Algonquian Ethnobotany

7/23/2019 Algonquian Ethnobotany

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E CBOLUTAELD]HLO@O]ELQ Fdmakalec# Dma`cd# ) [paratuec Letavd ^celt Tsd

Rrattdl elm Accustretdm `y Gosdph Ceymdl


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Ecbolquael Dthlo`otely7 Fdmakalec# Dma`cd# ) [paratuec Letavd ^celt Tsd

5

]o

Yaktorae


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E KJLORCDMBDFDL][

Iordfost# A woucm cajd to ekjlowcdmbd fy `deutaiuc perdlts# Molecm elm Fery Go# eswdcc es fy dltard iefacy# dspdkaeccy Elle# Geko`# elm Khrastophdr# ior dlkourebalb fy

pessaols elm df`rekalb fy emvdlturous sparat: ior thd fely outalbs al thd wooms# wecjsal thd perjs# elm dlcabhtdlalb kolvdrsetaols wd sherdm: elm ior your uldlmalb support#buamelkd# ekkdptelkd# ulmdrstelmalb# elm pdrpdtuec covd7 A covd you ecc, ]hd cdssols elmwasmof oi so fely wolmdriuc tdekhdrs elm fdltors erd ecavd al thas helmòoj: fostrdkdltcy fy proidssors elm emvasors et Koccdbd oi thd Etceltak Lashelte Pegejerule#[kott [wel# Kocal Kepdrs# elm Elld Jozej `cdssdm fd wath thdar support#dlkourebdfdlt# elm kratakasf, [dvdrec tdxts wdrd alvecue`cd al ekkofpcashalb thasdlquary# al pertakucer Mevam Fodrfels Letavd Efdrakel Dthloòtely # IrelkdsMdlsfords How Almaels Tsd Racm ^celts ior Ioom# Fdmakald ) Kreits # elm Ecfe P,Hutkhdls Almael Hdrècoby oi Lorth Efdrake provamdm fukh weltdm jlowcdmbd elmwasmof, Cestcy# A woucm cajd to ekjlowcdmbd thd Bermdl Kcu` oi Efdrake ior ewermalbfd thd Wdccdr [uffdr [khocer al Fdmakalec @otely brelt,


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KOL]DL][

Altromuktaol =

@ecsef Iar ~ Eàds ècsefde 2@eld`drry ~ Ektede ru`re 55

Ketteac ~ ]yphe cetaiocae 5=

Kdmer ~ ]huge okkamdltecas 52

Meture ~ Meture strefolauf 00

Icy Eberak ~ Efelate fuskerae 09

Almael papd~ Folotrope ulaicore 08

Jallajallkj ~ Erktostephycos uve&ursa ;>

âlj Cemys scappdr ~ Kyprapdmauf ekeucd ;;Pesp`drry ~ Puùs amedus ver, strabosus ;9

[erseperacce ~ Erecae lumakeucus ;1

[uber Fepcd ~ Ekdr sekkheruf =0

Rhatd @arkh ~ @dtuce pepyraidre =9

Racm Pakd ~ Wazelae pecustras 40

Qerrow ~ Ekhaccde faccdiocauf 42

Qdccow @cud`dem cacy~ Kcaltolae òrdecas 9>

Catdreturd Katdm 90

Bcossery 99


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AL]POMTK]AOL

]hd Ecbolquael pdopcds rdspdktdm elm ulmdrstoom thd sablaiakelkd oi thd pcelts thdycavdm wath, Mdvdcopalb rdcetaolshaps wath thd pcelts# thd Ecbolquael ioulm sparatuec elm

physakec lourashfdlt al thd pcelts potdlt propdrtads, Al mrestak koltrest to thdalmustraecazetaol thet ioccowdm kocolazetaol# thd Ecbolquaels usd oi pcelts ulmdrcalds emddp kolldktaol to leturd thet as spdccdm out al thd ratuec elm fythocoby oi thd kucturd,]has helmòoj rdicdkts ol thd Ecbolquaels usd oi veraous dma`cd# fdmakalec# elmsparatuec pcelts elm iulba letavd to thdar koffulatads, ]hd pcelts al thas helmòoj hevd

`ddl koccdktdm# prdsdrvdm# usdm# elm sherdm koffuleccy al òth tremataolec elm fomdrlweys to iuccy dxpdradlkd# epprdkaetd# elm ulmdrstelm thdar brekd, @dyolm iulktaolalb es eiadcm buamd to thd icore oi destdrl Lorth Efdrake# thas helmòoj mavucbds tremataolecEcbolquael prdperetaols elm fythocoby to dcukametd thd ulaqud rdcetaolshap `dtwddl

pcelts elm pdopcd felaidst al thd kucturd oi thd Ecbolquael pdopcds,

Lorthdrl Ecbolquael Kefp7

http7//www,kavacazetaol,ke/kfk/dxhaàtaols/erkhdo/hlpk/afebds/lpvoc59`,gpb

]hd celmskepd oi Ecbak maecdkts dlkofpessds skords oi mastalkt traèc broups eccsheralb thd koffol thrdem oi celbuebd, ]hd Ecbolquael celbuebd iefacy kolsasts oi thdKrdd# Foltebleas# Lesjepa# Oga`we# Jakjepoo# Fdlofaldd# Fdsjweja# Faefa#


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ôtewetofa# [hewldd# E`leja# êssefequemmy# Fecdkatd# Fakfek# Fohdbel# Fulsdd#ôwhetel# Leltakojd# Tlefa# Refpeloeb# Erepeho# Bros Ydltrd# @cekjioot# elmKhdydlld tra`ds, ]hd Ecbolquael celbuebds massdfaletdm ekross lorthdestdrl LorthEfdrake# sprdemalb to thd lorthdrl pceals oi Keleme# thd Brdet Cejds# elm `dyolmthroubh thd vest ldtworj oi wetdrweys trevdrsalb Lorth Efdrake, ]hd mavdrsaty oi thd

tra`ds eccowdm ior fely veraelts oi kucturd elm tremataol# thd usd oi pcelts# elm celmfelebdfdlt tdkhlaquds shaitdm irof tra`d to tra`d mdpdlmalb ol kcafetd# dlvarolfdlt#elm bdldretaolec jlowcdmbd, Howdvdr# wamdsprdem altdrrdcetaols efolb tra`ds eccowdmior sheralb oi koffulec jlowcdmbd# rdvdecdm `y pereccdc orec tremataols,

http7//www,kobska,almaele,dmu/ierb/rdhcalb/letavdEf/calb,htfc

@y alstatutalb el dkocobakeccy syfàotak rdcetaolshap wath leturd# thd Ecbolquaelrdkaproketdm thd òulty oi leturd wath e kucturec pdrspdktavd thet prdsdrvdm elm rdvdrdmthd leturec worcm (@cekj# 518>!, ]omey# thd dremaketaol oi mavdrsd icore elm thd kucturds

pdrpdtuetalb lot olcy tremataolec jlowcdmbd elm prektakd oi pcelt usd ùt ecso celmfelebdfdlt rdprdsdlts e fegor coss (^relkd# 0>>2!, Almabdlous jlowcdmbd fealteals atsafportelkd to fomdrl sokadty `y afpcdfdltalb kofpcdx celm felebdfdlt systdfs(]urldr# 0>>1! elm maskovdralb fyraem caid&sevalb mrubs sukh es Mabatoxal# Pdsdrprald#elm Uualald (@eccakj elm Kox# 5119!, ]has helmòoj koccdkts thd Ecbolquaels hastoraktremataols# erkhavalb thdar ulaqud usd elm felebdfdlt oi veraous dma`cd# fdmakalec# elmsparatuec pcelts letavd to lorthdestdrl Lorth Efdrake, [okadty mdpdlms upol pcelts elmthd promukts krdetdm irof thdf, Dthloòtely alicudlkds fomdrl fdmakald# ebrakucturd#elm almustry `y provamalb tdls oi thouselms oi yders oi hufel o`sdrvetaol elmdxpdrafdltetaol to fomdrl probrdss, Rath thd repam maseppderelkd oi kucturds elm icore


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ekross thd bco`d# koccdktalb dthlo`otelakec elm dthlobrephakec mete as krukaec to thdaffaldlt khelbds al celm usd elm celm felebdfdlt thdorads to `d mdvdcopdm `y iuturdbdldretaols, ]hd pdrspdktavd oi almabdlous pdopcds wacc d alvecue`cd to afpcdfdltalbkoltaludm probrdss, ]hd outkofd oi thas stumy# el efecbefetaol oi cokec almabdlousjlowcdmbd elm fomdrl skadltaiak jlowcdmbd# wacc hdcp to pdrpdtuetd tremataolec

dkocobakec jlowcdmbd al fomdrl skadlkd elm almustry,


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@EC[EF I AP ~ Eàds ècsefde

Koffol lefds7 Keleme Iar# Efdrakel [acvdr Iar# Destdrl Iar# Khrastfes trdd,

[kadltaiak lefd7 Eàds ècsefde ~ âlekded (âld iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 ôo&pooje&wabu (êssefequommy!: Elalelmej (Khappdwe!:@opuj hewdj (^dlo`skot!

Heàtet7 Letavd to thd òrdec iordsts oi destdrl Lorth Efdrake# thd ècsef iar relbds esier wdst es thd Kelemael Pokjads elm es ier south es thd Eppecekhael Foulteals oi RdstYarbalae# okkupyalb thd iucc celmskepd oi whdrd Ecbak maecdkts wdrd spojdl,

]exolofy7 ]hd ècsef iar# e fdmauf&sazdm# shemd tocdrelt dvdrbrddl# rdekhds# olevdrebd# e hdabht oi 9> iddt es at spards upwerm kolakeccy# dlmalb al e lerrow krowl, ]hd

ècsef iar possdssds icet lddmcds (5 alkh colb! wath roulm pdtaocds: thd lddmcds ecso possdss two mastalktavd whatd strapds ol thdar ulmdrsamd, ]hd youlb# mddp purpcd kolds

brow drdkt elm feturd to 5&= alkhds `diord masaltdbretalb irof thd uppdr `relkhds oi thdtrdd (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, ]hd èrj as sfooth elm kovdrdm al rdsalous `castdrskoltealalb erofetak ocdordsals (Lddmhef# 0>55!,

êrts Tsdm7 Lddmcds# roots# alldr èrj# rdsal,

Tsds7 [tafucelt# dxpdktorelt# maurdtak,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 Ioulm browalb uàquatouscy efolb thd Ecbolquaeltra`ds# thd ècsef iar wes koffolcy usdm fdmakaleccy to eccdvaetd veraous eacfdlts,Bethdralb e helmiuc oi roots elm stddpalb thdf al e pot oi òacalb wetdr ior ;> to =4falutds femd e usdiuc ècsef mdkoktaol, E bdldrec retao ior pcelt perts to wetdr wes 575,

Olkd cujd&werf# thd mdkoktaol ektdm es el elecbdsak to rdcadvd peal irof rhdufetasf(Fodrfel# 5118!, El aliusaol oi thd ècsef lddmcds ektdm es el dfoccadlt elta&sdptak ior kcdelalb opdl sords# rdcadvalb alsdkt àtds elm stalbs# òacs# elm alidktaols (Yobdc# 512>!,Ford so# thd ôtewetofa eppcadm thd buf oi thd ècsef es e secvd to hdec falor e`resaols elm ùrls, ]o trdet safacer eacfdlts# thd Ecbolqual eppcadm e pouctakd femd oi

ècsef rdsal elm broulm lddmcds to opdl sords elm woulms, ]hdy ecso mrelj e rootmdkoktaol elm etd ècsef sep to trdet jamldy peal, ]hd Oga`we usdm e ècsef mdkoktaoles e maephordtak to almukd swdetalb elm es el dxpdktorelt to rdcadvd sordldss oi thd khdstmud to kocms (Fodrfel# 5118!, Khdwalb thd alldr èrj elm sep oi thd ècsef iar wes

prektakdm ulavdrseccy to eccdvaetd kocms elm koubhs# elm thd roots wdrd khdwdm to hdecsords oi thd fouth (Yobdc# 512>!, ]hd Khappdwe usdm thd buf oi thd ècsef iar es el

elecbdsak ior hdemekhds elm koubhs, Eppcadm to e hot stold# thd buf fdctdm elm atsiufds wdrd alhecdm to rdcadvd peal, [afacercy# thdy usdm e mdkoktaol oi thd roots toeccdvaetd rhdufetasf, ]hd Fakfek `rdwdm tde irof thd ècsefs ùms elm kolds toemfalastdr es e cexetavd (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hd Ecbolqual `rdwdm e safacer tde femd oi

ècsef twabs elm lddmcds es e sumetory to desd perturataol ior wofdl (@cekj# 5180!,Fordovdr# woomcelm Krdd usdm thd patkh oi thd ècsef es el eòrtaiekadlt to trdetfdlstruec arrdbuceraty (Fodrfel# 5118!,


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@dyolm ats fdmakalec usd# thd ècsef iar fealtealdm thd rocd oi pelekde# profotalb bdldrec wdcc `dalb# òth physakeccy elm sparatueccy# es wdcc es rdtealalbkdrdfolaec usd al thd swdet èth oi thd Oga`we (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hd ^dlo`skot usdm

òubhs oi thd ècsef iar to kolstrukt wabwefs7 olkd e kolakec irefd wes ùact# irdsh ècsef òubhs# taps mowlwerm# wdrd posataoldm ekross thd supports to dlkcosd thd

strukturd: ol thd kocmdst labhts# thdy drdktdm el altdraor calalb oi mddrsjal ior emmdmalsucetaol (^rals# 0>>2!,

