Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management...

54
Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop Options Craig Saxe Juneau County UW-Extension

Transcript of Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management...

Page 1: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop Options

Craig SaxeJuneau County UW-Extension

Page 2: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Special thanks to:

Dr. Dan UndersanderUniversity of Wisconsin

For providing slides

Page 3: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Special thanks to:

Paul PetersonUniversity of Minnesota

For providing slides

Page 4: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover Crops for Alfalfa

Why cover/nurse crop?

Erosion control

Weed suppression

Drying wet soils

Nitrogen management

Improving soil quality

Page 5: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Changes in Alfalfa Establishment Practices

Prior to 1990, greater than 90% of alfalfa seed with oat cover cropNow less than 40% of alfalfa is seeded with oat cover crop

Planted Oat Acreage in Wisconsin

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General Considerations

Too much competition to the young alfalfa seedlings can stunt their growth and or kill them.

Alfalfa stressed in the seeding year will never yield as well in future years

Higher than necessary plant populations of the cover crop add to establishment cost without producing additional return.

Page 7: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover Crop - Oats

establishes easilygrows well under a wide range of conditionsAvoid high seeding rates to reduce competion to alfalfa

recommended seeding rate is 1 bu (32 lb) per acre.This provides about 12 seeds per square foot. Higher seeding rates will increase grain yield (but not forage yield). higher seeding rates will add stress on the alfalfa seedlings and may reduce stands and hurt the alfalfa yield in future years.

Page 8: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Effect of cover crop competition on alfalfa yield

1.531.67

1.78

1.02 0.96

1.54

0

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Drilled

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contro

lOats

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r grai

nOats

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Conventional oat nurse crop

Roundup oat takeout

Page 9: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover crop - Oats sprayed at 6-inch height

oats seeded at 1 bu/acrewill provide good ground cover, early weed control,when sprayed at 6 inches will die leaving alfalfa to yield the same as if no cover crop had been planted The oats has been taken out with Poast+ and SelectCan use roundup ready alfalfa

Roundup oat takeout

Conventional oat nurse crop

Page 10: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

2.01.41.11.80.7Alfalfa

2.02.22.02.32.0Oat

4.03.63.14.12.7(3) Alfalfa + Oat haylage

3.13.01.72.33.0(2) Oats sprayed at 6 inches

3.53.02.32.42.8(1) Alfalfa seeded direct

20052004200520042003Treatment

Rosemount, MNArlington, WI

Forage yield of alfalfa either seeded direct (1), with oats over-seeded and sprayed at 6 inches (2)or oats harvested at boot stage (3).

Page 11: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover Crop - Barley

is somewhat more difficult to grow. Forage yield is less than oats crude protein is slightly highermatures a week or more earlier than oats.

Page 12: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover Crop - Small grain/pea mixes

Improve palatability and forage quality over pure small grain cover crops.

Peas, seeded alone or with too few small grain, will lodge and smother the alfalfa.

Pea seed is also much more expensive than oats so must balance the benefit against the cost.

Peas do not dry as fast after cutting as small grain forage

Page 13: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cover Crop - Italian ryegrass

Good rapid ground coverHigh quality and palatable forage Choose a variety that does not head in the seeding year Plant at a sufficiently low seeding rate to reduce competition with the alfalfa (4 lb/a of Italian ryegrass) Does not do well on course textured soil especially in dry conditions

Page 14: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Effect of cover crop competition on alfalfa yield

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Arlington Marshfield

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024816

Italian Ryegrass seeding rate lb/a

Italian Ryegrass seeding rate lb/a

Seeding year yield First production year yield

Page 15: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Grass-Legume Mixtures

At one time grass-legume mixtures were the norm

Herbicides and adoption of NIR testing using NDF and ADF reduced grass-legume mixtures

Grasses don’t always reduce quality and yield

Presently over 80% of alfalfa grown in New York State is grown with a companion crop, Wisconsin is probably closer to? (20%).

Page 16: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Alfalfa-Grass Mixtures: Going Backwards?

