Alcohol
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AlcoholAlcohol
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In In chemistrychemistry, an , an alcoholalcohol is any is any organic compoundorganic compound in which a in which a hydroxylhydroxyl groupgroup ( (--OOHH) is bound to a ) is bound to a carboncarbon atom of an atom of an alkylalkyl or or substituted alkyl group. The general substituted alkyl group. The general formula for a simple formula for a simple acyclicacyclic alcohol is alcohol is CnH2n+1OH. CnH2n+1OH.
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In common terms, the word In common terms, the word alcoholalcohol refers to refers to ethanolethanol, the type of alcohol , the type of alcohol found in found in alcoholic beveragesalcoholic beverages..
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Ethanol is a colorless, volatile liquid Ethanol is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild odor which can be with a mild odor which can be obtained by the obtained by the fermentationfermentation of of sugars. sugars.
(Industrially, it is more commonly (Industrially, it is more commonly obtained by obtained by ethylene hydrationethylene hydration—the —the reaction of reaction of ethyleneethylene with water in the with water in the presence of presence of phosphoric acidphosphoric acid. .
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Ethanol is the most widely used Ethanol is the most widely used depressantdepressant in the world, and has been for in the world, and has been for thousands of years. This sense underlies thousands of years. This sense underlies the term the term alcoholismalcoholism ( (addictionaddiction to to alcohol).alcohol).
Other alcohols are usually described with Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcoholisopropyl alcohol ( (propan-2-olpropan-2-ol) or ) or wood wood alcoholalcohol ( (methyl alcoholmethyl alcohol, or , or methanolmethanol). ).
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three major subsets of alcoholsthree major subsets of alcohols primaryprimary (1°), (1°), secondarysecondary (2°) and (2°) and tertiarytertiary (3°), based upon the number of carbon (3°), based upon the number of carbon
atoms the atoms the C-OHC-OH group's carbon is bonded to. group's carbon is bonded to.
EthanolEthanol is a simple 'primary' alcohol. is a simple 'primary' alcohol.
The simplest secondary alcohol is The simplest secondary alcohol is isopropyl alcoholisopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol), and a simple (propan-2-ol), and a simple tertiary alcohol is tertiary alcohol is terttert-butyl alcohol-butyl alcohol (2- (2-methylpropan-2-ol). methylpropan-2-ol).
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Endogenous alcoholEndogenous alcohol
All humans always have some amount of All humans always have some amount of alcohol in their bodies at all times, even if alcohol in their bodies at all times, even if they never drink alcoholic beverages in they never drink alcoholic beverages in their lives. their lives.
This is because of a process called This is because of a process called endogenous ethanol production. endogenous ethanol production.
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Many of the bacteria in the intestines use Many of the bacteria in the intestines use alcohol alcohol fermentationfermentation as a form of as a form of respirationrespiration. .
This This metabolicmetabolic method produces method produces alcoholalcohol as a waste product, in the same way that as a waste product, in the same way that metabolism results in the formation of metabolism results in the formation of carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide and and waterwater. .
Thus, human bodies always contain some Thus, human bodies always contain some quantity of alcohol produced by these quantity of alcohol produced by these benign bacteria.benign bacteria.
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Toxicity Toxicity EthanolEthanol in in alcoholic beveragesalcoholic beverages has been has been
consumed by humans since prehistoric consumed by humans since prehistoric times for a variety of hygienic, dietary, times for a variety of hygienic, dietary, medicinal, religious, and recreational medicinal, religious, and recreational reasons. reasons.
The consumption of large doses of The consumption of large doses of ethanol causes ethanol causes drunkennessdrunkenness (intoxication), which may lead to a (intoxication), which may lead to a hangoverhangover as its effects wear off. as its effects wear off.
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Depending upon the dose and the Depending upon the dose and the regularity of its consumption, ethanol can regularity of its consumption, ethanol can cause acute respiratory failure or death. cause acute respiratory failure or death.
Because ethanol impairs judgment in Because ethanol impairs judgment in humans, it can be a catalyst for reckless humans, it can be a catalyst for reckless or irresponsible behavior.or irresponsible behavior.
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The The LD50LD50 of of ethanolethanol in rats is in rats is 10,300 mg/kg. 10,300 mg/kg.
Other alcohols are substantially more Other alcohols are substantially more poisonous than ethanol, partly because poisonous than ethanol, partly because they take much longer to be metabolized they take much longer to be metabolized and partly because their metabolization and partly because their metabolization produces substances that are even more produces substances that are even more toxic. toxic.
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Methanol (wood alcohol), for Methanol (wood alcohol), for instance, is oxidized to the poisonous instance, is oxidized to the poisonous formaldehyde in the liver by alcohol formaldehyde in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes; this can dehydrogenase enzymes; this can cause blindness or death cause blindness or death
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An effective treatment to prevent An effective treatment to prevent formaldehyde toxicity after methanol formaldehyde toxicity after methanol ingestion is to administer ethanol. ingestion is to administer ethanol.
