Ali’s KhilafahAli’s Khilafah

The Difficult YearsThe Difficult Years

35-40 A.H.35-40 A.H.

• Uthman was killed Friday 18Uthman was killed Friday 18thth Zi Al- Zi Al-Hijah, 35 HHijah, 35 H

• Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a under the pressure of the rebelsunder the pressure of the rebels

• Madina is under rebel controlMadina is under rebel control

• Sahaba and Ali differ regarding Sahaba and Ali differ regarding priorities for the new Khalifah priorities for the new Khalifah

IraqIraq

MisrMisr

ShaamShaam

Rebels came from mostly 3 territirries

Madina is in turmoil and under control of rebels

Sahaba ask Ali to punish the murderers

Ali wanted to stabilize and restore order to the territories (Amsar)

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Uthman bin Hunayf

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Uthman bin Hunayf

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Ubaydullah bin Abbas to Yemen

Uthman bin Hunayf

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Abu MusaUthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Sahl bin Hunayf

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’away and Ali

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Talha and Al-Zubayr

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Army of Mecca

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Army of Mecca to Basra

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Ali moves to Al-Shaam

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Ali changes direction to catch up with Army of Mecca

Abu Musa

Kharabta

Uthman bin Hunayf

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Uthman bin Hunayf

Abu Musa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Uthman bin Hunayf

Abu Musa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.

Uthman bin Hunayf

Abu Musa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.

Abu Musa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.

Abu Musa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Ali moves to Kufa

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Ali moves to Basra

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Ali moves to Basra

Mecca Army

Ali’s Army

Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.

Ali’s Army

Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.

Ali controls most Islamic states exept Shaam. Jumada II 36 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Mu’aweya is asked by Na’yla* to retaliate for

Uthman*• Mu’aweya* refuses to follow Ali* before ALLALL

those participated in the revolution against Uthman are executed. Estimated ~2500 in all.

• Ali refuses to kill or surrender the rebels:– Not all rebels are involved in the murder plot (like

Ammar* bin Yaser*)– Just and fair trials have to take place– The Khalifah has to restore order first, then deliver

justice according to Islamic Shari’a

*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba

Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Amr* bin Al-A’as joins Mu’aweya*

• Abdullah* bin Abi As-Sarh joins Mu’aweya

• Shurahbil bin As-Samt (Hims) calls for Mu’aweya to become Khalifa. Since there has to be a Khalifa among Muslims on Muaweya’s side.

• Ali* sees in deviding the Muslim Ummah a worse Fitna than the murder of Uthman. Decides to move with his army to Al-Shaam to restore order and unity

*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba

Ali moves to Shaam and reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.120,000 fighters

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Mu’aweya reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.90,000 fighters

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Ali sends Mu’aweya messengers in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Skirmishes start in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Fighting halts for Muharam 37 A.H.Negotiations restart

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Battle of Seffeen starts Wednesday, 1st Safar 37 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Battle of Seffeen continues Thursday, 7th Safar 37 A.H.Ammar is killed

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Battle of Seffeen ends friday, 8th Safar 37 A.H.Quran on the spears.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

70,000 Muslim are killed25,000 from Ali’s army45,000 from Mu’aweya’s

Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Dumat Al-Jandal

Tahkeem

• Ali realizes the trick from Mu’aweya and Amr, but his army is sharply divided over the issue. Ali accepts against his own judgment.

• Abu Musa is to represent Ali, and Amr is to represent Mu’aweya

• Contract of Judgment written in Safar 37 A.H. Actual meeting is to take place in Ramadhan 37H in Dumat Al-Jandal

Tahkeem

• 12,000 of Ali’s army are angered by the Tahkeem. They leave the army to Harura’.

• This is the beginning of Al-Khawarej.

• Abdullah bin Abbas and Ali convince them to return to Ali’s side. (temporarily)

Tahkeem

• Amr and Abu Musa meet in Dumat Al-Jandal in Ramadhan 37 A.H. A group of Sahaba is present.

• Tahkeem events. (Common historical myths, not supported by good references or common sense)

Tahkeem

• Ali refuses to accept the ruling:– Still no agreement on a Khalifa.– Not based on Quran or Sunna.

• Ali’s speech in Kufa to resume fighting against Mu’aweya

• Khawarej leave Ali’s camp and ask for his Tawbah

Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej

• Ali prepared his army to invade Al-Shaam.

• Al-Basra army show lack of support. 3,200 fighters show up out of 60,000.

• Kufa army responds, but demands dealing with Khawarej first.

• Ali has 68,000 fighters.

Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej• Khawarej were strict and diligent worshipers with

misguided interpretation of religion.

• They lacked support of any Sahabi. (none in their camp, in contrast to Ali’s and Mu’aweya’s)

• Some hated the dominance of Quraysh over Khilafa

• Crimes of Khawarej: Abdulla bin Khabbab. Takfeer.

• Ali decides to deal with Khawarej first.

• Ali fights Khawarej and defeats them in Al-Nahrawan.

• Ali’s army waekens:– Many killed in Seffeen– Not enough support from Basra– Many Khawarej among their clans– Tired of consecutive battles– Confused by division and Fitna

• Events of Egypt: further weakness and division

Events of Egypt38-39 A.H.

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Kays bin Saad deos not want to fight in Kharabta

Kharabta

Kays bin Saad

Mu’awya

Muhammad bin Abu Bakr becomes Governor of Egypt

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Muhammad bin Abu Bakr fights in Kharabta and defeated.

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Al-Ashatar is murdered on his way to Egypt

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Mu’aweya sees an opportunity to capture rich Egypt

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Mu’aweya sends Amr to conquer Egypt

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed

Kharabta

Muhammadbin Abu Bakr

Mu’awya

Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed

Mu’awya

Mu’aweya is stronger. Sends armies to raid and capture more territories

Mu’awya

Busr bin Ata’a

Sufian bin Awf

Dhahak bin Kays

Mu’aweya controls most Muslim teritorries

Mu’awya

Assassination Plot Assassination Plot

• Khawarej meet to plot and revenge from Ali.

• Abdur-Rahaman bin Muljam and his co-conspirators.

• Ali is assassinated on Friday Ramadhan 15th, 40 A.H.; Dies Ramadhan 17th.

• Al-Hasan becomes the Fifth Khalifa. Then, six months later, he gives Bay’a to Muaweya to end Fitnah.

• Al-Fitnah Al-Kubra is over.