Alfalfa is losing ground; grasses may helpPersistence and ground cover

Greater snow catch; better insulation w/ or w/o snowReduced alfalfa heavingInsurance where alfalfa does winter kill

Greater harvested yield and qualityMore rapid hay/haylage drying (with some grasses)RFV vs. RFQ (higher fiber digestibility of grass)Less potential for traffic damage, wider harvest windowsDecreased need for long-term persistence

What quality do modern dairy rations need? Straw?Diversification, nature’s model

Page 17: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Why Mix Grasses with Legumes

More rapid hay dryingHigher yield potentialLess weed encroachmentInsurance against legume winterkillHelps to fill in areas of field that are not suited for legumesGreater traffic toleranceGreater response to manure

Page 18: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Forage Quality of Alfalfa Grass Mixes

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63 63 73 93Percent Legume

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Higher NDF with grass

But higher NDFD

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Forage Quality of Alfalfa Grass Mixes

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63 63 73 93Percent Legume

RFVRFQ

Page 20: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Yield of alfalfa-grass mixtures in 2006

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Arlinigton Marshfield Spooner

alfalfa A + OGEA + OGLA+ PRA+ Tim

SeedingSite Year Arlington 2005Marshfield 2004Spooner 2003

Including grass had no effect on total season yield

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Issues with grass

There’s great variation among grass species, thus it’s difficult to make general statements about grasses

Re-growth characteristics, seasonal distribution, response to cutting and fiber digestibility all vary

Have been limited feeding studies in the USABest suggestion is probably to consider some on-farm research and experiment with grasses on a small scale on your own farm

Page 22: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Selecting grasses

YieldPalatabilityMaturityRust Resistance

OrchardgrassTall FescueRyegrass

Yield distribution if grazing

Page 23: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Yield Difference between top and bottom entry in grass variety trials

Orchard grass

Timothy

Smooth Bromegrass

Tall Fescue

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Page 24: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Palatability of Grass Species

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Orchardgrass

Smoothbromegrass

Timothy

Tall Fescue

PerennialRyegrass

Palatability

Page 25: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Palatability of Different Orchardgrass Varieties

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OG9501

POTOMACPROFILE

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TAKENATEKAPOWARRIO

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Pala

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Page 26: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Rust on orchardgrass

Need Rust ResistantOrchardgrassRyegrassTall Fescue

Page 27: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Seasonal Distribution of Cool Season Grass Yield

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Page 28: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Grass Options

Cool-season annualsItalian and annual ryegrassSmall grains

Cool-season perennialsTimothy, smooth brome, K. bluegrassOrchardgrassReed canarygrassTall and meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass

Page 29: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Italian Ryegrass in Stearns Co., Aug. 2004

Page 30: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Italian Ryegrass vs. Oats at Dan Miller Farm, 2004

Page 31: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Italian Ryegrass vs. Oats at Dan Miller Farm, 2004

Page 32: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Oats vs. IRG vs. Perennial Grass

Page 33: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Sod-forming Grasses

Smooth Bromegrass

Page 34: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Sod-forming Grasses

Smooth Bromegrass

PROsVery winterhardySod-forming (loose)Persists through heat and droughtPalatable

CONsVery uneven yield distributionSlow regrowthPoor summer productivityPoor persistence under continuous grazing

Page 35: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Bunch Grasses

Timothy

Page 36: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Bunch Grasses

Timothy

PROsVery winter hardyLate maturing - broad window for good quality and palatabilityDoes well in cool, moist areas

CONsVery uneven yield distributionSlow regrowthPoor heat/drought toleranceOver-rated as horse feed

Page 37: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Sod-forming Grasses

Reed Canarygrass

Page 38: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Sod-forming Grasses

Reed Canarygrass

PROsSod-forming (loose)Flooding tolerantRelatively productive during heat/droughtCompatible/even with alfalfa

CONsRelatively coarse/unpalatable when matureSlow to establishAlkaloids (use low-alkaloid Venture, Palaton, Chiefton)

Page 39: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Bunch Grasses

Orchardgrass

Page 40: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Bunch Grasses

Orchardgrass

PROsRapid regrowthLeafyGood early/late season growth

CONsVery competitive with legumesMarginal winterhardinessw/o snowcoverBunchy

Page 41: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Perennial Ryegrass in Ireland

Page 42: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass
Page 43: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Perennial RyegrassPROs

Rapid regrowthLeafy (highest quality grass)High palatability when vegetativeHigh seedling vigor/easy to establish

CONsMarginal winter hardinessLimited heat/drought toleranceRust susceptibility

Page 44: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Ryegrass and Festulolium Winter Injury at Grand Rapids, MN, Spring 2003

Page 45: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Tall Fescue

Page 46: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass
Page 47: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Bunch Grasses

Tall Fescue

PROsGrazing- and traffic-tolerantExcellent fall productivity (“stockpiling”)Becomes “turfy” via short rhizomes in monoculture

CONsMarginal winter hardinessRelatively low palatability (coarse, waxy leaves)Bunchy in mixturesPurchase “low-endophyte”seed

Page 48: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Tall Fescue – Wilting Challenge?

Page 49: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Cornell Alfalfa vs. Tall Fescue Silage Feeding Trial (Cherney et al., 2002)

0102030405060708090

Milk, kg/d DM Intake,kg/d

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100% Alf2/3 Alf, 1/3 TF1/3 Alf, 2/3 TF100% TF

Diets 1.1% BW Forage NDFAlf 34% NDFTF 56% NDF

Page 50: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

2007 Total-Season DM Yields (4 Harvests) and Species Composition of Alfalfa-Grass Mixtures at Rosemount, MN - seeded August 2006

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arca

rella

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rella

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arca

rella

TF+

160N

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arca

rella

TF+

160N

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arian

e TF

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arian

e TF

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arian

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+160

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arian

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+160

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1 BG-3

4 PR

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1 BG-3

4 PR

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G-34

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60N

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HxTQ P

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HxTQ P

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60N

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rade

l MF

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argr

ass

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rass

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lfa a

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arell

a TF

+160

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ne T

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ana O

G+160

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Palat

on R

CG+160

N

DM

Yie

ld (T

on/a

c, w

eed-

free

)

GrassAlfalfa

Page 51: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass mixtures at Rosemount, MN, in 2007

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2:1 B

arcar

ella T

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F+16

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arcar

ella T

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ane T

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arian

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arian

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arian

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G-34 P

RG

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G-34 P

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RG+160

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RG+160

N2:1

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Q PRG

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RG

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w/ Orch

argra

ss

w/ Ree

d Can

aryg

rass

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lfa 42

alon

eBa

rcarel

la TF

+160

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BG-3

4 PRG+1

60N

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na O

G+160

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rnal

alone

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radel

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1:1 P

radel

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0NR

FQ in

dex

Page 52: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Season-total Milk per Acre potential of alfalfa-grass mixtures at Rosemount, MN, in 2007

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arcar

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arcar

ella T

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ane T

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arian

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arian

e TF+1

60N

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arian

e TF+1

60N

2:1 B

G-34 P

RG

1:1 B

G-34 P

RG

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G-34 P

RG+160

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G-34 P

RG+160

N2:1

WHxT

Q PRG

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HxTQ P

RG

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HxTQ P

RG+160

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HxTQ P

RG+160

Nw/ O

rchar

grass

w/ Ree

d Can

aryg

rass

Baralf

a 42 a

lone

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rella

TF+1

60N

Baria

ne T

F+16

0N

BG-34 P

RG+160

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Barid

ana O

G+160

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Palat

on R

CG+160

NVer

nal a

lone

1:1 P

radel

MF

1:1 P

radel

MF+16

0NM

ilk p

er a

cre

(lb/a

c)

Page 53: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

Team Forage Web Page

http://www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/teamforage/index.html

Page 54: Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures and Cover Crop OptionsWeed suppression Drying wet soils Nitrogen management ... DM Yield (Ton/ac, weed-free) Grass Alfalfa. Season-average RFQ of alfalfa-grass

http://www.uwex.edu/ces/cwas/