Ali Sadri, PhD Sr. Director Intel Corporation · 3G-4G 4G-5G. iCDG - Intel Communication and...

Ali Sadri, PhD

Sr. Director

Intel Corporation

iCDG - Intel Communication and Devices Group 2

Past and Future Capacity Improvement

Air Interface

Available Spectrum

Small Cell

Air Interface

Available Spectrum

Small Cell

Interference Mitigation, Full DuplexNew Waveform, MU-MIMOBeamforming, etc

Licensed, Unlicensed, SharedmmWave

DensificationRelayEdge CloudMesh BackhaulFronthaul

3G-4G

4G-5G


Search for Alternate Spectrum

10 20 30 40 50 70-80

NoMobile

AllocationIn Region

1 & 2

<1 GHz <4 GHz <4 GHz 7 GHz

Glo

ba

l MS

<3 GHz

Glo

ba

l MS

Glo

ba

l MS

Glo

ba

l MS

24

.25

25

.25

27

31

38

.6

42

.5

47

.2

50

.2

57

64

5+5 GHz

Glo

ba

l MS

60 GHz Band

Unlicensed

40 GHz Band

Licensed

LMDS Band

Licensed

24 GHz Band

Licensed

50 GHz Band

Licensed

70-80 GHz Bands

Minimal Licensed

3

CurrentIMT

bands

1


Reuse mmWave Knowledge

Legacy Bands

< 3.8 GHz

New Bands

< 6 GHz

Bands > 6

GHz (+mmWAVE)

Licensed Unlicensed Licensed Unlicensed

28

GHz

39

GHz

45

GHz

70-90

GHz

60

GHzLAA

6-24

GHzWiFi

Licensed Unlicensed

WiFi

* Categorized based on channel models and path loss

** Potentially the same technology elements could be used across a range of frequencies


mmWave Path-Loss Comparisons

2.3 GHz

28 GHz38 GHz

73 GHz

Oxygen

Absorbance

iCDG - Intel Communication and Devices Group

eNBAggregation

6

HetNet with mmWave Capable Small Cells (MCSC)

eNB eNB

MCSC

MCSCMCSC

MCSC

MCSC

MCSC

28 ,39 or 60 GHz


Network Densification Topology

Fiber Node

Distribution Node

Access Node


High Frequency Beam Forming


Challenges in mmWave Systems Design

•Higher Path Loss• To compensate with the high path loss higher gain antenna and/or

higher transmit power is required

• EIRP, TX power and RF exposure limit are regulated

•Massive MIMO is required for high gain antennas• Transmission becomes highly directional

• With Narrow beams, tracking of the UE becomes challenging

• Feed line loss• Diminishing return occurs as size of array increases

• Transmission loss increases as function of frequency


Challenges in RF & Antenna

• Feed line loss: (8-by-8) elements

Antenna spacing: λ

2=

𝑐/𝑓

2=

5𝑚𝑚

2= 2.5mm

60 GHz

Antenna spacing: λ

2=

𝑐/𝑓

2=

7.69𝑚𝑚

2

@ 28 GHz is 5.36mm and @ 39 GHz is 3.85mm

From 60 GHz to 28 GHz (or 38 GHz),

• The required area getting bigger then feed line getting longer (roughly double).

• Feed loss is also a function of frequency (higher loss at 60 GHz)

28 or 39 GHz


Modular RFEM Configurations

Antenna Side Shield Side

60GHz Operation

16 Elements

25.2 mm x 9.8 mm

64 elements 128 elements32 elements16 elements 128 elements


MAA POC Evolution

G3SIndoor

G3Indoor

G3MIndoor

G1Indoor

G2Indoor

• Discrete• MAA 128 (2x4)• Maple-M & R• EIRP ~ 43 dBm• 300 x 220 x 150

• Partial PCB• MAA 128 (1x8)• Maple-M & R• EIRP ~ 43 dBm• 160 x 140 x 110

• Stack up PCB• MAA 128 (1x8)• Maple-M & R• EIRP ~ 43 dBm• 160 x 140 x 110

• Stack up PCB• MAA 128 (2x4)• Maple-M & R• EIRP ~ 43 dBm• Reduce Side lobe

• Stack up PCB• MAA 128 (2x4)• Maple-M • MAA-RFEM• EIRP ~ 48 dBm• 160 x 140 x 110

G4Outdoor

• 190 x 170 x 140


Hardware Overview

• Indoor Design

• Easy access to ports

• Easy signal breakout for chamber tests

• Easy tabletop, tripod, post, ceiling installation

• Antenna Array

• 128 elements - 8x16 array - balanced feeds

• Tiled 8x RFEMs based on Intel WiGig product

• 1x Intel WiGig Baseband Modem Module

GEN3+ Evaluation Kit

13Intel Confidential


Link Budget Calculation

ITU Region N (1 Gbps threshold)

Assumptions• Noise figure + implementation loss: (10.5 + 3) dB• PER < 1%• AWGN channel (phase impairment considered)

Calculate SNR values and find supportable MCS in AWGN channels

LOS Backhaul Access

No rain 650 m 380 m

99.00% availability 600 m 360 m




Antenna Field Regions

D

Anant Gupta, UCSB

Under the direction of:

Professor Madhow of UCSB and Professor Amin of Standard

Oct 31, 2016


Goal: Sparse array of subarrays for directive & steerable beams with:

• Sparse placement of subarrays (4x4 element arrays).• Optimal phase shifts for beamsteering.

