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Algal Biofuels Research: Using basic science to maximize fuel output Jacob Dums, PhD candidate, [email protected] Heike Sederoff Lab March 9, 2015

Transcript of Algal Biofuels Research: Using basic science to maximize ... · Algal Biofuels Research: Using...

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Algal Biofuels Research: Using basic science to maximize fuel output

Jacob Dums, PhD candidate, [email protected] Sederoff LabMarch 9, 2015

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Outline

• Research Approach• Dunaliella• Increase Oil Content by Genetic Engineering• Effects of Light and Temperature• Using Amino Acids as a Nitrogen Source• Current Work• Summary

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Basic vs Applied Research

• Basic Research– A form of systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena

– Research for science’s sake

• Applied Research– a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science

– Research to solve a specific problem

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Consequences of the Environment, Basic Research

Pressure Salt

Nitrogen

pH

CO2 Radiation

TemperaturePhosphateLight

O2

MetabolismOil storageSugar storageProtein productionChlorophyll

DevelopmentCell Division

Sexual ReproductionCell Size

Transcription

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Maximizing Output,Application Research

• Decreasing Input– Growing space– Light– Time– Nutrients

• Increasing Output (Money)– More oil– Better harvesting– Secondary byproducts

Input

Output

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Dunaliella• Small unicellular green alga (~10µm)• Halophilic, isolated from high salt environments• Lacks cell wall• Currently cultivated for carotenoid production• 1 partially sequenced genome

– Available transcriptomes

Borowitzka, M. A., & Siva, C. J. (2007). Journal of Applied Phycology.

Dunaliella viridis

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Expression of extremophile thioesterase A (TesA) in D. viridis 

Free fatty acidFatty acyl-ACP Acyl-ACP thioesterase

Light + CO2

Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Triose phosphate

Starch

Acetyl‐CoA

Fatty acyl‐ACP

Free fatty acids

Fatty acyl‐CoACytosol

DAGTAG

FAT

ER

ACCaseCsTesA

• Increase oil content by removing inhibition

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Effects of Light and Temperature• Cells grown under normal or continuous light• Two different temperatures, 25°C or 35°C• Continuous light increases cell division• Short term temp increase has no effect on cell division

Srirangan et al. (2015). PLOS ONE.

Fig. 2: Cell division rate and cell size increases under LL versus LD cycles. D. viridis cultures were grown either under LD (dashed lines) or LL (solid lines) at 25°C for the first 24 hours and then either remained at 25°C (blue lines) or the temperature was raised to 35°C (red lines). The temperature shift occurred after 24hrs (black arrow). Cell counts were measured in three biological replicates with three technical replicates each. The error bars represent the standard deviation. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired, two‐tailed, Student’s t‐test. The values with the same letters are not significantly different at 54 hrs (p<0.05).

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Effects of Light and Temperature• Cells grown under normal or continuous light• Two different temperatures, 25°C or 35°C• Both light and temperature cause increased oil content

Srirangan et al. (2015). PLOS ONE.

Fig. 5. TAG content increases under LL (A) and saturated FAs accumulate at 35°C in TAG (B). D. viridis cultures were grown either under LD (dashed lines) or LL (solid lines). All cultures were grown at 25°C for the first 24 hours and then either remained at 25°C (blue lines) or the temperature in the growth chamber was raised to 35°C (red lines). The temperature shift is indicated by the black arrow. Total TAG content was calculated as the sum of the fatty acids from the TAG fraction. Total TAG content was normalized to 1 million cells. The error bars represent the standard deviation from three independent biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired, two‐tailed, Student’s t‐test. The values with the same letters are not significantly different at 54 hrs (p<0.05).

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pump

LED / n

atural light

CO2/ air

10L reactorseawater 

holding tank

Freshwater backwash

Microalgae separation

OILlipid / nutrient separation

recycled

 nu

trients

seawaterrecycled seawater

nutrient recycle digester

OsmoticLysis

Closing the Loop

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Oil Contains No Nutrients

http://www.scienceinafrica.com/pics/12_2006/oil1.jpg

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch10/graphics/10_24.gif

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0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

MET GLN GLU ALA VAL CYS SER PRO GLY TRP none

cell de

nsity

 (106

cells/m

l)

Amino Acids

D. viridis Utilizes Few Amino Acids

Growth supported only by glutamine, tryptophan, cysteine, and histidine.**True at concentrations of 5mM.

Histidine

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GLU

GLN αKG

GLU

GLU

GS‐GOGAT Pathway

GlutamineGLN

NH4+Glutamate

OxidaseH20

GLU

GLNAmino AcidTransporters

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Growth on Glutamine

Current Work

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 24 48

106cells/m

L

Hours

Cell DensityNitrateNo NitrogenGlutamineGlutamate

0

1

2

3

4

0 24 48

µg TAG

 /10

6cells

Hours

Neutral Lipid Content

Growth on glutamine increases cell division and shows no significant effect on oil accumulation.

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Growth on Glutamine

0

4

8

12

16

0 24 48µg

 protein/106

  cells

Hours

Protein Content

Current Work

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 24 48

µg of C

hlorop

hyll/10

6 cells

Hours

Chlorophyll Content

NitrateNo NitrogenGlutamineGlutamate

Decreases in Chlorophyll and Protein Content may be due to carbon heterotrophy and decreased need of photosynthesis and carbon fixation.

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Current Work, Applied• Increasing Utilization of Amino Acids

– Expressing additional amino acid transporters– Expressing the amino acid oxidase from Chlamydomonas

Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gln, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val

Amino Acid

NH4+α‐keto acid

OXIDASEH20

Ammonium Transporter

Amino AcidTransportersAmino AcidTransporters

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de Oliveira Dal'Molin, Cristiana Gomes, et al. (2010). Plant physiology.

• Metabolic consequences of increased amino acid utilization

• Characterization of amino acid transporters that D. viridis already has

Current Work, Basic

GLN

CYS TRP

HIS

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Summary

• Applied vs Basic Research– Both are important– Basic research gives a basis for applied research– Applied research translates discoveries into practical applications

• Algae Research– Can use high temp and continuous light to induce oil accumulation and increase growth rate

– Amino acids support growth, but there are unknown metabolic consequences

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Questions?