Orec ]remataol7 ]hd Ecbolqual cdbdlm oi thd Brdet Khdloo tdccs thd story oi babeltak#wakjdm mdvacs who mdskdlm irof thd aky dxpelsds oi thd lorth, Ecso jlowl es Jdwehqu or Jdwoqu to thd êssefequommy# thdsd kellaècs wath hderts oi akd wdrd krdetdm whdlsfecc watkhds jaccdm thd brdet watkh# elm thus èlashdm thd brdet watkhs rdfeals e hdertfemd oi akd, Dvdl mdem# thd ieccdl Jdwehqu ioubht old elothdr, Rhdl thdy ioubht#thdar aky hderts brdw es cerbd es thd trdds# elm thd Jdwehqu uprootdm thd brdetdst trddswhakh thdy krossdm to èttdr dekh othdr wath# mdspdretdcy tryalb to kolqudr thd othdrshdert elm emm at to ats owl, ]hd watkhds# tdrraiyalb# peresatak trakjstdrs# wdrd brdetcyiderdm efolb thd êssefequommy, Al thd waltdr# old sukh cdbdlm bods# e kreity Khdloousdm thd rdsal oi Eàds ècsefde to emhdrd foss# twabs# bress# elm cdevds to masbuasd atshdert, ]hd folstrous akd krdeturd sldejdm ulmdtdktdm alto thd hofd oi e youlb iefacy#thdar khacm escddp al thd wabwef, ]hd wofel# whosd husèlm wes ewey hultalb#rdecazdm hdr mard satuetaol elm trdetdm thd watkh wath thd utfost hospatecaty to pdrsuemd atlot to det thd òy elm hdr ecavd, Rhdl hdr husèlm rdturldm hofd irof has hult# thdwaid afpcordm hdr husèlm to mo lothalb ùt ekkdpt thd Khdloo es el ulkcd# ior thd watkhwes fukh too powdriuc elm safpcy mdsardm thd covalb werfth oi thd iefacy, ]hd Khdloosteydm al thd wabwef ior thrdd meys elm labhts# thd dltard tafd thd iefacy stojdm thd iardalsamd, Et thd dlm oi thd thrdd meys elm labhts# thd Khdloos hdert hem fdctdm elm hd

`dkefd sakj elm wdej, ]hd iefacy idm thd Khdloo mddr fdet# elm# thd Khdloos strdlbthrdvavdm# thdy ecc cavdm al pdekd es iefacy ultac thd Khdloo pdrashdm irof thd werfth oi thd ioccowalb suffdr (Cdcelm# 5110!,

^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 Browalb up# fy iarst fdforads oi thd @ecsef Iar kefd muralbKhrastfes, Dekh yder fy iefacy elm A woucm mdkoretd our cavalb roof wath e Khrastfestrdd, Ford fdfore`cd thdl thd shalalb cabhts# stralbs oi dems# elm helm&femdorlefdlts thet emorldm our iefacys trdd wdrd thd ydercy traps to kut mowl elm koccdkt our

ècsef iar, [ofd yders# ùlmcdm al ceydrs oi wooc elm mowl# losds rullalb# wd woucmkrulkh throubh thd slow coojalb ior thd rerd elm `deutaiuc spdkafdl thet woucm brekd our hofd ior thd Khrastfes sdesol, Othdr yders# thd ear iobbdm wath our `rdeth# thd broulm

èrd# wd woucm treapsd throubh ekrds elm ekrds oi pdridktcy pceltdm rows# rdcashalb thdswddt# paldy erofe oi thd iars lot weltalb to cdevd, Fy sastdr elm A woucm `cathdcy pcey

hamd&elm&bo&sddj efolb thd iar trdds# rdemacy khdwalb ol thdar seppy twabs es ai thdywdrd pdppdrfalt kelmy kelds,

Browalb ocmdr# A tooj to thd wooms to hold fy wacmdrldss survavec sjaccs, Erfdmwath e sherp jlaid elm e òx oi fetkhds# A trofpdm throubh thd iordst coojalb ior e pcekdto kefp out, Koccdktalb thd cest oi thd sdesols resp`drrads to fulkh ol ovdrlabht# Akefd to thd dmbd oi e krddj, ]hd kcder wetdr wes kooc elm rdirdshalb# elm A sdt eòutkoccdktalb iardwoom elm fetdraec ior e shdctdr, A drdktdm e pocd irefd ior e cdel&to#


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bethdrdm lder`y vdbdtetaol to kovdr thd èrd sjdcdtol# elm stekjdm jalmcalb elm cobs `dldeth thd strukturd, Es thd sul sdt ovdr thd tops oi thd trdds elm maseppderdm `dhalm thdroccalb haccs# thd celm brdw merj# elm thd kocm# irabam labht sdt al, A krewcdm `dldeth fy

protdktavd cdel&to elm thrdw el erfiuc oi cobs olto thd iard ultac at `cezdm `dsamd fd, ]hdrooi alsucetdm wath idrls elm kcufps oi soac elm thd broulm alsucetdm wath òubhs oi

ècsef iar# fy fejdshait hofd femd e kozy eòmd, Fy `dm oi iar òubhs alsucetalb fdirof thd kocm derth# A mrdeft koltdlt es thd iard melkdm ats wacm# vaskdrec pettdrls ekrossfy rdstalb òlds,


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@ELD@DPPQ ~ Ektede ru`re

Koffol lefds7 Pdm @eld`drry# Pdm Kohosh# Hdr` Khrastophdr,

[kadltaiak lefd7 Ektede ru`re ~ Pelulkucekded (@uttdrkup Iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 Kohosh (Fessekhusdt!: Rakosamgaàj (Khappdwe!

REPLALB7 @eld`drry kolteals sdvdrd toxals, Mo LO] albdst thd iruat oi thas hdr`%]hdy kolteal herfiuc poasol elm fey keusd mdeth,

Heàtet7 El hdrèkdous pcelt ioulm okkesaoleccy elm `dcolbalb to thd @uttdrkup iefacy:rdm èld`drry brows `dsamd strdefs# ecolb rokj scopds# elm altdrspdrsdm efolbhermwoom elm faxdm&woom iordsts# prdidrralb faldrec&rakh# foast soac (@dlocadc# 512=!,Fealcy okkupyalb thd òrdec iordsts oi destdrl elm kdltrec Lorth Efdrake elm southdrlKeleme# thd pcelt dxtdlms es ier wdst es Ordbol elm Tteh (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

]exolofy7 El drdkt browalb pdrdllaec# rdm èld`drry fey rdekh upwerms oi 0&;it alhdabht (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, ]hd rhazofd supports e hearcdss stdf koltealalbectdrletdcy errelbdm cdevds, ]hd cerbd kofpoulm cdevds kolteal 0&; cdeicdts mavamdm altothrdd sdbfdlts thet erd co`dm elm sherp&toothdm, Al cetd Fey elm dercy Guld cerbd roulmkcustdrs oi sfecc whatd icowdrs rdstalb ol colb stecjs `cossof elm quakjcy mad oii, ]hdbcossy# rdm iruat rapdls al Gucy elm Eubust elm as poasolous to kolsufd ( LorthwdstdrlOlterao Iordst7 Koffol Hdr` [pdkads # 0>>>!,

êrts Tsdm7 Poot# `drry,

Tsds7 ôasol #eltaspesfomak# elecbdsak,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 E potdlt poasol# thd mdcdtdraous diidkt oi thd rdmkohoshs iruat wes wamdcy jlowl, Pdm èld`drry kolteals thd toxal relulkucal# ekhdfakec ebdlt koffolcy ioulm al fdf`drs oi thd @uttdrkup iefacy (Hacc# P, ) velHdylalbdl# 514;!, Rhdl dxposdm to thd toxal# el altdlsd urlalb sdlsetaol okkurs#ioccowdm `y talbcalb# rdmmdlalb oi thd sjal# elm# al sdvdrd kesds# `castdralb oi thd sjal(@dll# F, H, )Qdccelm# 5198!, Ttacazalb thd poasol es e sdkolmery ebdlt oi mdeth#Ecbolquael hultdrs koetdm thdar errows wath thd guakd oi thd `drry (Lddmhef# 0>55!,Rhdl altromukdm altreveskucercy# relulkucal cdems to karkucetory ieacurd elm kdrteal mdeth,

Ecthoubh kolsamdrdm e poasolous pcelt# lufdrous Ecbolquael tra`ds usdm rdmkohosh al e veradty oi fdmakalec prdperetaols, Fdmakaleccy# thd fost afportelt pert oi thd hdr` as thd root, Mdkoktaols oi thd hdr`# femd irof òacalb thd root al wetdr wdrd

usdm to trdet koubhs elm kocms# rhdufetasf# elm dfekaetaol# to puraiy thd `coom# elm esel elecbdsak, Fdl oi thd Oga`we etd falutd padkds oi thd root to kurd stofekh peals(Fodrfel# 5118!, Ford irdqudltcy# Ecbolquaels emfalastdrdm thd hdr` ioccowalbkhacmàrth, ]hd fdmakald ektdm thrdd&iocm7 stoppalb dxkdssavd cddmalb# desalb

postpertuf peal# elm alkrdesalb cektetaol, Rofdl mrelj e mdkoktaol oi rdm kohosh rootto desd hdevy fdlstruec `cddmalb es wdcc (Yobdc# 512>!, ]hd Khdydlld kdcd`retdm thd

pcelts diiakeky `y usalb thd root al kdrdfolads (Fodrfel# 5118!,


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Orec ]remataol7 Es thd dtyfocoby subbdsts# `eld`drry promukds e iruat thet kolteals e poasolous toxal kepe`cd oi mdeth, ]hd Ecbolquael pdopcds jldw `eld`drry es kohosh# etdrf thet kofds irof e Fessekhusdt worm# joshja # elm trelscetds# at as roubh,Orabaleccy# thas mdskraptaol amdltaiadm thd blercdm tdxturd oi thd `cekj kohosh ( Ektede rekdfose ! root: howdvdr# thd mdsabletaol dvdltueccy mdlotdm pcelts koltealalb safacer

fdmakalec propdrtads es thd orabalec7 a,d, `cud kohosh ( Keucophyccuf thecaktroamds!# rdmkohosh ( Ektede ru`re !# elm whatd kohosh ( Ektede pekhypome ! (Lddmhef# 0>55!,


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KE]]EAC ~ ]yphe cetaiocae

Koffol lefds7 @roemcdei Ketteac# @ucrush# Koffol Ketteac

[kadltaiak lefd7 ]yphe cetaiocae ~ ]yphekded (Ketteac iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 Bkabe ltj (ôtewetofa!: Ba gb (Oga`we!: Jdsesete uj (Fdlofaldd!

Heàtet7 Letavd to Lorth elm [outh Efdrake es wdcc es Eirake elm Duresae# thd ketteaceòulms throubhout destdrl Lorth Efdrake# elm cerbd broups oi thd pcelt oitdl kocolazdopdl sweths oi irdshwetdr fershds# polms# elm othdr swefpy erdes (@dlocadc# 512=!,

]exolofy7 E pdrdllaec rdekhalb = to 8 iddt al hdabht# ketteacs brow al tabht kcustdrs# thdar thakj rootstokj rdsamalb gust `dcow thd suriekd oi thd soac, ]hd cdevds oi thd pcelt erdcolb# scdlmdr# elm sworm cajd, Drdkt icowdralb stecjs staiicy rasd eòvd thd cdevds oi thd

pcelt elm erd toppdm wath mdlsd kcustdrs oi fecd icowdrs kovdrdm al ydccow poccdl: thdidfecd icowdrs iorf safacercy elm rdst affdmaetdcy `dcow (@dlocadc# 512=!, ]hd

brddlash icowdrs `coof irof Fey to Gucy# elm thd sddms erd walm maspdrsdm(Fattdcheusdr# 0>5>!,

êrts Tsdm7 Rhocd pcelt,

Tsds7 Dma`cd# fetdraec,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 ]hd Ecbolquael pdopcds koffolcy hervdstdm ketteacs ior usd es fdmakald# fetdraec# elm ioom, Bethdralb thd pcelt okkurrdm ecc yder colb# maiidrdltsdesols `dalb `dttdr ior kdrteal eppcaketaols oi thd pcelt, Al thd dercy spralb whdl ldwbrowth dfdrbdm# thd youlb shoots oi thd pcelt wdrd bethdrdm ior ioom, ]o bethdr youlbdma`cd ketteac shoots# safpcy bresp thd stecj es kcosd to thd root es possa`cd elm pucc: thd

stdf `rdejs ewey irof thd root wathout fukh dxpdlmaturd, ]hd @cekjioot# Oga`we# elmwoomcelm Krdd ecc coojdm to thd ketteac ior lourashfdlt, ]hd @cekjioot elm Oga`we etdthd root elm èsd oi thd stdf irdsh al thd spralb elm dercy suffdr, ]hd Oga`we ecso femdicour irof thd pcelts poccdl elm etd ketteac icowdrs# mradm or òacdm, ]hd Krdd prdperdmthd roots oi thd pcelt veraouscy7 thdy pddcdm thd root elm mradm thd alldr pert ovdr e iard tostord ior thd waltdr: thdy etd thd èsd oi thd stdfs elm thd youlb shoots irdsh al thdsuffdr: elm thdy òacdm or werfdm thd roots to det whdl thd ketteac wes al `coof(Fodrfel# 5118!,

@dyolm ats rocd es el dma`cd# thd ketteac oiidrdm ekkdssa`cd elm kolsastdltfdmakalec vecud, ]hd root oi thd pcelt wes usdm veraouscy efolb thd Ecbolquael

pdopcds, ]hd Ecbolqual krushdm thd roots oi thd pcelt elm eppcadm thd fettdr es e pouctakdto protdkt woulms elm prdvdlt alidktaols (@cekj# 518>!: thd ôtewetofa eppcadm e safacer pouctakd oi poulmdm root to eppcy to aliceffetaols ([fath# 51;;!, ]o efdcaoretde`mofalec krefps# thd Khdydlld femd el aliusaol oi mradm# krushdm ketteac root elm thdcdevds et thd èsd oi thd pcelts stecj, ]hd Mdcewerd usdm thd root to hdcp massocvd jamldystolds elm desd thdar pessalb# elm thd Oga`we femd e pouctakd irof thd alldr root to trdetsords elm òacs, ]hd Fecdkatd elm thd Fakfek utacazdm thd cdevds oi thd pcelt fdmakaleccy

`y pcekalb brdesdm ketteac cdevds ovdr sords (Fodrfel# 5118!# whdrdes thd Fdsjweja


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usdm thd iuzz oi thd ketteacs icowdr to pem sords es thdy hdecdm ([fath# 510;!, ]hdsukkdssiuc usd oi thd ketteac es e fdmakald rdcadm upol thd pcelts estralbdlt# dfoccadlt#elm mdtdrbdlt khdfakec propdrtads: howdvdr# thd ketteacs physakec propdrtads woucmiurthdr rdwerm thd Ecbolquael pdopcds,

Ford thel thd pcelts lutrataolec elm fdmakalec vecud# thd ketteac wes prazdm es etremalb koffomaty, ]hd ketteac provamdm two afportelt fetdraecs to thd Ecbolquael7strolb# streabht cdevds# elm soit# werf mowl# jlowl es "`dèfes l" to thd Oga`we#fdelalb# at icads eroulm, ]hd mowl&cajd sddms bethdrdm irof thd pcelt wdrd usdm

safacercy efolb thd tra`ds# praferacy es `dmmalb al thd iorf oi quacts# scddpalb èbs# elm paccows (Mdlsford# 512=: [fath# 510;: 5108: 51;0: 51;;!, ]hd Khappdwe elmôtewetofa pcekdm thdar ldwòrl alielts alto e kremcd oi thd soit mowl# elm thd

@cekjioot ieshaoldm maepdrs out oi thd ketjals ior thdar khacmrdl (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hdKhdydlld# Fdlofaldd# ôtewetofa# Khappdwe# Oga`we# elm Fdsjweja ecc utacazdm thd

cdevds oi thd ketteac to kolstrukt èsjdts# elm ecc ùt thd Khdydlld kolstruktdm fets,@esjdts wdrd e vecudm possdssaol elm e usdiuc tremalb atdf, Tlcajd fets femd oi rushds#

kolstruktalb e fet oi ketteac rdquardm sdwalb thd cdevds oi thd pcelt tobdthdr wath e ra` òld lddmcd elm ldttcd or èsswoom stralb: thdsd fets wdrd fucta&ceydrdm elm hulb ecolbthd alsamd wecc oi thd wabwef to wdethdrprooi thd combd elm protdkt ats okkupelts irofthd walm# slow# elm real (Fodrfel# 5118: Mdlsford# 512=: [fath# 510;: 5108: 51;0:51;;!, @y thetkhalb thd roois oi thdar combds wath thdsd fets# thd Fdlofaldd alsucetdmthdar waltdr wabwefs ebealst mreits elm fdctalb slow ([fath# 510;!, @dyolm thd usd oi thd cdevds elm sddms# thd Fdsjweja# ecolb wath thd Fdlofaldd# usdm thd ketteac root tokeucj thdar kelods `y wdmbalb thd root alto thd sdefs oi thd òet to ieshaol e wetdrtabht

kreit ([fath# 510;: 5108!, ]hd Khdydlld ecso usdm thd cdevds al thdar [ul Melkdkdrdfoly (Fodrfel# 5118!# elm thd Oga`we wdrd seam to hevd throwl thd sddms oi thd

pcelt et thd iekds oi thdar dldfads muralb wer to `calm thdf ([fath# 51;0!,


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KDMEP ~ ]huge okkamdltecas Koffol lefds7 ]rdd oi Caid# Lorthdrl Rhatd Kdmer# Destdrl Eròrvated

[kadltaiak lefd7 ]huge okkamdltecas ~ Kuprdssekded (Kyprdss iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 Bkabe ltj (ôtewetofa!: Ba gb (Oga`we!: Jdsesete uj (Fdlofaldd!:Jeljsjuza (^dlo`skot!

Heàtet7 Letavd to destdrl Lorth Efdrake# thd kdmer icourashds ecolb thd swefps# cejds#elm polms oi thd kooc# foast wooms `dtwddl Love [kotae elm thd Brdet Cejds# whacd

popucetaols dxast es ier south es thd foulteals oi Bdorbae (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

]exolofy7 E colb&cavalb dvdrbrddl# thd kdmer oitdl rdekhds e hdabht oi 5>> iddt elmfey cavd ior 8>> yders, [heccow broovds rul vdrtakeccy ecolb thd soit èrj oi thd kdmer#whakh as e rdmmash&`rowl kocor oitdl talbdm wath orelbd, ]hd short erofetak cdevds oi thd trdd iel out al icet spreys elm erd ievoratd waltdr iorebd ior mddr, [fecc drdkt kolds#wath sprdemalb skecds lo colbdr thel el alkh colb# feturd ellueccy, ]hd hdertwoom oi

thd kdmer as erofetak# mure`cd# elm wetdr rdsastelt ( Iordst ]rdds oi Feald # 0>>8!,êrts Tsdm7 Rhocd pcelt,

Tsds7 Elomyld# erofetak# fetdraec,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 Tàquatouscy# thd Ecbolquael pdopcds rdvdrdm thd kdmer trdd es almaspdlsa`cd, ]hd Oga`we kolsamdrdm thd sekroselkt trdd to `d old oi thd fostsekrdm elm holordm pcelts to `cdss thd derth (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hd fuctaieraous rocd oi thd trdd es ioom# fdmakald# fetdraec# elm sparatuec paccer sdkurdm thd kdmers prddfaldlkdal Ecbolquael kucturd, Es e fdmakald# thd Ecbolquael pdopcds praferacy utacazdm thdkdmers facm elecbdsak propdrtads elm erofetak oac to kurd fyraem accldssds,

]hd E`leja usdm thd kdmer es el elta&rhdufetak `y mryalb elm krushalb thd cdevdsoi thd pcelt alto e powmdr elm dxtdrleccy eppcyalb thd prdperetaol es e pouctakd toswdccalbs: thd tra`d ecso femd thd kdmers cdevds alto paccows to bdldretd vatecaty elmfealteal hdecth, [afacer to thd Ecbolqual# thd Ecbolqual prdperdm e peal&rdcadvalbfdmakald usalb thd kdmer trdd7 to rdcadvd rhdufetasf thd `relkhds oi thd trdd wdrdmdkoktdm elm thdl mrulj: cajdwasd# to rdcadvd toothekhds thd sefd mdkoktaol wes alhecdmes e stdef (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hd Ecbolqual prdperdm veraous fdmakalds thetalkorporetdm kdmer# alkcumalb e swdet èth oi cdevds elm òubhs usdm to `rdej idvdrs elmkurd kocms (@cekj# 518>!, Ford so# thas stdef èth wes prdperdm ior wofdl rdkupdretalbeitdr khacmàrth to ekkdcdretd thdar rdkovdry, Ecbolqual wofdl mrelj el aliusaol oi thd

pcelt to eccdvaetd fdlstruec pro`cdfs# elm e safacer aliusaol# femd socdcy irof thdkdmers kolds# wes bavdl to èàds who suiidrdm irof kocak, ]hd Ecbolqual ecso femd ekdmer pouctakd `y powmdralb thd rottdl woom oi thd trdd to eccdvaetd reshds elm sjalarratetaols, ]o thd lorth# thd Foltebleas utacazdm thd pcelt es e maephordtak# emfalastdralbel aliusaol oi `ruasdm kdmer twabs to promukd swdetalb ([pdkj# 5152!,

[outh oi thd E`leja# Foltebleas# elm Ecbolqual# thd kcosdcy rdcetdm Fecdkatd#^dlo`skot# elm Fakfek ecc dfpcoydm thd kdmers usdiuc fdmakald es wdcc, ]hd Fecdkatdelm Fakfek trdetdm ùrls wath thd alldr èrj oi thd kdmer trdd7 `y poulmalb thd alldr


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èrj oi thd trdd alto e fesh elm kofàlalb thd pcelt fettdr wath elafec brdesd# e ùrlmrdssalb wes o`tealdm, Es el elecbdsak# thd ^dlo`skot krdetdm e kofpoulm pouctakd outoi kdmer èrj to fatabetd thd hdecalb oi cekdretaols# elm thd Fakfek alhecdm thd stdef oi e kdmer aliusaol to kurd hdemekhds, @oth thd Fakfek elm Fecdkatd trdetdm tu`drkucosas `yemfalastdralb el aliusaol oi thd alldr èrj, ]hd Fakfek elm Fecdkatd ecso usdm thd buf

oi thd kdmer trdd to iacc kevatads elm rdcadvd tooth peal, Iurthdrford# thd two tra`dsutacazdm thd kdmer to trdet kocms elm koubhs7 thd Fakfek mdkoktdm thd alldr èrj# èrj#elm stdf to prokurd e hdecalb tde ior sord throets# elm thd Fecdkatd femd el aliusaol oi kdmers òubhs to mralj to efdcaoretd koubhs, ]o rdcadvd sord helms elm iddt# thd^dlo`skot elm Fakfek eppcadm e pouctakd oi kdmer cdevds to thd swoccdl or pealiuc òmy

pert, ]hd ^dlo`skot ecso usdm kdmer èrj es e pelekde ior trdetalb fyraem trou`cds([pdkj# 5152!,

]o thd wdst# thd Ecbolquael tra`ds alheàtalb thd tdrratory surroulmalb thd BrdetCejds thd Khappdwe# woomcelm Krdd# Oga`we# Fdlofaldd# ôtewetofa# elm Oga`we rdvdrdm thd sekrdm kdmer trdd ior# efolb othdr rdesols# ats fdmakalec diidkts, ]hd

Khappdwe mdvasdm e kofpoulm mrub alkcumalb kdmer kherkoec thet wes prakjdm ulmdr thdsjal oi thd tdfpcds wath lddmcds femd oi òld to rdcadvd sdvdrd hdemekhds, ]hd tra`demfalastdrdm elothdr kofpoulm mrub koltealalb thd cdevds oi thd trdd es e koubh syrup tordfdmy kocms elm koubhs (Mdlsford# 512=!, ]hd Khappdwe `rdwdm thd cdevds oi thdkdmer alto tde elm sdrvdm thd mralj es e hot `dvdrebd, ]hd tra`d ecso utacazdm thd irebreltcdevds oi thd trdd es e mdomorelt elm ùrldm thd erofetak twabs oi thd kdmer muralbrdcabaous kdrdfolads es alkdlsd: kdmer twabs wdrd ecso ùrldm to iufabetd thd combds oi iefacads eiicaktdm `y sfeccpox (Fodrfel# 5118!, ]hd Oga`we hdrecmdm thd kdmer es old oi thd two fost afportelt trdds al thd iordst, Muralb kdrdfolads# sekrdm ertaiekts elm

pertakapelts wdrd puraiadm wath thd sfojd oi kdmer cdevds, Et thd stert oi thd kdrdfoly#el dcmdr pcekdm mradm kdmer cdevds ol top oi e pcetd oi cavd koecs: thd dcmdr thdl ielldm thdweitalb sfojd ekross thd sekrdm o`gdkts elm thd pertakapelts# who bethdrdm thd alkdlsdwath thdar helms elm wevdm at ovdr thdar òmads, ]hd Oga`we ecso utacazdm thd elecbdsak

propdrtads oi thd trdd elm krdetdm el aliusaol oi ats cdevds to trdet hdemekhds, ]hd aliusaoloi cdevds wes usdm to puraiy thd `coom# trdet koubhs# elm mrulj ior dlgoyfdlt, Muralbswdets# kdmer cdevds wdrd oitdl emmdm to thd wetdr ecolb wath whatd pald ( âlus stroùs !#hdfcokj ( ]sube kelemdlsas !# elm ècsef iar ( Eàds ècsefde ! ([fath# 510;!, ]hdwoomcelm Krdd dfpcoydm e pelekde femd irof thd powmdrdm `relkhds oi thd kdmer ecolbwath veraous othdr hdr`s to trdet e host oi eacfdlts, ]hd tra`d iurthdr utacazdm thd trdds

`relkhds to fejd e mdkoktaol tejdl `y thosd wath pldufolae: elothdr mdkoktaol#utacazalb òth thd cdevds elm `relkhds oi thd trdd# wes emfalastdrdm to thosd suiidralbirof uralery trou`cds elm `cemmdr peal (Fodrfel# 5118!,

]hd Fdlofaldd usdm thd alldr èrj oi thd kdmer trdd to trdet masruptdmfdlstruetaol keusdm `y e kocm, Rhdl e wofel suiidrdm e kdssetaol oi fdlsds mud to ekocm# thd alldr èrj oi thd kdmer wes hervdstdm# mradm# elm sddpdm to fejd e tde thet wesmrelj to irdd thd fdlsds elm rdkoffdlkd fdlstruetaol, ]hd Fdlofaldd lot olcy usdmthd alldr èrj to sdesol fdmakalds# thdrd`y dlhelkalb thdar peceteàcaty# ùt thd tra`d ecsoeppcadm e kofpoulm pouctakd# whakh alkcumdm thd mradm# powmdrdm cdevds oi thd kdmer toswoccdl perts oi thd òmy, ]o ewejdl thosd who cost kolskaousldss# thd tra`d


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emfalastdrdm e sfumbd femd oi thd kdmer kherkoec to thd ulkolskaous almavamuec,Ttacazalb sdvdrec pcelts# alkcumalb whatd kdmer# thet kolteal maephordtak propdrtads# thdFdlofaldd krdetdm el aliusaol usdm al thd sumetory jlowl es "esepeja tka, @ykofàlalb thd cdevds oi thd ydw ( ]exus kelemdlsas !# hdfcokj# elm kdmer# thdFdlofaldd promukdm e potdlt aliusaol usdm to kurd rhdufetasf# luf`ldss# elm

perecysas, El almavamuec suiidralb thdsd eacfdlts dltdrdm e swdet combd koltealalb e potiaccdm wath thd eiordfdltaoldm hdr`s, Hot rokjs wdrd pcekdm alto thd pot to òac thd wetdr elm rdcdesd e fdmakalec stdef, Lejdm# thd acc pdrsol woucm okkupy thd swdet combd ultacthd dltard aliusaol wes mdcavdrdm ([fath# 510;!, ]hd ôtewetofa usdm kdmer es elemguvelt to afprovd thd testd oi àttdr fdmakalds elm alkcumdm thd trdd al e fdmakald usdmto stop hdforrhebds, El ekdràk fdmakald seam to testd cajd àcd# thd rdfdmy kolteals thdhdertwoom oi arolwoom ( Ostrye varbalaele !# thd root oi swddt iceb ( Ekorus kecefus !# thdroot èrj oi shalalb waccow ( [ecax cukame!# elm thd hdertwoom oi thd kdmer trdd, ]hd pceltfettdr as pcekdm al wetdr elm òacdm ultac heci thd wetdr dveporetds# thdl e spooliuc oi thd

àttdr rdfdmy as tejdl hourcy ultac thd `cddmalb stops, ]hd tra`d ecso dfpcoydm thd cdevdsoi thd pcelt al kofàletaol wath veraous roots elm cdevds oi fdmakalec hdr`s al maiidrdlt

pouctakds rdbucercy usdm to trdet accldssds, Cestcy# thd ôtewetofa krdetdm e sfumbd `ykherralb kdmer woom elm usdm thas sfumbd to purbd ely dvac sparats alhaàtalb thdrdkovdry oi el acc pdrsol irof thdf: thd kdmer sfumbd wes ecso dfpcoydm to puraiysekrdm atdfs ([fath# 51;;!,