Attribute:• Larger aperture Directivity ↑ and BW ↓• Sparse arrays with same/fewer elements

Challenge: • Sub-Nyquist generates aliasing and grating lobes• Problem different from traditional 2D placement (subarray

elements are fixed)

Approach: Non uniform configurations perform better in all metrics• Optimal placement of sub-arrays and phase processing• Algorithmic/application-level resiliency to aliasing (e.g. for

imaging)

Sparse Array of Sub-Arrays

Sparse array

conventional array

Intel MAA-RFEM4x4 Module


Early Insights

Trade-offs in different architectures:

Metrics:

BW, Grating/side lobes, Directivity

Directivity saturates beyond certain aperture size

0 2 4 6 8 10

Subarray seperation (6)

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

GD

(d

B)

Directivity v/s Subarray Seperation

plus

Square

Benchmark

Sparse Non-uniform

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

3°

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

No

rmali

ze

d G

ain

Gfinal

Horizontal ?=0°

SEP2

MRA

Uniform

Benchmark


Major Metrics & Approach

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Elements

-9.2

-9

-8.8

-8.6

-8.4

MS

LL

Sequential Steering weight Optimization

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Cost functions• MSLL: Maximum Side lobe level(relative to main lobe)• Directivity Gain-• 2D Beamwidth: (3 dB beam)Max* (3 dB beam)Min

• ASLL (Average Side Lobe Level)

Sub-Array Placement: Greedy search• Sequentially search for subarray positions on all possible

locations of grid (dx=0.5λ, dy=0.6λ).

Steering weight optimization: Sequential Optimization • Scan for best steering weight across all elements to

reduce MSLL.


Tradeoffs in Performance

Observations and tradeoffs

Tradeoff between beamwidth and sidelobe level as aperture size increases.

Beamwidth ∝ (Aperture area)-1

crc + lin B

Configs

-20

-15

-10

-5

dB

MSLL(rel. to mainlobe)

crc + lin B

Configs

22

24

26

28

dBi

Directivity Gain GD

crc + lin B

Configs

-25

-20

-15

dB

ASLL(rel. to mainlobe)

crc + lin B

Configs

101

102

103

deg2

Beamwidth(deg2)

Naive Seq-phase-Optimized Ideal

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y - 6

un

its

Plus

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y - 6

un

its

Circle

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y - 6

un

its

Pseudo Linear

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y - 6

un

its

Benchmark


Early Results; trade-offs in beam steering

Observations and tradeoffs

Phase optimization to ↓ MSLL causes ↓ Directivity.

Tradeoff between Directivity gain & sidelobe level with phase optimization

Beamwidth ∝ (Aperture area)-1

0 20 40 60

Steering Angle(El.)

22

24

26

28

GD

(dB

i)

Plus

0 20 40 60

Steering Angle(El.)

22

24

26

28

GD

(dB

i)

Circle

Theory

Ideal

Rounding

Phase-opt

0 20 40 60

Steering Angle(El.)

23

24

25

26

27

28

GD

(dB

i)

Linear

0 20 40 60

Steering Angle(El.)

23

24

25

26

27

GD

(dB

i)

Benchmark

Directivity v/s steering

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y -

6 u

nit

s

Plus

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y -

6 u

nit

s

Circle

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y -

6 u

nit

s

Pseudo Linear

-10 0 10

x - 6 units

-10

-5

0

5

10

y -

6 u

nit

s

Benchmark


Beam width is roughly inverse of physical array aperture width

Beamwidth and Aperture


Conclusion

• Substantial effort has been focused in the industry on the 5G access technology to improve capacity, latency, throughput, scalability and quality of service;

• Access technology alone cannot significantly improve network capacity;

• An end-to-end 5G system need be augmented by flexible and high throughput backhaul and fronthaul;

• mmWave technology is a great candidate for both access and backhauling to increase network throughput and capacity, and lower interference;

• Sparse array architecture provides additional feature to optimize array performance

Ali Sadri, PhD Sr. Director Intel Corporation · 3G-4G 4G-5G. iCDG - Intel Communication and...

Documents

Transcript of Ali Sadri, PhD Sr. Director Intel Corporation · 3G-4G 4G-5G. iCDG - Intel Communication and...