Alcohol dehydrogenase has a higher Alcohol dehydrogenase has a higher affinity for ethanol, thus preventing affinity for ethanol, thus preventing methanol from binding and acting as a methanol from binding and acting as a substratesubstrate. .
Any remaining methanol will then have Any remaining methanol will then have time to be excreted through the kidneys. time to be excreted through the kidneys.
Remaining formaldehyde will be Remaining formaldehyde will be converted to converted to formic acidformic acid and excreted and excreted
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Methanol itself, while poisonous, has a Methanol itself, while poisonous, has a much weaker much weaker sedativesedative effect than effect than ethanol. ethanol.
Some longer-chain alcohols such as Some longer-chain alcohols such as n-propanoln-propanol, , isopropanolisopropanol, , n-butanoln-butanol, , t-butanolt-butanol and and 2-methyl-2-butanol2-methyl-2-butanol do do however have stronger sedative effects, however have stronger sedative effects, but also have higher toxicity than but also have higher toxicity than ethanol.ethanol.
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These longer chain alcohols are found as These longer chain alcohols are found as contaminants in some alcoholic contaminants in some alcoholic beverages and are known as fusel beverages and are known as fusel alcohols,and are reputed to cause severe alcohols,and are reputed to cause severe hangovers.hangovers.
Many longer chain alcohols are used in Many longer chain alcohols are used in industry as solvents and are occasionally industry as solvents and are occasionally abused by alcoholics, leading to a range abused by alcoholics, leading to a range of adverse health effects of adverse health effects
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Occurrence in natureOccurrence in nature
Alcohol has been found outside the Alcohol has been found outside the Solar system. Solar system.
It can be found in low densities in It can be found in low densities in star and planetary system forming star and planetary system forming regions of space.regions of space.
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Alcohol is used by more young people in Alcohol is used by more young people in the United States than tobacco or illicit the United States than tobacco or illicit drugs. drugs.
Excessive alcohol consumption is Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with approximately 75,000 associated with approximately 75,000 deaths per year. deaths per year.
Alcohol is a factor in approximately 41% Alcohol is a factor in approximately 41% of all deaths from motor vehicle crashes. of all deaths from motor vehicle crashes.
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Among youth, the use of alcohol and Among youth, the use of alcohol and other drugs has also been linked to other drugs has also been linked to unintentional injuries, physical fights, unintentional injuries, physical fights, academic and occupational problems, academic and occupational problems, and illegal behavior. and illegal behavior.
Long-term alcohol misuse is associated Long-term alcohol misuse is associated with liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular with liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological damage as well disease, and neurological damage as well as psychiatric problems such as as psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety, and antisocial depression, anxiety, and antisocial personality disorderpersonality disorder. .
Drug use contributes directly and Drug use contributes directly and indirectly to the HIV epidemic, and indirectly to the HIV epidemic, and alcohol and drug use contribute markedly alcohol and drug use contribute markedly to infant morbidity and mortality. to infant morbidity and mortality.
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In United StatesIn United States
Zero tolerance laws, in all states, Zero tolerance laws, in all states, make it illegal for youth under age make it illegal for youth under age 21 years to drive with any 21 years to drive with any measurable amount of alcohol in measurable amount of alcohol in their system (i.e., with a blood their system (i.e., with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥0.02 alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥0.02 g/dL). g/dL).
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While illicit drug use has declined While illicit drug use has declined among youth, rates of nonmedical use among youth, rates of nonmedical use of prescription and over-the-counter of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication remain high. (OTC) medication remain high.
Prescription medications most Prescription medications most commonly abused by youth include commonly abused by youth include pain relievers, tranquilizers, pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and depressants. stimulants, and depressants.
In 2006, 2.1 million teens abused In 2006, 2.1 million teens abused prescription drugs. prescription drugs.
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Teens also misuse OTC cough and cold Teens also misuse OTC cough and cold medications, containing the cough medications, containing the cough suppressant dextromethorphan (DXM), suppressant dextromethorphan (DXM), to get high. to get high.
Prescription and OTC medications are Prescription and OTC medications are widely available, free or inexpensive, widely available, free or inexpensive, and falsely believed to be safer than and falsely believed to be safer than illicit drugs. illicit drugs.
Misuse of prescription and OTC Misuse of prescription and OTC medications can cause serious health medications can cause serious health effects, addiction, and death effects, addiction, and death
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IN PAKISTANIN PAKISTAN
Various federal agencies/NGOs have Various federal agencies/NGOs have identified youth-related programs that identified youth-related programs that they consider worthy of recommendation they consider worthy of recommendation based on expert opinion or a review of based on expert opinion or a review of design and research evidence. design and research evidence.
These programs focus on different health These programs focus on different health topics, risk behaviors, and settings topics, risk behaviors, and settings including alcohol and other drug use. including alcohol and other drug use.
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU
