bernardo

Foughl-Brouard

Frid, A.S.

Chapman, David, M.

Bucher, B.

Bol'sShakov, B.A.

Waguer Ridolle

Usowicz, Boguslaw

De Zoysa, D

Azooz, R.H.

Aide, Michael

Kumar, Ashok

Kuznetzova, I

Zummers, R.W

Zonn, S.V.

Zhang, XC

Zalibekov, Z.G.

Semendyayeva, N.V

Velichko, AA

Vornins, A.D.

Machack, V

Urva, J.

Gonet, S.S.

Poreb'ska, G.4

FREQUENCY

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

58

S.NO.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112.

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Jozefecwik gezoko

Domzal, H

Aghib, Fulvia, S.

Badalucco, L.

Canarcutto, Suranna

Borselli, L.

Ugaard, Bnne Falk

Tariq, Javid A

Ponette, Q

Qucing, VO, Din

Lookman, R.H.

Germann,P.F.

Butegwa, C.N.

Jensen, L.S.

Girandon, Jean

Hewitt, A.F.

English, Marshall

Yolkovehenko, Ye

Liu-J-Jc

Wesselink, L.G.

Thompson, James, A

Entekhabi, Dara

Njoku, Eni,G

Niclson, Donald, R

Tinhoff, March

Trettin, CC

Guo, Fengmao

Ecket, D.J.

FREQUENCY

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

59

S.NO.

113.

114.

115

116

117

118

119

120.

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Elless, MP

Mcgratts, D

Jin-X-G

Senwo-Z.N

Davenport, David W

Das, B.S.

Jorden, D.R.

01k, Q.L.

Brandi-Dohrn

Franzimeir, D.P.

Schaelzl, Randall

Scheidegger, Andre, M

Gastaldo, Robert A

Ohna, Isutomea

Pallaint, E

Jacinthe, PA

Knoll, A.H.

Rieck-Hinz. A

Pote, D.H.

Seta Akha, A

Panchepsky ya A

Pivetz, Bruee

Lockaby, B.G

Lapan, D.R,

Logsden, S.D.

Gupta, S.M

Mahal Marke, R

Komissarova, IF

FREQUENCY

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

60

S.NO.

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Karovanova, EL

Ellsworth, T.R.

Peterson, Soren, 0

Onken, BM

Tokunaga, Tetsu

Timhin, DJ

Logsdou, SD

KpomsbleKou, AK

Dai, Ko'H

Kozak, E

Sota, B.R.

Saula, E

Ma, Q.Y

Govindaraju, RS

Perfect, E

sharma, Pradeep, K

Harris, Mark, T

Knoepp, Jennifer

Essington, ME

Joyce, M.FE

O'.Reilly, SE

Stolpe, Neal, B

O'Dell, J

Yang, J.R.

Quigley, M.N.

Jacki, K.S.

Selah, A

Selim, H.M

Ajwa, H.A.

FREQUENCY

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

61

S.NO.

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Noboria, KK

Sarwar M

Prendergart, J

Lowell, K

Lentz, R.D.

Gressel, N

Graham, R.C.

Bianchi Potenza B

Hewitt, Alan

Mazur teofil

Kalenbara, Stanish

Cunha, Rodrigo

Casar De Arajo

Binkley, Dan

Ramos-guerreso

Hyvoven, Rietta

Abu-Sharar, T.M.

Hogberg, P

Witter, E

bishop, Kevin

Agren, Goran K,

Berg, Brjoru

Agren, Goran I

Weisbrod, Noam

Campbell, CA

Cade-menn

Bhatti, A.U

Hasan, Ghulam

Rytwo, G

FREQUENCY

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

62

S.NO.

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Amit, R

Celardin

Saner, M. Bar

Wanner, Hali, Y

Champion, Y

Desaules, Ander

Hussin, Amiruddin

Barther, B.E.

Chahi, A.R

Balabane, M

Augulo-Jaramillo

Ahmadi, A

Bruand, Ary

Balesdent

Rossi, Jean

Hou, J

Hang, S.B

Savin, I, Yu

Counteaux, Marie

Ryskov, Ya, G

Zolnikova, N.N.

Zavarina, A.G.

Singh, Balwant

Kozak, N.V.

Khan, FA

Agreen Gornal, L

Dou, Huating

Usowicz, Boguslan

Willker, Wolfgang

FREQUENCY

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

63

S.NO.

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

bidders, CL

Fryrear, Fu

Hoper,H

Hers, Thomas

Obai-ur-Rehman

Orlov, DS

Jonsson-Jon

Jamargue Marcel

Curtis, Cu, M

Malinda, D.K.

Muller, G.N.

Mehta, S.C.

Bedrokc, CN

Megechar, MR

Degens, BP

Domburg, P

Karley, SS

Shand, CA

Chan, KY

Gaunt, J.L

Whitbread-Abrutat

Thomson, Peter

Chapman, PJ

Johnson PA

Lumsdon, SP

Neak SP

Naseby, DC

Grant, RF

MCKenney, DJ

FREQUENCY

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

64

S.NO.

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

256

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

RANK NAME OF THE AUTHORS

Smith, RV

Franzluebers,AJ

Rochette-Roll

James, William F

Bantom, CM

Hargrave, Hill

Goetz, RV

Sanger, Lai

Wadman, WP

Lynch, JM

Reynolds B

Mgogi, RD

Porter JR

Dommergues, YR

Uri, NA

Lynchdy, Lai

KIwasaki, Hikrooki

Okai, Yussuji

Opravil, Mutas

Emaldi, L.

Edmistion, K.P.

Nagatsu-Akilo, P.

Nomura, Shuirchi

Norelsen. B.C.

Jafri, Hamids

Zhang Jiaangi

Zhang Quiing

FREQUENCY

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

60

50

40

Authorship Pattern

30 o o>

C 20 o o o

D L 10

Single Double More than Two

Authors

65

2. RANKING OF PERIODICALS

The main objectives of this study in the enable the

bibliography in arriving at a list of most productive journal in

the feild of soil science.

The number of papers published on a subject will give an

indication of the extent of active research, that is being done in

the subject.

Journals play a significant role in scientific communication.

Most of the infomration required of researcher and and scientist

are met by the peirodical articles only. However, not all periodical

contribute equally with regard to the article of interest of

scientists. As such it may be find that certain core journals

contribute most of the literature. The rising cost of journals and

also their proliferation always requires a review in the future

subscription policy of the library.

Therefore the total number of contributed periodicals were

counted from different volumes and the results are indicated in

table 2.

During the two years periodical from 1996-97. While the total

number of periodicals in this selected data were found to be 412

only. The most cited journals with a minimum 5 frequency of

occurrences of items were included in table 2. Covering almost

66

periodical reference 4070.Of the remaining 342 journals (9.94%).

The first 16 titles exclusively devoted to the subject of soil science

contributed periodicals refereces as shown in table 2,

The periodicals having their frequency of occurrence in the

range of 60 to 99 is 10. Those, in range of 30-59 is 6, in range

of 20-29 is 10, in range of 10-29 is 46, in range 5-9 is 70. It

is therefore obvious that most of the literature consisting (32.05%)

items appeared in 16 journals. The number of periodicals had been

increasing for finding out much less number of items i.e. for

9.54%. Articles a number of periodicals was 442. This is in

according with Bradford's law of scattering.

The periodical ranked first in soil science, accounts for

(10.12%) of total items. Second position Pochvovenedav and this

frequency is 369(7.96%) and the third position in ranking is for

the Eurasion Soil Science in ranking in for the communication

in soil science and plant analysis. The frequency of items is

journals is (4.31%).

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76

3. COUNTRY WISE DISTRIBUTION :

The articles as the subject soil science were published is

different journals published from different countries. The data was

organized in such a way. So as to reveal the distribution of articles

published from different countries. Table 2 shows the country wise

distributions of articles. This bibliometric analysis shows as to

where most of the literature on the subject soil science has been

published. This study may help the information managers in

deciding about the procurement of document from the most

productive countries and will help in budget allocations

Table 3 contains a list of 58 countries producing research

material on soil science. These countries have been ranked on the

basis, of frequency of occurrence of research articles. It was

observed that 42.72% literature was published from U.S.A. This

is followed by Russia and Australia who produce 16.18% and

5.93% and literature respectively. The contribution of India on the

subject is 1.68%. The situation is better than the countries like

Italy (1.23%), Brazil (1.20%) and Egypt (1.18%) but it is lesser

than some other countries like Japan (3.774%), Germany (3.50%)

Canada (2.68%), U.K. (2.13%) and others.

17

TABLE - 3 COUNTRY WIST DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

ri9. ACC.

Name of the Countries

USA

RUSSIA

AUSTRALIA

JAPAN

GERMANY

CANADA

UK

NETHERLAND

SPAIN

INDIA

ITALY

BRAZIL

EGYPT

DENMARK

FRANCE

POLAND

ISRAEL

BELGIUM

SWEDEN

ARGENTINA

TAIWAN

PORTUGAL

SLOVAKIA

NORWAY

PAKISTAN

FINLAND

SAUDI ARABIA

^ S D U T ^ , ^ R I C A

SWITZEIRLXND

J^-, J*-II

Frequency

1980

750

275

175

165

115

99

85

78

78

57

56

55

44

43

40

39

37

33

30

25

20

20

19

19

19

16

16

16

Pecentage

42.72

16.18

5.93

3.77

3.56

2.48

2.13

1.83

1.68

1.68

1.23

1.20

1.18

0.94

0.92

0.86

0.84

0.79

0.71

0.64

0.53

0.43

0.43

0.41

0.41

0.41

0.34

0.34

0.34 ^-k

78

S.No.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

Name of the Countries

VENEZUELA

SLOVENIA

SOUTH KOREA

BANGLADESH

IRAN

BELRUS

UKRAINE

ARGENTINA

KENYA

MORACCO

JORDAN

MALAYSIA

HUNGARY

KASAKISTAN

PHILIPPINES

TURKEMANTAN

UZEBEKISTAN

BULGARIA

GREECE

THAILAND

TURKEY

CZECH REPUBLIC

CHILE

TUNSIE

ICELAND

Frequency

16

15

14

10

10

10

10

9

9

8

8

8

8

7

7

7

7

6

5

5

4

4

4

4

2

Pecentage

0.34

0.32

0.30

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0,19

0.19

0.17

0.17

0.17

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.12

0.10

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.04

Country wise Distribution

USA Russia AustraKa Japan

Country Germany Others

19

4. SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION:

Although there are always source journals in every subject

that published maximum literature on the subject, yet some

relevant articles get scattered in some others journals exactly

belonging to a given subject. The phenomena in called scattering.

The citations published in the ulrich periodical directory (33rd ed.)

have been analysed on the basis of their subjects, as given i the

tabdle (3).

Subject wise distribution of citations as given in the table

shows that agricultre, occupied the first rank with 1272 citations,

(27.44%) of total second second postion is held by Agriculture-

crop roduction and soil, in which the frequency is 43.15% followed

by archaeology with 4.31%, sixth position is held by earth science-

geology in which the frequency is (2.15%), water resources with

(21.5%) earth science-oceonography with (2.13%). The other

disci;line in which one or less than one prcent of total item appar

are Metrology, Palentology, Biology and Biological Chemistry.

80

TABLE - 4

SUBJECT-WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12.

13.

14.

15.

Subject Area Frequency Occurence

Agriculture 1272

Agriculture Crop 2000 Production & Soil

Archaeology 221

Forest and 200 Forestry

Chemistry- 101 Analytical chemistry

Earth Science 100 Geology

Metrology 81

Paleontology 67

Biology- 53 Biological Chemistry

Geography 30

Biology- 33 Microbiology

Environmental 28 Studies

Earth Science-HY 26

Environmental 25 Studies Pollution

Geology 25

Frequency

27.449

43.159

4.769

4.315

2.179

2.157

1.747

1.445

1.143

0.647

0.712

0.604

0.561

0.539

0.604

Cummulative Frequency

608

7

75.377

79.692

81.871

84.028

90.089

91.539

92.677

92.03

92.742

93.346

93.907

94.446

95.05

81

S.No.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Subject Area Frequency Occurence

Biotechnology 18

Chemistry 15

Biology 14

Sceicne: 11 Comprehensive Work

Unknown 13

Frequency

0.388

0.323

0.302

0.237

0.280

Cummulative Frequency

95.388

95.711

96.013

96.25

96.53

Subject Wise Distribution

Agriculture Crop Production

&Soi!

Agriculture Archaeology

Subjects

82

5. YEAR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ARTICLES:

As mentioned earlier the volume of 1996-97 of Biological

Abstract were taken into consideration of the collection of data.

It was found that out of the total number 4634 articles the year

of publication varied from 1996 to 1997 in the two volumes,

counting was therefore were published in each year. It was found

that most of articles onthe subject were reported in the current

volumes of biological Abstract.

This is obvious from the table 2 that 1302 articles were

published in 1996 and were reported in the same volume of

biological Abstract. Similarly 1742 articles were reported to be

published in 1997 in the volume ^Biological Abstract ^ the same

year.

Table 2 shows the chronological scattering of all references.

An analysis of the references collected from Biological Abstract

1996-97 shows that most of the literatures (55.45%) published in

the year 1997. Other references 1995-96 shows the article

originated in 1995 was publishe din the 1996 volume in (16.22%)

followed by (4.33%) in the year 1997.

83

Table 5

Year Wise Distribution of Articles

S.No.

01.

02.

03

04

05

Period of Origin

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Total

Frequency of Occurrence of Items in Volume 1996

04

08

750

1302

2064

1997

01

07

20

800

1742

2570

Total Freq.

Occurrence

05

15

770

2102

1742

4634

Percentage Freq.

Occurrence

0.1078

0.3236

16.6163

45.3603

37.5917

Cumulative Freq.

0.1078

0.4314

17.047

62.408

99.999

60

Chronological Distribution

50

40

S 3 0 (0

c O 20

Q.

10

1996^ 45.36%

1995

16.6%

1995 1996

Year

1997

84

6. LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION

It is of great significance for research's to know the language

in which their most of the literature area in their specialization

is published. The analysis of the languages used to transmit the

subject literature is useful not only to understand the coverage

patterns, but also gives an indication of the foreign language

problem likely to be faced the users. This information is useful

for the librarians in the acquisition of periodicals and provision

of translation services to the user.

Table-4 gives the language wise distribution of items. The

language of the document is indicated with in parenthesis along

with its abstract as its integral part in the Biological abstract. It

may be seen from the table that all the 4634 items were published

in 22 different languages. However, English was found to be a

dominant language of scientific communication in the subject soil

science as 73.56% of literature on the subject is published in

English. The second, third, fourth and fifth position were occupied

by languages respectively. It, therefore shows that literature on soil

science English language plays a vital role in scientific

communication. This information will play a vital role for librarian

as well as researches.

TABLE

85

LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION

English

Russian

Japan

Germany

Italian

Canada

China

Polish

Denmark

Sweden

Spanish

Venezuela

Philippines

Taiwan

Slovenia

Belarus

Ukraine

Czech Republic

Lithuania

Hungarian

Frequency Occurence

3409

290

180

160

150

120

99

53

35

27

18

17

15

19

7

6

5

5

4

4

4634

Percentage

73.56

6.25

3.88

3.45

3.23

2.48

2.13

1.14

0.75

0.56

0.38

0.36

0.32

0.30

0.15

0.12

0.53

0.53

0.08

0.08

80 Language Wise Distribution

73.56% 70

60

50

40

30

B c 8 10 0 .

English Russian Japan

Language

86

6. FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION:

Current information is available in a variety of forms namely

periodicals, conference proceedins, research report, letters,

Bulletins, patents disgest etc. The main objective of the study is

to know the for, in which the current information on the subject

soil science is being published. The analysis of the form of the

subject helps information scientist and their users, to know the

most dominant forms of documents in which information is being

produced on the subject.

Table 7 gives form wise distribution of items. While

collecting the data from biological abstract, it was found that

information regarding the form of items is given along with each

reference within the parenthesis. The information, thus obtained,

has formed the basis of analysis. It was found that 4549

references out of total of 4634 items are in the form of periodicals

articles. This constitutes about 98.165% of the total. This is

followed by the other forms like research report (0,75%),

conference proceedings (0.53%) Bulletin (0.45%), Digest (0.45%),

Patent letters (0.21%).

This study also informs with the user and the information

scientists that research articles are vital media of communication

among the scientists belonging to the subject soil science. This

analysis may be useful for librarian to decide about the various

forms of documents procure in the library.

87

TABLE - 7

FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Rank

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Name of the Form

Article

Research Report

Conference Proceeding

Bulletin

Digest

Patent

Letter

Total

Frequency Occurrence

4549

35

25

21

1

1

1

4634

Frequency

98.16

0.75

0.53

0.45

0.04

0.02

0.02

Cumulative Frequency

98.165

98.92 •

99.459

99.912

9.952

99.973

99.994

Form Wise Distribution

98%

88

APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS

The next step after analysis and interpretation of data, to

apply the applicaiton of bibliometric laws by the result of analysis

of collected data. The main purpose is to check the validity of

these laws.

Bradford's Law of Scattering:

The Bradford's Law of Scattering says: "Thus if scientific

journals are arranged in the decending order of productivity of

artic^ in a subject, there will be a nucleus of periodicals

contributing more on the subject and several t groups or zones

containing the same number of articles as in the nucleus, when

the number of periodicals inthe nucleus and succeedings zones will

be l:n:n^". this is the law of distribution, or Brodford's law of

scattering".

This formula is l:n:n^ where 7 ' is number of periodicals

in the nucleus and '«' is a multiplier.

On the basis of this law I have divided periodicals into three

groups.

In first zone, 12 periodicalsaeues provided 1599y items, in

the second zone 40 journals provided 1571 items, 3rd zone 360

journals carried 1464 items. From this analysis it is clear that

the first 12 journals have covered 1/3 of the total items followed

89

by 40 journals that have covered 1/3 items and 360 journals which

have covered rest of 1/3 items. For this study, invstigator has taken

the Data from table 2, ranking periodicals. This analysis clearly

shows the phenomena of scattering of periodicals in differnt zones.

As the number of journals in the nucleus, first and second

zones is 12, 40 and 360 respectivley. The zones were thus form

arift geometric series, as given below:

12 : 40 : 360

Here, 40 = 12x5

360 = 12x5x5

Therefore substitute 5=n

we get 12: 12xn : 12 x n x n

i.e. 1: n : n^

Where 1 is number of journals in the nucleus and 'n' ' is a

multiplied, thus Brodford law is proved.

The number of journals in the nucleus can be obtained by

plotting f(r) as cumulative frequency and log n log of rank of

journal as shown in the graph. This graph is drawn with the help

of data analysed and computed in the table 8.

To elaborate the first zone i.e. the nucleus consisted of 12

journals producing 1599 items, added into seocnd zone the

90

cumulative number of journals inthe second zone in 52 with

cumulative 3170 items. Similarly the cumulative number of

journals in the third zone in 412 with 4634 cumulati\fc:number of

items.

The log value of 12 journlas in the first zone in 1.079.

The log value of 52 journals in the second zone is 1.716

The log value of 412 journals in the first zone is 2.614

91

Table 8

APPLICATION OF BRADFORD'S LAW

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

12

09

10

11

12

13

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20

21

Number of Journals

1.

3

3

4

4

4

6

6

8

8

40

40

60

80

80

80

Cumulative of Journals

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

12

I Zone

16

20

24

30

36

44

52

II Zone

92

132

192

252

333

412

III Zone

Number of Items

320

210

132

120

111

111

102

101

100

292

1599

361

319

248

246

123

147

127

1571

301

307

201

253

205

197

1467

Cumulative Items

369

618

789

928

1060

1170

1276

1381

1485

1599

1960

3279

2527

2773

2896

3045

3170

3471

3778

3979

4232

4437

4634

92

Taking log n on x axis and taking number of items in each

zone on 4 axis a graph was plotted as shown, the bibliograph thus

obtained is found to be, by and large, similar to Bradford's

bibliograph. As the graph designs as a rising curve API and

continus as a straight line. The rising part of the graph represents

the nucleus of highly productive journals. The points PI, P2 and

P3 on the bibliograph are the boundaries of three equiproductive

zone, in which almost the same number of articles as the nucleus

(represented by 0Y1=Y1Y2 = Y2Y3) derived from an increasingly

large number of journals (represented by 0X1 , XI, XX2 and X3).

