359 B.C.Philip II becomesking of Macedonia

331 B.C.Alexanderdefeats Dariusat Gaugamela

323 B.C.Alexander dies

MACEDONIA

Gaugamela

Babylon

360 B.C. 340 B.C. 320 B.C.360 B.C. 340 B.C. 320 B.C.

Alexander the Great

398 CHAPTER 8 Greek Civilization

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.4 Studentsanalyze the geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures of the earlycivilizations of AncientGreece.

Looking Back, Looking AheadIn Section 2, you learned that the

Greek philosopher Aristotle was alsoa teacher. The king of Macedoniaadmired Greek culture and hiredAristotle to tutor his son, Alexander.Years later, his son would takecontrol of the Greek world.

Focusing on the Philip II of Macedonia united the

Greek states. (page 399)

Alexander the Great conquered thePersian Empire and spread Greekculture throughout southwest Asia.(page 400)

Locating PlacesMacedonia (MAsuhDOHneeuh)Chaeronea (KEHRuhNEEuh)Syria (SIHReeuh)Alexandria (A lihgZANdreeuh)

Meeting PeoplePhilip II

Alexander the Great

Content Vocabularylegacy (LEHguhsee)Hellenistic Era (HEH luhNIHS tihk)

Academic Vocabularyachieve (uhCHEEV)military (MIH luhTEHRee)

Reading StrategySequencing Create a diagram like theone below to track the achievementsof Alexander the Great.

WH6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece.

WH6.4.7 Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt.

Macedonia Attacks GreecePhilip II of Macedonia united the Greek

states.Reading Connection Have you ever wanted somethingbecause your neighbor had it? Read to find what the kingof Macedonia wanted from his neighbors, the Greeks.

Macedonia (MA suh DOH nee uh) laynorth of Greece. The Macedonians raisedsheep and horses and grew crops in theirriver valleys. They were a warrior peoplewho fought on horseback. The Greeks lookeddown on them, but by 400 B.C., Macedoniahad become a powerful kingdom.

A Plan to Win Greece In 359 B.C. Philip IIrose to the throne in Macedonia. Philip hadlived in Greece as a young man. He admiredeverything about the Greekstheir art,

their ideas, and their armies. AlthoughMacedonia was influenced by Greek ideas,Philip wanted to make his kingdom strongenough to defeat the mighty PersianEmpire. In order to achieve this goal, Philipneeded to unite the Greek city-states withhis own kingdom.

Philip trained a vast army of foot sol-diers to fight like the Greeks. He took overthe city-states one by one. He took somecity-states by force and bribed the leaders ofothers to surrender. Some united with hiskingdom voluntarily.

Demosthenes (dih MAHS thuh NEEZ)was a lawyer and one of Athenss greatpublic speakers. He gave several powerfulspeeches warning Athenians that Philipwas a threat to Greek freedom. He urgedAthens and other city-states to join togetherto fight the Macedonians.

CHAPTER 8 Greek Civilization 399

As King Philip II of Macedonia becamemore powerful, he began to take part in the affairs of Greece. Demosthenes real-ized that Macedonias powerful armywould eventually be a threat to Greece.He tried to warn the Greeks to take action. Remember only that Philip is our enemy, thathe has long been robbing and insulting us,that wherever we have expected aid from oth-ers we have found hostility, that the futuredepends on ourselves, and that unless we arewilling to fight him there we shall perhaps beforced to fight here. . . . You need not speculate[guess] about the future except to assureyourselves that it will be disastrous unless youface the facts and are willing to do your duty.

Demosthenes, The First Philippic inOrations of Demosthenes

Which line of Demosthenes speech tellswhat he thinks will happen if the Greeksignore Philip?

Demosthenes Warning Demosthenes

file photo

WH6.4.7 Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt.