@dyolm ats fdmakalec tremataol# thd kdmer trdd wes el dssdltaec kolstruktaolfetdraec, ]hd Khappdwe dfpcoydm thd strolb# rot&rdsastelt woom oi thd kdmer to iorf thdra`s oi thdar kelods# to irefd thdar toòbbels ior waltdr trevdc# elm to fejd spders ior iashalb sturbdol ol thd Brdet Cejds elm thdar surroulmalb tra uterads, Kdmer cdevds wdrdecso e prazdm pdriufd (Fodrfel# 5118!, E pcdesalb elm irebrelt alkdlsd# thd Oga`we

ùrldm kdmer to beal thd ievor oi thdar erkhdtypec hdro# Raleògo ([fath# 51;0!, Eutacaterael ùacmalb fetdraec# thd tra`d usdm thd cabht# streabht woom oi thd kdmer to ieshaolthd irefds oi thdar kelods# elm thd èrj oi thd trdd femd el dxkdccdlt wdevalb fetdraecusdm `y thd Oga`we elm thd Fdlofaldd to fejd èbs elm èsjdts (Fodrfel# 5118!, @y

pcekalb kdmer cdevds efolb ceydrs oi kcothds# thd Fdlofaldd wermdm oii foths ([fath#510;!, Dfpcoydm es e sourkd oi cabht# thd ôtewetofa roccdm thd èrj oi thd trdd altotorkhds whdl hultalb et labht, Al thd Lorthdest# thd Fakfek# Fecdkatd# elm Ecbolqual eccdfpcoydm thd strolb# streabht&brealdm woom to kolstrukt thdar kelods, ]hd cabht# wetdr&rdsastelt woom wes femd alto scets elm ra`s to iorf thd sjdcdtol oi thd kelod, ]hdFecdkatd usdm thd streabht&brealdm# elm thdrdiord desacy spcat woom# to fejd spcalts ior thdar èsjdts, @oth thd Fakfek elm thd Fecdkatd usdm kdmer woom to fejd hultalberrows# elm thd èrj wes usdm to tel hamds, ]hd Fakfek ecso dfpcoydm thd kdmer es esourkd oi iudc# usalb thd woom es jalmcalb to stert iards (Fodrfel# 5118!,

Orec ]remataol7 Rhet ioccows as el dpak fyth accufaletalb thd sparatuec feblatumd oi thdkdmer to thd Khappdwe: ]hd Cdbdlm oi Raleògo elm thd Kdmer ]rdd # es rdkormdm `yIrelkds Mdlsford ol thd Rhatd Derth Pdsdrvetaol al lorthdrl Falldsote7

Fely bdldretaols ebo eitdr Raleògo maseppderdm irof thd derth hd cavdm ol el ascelm towerm thd sulrasd, ]hd mardktaol oi thd sulsdt almaketds mdeth# ùt Raleògo wes stacc ecavd elm hd cavdm al thd dest towerm thd sulrasd, Hd koucm lot `d mdstroydm `dkeusd hd


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wes felamo# ldathdr koucm hd `d pdrfattdm to roef et wacc es hd hem mold# so hd wes pcekdm ol thas ascelm to stey thdrd es colb es thd derth dlmurds,

Et thet tafd thdrd wes e fel who hem olcy old meubhtdr elm shd madm, Hd idct thet hdkoucm lot cavd wathout hdr elm jdpt tdccalb has iradlms thet hd weltdm to bo to thd sparat celm elm bdt has meubhtdr, Hd wes tocm thet ai hd koucm ialm Raleògo hd woucm cderl thdwey to thd sparat celm# ior Raleògo wes thd olcy old who koucm tdcc haf, [o hd tecjdm at ovdr wath thd othdr Brelm Fdmakald fel# elm iavd oi thdf seam thdy woucm bo to thd sparat celm wath haf ai thdy koucm iarst ialm thd wey to Raleògo, ]hdy wdlt to thd brevds oi thdar iradlms elm keccdm to thdar sparats, Ialeccy thdy bot e rdspolsd, ]hdy esjdm# Kel wd

ialm Raleògo? Elm thd sparats oi thdar iradlms elswdrdm# Qds# ior hd as stacc ol thdderth, ]hdl thd sparats tocm thdf how to ialm haf, ]hdy wdlt ultac thdy kefd to thasascelm# ier al thd brdet cejd ([updraor!, ]hdrd thdy ioulm Raleògo, Hd wes too ocm totrevdc# elm ol has hdem wes e `deutaiuc kdmer trdd, Raleògo word thd kdmer trdd es elorlefdlt elm ats roots wdrd ecc eroulm haf, @dsamd haf wes e brdet roulm stold, Old oi thd fdl esjdm ai hd koucm cavd ecweys# es Raleògo wes moalb, Raleògo rdpcadm# Lo,Qou kel olcy cavd your eccottdm yders, ]hd olcy wey you kel `dkofd pdrpdtuec as `y`dkofalb e stold, ]hd fel seam# Qds, A wacc mo so, ]hdl thd fel `dkefd e stold elm rdfealdm wath Raleògo, ]hd othdrs weltdm to bo to thd sparat celm, Raleògo bevd dekhoi thdf e slejd kheal elm tocm thdf to `d surd lot to ultad thdsd kheals irof eroulm thdar weasts, Hd seam# Qou fust stey olcy iour meys elm iour labhts, Qou wacc lot sdd thd

sparats `y mey# ùt et labht thdy hevd e melkd al thd colb wabwef, Bo al quadtcy elm sat mowl, ]o thd iethdr hd seam# Qour meubhtdr as thdrd, Retkh ior hdr et thd melkd oi thd

sparats al thd colb wabwef, ^drheps shd wacc kofd elm you wacc sdd hdr, Kerry e èb wath you, ût hdr al thd èb elm hocm hdr tabht, ]has as thd olcy wey al whakh you kel bdt hdr,

]hd Brelm Fdmakald fdl mam es Raleògo tocm thdf to mo, ]hdrd wdrd olcy iavdrdfealalb# es old hem `ddl turldm alto e stold, ]hdy wdlt to thd celm oi thd sparats elm

set quadtcy# wetkhalb thd melkd oi thd sparats al thd colb wabwef, Ecc wdlt wdcc ultac thd sdkolm mey whdl old oi thd fdl weltdm to ultad has slejd kheal elm sdd whet woucm heppdl, Hd mam thas# elm al e fofdlt hd `dkefd e sparat elm has iradlms ldvdr sew hafebeal, ]hd rdfealalb iour fdl wdlt to thd melkd dvdry labht elm thd iethdr wetkhdm ior has meubhtdr, Ol thd iourth labht towerm forlalb hd sew hdr kofd alto thd wabwef, Hdr hdem wes kovdrdm `y hdr `celjdt ùt hd rdkoblazdm hdr# elm whdl shd kefd lder hd

brespdm hdr al has erfs, [hd strubbcdm# ùt `y thd hdcp oi has iradlms hd bot hdr alto thdèb, ]hdl thdy ecc rdturldm to Raleògo# elm hd tocm thdf how thdy koucm bdt hdr èkj tothd derth, Hd tocm thdf to stert ol thdar wey# elm whdl labht kefd thdy wdrd to tad thdèb al e seid pcekd# thdl rdtrekd thdar stdps es ier es e pdrsols voakd koucm `d hderm elm fejd thdar kefp, ]hdy wdrd tocm to mo thas dvdry labht ultac thdy rdekhdm hofd, ]hdy mam

es Raleògo hem alstruktdm thdf elm rdekhdm hofd seidcy, Raleògo hem tocm thdf tofejd e swdet combd elm thdy femd at, Hd ecso seam thdrd fust `d lo kryalb lor weacalb,

Alsamd thd swdet combd hd femd e `dm oi kdmer òubhs elm ol at hd ceam thd èb thet hdhem `roubht irof thd sparat celm, Hd mam dvdrythalb es Raleògo hem koffelmdm elm set mowl outsamd thd combd, Eitdr e whacd hd hderm has meubhtdr sey# Kofd elm cdt fd out,

Hd wdlt alto thd combd# ultadm thd èb# elm has meubhtdr kefd out, Hd brddtdm hdr# ùt thdrd wes lo outkry# es Raleògo hem koffelmdm, ]hdl has meubhtdr wes thd sefd es`diord shd wdlt to thd sparat celm, (Mdlsford# 512=!


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ME]TPE ~ Meture strefolauf

Koffol lefds7 ]horl Eppcd# Gafsol Rddm# Mdvacs Rddm# Elbdcs ]rufpdt#Foolicowdr

Ecbak lefd7 Rysokkel (Ecbolqual!

[kadltaiak lefd7 Meture strefolauf ~ [ocelekded (Labhtshemd iefacy!

REPLALB7 ]oxak poasol7 Keusds sdvdrd heccukaletaols elm fey cdem to mdeth%

Heàtet7 E wacmicowdr letavd to thd Efdrakes# Duropd# Esae# elm lorthdrl Eirake# Meturekoffolcy okkupads westdcelms elm roemsamds ekross Lorth Efdrake ([paldcce# 0>>5!,^rdidrralb wdcc&cat erdes elm sheccow soacs# Meture rerdcy okkupads mddpcy woomdm iordsts(Hutkhdls# 5115!,

]exolofy7 Irof thd sefd iefacy es felmrejd# hdlèld# elm `dccemolle# Meture `dcolbs to thd ecjecoam rakh Labhtshemd iefacy ([afpsol# 0>>5!, El elluec rdekhalb ; to= iddt al hdabht# Meture promukds ovetd# uldvdlcy koersd&toothdm cdevds (Hutkhdls#5115!, E mastalkt lerkotak omor pdrfdetds irof thd iocaebd oi Meture # ior whakh at `dbotthd lefd stalj wddm ([paldcce# 0>>5!, [albcd# cerbd trufpdt&shepdm icowdrs# relbalb alshemd irof whatd to vaocdt# `cossof irof Fey to [dptdf`dr, Fely sddms feturd alsamde herm# prakjcy kepsucd thet kolteals iour khef`drs (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

êrts Tsdm7 Rhocd pcelt,

Tsds7 Heccukalobdl# elomyld,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 E potdlt lerkotak heccukalobdl elm elomyld# thd dltardhdr` kolteals falm# elm òmy&ectdralb tropeld ecjecoams# pralkapeccy hyoskyefald#skopocefald# elm# to e cdssdr dxtdlt# etropald (Erfstrolb# 5118!, ]hd fost diiakekaous

perts oi thd hdr` erd thd roots elm sddms, E falm&ectdralb mosebd fey alkcumd es cattcd es; to 4 sddms, ]oxak elm iet socu`cd# skopocefald promukds thd heccukaletory stetd soubhteitdr al ratuec elm kdrdfolaec usd, Kolsamdrdm el eltakhocaldrbak# skopocefald `cokjsekdtyckhocald ektaol# opdlalb thd `rolkhaec pessebds elm stafucetalb thd altdstalds elm

`cemmdr# whacd fafakjalb sdrotolal# whakh rdbucetds sdlsory pdrkdptaol# scddp# òmytdfpdreturd# elm promukds psykhdmdcak vasaols ([paldcce# 0>>5!, Meture strefolauf asjlowl ior keusalb mdcaraous stetds elm poasolalb ulaliorfdm usdrs, Diidkts alkcumd7duphorae elm surrdec altdrektaols wath thd worcm# heccukaletaols elm coss oi thd sdlsd oi tafd# aleàcaty to iokus# leusde# etexae# ider# elxadty# pereloae# efldsae# afpeardmkoblatavd iulktaol# sdmetaol# stupor# elm mdcarauf ([afpsol# 0>>5!,

Almabdlous to ldercy thd dltard worcm# Meture hes e colb hastory oi usd `yhufels, El dldrbdtak lerkotak# thd powdriuc diidkts oi Meture strefolauf wdrd wdccjlowl to thd Letavd Efdrakels colb diord Duropdel koltekt ([paldcce# 0>>5!, Al thd

pest# stumads katdm Meture strefolauf es leturecazdm to thd Ldw Rorcm irof thd OcmRorcm: howdvdr# ldw rdsderkh subbdsts thet thd hdr` orabaletdm al thd Efdrakes elmfabretdm to thd Ocm Rorcm al prd&Kocofàel tafds (Erfstrolb# 5118!, Fordafporteltcy# Meture rdfeals e sekrdm hdr` to ldercy ecc Letavd Efdrakel pdopcds,


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]hd Cdlla Cdlepd# or Mdcewerd# utacazdm thd heccukaletory powdr oi Meture strefolauf to felaidst mavald alsparetaol , Fdmakald fdl ettealdm orekucer vasaols `ykolsufalb thd psykhoektavd dlthdobdl, ]hd dlsualb mdcarauf promukdm dxtreormaleryvasaols elm alsabhts thet iordtocm thd wdejldssds oi thdar dldfads elm rdvdecdm hammdltruths (@esjal# 5192!, Fely Kecaiorlael pdopcds utacazdm Meture safacercy# mraljalb

idrfdltdm aliusaols oi thd feshdm roots or sddms to etteal prophdtak mavaletaols, ]hd `rdw# jlowl es tocoekhd# wes ecso emfalastdrdm to thd youth oi thd tra`ds muralb ratuecmelkds alataetalb emocdskdlts alto felhoom, ]hd altoxaketdm youth woucm melkd al wacmkarkcds eroulm thd iard ultac thdy `dkefd ulkolskaous ([eiiorm# 510>!, Oitdl el elafec or caid atsdci woucm d watldssdm muralb thd dpasomd, Ai el elafec wdrd sddl# thd emocdskdltemoptdm thd krdeturd es fdmakald7 thd elafec# `dcadvdm to `d thd almavamuecs buermael#koucm ldvdr `d jaccdm `y thd almavamuec# cdss at sevd haf al e tafd oi lddm, Ai caid atsdci wdrd `dhdcm# e bhost woucm `dkofd thd protdktor oi thd emocdskdlt7 e mdsardm buermael ior old koucm ldvdr jacc e bhost ([khuctds ) Hoiifel# 5114!, ]hd usd oi Meture muralb

pu`drty alataetaol ratuecs wes koffol to Letavd Efdrakel tra`ds alheàtalb thd wdst eswdcc es thd dest koest oi Lorth Efdrake,

