alcohols

CH3CH2OH (ethanol)CH3OH methanol

ether

CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether)propellant in aerosol cans

CH3OCH2CH3 methoxyethane or ethyl methyl ether

low boiling points

aldehydes

CH3CHO ethanal(acetaldehyde)

ketones

Butanone or methyl ethyl ketone

Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic Acids pKa

Formic acid (HCO2H) 3.77

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 4.76

Chloroacetic acid (CH2ClCO2H) 2.86

Dichloroacetic acid (CHCl2CO2H) 1.29

Trichloroacetic acid (CCl3CO2H) 0.65

Trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H) 0.5

Oxalic acid (HO2CCO2H) 1.27

Benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H) 4.2

ester

-formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol-used as fragrances

amides

CH3NH2 (methyl amine)Amine-NH2

nitrile

Substitution Reaction – a reaction in which part of a small reacting molecule replaces an atom or a group

of atoms on the organic molecule

CH3CH2CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2CH2Cl + HClpropane + chlorine 1-chloropropane + hydrochloric acidH is replaced by a functional group (Cl)

CH3CH2OH + HF CH3CH2F + H2OEthanol + hydrofluoric acid fluoroethane + water

HalogenationH

CH

H

C

H

H

H + Br2

H

CH

H

C

H

H

Br

Heat or Light or hv

Ethane Bromoethane

HBr+

C

H

H

H + Cl2

Heat or Light or hv

Methane chloromethane

HCl+H C

H

H

ClH

CH2Cl2 and CHCl3may be observed

A halogen is added

Addition reactions

Breaking a double bond and adding a halogen, a hydrogen halide, or sulfuric acid.

H2C=CH2(g) + Br2(l) BrH2C-CH2Br(l)Ethene + bromine 1,2-dibromorthane

CH2=CHCH3 + HCl CH3CHClCH3

propene + hydrochloric acid 2-chloropropane

Elimination reactions

Remove atoms to create double bonds.

CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CHCH2 + H2O 1-propanol propene + water

H2SO4

Esterification

forms an ester by heating a carboxylic acid, R-CO-OH, with an alcohol, R'-OH, while removing the water that

is formed.

Saponification

Ester + base alcohol + salt

fat or oil + base soap + glycerol

C C

H

H

H

H H

C C

H

H H

C C

H

H

H

CH3 H

C C

CH3

H H

C C

H

H

H

Cl

C C

F

F

F

F

C C

H H

C C

H

H HH

C C

H

H

ClH

C C

F F

FF

n

Polyethylene

n

Polypropylenepropylene

ethylene

vinyl chloride

n

n

n

n

Poly(vinylchloride), PVC

n

n

n

n

TeflonTetrafluoroethene

Styrene

Polystyrene

Polymers are large molecules containing many identical repeating units (100-1000000)

Polymerisation reaction is a repetition reaction which combines many small molecules of monomer (alkene) to form a polymer

Addition polymer is a polymer in which the monomer simply add together with no other products formed besides polymer