However, by the time the Greeks saw thedanger, it was too late. The PeloponnesianWar had left the Greeks weak and divided. Inmany Greek city-states, the population haddeclined after the Peloponnesian War.Fighting had destroyed many farms and leftpeople with no way to earn a living. As aresult, thousands of young Greeks left Greeceto join the Persian army. Many who stayedbehind began fighting among themselves.The city-states grew weaker.

Although the Athenians joined someother Greek states to fight Philips army, theycould not stop the invasion. In 338 B.C. theMacedonians crushed the Greek allies at theBattle of Chaeronea (KEHRuhNEEuh) nearThebes. Philip now controlled most of Greece.

Summarize Why did Philip IIinvade Greece?

Alexander Builds an EmpireAlexander the Great conquered the

Persian Empire and spread Greek culture through-out southwest Asia.Reading Connection What will you be doing at age20? Read to learn what Philips son Alexander achieved.

Philip planned to conquer the PersianEmpire with the Greeks help. Before Philipcould carry out his plan, however, he wasmurdered. As a result, the invasion of Asiafell to his son.

Alexander was only 20 when he becameking of Macedonia. Philip had carefullytrained his son for leadership. While still aboy, Alexander often went with his father tothe battlefront. At age 16 he rose to com-mander in the Macedonian army. After his

500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 mi.0

N

S

W E

20N

40N

20E

40E

60E

Granicus334 B.C.

Chaeronea338 B.C.

Gaugamela331 B.C.

Issus333 B.C.

ArabianSea

Persian Gulf

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Caspian Sea

AegeanSea

Euphrates R.

Tigris

R.

Nile

R.

D anube R.

Indu

sR.

ASIAMINOR

PERSIASYRIA

MACEDONIA

EGYPT

Alexandria

Athens

TyreBabylon

Persepolis

Susa

Alexanders Empire 323 B.C.

1. Location Near what river was theBattle of Gaugamela fought?

2. Movement What moderncountries make up the easternborders of the empire?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

TURKEY

IRANIRAQ

SYRIA

JORDANKUWAIT

LEBANONISRAEL

SAUDIARABIA

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

EGYPTLIBYA

GREECE

BULGARIA

Extent of empireAlexanders routesof conquestMajor battle

KEY

The Region Today

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

fathers death, Alexander was ready to ful-fill his fathers dreamthe invasion of thePersian Empire.

What Did Alexander Conquer? In thespring of 334 B.C., Alexander invaded AsiaMinor with about 37,000 foot soldiers. He alsotook along 5,000 mounted warriors. WithAlexander at their head, the cavalrydestroyed the forces of the local Persiansatraps at the Battle of Granicus.

By the next year, Alexander had freedthe Greek cities in Asia Minor from Persianrule and defeated a large Persian army atIssus. He then turned south. By the winterof 332 B.C., he had captured Syria (SIHR ee uh) and Egypt. Then he built the city ofAlexandria (A lihg ZAN dree uh) in Egyptas a center of business and trade. The citybecame one of the most important cities inthe ancient world.

In 331 B.C. Alexander headed east anddefeated the Persians at Gaugamela, nearBabylon. After this victory, his army easilyoverran the rest of the Persian Empire.However, Alexander did not stop at Persia.Over the next three years, he marched eastas far as modern Pakistan. In 326 B.C. hecrossed the Indus River and entered India.There he fought a number of bloody battles.Weary of continuous war, his soldiersrefused to go farther. Alexander agreed tolead them home.

On the return march, the troops crosseda desert in what is now southern Iran. Heatand thirst killed thousands of soldiers. Atone point, a group of soldiers found a littlewater and scooped it up in a helmet. Thenthey offered the water to Alexander.According to a Greek historian, Alexander,in full view of his troops, poured the wateron the ground. So extraordinary was theeffect of this action that the water wasted by

Alexander was as good as a drink for everyman in the army.

In 323 B.C. Alexander returned toBabylon. He wanted to plan an invasion ofsouthern Arabia but was very tired and weakfrom wounds. He came down with a badfever. Ten days later he was dead at age 32.