The Bradford's Law is proved thus.

Y

5000

Bradford's Bibliograph

Cumulative Number of Journals

93

ZIPF'S LAW

This law was put forth by George K. Zipfs. This law states

that in a long textual matter if word's are ranked on the basis of

their frequency of occurrence in decreasing order the frequency

of occurrence, f(r) of a word is inversely proportional to its rank.

To apply this law, words were collected from the title and

ranked according to their frequency of occurrence is decreasing

order. Only these words occuring upto 42 times are listed in table

9.

On application of this, it was found that log of frequency

of occurrence of words when added to log of their rank, the result

are almost same for each words as:

e.g. Soil 785 times Ranks 1

log of frequency+log of rank.

log 785 + log 1

= 2.894.

e.g. clay-400 tiems rank 2.

log 400 + log 2

An averag of log c value, 2.9 was found. This finding varified

the zipfs law.

Table 9

94

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Rank

1.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Words

Soil

Clay

Sand

tillage

Earth

Erosion

Acidic

X<f«tlWM T

Mineral

Sturcture

Moisture

Silt

Climate

Plant

Humificatioin

Frequency

785

400

312

280

200

170

130

115

110

95

76

61

50

45

42

Log Constant

2.894

2.903

2.971

3.049

3.0

3.00

2.959

2.963

2.995

2.927

2.922

2.864

2.812

2.799

2.799

95

LOTKA'S LAW:

This law was put forth by Alfered J. Lotka's. The law states

that. The number of scientists who contribute n papers will be

1/n^ of those who contributed only one paper. During the present

analysis it was observed that 8540 authors have contributed 4634

items. Out of 8540 authors, only 272 authors have contirbuted

more than one paper and rest 8268 authors contributed only one

paper.

Lotka's law was applied to know the number of scientists

contributing 2 papers, 3 papers and 4 papers respectively, as given

below.

* I scientists contributing 2 papers-

As we know that the number of authors contributoin only

one paper in 8268.

Therefore, number of scientists contributing only 2 papers

may be collected by the formula.

No of scientists publishing n paper No of scientists publishing 1 paper

n'

= 8268x 1/22= 2067

The number of scientist publishing 2 papers is 564 as given

in table 1. This actual fgure of 564 is far less than the calculated

figure of 2067.

96

* 11 No. of Scientists contributiong 3 papers apply the formula = 1/n

8268x1/3^ = 918

During the analysis, it was found that only 39 authors have

contributed 3 papers each which is also far less than, 918.

* III No of scientists contributing 4 papers apply the formula

= l/n^

= 8268 X 1/42 = 516

The number of authors publishing 4 papers = 516

The analysis of the actual data shows that 40 authors have

contributed 4 papers which is again far less than calculated figure

is 516.

It may, therefore, be concluded that the trends of resarch now

a days have been changed as compared to the period when Lotka's

law was formulated. That is why on the basis of the analysis of

the present data it is difficult to testing the Lotka's law.

CHA?TEn-5

91

CHAFTEH - 5

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Bibliometrics is that branch of information theory that at­

tempts to analyse quantitatively the properties and behaviour of

recorded knowledge. Bibliometric based on statistical analysis can

be used for eliminating low-quality literature and to select a small

portion of significant reliable and relevant high quality publica­

tions.

The bibliometric 'laws' are emperically founded statistical

distributions. They are not innate natural laws but essentially

behvioural patterns of users and authors.

The knowledge of explosions phenomenon has led to the

scattering of literature in various documents. The scatter also

called disperses. The study was conducted to identify the distin­

guished characteristics of the literature of soil science. With the

help of well established method of bibliometrics, the conclusion

arrived at in this study and recorded below are based upon the

evidence collected from Biological Abstracts. The main objective

of this bibliometric study is as following.

* To find out the individual contribution of significant authors

and observe authorship pattern.

* To find out the form of the document used in the subject field

and their languages and countries of origin.

98

* Compile a ranked list of journals and authors.

* Observe chronological distribution and frequency of cited

journals.

* This is a method of showing, how rapidly material published

by a journal are picked up and used.

In this conclusion drawn is that the articles on the subject

soul science were published in different journals published from

different countries. The period of study is two years 96-97,

covering 4634 articles and more productive journals are (412).

From the country wise study, we find that USA, Russia,

Australia, Japan are more productive country in the literature of

"soil science".

Subject is meant as subject of thought content of articles

based on the classification of ulrich International periodical di­

rectory. Articles of each core journals are scattering among 16

subjects, and only 9 core journals of the concentrated, mainly

in the subject of Agriculture. 'Agriculture crop production and

soil". Archeology, forest and forestry. Language wise distribution

shows that (75.3%) most of literature in the field is published in

English language while about 18% literature published in other

languages. This study may help in the provision of translation

services.

99

Periodical publications play key role in research work because

they contain the latest information about current developments in

any field of knowledge. The study regarding form wise distribution

of items concludes that the most of the literatures on the subject

was published in form of articles. It is therefore important to

identify the core journals on the subject. The study shows that

out of a total (412) journals the three most productive periodicals

in the subject are:

* Soil Science, USA, 469 times.

* Pochvovedenic, Russia, 369 times

* Eurasian Soil Science^ussia, 201, times

With the increase in the collaborative research, there has been

an increase in the number of scientific papers having more than

one author, we found the most productive author in that subject.

This information was found to be useful for libraries and users

also. This study shows that 644 items were written by single

authors. The Three most productive authors are

1. Rice, James R. 13 (items)

2. Shephard, M.A. 13 (items)

3. Schnabel, R.R. 11 (items)

We can conclude that the users in the field of soil science

are heavily dependent upon the periodical literature, and the most

100

of the literature on the subject has emerged from USA Russia and

Japan. English is being the most dominant language in written

scientific communication. All these three studies based on Bib­

liographic laws.

The result of the study are of great value to the librarians

of soil science, collections, in planning and making policy decision

with special reference to collection development storage and

weeding less important journals.

Based on the analysis of the collected data were testified to

show that these laws are sttil valid today. However. Lotak's Law

could not verified as it seems to be out dated at least in so far

as the literature on 'soil science' is concerned.

101

1. Egghe, L- Methodological Aspects of Bibliometrics, library

science JEWKJ slant to documentation and information studies, sci­

ences, 25: 3: 1988, 179- 91.

2. Fairthorne, R. A- Empirical Hyperbolic Distribution (

Bradford's zift, Mendelbrot ) for bibliometric discription and

prediction, Jr. Doc, 25: 1969, 319- 343.

3. Lotka, A.S- frequency distribution of scentifie productivity,

S. Washington Acad. Sc. 16. 1926, 323.

4. O' Conner, and voos, H.- Empirical laws. Theory construction

and bibliometrics. Library trends, 30, 1981, 9-20.

5. Pritchard, A- Statistical Bibliogrphy on Bibliometrics. Jr of

D ^ . 25, 1969: 348-349.

6. Mohd. Tahir- Studies in librarian ship,vol II ( quantitative

studies in library science ). New Delhi: Anmol publication 1997

7. G. Deverajan,- Bibliometric Studies.

8. R.G. Prasher,, Library and Information Science, (Param­

eters and Perspectives)

9. Dr. N.K.De and DR.HK, Sarkar,. Soil Geography.

10. James W., Battens and J. Sullivan Gibson^ Introductory.

102

11. Hans Jenny^ Factores by Soil Formatin.

12. Look, G.W.^ Soils.

13. Joffe, Jacob, S-Soil Science.

14. G. Deverajan^ Bibliometric Studies.

15. R.G. Prasher, Library and Information Science, (Param­

eters and Perspectives^

16. Sengupta, LN- General Introduction to Bibliometrics.

17. Sengupta, I.N- Library and Information Management.

18. lASIIC Bulletin 30(4), 1985, p. 167-174.

20. David Nicholes and Maureen Ritchie- Literature and

Bibliometrics.

21. Bradford, S.c, Documentation- Public Affairs, Press

Washington, DC, 1950.

22. lASLIC Bulletin 39(4), 1994, 175-179.

23. lASLIC Bulletin 37(3), 1992, 177-182.

24. Guha, B- Documentation and Information, Calcutta: The

World press private limited. 1978, 279-291.