Fost lotoraouscy# thd Yarbalae Ecbolqual elm othdr Ecbolquael pdopcds usdm Meture strefolauf al el elkadlt kofalb&oi&ebd ratuec# thd husjelewalb kdrdfoly([eiiorm# 510>!, Tsdm es e kdrdfolaec heccukalobdl# e mdkoktaol oi Meture strefolauf roots# jlowl es wysokkel # catdreccy at as àttdr# wes afà`dm `y thd tra`ds youth upolbealalb varacaty ([khuctds ) Hoiifel# 5114: [afpsol# 0>>5!, ^driorfdm dvdry 5= to 59yders# thd cafalec kdrdfoly alataetdm profasalb emocdskdlts alto felhoom# prdperalbthdf to okkupy posataols oi cdemdrshap wathal thd tra`d, Olcy thd fost kepe`cd elmeuspakaous youth# ecrdemy hevalb provdl thdar prdstabd whacd hultalb or trevdccalb#

pertooj al thd kdrdfoly ([eiiorm# 510>!,

]hd alataetds wdrd sdqudstdrdm al spdkaec colbhousds or cettakd dlkcosurds ior es

colb es thrdd&to&iour folths et e tafd elm bavdl lothalb to det or mralj dxkdpt thdaltoxaketalb mdkoktaol oi Meture strefolauf roots, E kerdtejdr# eppoaltdm `y thdDcmdrs# wetkhdm thd òys# asocetdm al kebds femd oi youlb sepcalbs mddp al thd wooms([eiiorm# 510>!, ]hd kerdtejdr scowcy alkrdesdm thd potdlky oi thd mdkoktaol oi roots#mravalb thd emocdskdlts alto e suspdlmdm pdraom oi psykhosas elm mdcarauf ior 58 to 0>meys (Mevas# 5184!, @y thas tafd thd emocdskdlts wdrd sterj revalb fem irof stervalbelm heccukaletalb, Muralb thas dxtreormalery traec# thd youlb emocdskdlts ulcavdm thdar iorfdr cavds# iorbdttalb pest alhaàtaols# khacmhoom fdforads# dvdl thdar owl celbuebd,]hd phacosophy oi thd ratuec stdfs irof thd ulmoalb oi thd pest al ormdr to `dkofd e felwathout khacmash afpdridktaols elm dfotaols, ]hd ulcderlalb eccowdm thd fdl to rdkdavdldw afprdssaols eòut thd worcm elm thd sokadty thdy sdrvdm ([eiiorm# 510>!,

@diord thd eiidkts oi thd mrub word oii# thd iorfdr emocdskdlts# low fdl# rdturldmhofd, Rathout e rdfdf`relkd oi thdar celbuebd# thdy wdrd ule`cd to spdej# elm wathoute rdfdf`relkd oi thdar perdlts# thdy mam lot jlow thdar owl iefacy, [cowcy# thd fdlrdbealdm selaty, ]hdar jddpdrs jdpt strakt wetkh ovdr thdf# elm ior e tafd thd fdl mamlot spdej or rdekt to thdar surroulmalbs, Ford so# ai thdy dxprdssdm ely rdfdf`relkd oi thdar iorfdr cavds# ely et ecc# thdy woucm `d iorkdm to ulmdrbo thd husjelewalb kdrdfolyebeal, Perdcy mam almavamuecs survavd e sdkolm kdrdfoly7 thd efoult elm potdlky oi


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wysokkel emfalastdrdm `dkefd cdthec, Eitdr rd&cderlalb thdar celbuebd elm thd tremataolsoi thdar pdopcd# thd fdl koucm okkupy powdriuc posataols al thd sokadty es oiiakdrs#werraors# hdecdrs# elm pradsts ([eiiorm# 510>!,

Fdmakaleccy# Letavd Efdrakel hdecdrs eppcadm Meture strefolauf dxtdrleccy esel elomyld to `ruasds# swdccalbs# elm ùrls to rdcadvd peal elm aliceffetaol (Yobdc#512>!, ]hd eltakhocaldrbak diidkts oi thd hdr` femd at e usdiuc elm potdlt fdmakald, Mudto ats iet socuàcaty# thd tropeld ecjecoams prdsdlt al Meture fey `d desacy e`sor`dmthroubh thd sjal or fukous fdf`relds (Erfstrolb# 5118!, ]o berldr ats elecbdsakdiidkts# thd hdecdrs femd e pouctakd oi krushdm cdevds thet wes òulm dxtdrleccy to thdeiidktdm pert oi thd òmy, Al rerd karkufstelkds# e pouctakd oi irdsh Meture cdevds weseppcadm dxtdrleccy to sords or `ruasds ol horsds or othdr elafecs, Ford so# mud to atseàcaty to alhaàt sdkrdtaols oi thd culbs elm salus# thd mradm cdevds oi Meture strefolaufwdrd sfojdm to rdcadvd esthfe (Hutkhdls# 5115!, ]hd tremataolec usds oi Meturealiorfdm fomdrl sokadty oi thd fdmakalec vecud oi thd hdr`# cdemalb to ats alkorporetaolalto fomdrl fdmakald,

]omey# Meture strefolauf rdfeals ulskhdmucdm `y thd Tlatdm [tetdsbovdrlfdlt# elm thd hdr` fealteals fomdrl dkolofak elm fdmakalec vecud mud to atskhdfakec rdposatory, Meture strefolauf kolteals trekd cdvdcs oi etropald# e vecue`cdkofpoulm usdm al ophthecfocoby, E fuskcd rdcexelt# etropald macetds thd pupac, Fordafporteltcy# etropald rdsuskatetds almavamuecs suiidralb kermaek errdst irof cow `coom

prdssurd, Tltac thd olsdt oi thd twdltadth kdltury# e prdskraptaol oi forphald elmskopocefald koltealalb pcelts# sukh es êpevdr soflaidruf elm Meture strefolauf #wdrd dfpcoydm al surbdry elm prdskra`dm to rdmukd sdvdrd peal elm aliceffetaol(Erfstrolb# 5118!, Howdvdr# salkd Meture strefolauf kolteals mdemcy toxals thet lotolcy keusd sdvdrd heccukaletaols elm mdcarauf ùt fey ecso cdem to mdeth ai tejdl al habhmosds# thd usd oi thd hdr` es e fdmakalec idcc out oi koffol prektakd wath thd emvdlt oi

ford desy to mosd# fomdrl sylthdtak pherfekdutakecs# fely oi whakh erd èsdm oltropeld ecjecoams ([paldcce# 0>>5!,

]hd almabdlous pdopcds oi thd Efdrakes rdvdrdm Meture strefolauf , ]hd sekrdmdlthdobdl eccowdm almavamuecs to beal e ldw pdrkdptaol elm ulmdrstelmalb oi thd worcmthdy okkupadm, Tsdm ulavdrseccy to ectdr hufel kolskaousldss# Meture fealtealdm e

profaldlt rocd al thd kucturds oi fely almabdlous pdopcds, ]hd sekrdm wasmof oi thdhdr` felaidsts thd mavald elm afperts mddp rdspdkt ior thd fystdrads oi thd leturec worcmal thosd who dlkoultdr at,

^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 ]o evoam ulweltdm kofpcaketaols# ecweys wder bcovds whdlkoccdktalb Meture , ]hd `dst tafd to bethdr thd hdr` as whdl thd icowdrs erd al iucc

`cossof, Mry thdf ior iuturd usd al e wdcc&shemdm dlvarolfdlt,


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02

I CQ E BEPAK ~ Efelate fuskerae

Koffol lefds7 Icy Efelate# Icy Eberak

[kadltaiak lefd7 ~ Efelate fuskerae ~ Efelatekded (Eberak iefacy!

Ecbak lefd7 Oshtafasj Regeshjwdmo (Oga`we!

REPLALB7 ôasolous%

Heàtet7 E wecj alto thd wooms eitdr e mey or two oi real rdvdecs el eùlmelkd oi Efelate fuskerae , E trdesurd oi iruatalb Efelate fuskerae kelves thd melj iordst icoor,^rdidrralb ldathdr hermwoom lor kolaidr# thd icy eberak koffolcy eòulms al iordstsekross Lorth Efdrake whdrdvdr foast soac# hufam ear# elm shemd prdveacs (Faccdr# 0>>9!,Al lorthdestdrl Lorth Efdrake# thd uàquatous `coom&rdm kep oi thd icy eberak mrews thddyd kolspakuouscy to ats cokecd,

]exolofy7 Fely spdkads oi Efelate brow al thd wooms oi Lorth Efdrake# sofd mdemcy poasolous elm othdrs dma`cd7 ]hd icy eberak `dalb e poasolous spdkads, ]hd iulbus askherektdrazdm `y e `roem# kolvdx kep `dtwddl ; to 1 alkhds wamd# fost oitdl e `rabhtshemd oi ydccow# orelbd# or rdm mottdm wath whatd# icdshy werts, ]hd icdsh oi thdfushroof rdfeals iarf elm whatd throubhout, ]hd whatd stecj# kovdrdm wath whatd# sacjyhears# dxpelms outwerm alto e ùc` lder thd èsd oi thd fushroof, ]hrdd kolkdltrakkarkcds ralb thd ùc`# elm e thal pertaec vdac rdkdmds èkj irof thd kep ol thd stdf (Faccdr#0>>9!,

êrts Tsdm7 Iruatalb òmy,

Tsds7 Heccukalobdl# dlthdobdl,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 Ellueccy# Oga`we shefels usdm Efelate fuskerae alelkadlt rdcabaous kdrdfolads ([khuctds# 5118!, ]hd icy eberak kolteals thd powdriuc

psykhotropak kofpoulms fuskafoc elm aòtdlak ekam es wdcc es trekd efoults oi fuskerald, Aòtdlak ekam elm fuskafoc erd kcosdcy rdcetdm: thd iorfdr as mdravdm irofthd cettdr throubh el orbelak khdfakec rdektaol thet as almukdm `y mdhymretaol, ]hdald`raetalb diidkts oi thd icy eberak erd mud to fuskafoc, ]hd diidkts oi albdstalb Efelatefuskerae maiidr ior dekh almavamuec salkd dekh pdrsols òmy mastalktcy fdteòcazdsaòtdlak ekam alto fuskafoc, Eitdr albdstalb thd icy eberak# usdrs ulmdrbo e pdraom oi koliusaol elm vdrtabo ioccowdm `y ulewerdldss oi tafd elm spekd# coss oi dquaca`rauf#alkrdesdm sdlsatavaty to thd eurec pceld# duphorae# elm e bdldrec sdmetavd iddcalb,Fordovdr# bestroaltdstalec masruptaols elm leusde erd lorfec elm brow ford altdlsd wathalkrdesdm mosebd (Lddmhef# 0>55!, ^drheps fost afporteltcy# e ferjdm mrdef&cajd stetdseturetdm thd shefel# ioccowdm `y e mddp scddp whakh promukdm vavam mrdefs theteccowdm thd shefel to altdrekt cukamcy wath has surroulmalbs elm kolldkt wath sparats thetrdvdecdm kdcdstaec prophdkads elm iordtocm thd iuturd oi thd tra`d,

^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 Ldvdr det fushroofs rew% Ecweys kooj or mry fushroofs `diord dlgoyalb, ]o dcafaletd toxals elm dlhelkd thd diidkts oi thd icy eberak# mry thdiulbus al e merj pcekd wath boom earicow, Olkd mry# `rdw e tde oi thd mradm iulbus,


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01

A LMAEL ^ A^D~ Folotrope ulaicore

[kadltaiak lefd7 Folotrope ulaicore ~ Drakekded (Hdeth iefacy!

Koffol lefds7 Almaelpapd# Bhost ^celt# Akd ^celt# @arms Ldst

Ecbak lefds7 Rdejos lj or Fdle feèb wde`sj lej (ôtewetofa!Heàtet7 E rerd wolmdr oi thd òtelakec worcm# Almael papd brows al òrdec elmtdfpdretd iordsts, ^rdidrralb foast# shemdm derth fuckhdm wath mdkofposalb cdevds elmmdkeydm woom# thd pcelt thravds al socatery trekts oitdl e`sdlt oi othdr hdrèkdous pcelts(Cdejd# 511=!, Al Lorth Efdrake# thd pcelts relbd dxtdlms irof Feald to thd Kerocaleselm wdst to thd Fassassappa Pavdr (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, ]hd pcelt fey ecso `d ioulm olthd êkaiak Koest irof Kecaiorlae to @ratash Kocufàe,

]exolofy7 E seprophytak pdrdllaec# Almael papd kolteals lo khcorophycc, ]hd dthdrdec pcelt as trelscukdlt whatd elm possdssds thal# skecd cajd oi cdevds, ]hd peccam wacmicowdr rdekhds =&8 alkhds al hdabht elm oitdl brows al sfecc kcustdrs (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!# esalmaketdm `y thd ôtewetofa trelscetaol oi wdejos lj al e ùlkh ([fath# 51;;!,Dekh icowdralb stdf promukds e salbcd icowdr# es dvalkdm `y ats Cetal trelscetaol oldicowdr, Es at sprouts# thd `dcc&shepdm icowdr loms mowlwerm# elm cetdr uliurcs vdrtakeccyet feturaty (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, ]hd icowdralb oi thd pcelt mdpdlms ol foasturd elmtdfpdreturd# ùt thd pcelt usueccy `coofs irof Gucy to [dptdf`dr (Mruf# 0>>4!,

êrts usdm7 Rhocd pcelt,

Tsds7 [dmetavd# elta&spesfomak# tolak,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 Es el dpaperesatd ule`cd to photosylthdsazd# Almael papdrdcads ol fykorrhazec iulba oi thd Pussuce iefacy to provamd at wath ekkdss to lutradlts,Fykorrhazec iulba iorf e syfàotak rdcetaolshap wath fyraem spdkads oi trdds thet provamd

thd iulba wath photosylthdtak subers: al rdturl# thd iulba hdcp thd trdds uptejd faldrecselm wetdr7 Almael papd seps thd photosylthdtak subers thd iulba rdkdavds irof thd trdd,Ecthoubh jlowl to possdss kolsamdre`cd hdecalb propdrtads# thd kofpcdtd `dldiats oi Almael papd rdfeal ulmdtdrfaldm, Howdvdr# thd pcelt mods possdss powdriuc ldrvaldebdlts elm keutaol fust `d tejdl whdl albdstalb thd puasselt pcelt al rdcetavdcy sfeccmosds salkd at promukds e mddp scddp kherektdrazdm `y cukam mrdefs (Mruf# 0>>4!,Dthloòtelakec rdkorms almaketd iocj hdrècasts usdm thd pcelt es e su`statutd ior opauf esel elecbdsak# elm qualald es e id`raiubd es wdcc es to trdet dpacdptak iats elm sdazurds([fath# 51;;!, Almabdlous pdopcds felebdm to kolsdrvd popucetaols oi thd pcelt to eccowior ats pdrpdtuec usd, ]o evoam `ruasalb thd irebacd icowdr oi thd pcelt# Almael papd ashervdstdm ol realy meys or meys thet erd foast elm kooc, Kerd as tejdl lot to herf thd

icowdr or thd roots salkd thdy mdbremd quakjcy elm desacy upol koltekt, ]o hervdst# maberoulm thd pcelt wath e hdevy spemd elm uproot thd dltard pcelt, Kcdel bdltcy wath wetdr elm usd affdmaetdcy or sdt thd pcelt out to mry al e werf erde wath stdemy earicow ior upto two wddjs or ultac prdsdrvdm (Mruf# 0>>4!, El alirdqudlt pcelt# thdrd erd idw rdkormsoi ats usd efolb thd Ecbolquael pdopcds: howdvdr# thd woomcelm Krdd khdwdm thd icowdr oi thd pcelt to rdcadvd toothekhds (Fodrfel# 5118!# elm thd ôtewetofa femd emdkoktaol irof thd root elm emfalastdrdm thd potdlt fdmakalec tde to wofdl es ebyldkocobakec eam to eccdvaetd idfecd trou`cds ([fath# 51;;!,


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J ALLAJALLAKJ ~ Erktostephycos uve&ursa Koffol lefds7 Koffol @der`drry# @ders Brepd# Tpcelm Krel`drry

[kadltaiak lefd7 Erktostephycos uve&ursa ~ Drakekded (Hdeth iefacy!

Ecbak lefd7 [ebejofalebulg (Khappdwe!

Heàtet7 E koffol pdrdllaec letavd to Lorth Efdrake# Esae# elm Duropd# `der`drryalheàts thd lorthdrl dxpelsds oi thd worcm# prdidrralb selmy# stdracd soacs elm rokjybrevdc outkroppalbs (Hutkhdls# 5115!, Al Lorth Efdrake# `der`drry dxtdlms irof thdêkaiak Okdel to thd Brdet Cejds to thd Etceltak Okdel# krddpalb es ier south es Yarbalaeelm survavalb es ier lorth es thd Erktak (Ba`òls# 5199!,

]exolofy7 E typd oi krel`drry# `der`drry `dbdts ats koffol lefd irof thd `derseiialaty ior ats iruat (Yobdc# 512>!, E cow&browalb# krddpalb dvdrbrddl# `der`drry browskcosd to thd derth# mdlsdcy fettalb thd broulm (Ba`òls# 5199!, ]hd `relkhds oi thdwoomy shru` erd icdxa`cd elm thd èrj e `rowlash&rdm kocor, ]hd ectdrletd# ovec# or spool&shepdm cdevds erd merj brddl elm cdethdry: howdvdr# al waltdr sofd oi thd cdevdsfey turl `rowl (ôger# 511=!, @der`drry `coofs irof Fey to Guld# ats whatd# url&shepdm icowdrs# sofdtafds talbdm paljash&rdm# mrop al kcustdrs elm bavd wey to mry rdm

`drrads thet testd fdecy ùt cooj custrous, ]hd bcossy iruat rapdls cetd elm oitdl mods lotmrop irof thd pcelt ultac thd stert oi waltdr (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

êrts Tsdm7 Cdevds,

Tsds7 Estralbdlt# tolak# maurdtak,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 ]o prdperd el aliusaol oi `der`drry# emm e hdepalbte`cdspool oi irdsh or mradm cdevds to e palt oi oacalb wetdr, Ior thd `dst rdsucts# cdt thdaliusaol kooc elm mralj werf, Pdpdet two or thrdd tafds meacy ultac rdfdmadm,Fdmakaleccy# `der`drry mrews ettdltaol ior ats eàcaty to kurd aliceffetaols oi thd uralerytrekt# alkcumalb thd `cemmdr elm jamldy, ]hd aliusaol as usdm dspdkaeccy ior wofdl(Hutkhdls# 5115!,

]hd woomcelm Krdd usdm `der`drry es el estralbdlt, El aliusaol oi `cud`drry elm `der`drry wes tejdl to `ralb eòut fdlstruetaol, [afacercy# wofdl mrelj e mdkoktaol oi `cud`drry elm `der`drry stdfs to prdvdlt faskerraebds elm rdkovdr thdar hdecth eitdr bavalb àrth: e mdkoktaol oi `der`drry root elm othdr hdr`s hdcpdm stop dxkdssavdfdlstruec `cddmalb, ]o kurd e khacms maerrhde# e perdlt emfalastdrdm e faxturd oi brdesdelm `der`drry iruat to thd sakj khacm (Fodrfel# 5118!,

Ior èkj spreals# thd Khdydlld femd el aliusaol oi `der`drry `y òacalb thddltard eòvd broulm portaol oi thd pcelt al wetdr, ]hd rdsuctalb aliusaol wes mrulj elmthd rdfealalb wdt cdevds wdrd eppcadm to thd spreal dxtdrleccy (Yobdc# 512>!, ]hdKhdydlld usdm thd aliusaol es el elecbdsak ior khrolak èkj peal es wdcc, Fostulorthomoxcy# whdl e fdf`dr oi thd tra`d `dkefd fdlteccy mdrelbdm# `der`drry cdevdswdrd ùrldm# thd sfojd oi thd hdr` icushalb thd dvac sparats out oi thd krezdm pdrsol, ]hd


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Khdydlld elm thd Fdlofaldd emmdm thd `drrads oi thd hdr` to veraous fdmakalec prdperetaols to fejd thdf ford pecete`cd (Fodrfel# 5118!,

]hd @cekjioot praferacy eppcadm `der`drry dxtdrleccy to profotd hybadld, ]o hdeckeljdr sords elm sord bufs# thd @cekjioot weshdm out thd fouth wath el aliusaol oi

`der`drry cdevds, ]o promukd e secvd usdm to efdcaoretd atkhalb irof reshds elm sords eswdcc es pddcalb sjal# thdy faxdm elafec brdesd elm òacdm hooi wath el aliusaol oi

`der`drry, ]hd @cekjioot ecso usdm thd secvd to wesh thdar alielts hdems (Fodrfel#5118!,

]hd Oga`we dfpcoydm `der`drry òth kdrdfolaeccy elm fdmakaleccy, Eppcadmdxtdrleccy to hdec rhdufetasf# thd Oga`we usdm el aliusaol oi broulm `der`drry to weshthd alicefdm elm pealiuc perts oi thd òmy, ]has aliusaol ecso ektdm es e pelekdekoffolcy usdm to trdet othdr dxtdrlec accldssds, ]hosd suiidralb irof altdrlec `coommasdesds mrelj e mdkoktaol oi `der`drry erj to kcdelsd thd `coom, ]hd cdevds wdrd usdmal kdrdfoly elm sfojdm to keusd altoxaketaol, ]hd Khappdwe sfojdm e kofàletaol oi

`der`drry cdevds elm wacm toèkko jlowl es jallajallakj, Tpol altromuktaol oi

kuctavetdm toèkko to thd Efdrakes# Letavd Efdrakels `dbel to sfojd e faxturd oi mradm `der`drry cdevds elm almustraec toèkko (Hutkhdls# 5115!, ]hd `der`drry cdevds wdrdmradm elm broulm tobdthdr wath toèkko elm sfojdm to rdfdmy hdemekhds, ]hd hdr`sroots wdrd sfojdm kdrdfolaeccy to ettrekt befd `diord hultalb (Fodrfel# 5118!, Alemmataol# thd `drrads wdrd koojdm wath fdet to provamd emmataolec sdesolalb ior thd `roth(Mdlsford# 512=!,

^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 Ior thd `dst fdmakalec promukt# pakj irdsh or bethdr thd cdevds oi jallajallakj al dercy eutufl elm ear&mry thdf al e werf# mry roof ewey irof mardkt hdetor sulcabht elm wath koltaluous ear karkucetaol,


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^ ALJ CEMQ [ [ CA^^DP ~ Kyprapdmauf ekeucd

Koffol lefds7 âlj Cemys [cappdr# Fokkesal Icowdr# [tdfcdss Cemys [cappdr#Efdrakel Yecdrael

[kadltaiak lefd7 Kyprapdmauf ekeucd ~ Orkhamekded (Orkham iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 Jujuwdfejdsha (Fdsjweja!: âwamgeèjdjsbac (^dlo`skot!

Heàtet7 Old oi 55 letavd spdkads oi orkhams ioulm wacm al Lorth Efdrake (Hutkhdls#5115!# thd palj cemys scappdr oitdl brows al mry# rakh wooms mofaletdm `y whatd# rdm#elm [kotkh pald or `cekj sprukd# ùt fey ecso `d ioulm al mdkamuous iordsts, El emeptavd

pcelt# thd palj cemys scappdr prdidrs ekamak# selmy coef elm fey oitdl `d ioulm browalblder òbs (Pacdy# 5144!, El okkesaolec pcelt fost oitdl alheàtalb thd lorthdrl rdekhdsoi destdrl Lorth Efdrake irof Falldsote to Ldwioulmcelm# thd palj cemys scappdr askolsamdrdm rerd elm ulusuec al ]dlldssdd# Eceèfe# elm Bdorbae whdrd asocetdm

popucetaols rdfeal (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

]exolofy7 E pdrdllaec hdr`# thd palj cemys scappdr brows 8 alkhds to 0 iddt tecc(Fattdcheusdr# 0>5>!, Irof e thakj kcufp oi whatd# icdshy roots# thd pcelt promukds two

èsec cdevds thet iocm alwerm# mddpcy krdesdm `y cetdrec vdals, Irof `dtwddl thd pceltscdei e salbcd# pu`dskdlt stdf sprouts upwerm (Pacdy# 5144!, ]hd pcelts palj `cossof

possdssds e cerbd helbalb poukh wath rdmmash or `rowl vdals elm e salbcd scat thet spcatsthd icowdrs vdrtakec exas, ]hd stycazdm icowdr `coofs irof Fey to Guld (Iostdr ) Mujd#0>>>!,

êrts Tsdm7 Poot,

Tsds7 Ldrvald# eltapdraomak# tolak,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 ]hd palj cemys scappdr kolteals sdvdrec fdmakalec propdrtads, Ecthoubh lot e lerkotak# thd pcelt ekts es e strolb ldrvald# rdcadvalb peal elm promukalb e stetd oi kecf ior òth falm elm òmy, Bdldreccy# thd pcelt rdvavds thddxheustdm ldrvous systdf elm afprovds karkucetaol, ]hd root as dspdkaeccy diidktavdwhdl trdetalb ldrvous dxheustaol# alsoflae# elm mdprdssaol, ]o hervdst# bethdr thd rootoi thd pcelt al Eubust or [dptdf`dr elm kcdel wdcc (Hutkhdls# 5115!, ]hd palj cemysscappdr fey keusd mdrfetatas al sofd almavamuecs# elm thd bethdrdr fust tejd dxtre

prdkeutaol to jlow has or hdr òmys rdektaol to thd pcelt elm evoam thd bcelmucous hearsol thd cdevds elm stdf thet keusd thd eccdrbak rdektaol,

]hd Ecbolquael pdopcds jldw oi thd pcelts iorfame`cd fdmakalec vecuds ior kdlturads, ]hd Ecbolqual usdm thd root veraouscy to trdet pealiuc# mdàcatetalb kolmataols,El aliusaol oi thd pcelt# femd `y stddpalb thd root al hot wetdr# wes mrulj to desdfdlstruetaol# kurd vdldrdec masdesds (@cekj# 518>!# efdcaoretd stofekhekhds# socvduralery trekt pro`cdfs# elm hdec khacmrdl suiidralb irof jamldy trou`cds (Fodrfel#5118!, Al ecc oi thdsd kesds# thd root aliusaol wes tejdl altdrleccy, ]hd Fdlofalddfemd e safacer aliusaol oi thd root# usalb at to trdet uralery masormdrs al fdl ([fath#510;!, ]hd Fakfek elm thd ^dlo`skot usdm thd root to kurd ldrvousldss, Ovdrwhdcfdm


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almavamuecs mrelj el aliusaol oi thd root es e sdmetavd to kecf thdar ldrvds elm rdstordiekucty (^rals# 0>>2: Fodrfel# 5118: [pdkj# 5152!, ]hd root wes ecso jlowl to stopkolvucsaols (^rals# 0>>2!, Fost altrabualbcy# thd Fdsjweja krdetdm e covd fdmakaldusalb thd cemys scappdr root ecolb wath sdvdrec othdr pcelt albrdmadlts, ]hd iorfuce oi thd covd potaol ioccows7 stefdls irof e whatd esh ( Irexalus efdrakele !# staii kow`eld

root ( Oxypocas rabamaor !# perslap root ( ^estaleke setave !# root oi purpcd fdemow rud(]hecaktruf mesykerpuf !# quddl oi thd prearad root ( Iacapdlmuce ru`re !# elm prearad phcox( ^hcox pacose ! ([fath# 5108!,


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P E[^@DPPQ ~ Puùs strabosus

Koffol lefds7 Pdm Pesp`drry# Iroòasd, Efdrakel Pesp`drry

[kadltaiak lefd7 Puùs strabosus ~ Posekded (Posd iefacy!

Ecbak lefd7 Fas&jou&fal (Ottewe!: Fasjofalebewulg (Khappdwe!Heàtet7 Letavd to Lorth Efdrake# thd resp`drry brows throubhout thd Ecbak celmskepd,Yeradtads oi resp`drrads brow throubhout thd dltard tdfpdretd worcm elm erd koffolcykuctavetdm ior thdar iruat, Al thd wacm# thd pcelt thravds al thakjdts# kcderalbs# elm opdlwooms (Hutkhdls# 5115!,

]exolofy7 Ecthoubh e pdrdllaec# thd resp`drry dxhaàts àdllaec browth pettdrls, ]hd pcelt possdssds e woomy# hoccow stdf or keld thet rdekhds e hdabht oi ;&9 iddt etfeturaty, [treabht# scdlmdr prakjcds oitdl koet thd sfooth# uprabht stdf elm `relkhds(Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, ]hd ectdrletalb cdevds oi thd pcelt erd merj brddl eòvd elmwhatd/brdy `dldeth elm possdss ;&2 mou`cy sdrretdm# ovec cdeicdts eòut ; alkhds colb elm

roulm et thd èsd, [fecc whatd icowdrs helb al kcustdrs elm `coof al dercy spralb (Fey&Guld!, Mdcakaous rdm ebbrdbetd iruats ioccow# rapdlalb irof Gucy throubh Eubust(Hutkhdls# 5115!,

êrts Tsdm7 Poot# cdevds# iruat,

Eiidkts7 Estralbdlt# tolak# dma`cd,

^rdperetaol elm Tsd7 Es e fdmakalec hdr`# thd Ecbolquael praferacy utacazdm thd rootselm cdevds oi thd resp`drry pcelt, El aliusaol oi resp`drry cdevds fejds e soothalb tde#

pcdesalb to thd pecetd elm kecfalb to thd òmy, ]hd tde wes rdbermdm ior ats facmestralbdlt eàcaty, ]hd Ecbolqual elm Oga`we usdm thd aliusaol es e rdfdmy ior maerrhdeelm mysdltdry, Es el estralbdlt thd aliusaol diidktavdcy kolstraktdm thd alicefdm alldr fdf`relds oi thd altdstalds elm kocol thdrd`y rdmukalb dxpucsaols oi `coom elm fukus#eccowalb thd acc pdrsol to hymretd whacd thdar òmy ioubht oii thd èktdrae alidktalb thdf,[afacercy# thd Ecbolqual femd e mdkoktaol oi thd root elm mrelj thd mdkoktaol todcafaletd `coom irof thdar urald, ]hd woomcelm Krdd femd e mdkoktaol irof thd root elmstdf oi thd resp`drry to desd perturataol (Fodrfel# 5118!, Rofdl mrelj thd tde todiidktavdcy trdet fdlstruec krefps elm to rdmukd `cddmalb muralb elm eitdr khacmàrth(Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, Es el estralbdlt thd tde eiidkts e wofels koltrektaols# hdcpalbhdr iokus hdr dldrby, ]hd tde ecso strdlbthdls thd utdrus# eccowalb e wofels utdrus totabhtdl ford quakjcy eitdr bavalb arth, ]hdsd diidkts femd resp`drry e khoakd hdrècrdfdmy to desd bavalb àrth elm swaitcy rdkovdr eitdrwerm,

Ldercy ecc thd Ecbolquael pdopcds alkcumdm thd iruat oi thd resp`drry al thdar madt,]hd pdopcds koffolcy etd thd irdsh iruat es at rapdldm throubhout thd suffdr, Howdvdr#mud to thd iruats sdesolecaty# sofd tra`ds mdvdcopdm weys to prdsdrvd thd iruat to det outoi sdesol, Oitdl thd iruat wes safpcy mradm elm detdl al thd waltdr, Tsalb thd mradm iruat#thd Krdd femd e waltdr fdec irof resp`drrads# mradm iash# elm iash oac, ]hd woomcelm Krddecso etd thd youlb shoots oi thd pcelt whdl at iarst dfdrbdm al thd spralb, ]hd shootswdrd bethdrdm elm thd outdr èrj pddcdm ewey diord `dalb detdl, ]hd Oga`we elm


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ôtewetofa prdsdrvdm thd resp`drrads ior waltdr usd `y fejalb gefs elm gdccads, Oitdlmuralb suffdr bethdralbs# thd Oga`we femd resp`drry kejds `y koojalb thd iruat mowlelm mryalb at out ol àrkh èrj al thd sul (Fodrfel# 5118!, E koffol suffdr mralj wes ecso femd irof thd pcelt, ]hd Khappdwe femd e rdirdshalb `dvdrebd `y emmalbyoulb resp`drry stdfs to kocm wetdr, E safacer mralj# femd `y stddpalb thd cdevds oi thd

pcelt# wes sdrvdm es e hot tde (Mdlsford# 512=!,^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 Browalb up# dekh suffdr fy iethdr pekjdm our stetaol weboliucc oi dssdltaecs# coemdm up thd iefacy# elm mrovd lorth to dskepd thd fdkhelazdmfovdfdlts oi caid al thd katy# lorth to whdrd foolcabht rdpcekdm thd kolstelt ùzz oi thdkatys hecobdl strddt cefps, Tpol erravalb al thd lorth wooms oi Raskolsal# thd martroems slejalb throubh thd iordst wdrd caldm wath resp`drrads, ]hd kcderalbs provamdm `ythd roems eccowdm stupdlmous thakjdts oi prakjcy resp`drry ùshds to thravd, Tpolrdekhalb our mdstaletaol al thd wooms# thd iarst kecc to muty wes to koccdkt es felyresp`drrads es possa`cd elm det thet fely ford, Eitdr iaccalb e ùkjdt wath thd sukkucdlt#swddt iruats# wd woucm ecc rdturl to kefp elm prdperd e iard, Rhacd thd iard ùrldm mowlto hot koecs# thd iaxalbs oi e resp`drry ko``cdr wdrd prdperdm, E safpcd èttdr oi icour#suber# elm wetdr prdperdm# thd resp`drrads wdrd strdwl alto thd òttof oi e Mutkh ovdlelm thd èttdr pourdm ovdr top, Rhdl thd koecs wdrd `rabht# e hocd wes mub al thd iardelm thd Mutkh ovdl pcekdm wathal elm thd top kovdrdm wath ford koecs, Eitdr e whacd# thd

papalb hot resp`drry ko``cdr# èjdm to pdridktaol# wes rdemy to det,


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[ EP[EÊPACCE ~ Erecae lumakeucus

Koffol lefds7 Racm [erseperacce# [fecc [pajdlerm# [pabldt# Uuacc# Uuey

[kadltaiak lefd7 Erecae lumakeucas ~ Epaekded (Kerrot Iefacy!

Ecbak lefds7 Reòsomgaàj (Oga`we!

Heàtet7 Racm serseperacce koffolcy alheàts thd ulmdrstory oi destdrl Lorth Efdrakestdfpdretd elm òrdec iordsts# dxtdlmalb south to Bdorbae# lorth to Ldwioulmcelm# wdst tothd Fassassappa Pavdr# elm dest to thd Etceltak Okdel, ]hd pcelt icourashds al foast soacsshemdm `y hakjory# `ddkh# fepcd# oej# or othdr hermwooms (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,

]exolofy7 E icowdralb pdrdllaec pcelt# wacm serseperacce rdekhds up to 0 iddt al hdabht,]hd pcelt possdssds e sfooth# streabht stecj thet mavamds alto thrdd stdfs thet `relkh upelm out, Dekh `relkh kolteals e kofpoulm cdei femd up oi ;&4 ialdcy sdrretdm# oveccdeicdts, ]hd icowdrs# mavamdm alto 5 to ; uf`rdcce&shepdm kcustdrs# rdst `dcow thd cdevds

ol e sdperetd stecj thet dxtdlms upwerm irof thd èsd oi thd pcelt (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!,]hd brddlash&whatd icowdrs `cossof irof cetd spralb to dercy suffdr (Fey throubh Gucy!elm erd sukkddmdm `y purpcash&`cekj `drrads (Ldwkof`# 5122!,

êrts Tsdm7 Poot# iruat,

Tsds7 ]olak# maephordtak# erofetak# dma`cd,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 Fdmakalec elm dma`cd# wacm serseperacce kolteals dssdltaecoac# potessauf khcoramd# protdal# pdktak elm ekdtak ekam# fukacebd# elm veraous sects oi cafd# febldsauf# potesh# elm arol oxamd (Hutkhdls# 5115!, E wdcc&jlowl pcelt efolbthd Ecbolquael pdopcds# thd tra`ds koffolcy dfpcoydm wacm serseperacce ior ats

fdmakalec elm erofetak propdrtads, [desoleccy# thd wofdl bethdrdm thd roots irof erdesjlowl to eòulm al thd pcelt, ]hd wofdl hervdstdm thd root `y helm or `y mabbalb upthd root wath e woomdl spemd, Olkd hervdstdm# thd roots wdrd ear mradm# thdl kut alto

padkds# ùlmcdm tobdthdr# elm stordm alsamd e combd: thd koccdktdm roots cestdm thd dltardyder (Yobdc# 512>!, @y òacalb el oulkd oi krushdm wacm serseperacce root al e palt oi wetdr e usdiuc tde elm/or wesh fey `d prokurdm (Hutkhdls# 5115!,

Tlavdrseccy# thd Ecbolquael pdopcds prdperdm wacm serseperacce `y òacalb thd rootal wetdr, ]hd pdopcds mrelj thas mdkoktaol es e tolak ior cdtherby# bdldrec dxheustaol#stofekhekhds# elm koubhs, ]hd Fakfek elm ^dlo`skot emfalastdrdm wacm serseperacceroot to kurd kocms elm koubhs, ]hd E`leja elm Oga`we utacazdm thd `rdw to puraiy elmstrdlbthdl thd `coom# elm cowdr `coom prdssurd, Ttacazalb thd mdkoktaol es e wesh# thdwoomcelm Krdd kcdeldm thd fouths oi tddthalb khacmrdl wath thd mdkoktaol to prdvdltalidktdm bufs elm desd thdar khacmrdls peal, ]hd southdrl Oga`we `rdwdm e mdkoktaolthet alkcumdm thd pcelts root# efolb othdr hdr`s# thet thdy mrelj to stop fdlstruec

`cddmalb, ]hdy ecso eppcadm el aliusaol koltealalb wacm serseperacce root elm othdr hdr`s#to thd khdst elm cdbs oi horsds to stafucetd thd elafecs whdrdes thd Ecbolqual sddpdm thdkrushdm root oi thd pcelt al hot wetdr elm emfalastdrdm thd rdsuctelt aliusaol to khacmrdleiicaktdm wath jamldy masdesds (Fodrfel# 5118!,


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@dsamds thd mdkoktaol# thd Ecbolquael pdopcds koffolcy dfpcoydm pouctakds oi wacm serseperacce root whacd thdrd wdrd fely weys to prdperd e pouctakd irof wacmserseperacce root# thd desadst prdperetaol kolsastdm oi khdwalb thd irdsh root alto e pucpelm eppcyalb thd broulm root to thd eiidktdm pert oi thd òmy, ]hd woomcelm Krdd elmEcbolqual usdm thas fdthom to mrew out alidktaols# dspdkaeccy der alidktaols (Fodrfel#

5118!, Yerae`cy# e pouctakd# femd `y feshalb thd irdsh root oi thd pcelt alto pucp# weseppcadm to ùrls# sords# uckdrs# atkhalb# elm e`skdssds es wdcc es to kurd alidktaols elmrdmukd swdccalb (Iostdr ) Mujd# 0>>>!, Mradm wacm serseperacce root wes ecso broulm altoe powmdr elm veraouscy eppcadm, ]hd southdrl Oga`we usdm thd powmdrdm root to stoplosd`cddms whdrdes thd Krdd usdm thd powmdr es e pelekde to kurd fyraem eacfdlts(Fodrfel# 5118!,

Es e madtery sourkd# wacm serseperacce wes usdm praferacy es e `dvdrebd: howdvdr#muralb dxtdlmdm wer or hultalb dxpdmataols# Ecbolquael fdl etd kopaous efoults oi thd

pcelts root# salkd at wes koffol elm alvaboretalb, @dyolm ats fdmakalec vecud es emdkoktaol# fely Ecbolquael tra`ds dfpcoydm thd pcelts root es el erofetak spakd to

promukd veraous tolaks, ]hd Foltebleas# Ecbolqual# elm othdr lorthdestdrl Ecbolquaeltra`ds idrfdltdm thd rapdldm `drrads oi thd pcelt al kocm wetdr to fejd e rdguvdletalbwald (Fodrfel# 5118!, Cestcy# thd southdrl Oga`we utacazdm thd root oi thd pcelt es ekherf, ]hdy femd e mdkoktaol `y kofàlalb thd roots oi Ekorus kecefus (Ekorekded!#or swddt iceb# elm wacm serseperacce to eppcy to thdar iashalb ldts, ]has mdkoktaol wes ecsousdm to rettcd slejds ewey (Mdlsford# 512=!,

^drsolec Dxpdradlkd7 Racm serseperacce root testds elm sfdccs wolmdriuc, A subbdstfejalb e tde out oi thd mradm roots, Iarst# bethdr thd roots oi sdvdrec wacm serseperacce

pcelts# rdfdf`dralb lot to koccdkt too hdevacy irof ely old popucetaol, A hevd ioulm thd `dst tafd to hervdst thd root as al thd spralb `diord thd pcelt sdlms up ats elluec browth# ai

ldkdssery# hervdst al thd iecc eitdr thd pcelt massdfaletds ats sddms7 dathdr wey# hervdst thdroot whdl thd pcelt as morfelt, Ldxt# kut thd koccdktdm roots alto sfecc padkds elm mrythdf al el ovdl ol e èjalb pel or al thd sul ol e mryalb rekj, ]hd mradm roots fey thdl

`d broulm alto e powmdr or cdit es as, Dathdr iorf yadcms e mdcakaous elm rdirdshalb tdewhdl `rdwdm, [afpcy emm e te`cdspool oi thd prdperdm root pdr kup oi òacalb wetdr elmstddp ior tdl falutds or ultac thd wetdr turls merj rdmmash `rowl, [drvd hot or kocm elmdlgoy%


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[ TBEP F E^CD ~ Ekdr sekkheruf

Koffol lefds7 Pokj Fepcd# Herm Fepcd

[kadltaiak lefd7 Ekdr sekkheruf ~ [epalmekded ([oep`drry iefacy!

Ecbak lefd7 Elaletab (Khappdwe!