Alexanders Legacy Alexander was agreat military leader. He was brave andeven reckless. He often rode into battleahead of his men and risked his own life.He inspired his armies to march intounknown lands and risk their lives in dif-ficult situations.

The key to Alexanders courage mayhave been his childhood education.Alexander kept a copy of the Iliad under hispillow. Most likely his inspiration wasHomers warrior-hero Achilles. In the end,Alexanders reputation outstripped evenAchilles, and today he is called Alexanderthe Great.

CHAPTER 8 Greek Civilization 401

This carving of Alexander the Great on his horsedecorated the side of a tomb. Was Alexanderable to fulfill his plans of conquest? Explain.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Robert Harding Picture Library

A legacy (LEH guh see) is what a personleaves behind when he or she dies.Alexanders skill and daring created hislegacy. He helped extend Greek andMacedonian rule over a vast region. At thesame time, he and his armies spread Greekart, ideas, language, and architecture wher-ever they went in southwest Asia andnorthern Africa. Greeks, in turn, broughtnew ideas back from Asia and Africa.

Alexanders conquests marked thebeginning of the Hellenistic Era (HEH luh NIHS tihk). The word Hellenistic comes froma Greek word meaning like the Greeks. Itrefers to a time when the Greek languageand Greek ideas spread to the non-Greekpeople of southwest Asia.

The Empire Breaks Apart Alexander theGreat planned to unite Macedonians,Greeks, and Persians in his new empire. Heused Persians as officials and encouragedhis soldiers to marry Asian women. AfterAlexander died, however, his generalsfought one another for power. As a result,the empire that Alexander had created fellapart. Four kingdoms took its place:Macedonia, Pergamum (PUHR guh muhm),Egypt, and the Seleucid Empire (suh LOO suhd). Look at the map on page 403 to seewhere these kingdoms were located.

All government business in theHellenistic kingdoms was conducted in theGreek language. Only those Asians andEgyptians who spoke Greek could apply

Alexandria, EgyptAlexandria, Egypt

Modern Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria was oneof the Seven Wonders of the AncientWorld. A fire in its tall tower guidedships into harbor. What was specialabout Alexandria in 100 B.C.?

Alexandria

(l)Ya

n A

rthus

-Ber

trand

/CO

RB

IS, (

r)A

rchi

ves

Cha

rmet

/Brid

gem

an A

rt Li

brar

y

Reading SummaryReview the Following the Battle of

Chaeronea in 338 B.C., King Philipof Macedonia ruled all of Greece.

Alexander the Great, King Philipsson, conquered an empire thatstretched to Africa in the southand India in the east. AfterAlexanders death, his empiresplit into several kingdoms.

1. How did Philip II of Macedoniafeel about the Greeks?

2. What ended Alexanders con-quest of India?

Critical Thinking3. Analyze Why was Alexander a

good leader?

4. Summarize Draw a table tosummarize what you knowabout each topic.

5. Points of View Why didsome Greeks ignore the rise ofMacedonia? Who tried to warnthem?

6. What changes toGreek civilization did Philip andAlexander bring about throughwar?

7. Geography Skills How manycontinents did Alexandersempire reach?

8. Predicting Howmight history be different ifAlexander had not died at sucha young age? CA HI4.

CA CS3.

CA HI3.

CA HR5.

Philip of Macedonia

Alexander the Great

Alexanders Empire After His Death

CA 6RC2.4

CA 6RC2.0

What Did You Learn?

CHAPTER 8 Greek Civilization 403

for government posts. The kingspreferred to give the jobs to Greeksand Macedonians. In this way,Greeks managed to stay in controlof the governments.

By 100 B.C., the largest city inthe Mediterranean world wasAlexandria, which Alexander hadfounded in Egypt. In addition, theHellenistic kings created manynew cities and military settlements.

These new Greek communitiesneeded architects, engineers, philoso-phers, artisans, and artists. For thisreason, Hellenistic rulers encouragedGreeks and Macedonians to settle insouthwest Asia. These colonists pro-vided new recruits for the army and apool of government officials. Theyhelped spread Greek culture intoEgypt and as far east as modern-dayAfghanistan and India.

Explain What wasAlexanders legacy?

500 km0Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 mi.0

N

S

W E

40N

40E20E 60E

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Red Sea

CaspianSea

Euphrates R.

TigrisR

.

Nile

R.

Crete Cyprus

ASIA MINOR

Pella

Pergamum

Alexandria

Seleucia

Hellenistic World 241 B.C.

KEYEgyptian kingdomMacedonian kingdomPergamum kingdomSeleucid kingdom

1. Movement Which kingdom appearsto have had the most territory?

2. Location Which kingdoms were atleast partially located in Asia?

Study Central Need help understanding theconquests of Alexander the Great? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

http://ca.hss.glencoe.com

404

Alexander the Great:Villain or Hero?

Was Alexander the Great really

great?

Or was he an evil conqueror? Th

ose who

see him as bloodthirsty and cr

uel give

this as evidence against Alexand

er. They

say he destroyed Per

sepolis

attacked Tyre, killing 10,000 p

eople

and enslaving 30,000

treated his slaves harshly

ordered the murder of several

close

advisers.

Many legends about Alexander

have

been told. One historian fo

und this

account to support the villain t

heory.

The following is my favourit

e [story]

which is found all the way fro

m Turkey to

Kazakhstan: Iskander [Alexander

] was actu-

ally a devil and he had horns.

But his hair

was long and wavy and the

horns were

never seen. Only his barbers kn

ew. But he

feared they could not keep the

secret. So,

he killed them when they discov

ered. His

last barber pretended not to n

otice and

kept the secret. Eventually t

hough he

could bear it no longer

and, as he could tell no

one, he ran to a well and

called down the well:

Iskander has horns! But

in the bottom of the well

were whispering reeds

[used in flutes] and they

echoed the story until it

went round the whole

world.Michael Woo

d,

In the Footsteps of

Alexander the Great

Villain

404

Alexander the Great (at far left)

WH6.4.7 Trace the rise ofAlexander the Great and thespread of Greek cultureeastward and into Egypt.

405

Other historians consider Alexander

the Great to be a hero. They claim he

brought progress, order, and culture

to each new land he conquered. In

support of him, they say Alexander

tried to promote learning

visited all of his wounded men

after each battle

spared the lives of the queen and

princess of Persia

built new cities where others had

been destroyed.

Arrian, a Greek historian who lived

in the A.D. 100s, wrote about Alexande

r

this way:For my own part, I t

hink there was at that

time no race of men, no city, nor even a

single

individual to whom Alexanders name

and

fame had not penetrated. For this reas

on it

seems to me that a hero totally unlik

e any

other human being could not have been

born

without the agency [help] of the deity [g

ods].

Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander

On two points all historians agree:

Alexander was a brilliant general and he

was a brave fighter. He once boasted t

o

his men:For there is no part

of my body, in front

at any rate, remaining free from wou

nds;

nor is there any kind of weapon used e

ither

for close combat or for hurling at

the

enemy, the traces of which I do not bea

r on

my person. For I have been wounded w

ith

the sword in close fight, I have been

shot

with arrows, and I have been struck

with

missiles projected from engines of war

; and

though oftentimes I have been hit w

ith

stones and bolts of wood for the sak

e of

your lives, your glory, and your wealth,

I am

still leading you as conquerors over all

the

land and sea, all rivers, mountains,

and

plains. I have celebrated your wedd

ings

with my own, and the children of man

y of

you will be akin to my children.

Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander

Document-Based Questions

1. Why do some historians viewAlexander as a villain?

2. Why do others view him as ahero?

3. Was Alexander wicked or heroic?Take the role of a historian. Writea persuasive essay that explainshow you see Alexander theGreat. Be sure to use facts tosupport your position. CA 6WA2.5

CA HR5.