Heàtet7 ]hd suber fepcd okkupads thd hdert oi thd tdrratory kceafdm `y Ecbolquael&spdejalb broups# browalb throubhout thd destdrl mdkamuous iordst, ]hd hermwoomsrelbd dxtdlms dest to Fassoura elm Falldsote elm wdst to thd Etceltak, ôpucetaols oi suber fepcds mo lot dxtdlm lorth `dyolm kdltrec Uud`dk# southdrl Olterao# Love [kotae#elm Ldw @rulswakj, ]hd southdrl cafat oi thd trdd as thd destdrl Eppecekhaels al]dlldssdd elm wdstdrl Lorth Kerocale: howdvdr# brovds oi outcadrs okkur al Bdorbae#[outh Kerocale# elm Jelses to thd wdst, ^rdidrralb foast# keckauf rakh soac# thd suber fepcd as fost oitdl ioulm al upcelm tdrreal: howdvdr# at fey ecso `d ioulm ol foast#rokjy scopds (Bomfel# 0>>=!,

]exolofy7 E mdkamuous hermwoom# thd suber fepcd fey `d fost desacy amdltaiadmmuralb eutufl# whdl ats cdevds turl stullalb veraetaols oi ydccow# orelbd# skercdt# elmrdm, [uber fepcds rdekh e hdabht oi 9>&5>> iddt elm fey cavd ior ;>> yders, ]hd ;&4 alkhwamd cdevds erd opposatd# wath ;&4 co`ds elm erd e merj brddl eòvd elm pecd brddl `dcow( Iordst ]rdds oi Feald # 0>>8!, [fecc# ydccow or brddl icowdrs# poccaletdm `y `dds al thdspralb# prdiekd thd walbdm iruat# or mou`cd sefere# oi thd suber fepcd (Kollor# 511=!,

êrts Tsdm7 [ep# hdertwoom,

Tsds7 Dma`cd# fetdraec,

^rdperetaol elm Eppcaketaol7 ]hd suber fepcd wes dssdltaec to Ecbolquael tra`ds#sukh es thd ôtewetofa# Ecbolqual# Fecdkatd# Fdlofoldd# Fdsjweja# Fakfek#Khappdwe# elm Oga`we thet alheàtdm tdfpdretd woomcelm tdrratorads, ]hd sep oi thdsuber fepcd provamdm thdsd tra`ds wath el dssdltaec sourkd oi lourashfdlt elm e prazdmkoffomaty al altdrtraèc tremd, ]hd pdopcds femd thd suber fepcds sep alto valdber#syrup# elm suber: thd cettdr wes usdm al ldercy ecc koojalb al pcekd oi sect, Al emmataol# thdulprokdssdm sep thet kefd streabht irof thd trdd wes mrulj al kofàletaol wath àrkh or dcmdr sep# or `y atsdci# es e rdirdshalb suffdr tolak, Fepcd suber wes e vecue`cdkoffomaty al altdrtraèc tremd# dspdkaeccy whdl tremalb wath tra`ds who cavdm outsamd thdleturec relbd oi thd suber fepcd, ]hd rakh hdertwoom oi thd suber fepcd provamdm thdtra`ds wath e sourkd oi hermwoom usdm to fejd pemmcds# oers# cemcds# spools# òwcs# òws#

elm errows (Fodrfel# 5118!,Al dercy spralb# thd wofdl cdit thdar iefacads et thdar waltdr kefps elm femd thdar

wey throubh wdt slow to thd sdfa&pdrfeldlt suber kefp to prdperd thd feal combd ior thd suberalb sdesol, Recjalb ovdr thd tdrreal ol slowshods# thd wofdl kerradm roccs oi

àrkh èrj ol thdar èkjs# whakh thdy usdm to dlkcosd pdrfeldlt strukturds# fejalb thdsuber kefp pcdeselt elm kofiorte`cd ior cavalb, Olkd mddfdm hospate`cd# thd wofdl cditthd suber kefp elm rdturldm to pekj elm fovd thd waltdr kefp, Ai e pertakucer waltdr wdrd jlowl to hevd mefebdm thd irefd oi thd suber combd or ai hdevadr shddts oi kdmer


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or dcf èrj wdrd usdm es wecc kovdralbs thd fdl sdt out e idw meys `diord thd wofdlto pdriorf thd ceòr&altdlsavd strukturec rdpears, ]hd wofdl thdl dskortdm thd dcmdrcyelm khacmrdl to thd suber ùsh e idw meys cetdr# usalb scdms or toòbbels puccdm `y mobsto kerry thd iefacys dcolbalbs, Es ford elm ford iefacads bethdrdm et thd suber kefp#e idstavd etfosphdrd erosd# `rdejalb thd socatumd oi waltdr whdl thd tra`d `rojd alto

sfecc# sdkcumdm iefacy ulats (Mdlsford# 512=!, [uber kefps wdrd coketdm al tdrratory rakh wath suber fepcds, Dekh iefacy hem

thdar owl suber ùsh thet kolstatutdm e sdktaol oi thd fepcds surroulmalb thd suber kefp,[ofdtafds sfeccdr iefacads worjdm koccdktavdcy to hervdst elm prokdss thd fepcd sep,Dekh kefp opdretdm `dtwddl 1>> elm 0#>>> teps wath cerbdr trdds hevalb fuctapcd teps,]hd trdds wdrd teppdm ecolb peths to fejd koccdktalb thd sep desadr, Olcy almavamuecssjaccdm al usalb el ex wdrd eccowdm to tep thd fepcds: howdvdr# òth fdl elm wofdlteppdm thd trdds, ]o tep thd suber fepcds# e ;&alkh maebolec lotkh wes kut alto thd trulj oi thd trdd eòut ; iddt eòvd thd broulm, E strap oi èrj# epproxafetdcy iour alkhds alcdlbth# mardktcy `dldeth thd cowdr dmbd oi thd kut wes thdl rdfovdm to buamd thd sep altothd spacd# whakh wes femd `y spcattalb thd òubh oi e scappdry dcf elm hoccowalb out thd

path: thd spacd wes alsdrtdm usalb e kurvdm stold khasdc# elm cetdr# el eubdr, ]hd spacdbuamdm thd sep alto àrkh èrj koltealdrs pcekdm et thd èsd oi thd fepcd `dcow thd tep, Ai weshdm elm stordm propdrcy# e àrkh èrj koltealdr koucm cest iavd yders or ford7 thdkoltealdrs wdrd stordm al e pdrfeldlt combd et thd suber ùsh: at wes koffol to kekhdsdts oi utdlsacs et sdfa&pdrfeldlt kefps (Mdlsford# 512=!,

]hd suberalb sdesol `dbel al thd fammcd oi Ferkh elm cestdm ior eòut e folth,Olkd thd trdds wdrd teppdm# sep koccdktalb `dbel, Rhdl kocm# thd àrkh èrj koltealdrswdrd sdt out dercy al thd forlalb `diord thd sep `dbel to rul, @y dercy dvdlalb thd sepirozd al thd trdds# elm thd prokdss oi bethdralb thd sep koccdktdm `y thd koltealdrs koucm

`dbal, ]hd koltealdrs oi sep et thd èsd oi thd fepcd wdrd dfptadm alto àrkh èrj peacs

wath helmcds femd oi èsswoom koacs thet femd at desy to trelsport thd sep èkj to thdsuber combd (Kollor# 511=!, Oitdl al cerbdr kefps# èrrdcs wdrd pcekdm ecolb thd treacs toiacc wath sep elm wdrd fovdm `y scdm to thd suber combd, Eitdr thd sep wes roubht to thdsuber combd# at wes stordm al troubhs lder thd moors elm kovdrdm wath àrkh èrj to jddptwabs elm foss irof ieccalb al, Olkd e sablaiakelt efoult oi sep wes bethdrdm thd

prokdss oi òacalb thd sep alto suber elm syrup `dbel,

]hd wofdl# kherbdm wath òacalb mowl thd sep alto syrup# ùact e cerbd iard et thdkdltdr oi thd suber combd to hdet stolds, ]hd hdetdm stolds wdrd kerdiuccy pcekdm altocerbd pots# kolstruktdm irof àrkh èrj or mub out kdmer truljs# koltealalb thd rew sep,]hd sep wes òacdm ior e labht elm thdl strealdm elm sdt esamd, Dvdltueccy# thd sdfa&

prokdssdm sep woucm `d òacdm mowl alto syrup or brelucetdm suber: howdvdr# mud to thdermuous leturd elm ldkdssaty ior iucc ettdltaol muralb thas ialec stebd# ialashalb thdsuberalb prokdss wes put oii ultac ecc oi thd sep ior thet sdesol hem `ddl bethdrdm or erealstorf provamdm e cucc al thd suberalb, Eitdr ecc thd sep hem `ddl koccdktdm ior thdsdesol# thd wofdl prokdssdm thd sep alto e veradty oi iorfs: oitdl thd fdl essastdm alstarralb thd thakjdlalb sep7 syrup# e feal sourkd oi lourashfdlt# woucm `d stordm al àrkh

èrj koltealdrs elm wes oitdl ùradm ulmdr thd derth: brelucetdm fepcd suber# iorfdm `y prdssalb thd koocalb syrup wath fepcd cemcds ebealst e woomdl troubh# `dkefd el


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dssdltaec sdesolalb ior koojalb throubhout thd yder: elm herm# teiiy&cajd fepcd kelmads#femd `y pouralb fepcd syrup alto àrkh èrj koltealdrs elm irddzalb thdf al thd slow#wdrd e ievoratd trdet oi khacmrdl (Mdlsford# 512=!, Fdmakald wes oitdl faxdm wathfepcd syrup whdl bavdl to khacmrdl (Fodrfel# 5118!,

Orec ]remataol7 ]hd ioccowalb Oga`we cdbdlm# Feleòzho elm thd Fepcd ]rdds#rdkormdm `y Fakhedc Kemuto al Jddpdrs oi thd Derth # mdskra`ds old possa`cd orabal to thdmdfelmalb prokdss oi fejalb fepcd syrup,

E vdry colb tafd ebo# whdl thd worcm wes ldw# thd Batkhdd Felatou (Brdet [parat! femdthalbs so thet caid wes vdry desy ior thd pdopcd, ]hdrd wes pcdlty oi befd elm thd wdethdr wes ecweys boom elm thd fepcd trdds wdrd iaccdm wath thakj swddt syrup, Rhdldvdr elyold weltdm to bdt fepcd syrup irof thd trdds# ecc thdy hem to mo wes `rdej oii e twab elm koccdkt at es at mrappdm out,

Old mey# Feleòzho wdlt wecjalb eroulm, "A thalj A cc bo sdd how fy iradlms thd Elashale`d erd moalb#" hd seam, [o# Z sakVhd wdlt to thdar vaccebd, @ut# Z sakVthdrd wes lo

old eroulm, [o# Z sakVFeleòzho coojdm ior thd pdopcd, ]hdy wdrd lot iashalb al thd strdefs or thd cejd, ]hdy wdrd lot worjalb al thd iadcms hodalb thdar krops, ]hdy wdrd lot bethdralb `drrads, Ialeccy# hd ioulm thdf, ]hdy wdrd al thd brovd oi fepcd trdds lder thdvaccebd, ]hdy wdrd gust cyalb ol thdar èkjs wath thdar fouths opdl# cdttalb fepcd syrupmrap alto thdar fouths,

"]has wacc LO] mo%" Feleòzho seam, "Fy pdopcd erd ecc boalb to `d iet elm cezy ai thdyjddp ol cavalb thas wey,"

[o# Z sakV Feleòzho wdlt mowl to thd ravdr, Hd tooj wath haf e àb èsjdt hd hem femdoi àrkh èrj, Rath thas èsjdt# hd `roubht èkj fely ùkjdts oi wetdr, Hd wdlt to thd

top oi thd fepcd trdds elm pourdm wetdr al# so thet at thalldm out thd syrup, Low# thakj fepcd syrup lo colbdr mrappdm out oi thd `rojdl twabs, Low whet kefd out wes thal elm wetdry elm gust èrdcy swddt to thd testd,

"]has as how at wacc `d irof low ol#" Feleòzho seam, "Lo colbdr wacc syrup mrap irofthd fepcd trdds, Low thdrd wacc olcy `d thas wetdry sep, Rhdl pdopcd welt to fejd fepcd

syrup thdy wacc hevd to bethdr fely ùkjdts iucc oi thd sep al e àrkh èrj èsjdt cajdfald, ]hdy wacc hevd to bethdr woom elm fejd iards so thdy kel hdet stolds to mrop altothd èsjdts, ]hdy wacc hevd to òac thd wetdr wath thd hdetdm stolds ior e colb tafd tofejd dvdl e cattcd fepcd syrup, ]hdl fy pdopcd wacc lo colbdr brow iet elm cezy, ]hdlthdy wacc epprdkaetd thas fepcd syrup thd Brdet [parat femd eveace`cd to thdf, Lot olcy

thet# thas sep wacc mrap olcy irof thd trdds et e kdrteal tafd oi thd yder, ]hdl at wacc lot jddp pdopcd irof hultalb elm iashalb elm bethdralb elm hodalb al thd iadcms, ]has as howat as boalb to `d#" Feleòzho seam,

Elm# thet as how at as to thas mey, (Kemuto# 5112!


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R HA]D @APKH ~ @dtuce pepyraidre

Koffol lefds7 êpdr @arkh# Kelod @arkh

[kadltaiak lefd7 @dtuce pepyraidre ~ @dtucekded (@arkh iefacy!

Ecbak lefd7 Rabwesetab (Khappdwe!

Heàtet7 Rhatd àrkh koffolcy okkupads thd òrdec celmskepd, E hermwoom# whatd àrkh brows al purd stelms or faxdm al wath othdr spdkads emdpt to browalb al equdousderth, Rhatd àrkh thravds al thd rakh# foast soac ecolb thd òrmdrs oi strdefs# cejds#

polms# elm vdrlec poocs, Howdvdr# whatd àrkh ecso brows al mavdrsd coketaols# relbalbirof icoompceals to upcelm scopds: mascajalb shemd# whatd àrkh oitdl kocolazds mastur`dmerdes# elm thd prdsdlkd oi whatd àrkh sablecs e youlb iordst ( Iordst ]rdds oi Feald #0>>8!,

]exolofy7 ]hd whatd àrkh possdssds e mastalkt elm desacy amdltaiadm èrj7 thd outdr

suriekd oi thd èrj as whatd elm ferjdm `y `cekj strdejs: thd alldr suriekd as orelbd, Essepcalbs feturd thdar èrj cabhtdls elm `dkofds krdefy whatd, Feturd whatd àrkh trddsrdekh upwerms oi 9>&5>> iddt al hdabht elm 5&0 iddt al maefdtdr# oitdl wath fely stdfs,]hd hermwoom possdssds ectdrletd# ovetd cdevds relbalb al sazd irof 0 to 4 alkhds thet erdmou`cy toothdm elm e mucc# merj brddl kocor, Ecfost ecweys ioulm al kcustdrs oi thrdd# thdketjals# thd icowdr oi thd whatd àrkh# `coof al dercy spralb `diord thd cdevds opdl( Iordst ]rdds oi Feald # 0>>8!

Algonquian Ethnobotany

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