CA HR5.

405

Alexander the Great

Hero

Discovering Our Past: Ancient CivilizationsTable of ContentsA Guide to California Content StandardsCorrelation to the California StandardsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntReading Skills HandbookNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PoliticalWorld: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalMiddle East: Physical/PoliticalAfrica: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalSouth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalWorld's PeopleWorld: Land UsePolar Regions

National Geographic Geography HandbookHow Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps and Globes?Understanding Latitude and LongitudeFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsParts of MapsTypes of MapsUsing Graphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary

Tools of the HistorianMeasuring TimeOrganizing TimeHistory and GeographyWhat Is a Historical Atlas?How Does a Historian Work?Making Sense of the PastLinks Across Time

Unit 1: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and IsraelChapter 1: The First CivilizationsReading Skill: Previewing Section 1: Early HumansSection 2: Mesopotamian CivilizationSection 3: New EmpiresChapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and KushReading Skill: SummarizingSection 1: The Nile ValleySection 2: Egypt's Old KingdomSection 3: The Egyptian EmpireSection 4: The Civilization of KushChapter 2 Assessment

Chapter 3: The Ancient IsraelitesReading Skill: Making ConnectionsSection 1: The First IsraelitesSection 2: The Kingdom of IsraelSection 3: The Growth of JudaismChapter 3 Assessment

Unit 1 Review

Unit 2: India, China, and the AmericasChapter 4: Early IndiaReading Skill: QuestioningSection 1: India's First CivilizationsSection 2: Hinduism and BuddhismSection 3: India's First EmpiresChapter 4 Assessment

Chapter 5: Early ChinaReading Skill: MonitoringSection 1: China's First CivilizationsSection 2: Life in Ancient ChinaSection 3: The Qin and Han DynastiesChapter 5 Assessment

Chapter 6: The Ancient AmericasReading Skill: Taking NotesSection 1: The First AmericansSection 2: The Mayan PeopleChapter 6 Assessment

Unit 2 Review

Unit 3: The Greeks and RomansChapter 7: The Ancient GreeksReading Skill: Comparing and ContrastingSection 1: The Early GreeksSection 2: Sparta and AthensSection 3: Persia Attacks the GreeksSection 4: The Age of PericlesChapter 7 Assessment

Chapter 8: Greek CivilizationReading Skill: VisualizingSection 1: The Culture of Ancient GreeceSection 2: Greek Philosophy and HistorySection 3: Alexander the GreatSection 4: The Spread of Greek CultureChapter 8 Assessment

Chapter 9: The Rise of RomeReading Skill: Making InferencesSection 1: Rome's BeginningsSection 2: The Roman RepublicSection 3: The Fall of the RepublicSection 4: The Early EmpireChapter 9 Assessment

Chapter 10: Roman CivilizationReading Skill: Making PredictionsSection 1: Life in Ancient RomeSection 2: The Fall of RomeSection 3: The Byzantine EmpireChapter 10 Assessment

Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity Reading Skill: Identifying Cause and EffectSection 1: The First ChristiansSection 2: The Christian ChurchSection 3: The Spread of Christian IdeasChapter 11 Assessment

Unit 3 Review

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix?SkillBuilder HandbookCalifornia Standards HandbookGlossarySpanish GlossaryGazetteerIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature ContentsPrimary SourceAnalyzing Primary SourcesWorld LiteratureBiographySkillBuilder HandbookNational Geographic: History MakersLinking Past & PresentNational Geographic: The Way It WasYou Decide . . .Primary Source QuotesMaps, Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking GuideCalifornia Standards Practice WorkbookReading Essentials and Study GuideSpanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide

HelpInternet LinkPrevious DocumentSearch - DocumentSearch - FullPage NavigatorExit

Button1: