Album de Fitopatología

7/26/2019 Album de Fitopatologa

1/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALA

SEDE 91 SOLOL.

CURSO: FITOPATOLOGA

CATEDRATICO: ING. AGR. ALFREDO RAVINAL

TRABAJO:ALBUM DE ENFERMEDADES EN CULTIVOS AGRICOLAS.

Estudi!t": S"#sti$! M!u"% &ui'(!") C*+,s"-,

C!/: 10230219

S,%,%$4 11 d" Ju!i, d" 5216


2/55

1


INDICE

I. INTRODUCCIN......................................................................................1

II.OBJETIVO................................................................................................2

2.1 GENERAL:.........................................................................................2

2.2 ESPEFICICOS:...................................................................................2

III. JUSTIFICACIN......................................................................................3

IV. ENFERMEDADES EN CULTIVOS AGRICOLAS..........................................4

V. CONCLUSIONES.....................................................................................5

VI. RECOMENDACIN................................................................................5

VII. BIBLIOGRAFIA......................................................................................5


3/55


I. INTRODUCCI7N

La enfermedad en plantas es cuando una o varias de sus funciones morfolgicas y

sistmicas son alteradas por organismos patgenos o por determinadas condiciones delmedio ambiente en que se desarrollan, esta alteracin pueden llegar a ser muy significativa

econmicamente y puede ser continua.

Las clulas y tejidos afectados comnmente se debilitan y/o destruyen a causa de agentes

que provocan enfermedad, por lo tanto la capacidad de estas clulas para llevar a cabo susfunciones citolgicas disminuye o se anula por completo, como resultado la planta muere

o disminuye su crecimiento y desarrollo, causando prdidas econmicas.

Para que se origine alguna enfermedad se requiere de la interaccin de tres componentes a

travs del tiempo, estos son patgeno virulento, hospedante susceptible y ambientefavorable, el patgeno siempre est disponible, una planta susceptible es aquella que est

dbil o carece de un manejo adecuado y deficiencia de nutrientes! debe haber un ambiente

o condicin favorable en cuanto a humedad, temperatura, falta o e"ceso de lu# y pocaaireacin para que el agente causal se desarrolle.

$uando una planta presenta alguna enfermedad esta manifiesta signos y s%ntomas, los

signos consisten en una manifestacin e"terna la cual puede ser percibida por uno o ms de

nuestros sentidos, mientras los s%ntomas consisten en visuali#ar la presencia del agentecausal de la enfermedad esto en una o varias de sus estructuras.


4/55


II.OBJETIVOS

5.1 GENERAL: Ela!"a" #$ %l#& '( ($)("&('a'(* ($ +#l,!* a/"0+!la* &%*

"(+!$!+'!* &%* &!",a$,(* ($ G#a,(&ala +!&! #$a(""a&($,a ,+$+a "%+,+a a"a (l ,+$+! a/"0+!la !(,($*!$*,a a/"0+!la.

5.5 ESPEFICICOS: C!$!+(" (l !"/($6 "!a/a+7$ '( la* ($)("&('a'(* ($ la*

la$,a*.

D(,("&$a" la *$,!&a,!l!/0a 8#( "!!+a$ la* ($)("&('a'(* ($la* la$,a*.

I'($,9+a" la* +!$'+!$(* +l&%,+a* ! a&($,( )a!"al( a"a la"!a/a+7$ '(*a""!ll! '( la* ($)("&('a'(*.

I'($,9+a" la* &(''a* '( +!$,"!l ! "(($+7$ '( la*($)("&('a'(* ($ la* la$Ta*.


5/55


III. JUSTIFICACI7N

&ctualmente en 'uatemala e"isten empresas &groe"portadoras, sin embargo no son

capaces de abastecer la demanda internacional, esto no significa que en nuestro pa%s no

e"iste materia prima, la realidad consiste en que la poca tecnolog%a y la capacidad tcnica

no es la adecuada, esto enmarca la calidad del producto, los mercados internacionales son

muy estrictos y el producto en su mayor%a no llenan los requisitos de e"portacin! unproducto de calidad debe de estar libre de infestacin por alguna enfermedad o agente

causal, por lo tanto la (itopatolog%a es fundamental para solventar problemas de sanidad

agr%cola y prevencin de prdidas de esta naturale#a.

Las enfermedades de las plantas son uno de los principales problemas que se tiene que

afrontar en la agricultura porque reducen las cosechas, desmejoran la calidad del producto,

limitan al mismo tiempo la disponibilidad de alimentos y materias primas para una serie de

industrias.

)l "ito de produccin en la agricultura no solo depende de la buena calidad de recursohumano, un control adecuado y tcnico considerando el estado fitosanitario y de plagas del

cultivo garanti#a una buena produccin.

Las enfermedades de las plantas son las responsables de la creacin de nuevas empresas

que producen qu%micos, maquinarias agr%colas y las que desarrollan mtodos necesarios

para controlar las enfermedades.


6/55


IV. ENFERMEDADES EN CULTIVOS AGRICOLAS

8.1 M!- d" i", ;Cercospora cofeicola: R"i!,:F#$/> M+(,a(

Di?isi(!: A*+!&+!,a

C%s": D!,!'(!&+(,(*

Od"!: Ca$!'al(*

F*i%i: M+!*a("(lla+(a(

G/!",: C("+!*!"a

Es+"-i": +!?(+!la

N,*#" -i"!t>@-,:C("+!*!"a +!?(+!la

N,*#" -,*!:Ma$+a '( (""!6 +("+7*!"a '(l +a)

8.1.0 S>!t,* C!$**,( ($ la "(*($+a @($ la !a ($ (l a= ! ($(=< '( &a$+a*

+"+#la"(* /($("al&($,( '( #$ +($,0&(,"! '( '%&(,"!

S( +a"a+,("=a !" "(*($,a" #$ +!l!" a"'!-+la"! ! +a) !*+#"!6+!$ #$ +($,"! la$+! +($+($,!6 (,("!"&($,( la l(*7$ (*,%+"+#$'a'a !" #$ a$ll! '( +!l!" a&a"ll($,!

P#('( a)(+,a" a $(l '( ("!6 la$,a !($ la$,a a'#l,a6 '(/#al )!"&a a,a+a (l )!lla( al )"#,!.


7/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- La $(+"!** (*,la a*+*7$ '( !a*6 "(*#l,a$'! ($ #$a

'()!la+7$ /($("al '( la la$,a.

8.1.8 C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s u" ?,"-"! su d"s,%%,:

T(&("a,#"a* ($,"( 2;C 3;C

#&('a' "(la,a al,a @*#("!" a ;

La "(*($+a '( #$a l%&$a 9$a '( a/#a a"a (l '(*a""!ll! /("&$a+7$ '( la ($)("&('a'

A'(&%* la ($)("&('a' (* )a!"(+'a !" la (!*+7$ a la$*!la+7$6 (+(*! '( #&('a' ($ (l *#(l!6 *#(l!* +!$ aa)(",l'a'6 a,a8#( '( $(&a,!'!*6 ($,"( !,"!*.

8.1. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s Ca) @Cofea arabica

8.1.6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!:

. M!", +"?"!ti?,: R(/#la" la *!&"a (,a$'! (!$(" la la$,a a #$a (+(*a

l#&$!*'a' *!la"6 ,a$,! ($ ("!* +!&! ($ la$,a+!$(*(*,al(+'a*.

E,a" la '(*!&"a *(("a ($ (l ("a$!6 *!"( ,!'! ($ l!*

+a)(,al(* *,#a'! a aa al,#"a. F(",l=a+7$ a'(+#a'a ($ ("!*6 *( #('( #,l=a" +!&! *#*,"a,!

a"a (l ll($a'! '( !l*a* +!$ #la '( +a) # !,"! &a,("al!"/%$+! ($ "!!"+7$ '( 3;:; @&a,("al !"/%$+!: *#(l!.

D(*a""!lla" #$ "!/"a&a '( )(",l=a+7$ '( a+#("'! a l!* a$%l**8#0&+!* '( *#(l! "(8#("&($,! '( +#l,!.

E$ *(&ll("!* ("!* $! +!$*,"#" "a&a'a* #,l=a$'! +!&!*!&"a "a&a* *(+a* '( +a)(,!

#. A%t"!ti?s !, si!t/ti-s4 A#,!,s "!*i"!ds,$!i-s

Gall$a=a: *# "$+al a!",( +!$**,( ($ &(!"a" la*+a"a+,("0*,+a* '( la )(",l'a' '(l *#(l! +!$ al/#$!* $#,"($,(*6"$+al&($,( (l N,"7/($! !,"!* (l(&($,!* +!&! (l F7*)!"!6Cal+!6 Ma/$(*!6 (""!6 Ma$/a$(*!6 $+6 +!"( B!"!.

B!)(",l=a$,(


8/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B!/"(($

-. C,*+u"st,s i!,$!i-,s Cal'! *#l)!+%l++!

O+l!"#"! '( C!"(


9/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.5 Vius !u%d, d" % P+4 ?ius ;PRSV!t,* A&a"ll(= a+la"a&($,! ($ la* ($a* '( la* !a* 7($(*.

Cl!"!**.

M!*a+!.

A+!l!+a&($,!6 '()!"&'a'(* '( la !a ! )"#,!.

E$a$*&!.

Ma$+a* +l!"7,+a* ! ("'(* !*+#"! ($ )"#,!6 ,all! # !a.

A$ll!* ($ (l )"#,!6 #$a +!&$a+7$ '( &!*a+! +l!"7,+! '()!"&'a' +!&H$&($,( lla&a'a &a$! '( &+!.

La* la$,a* '( ,!'a* la* ('a'(* *!$ *#*+(,l(*6 la* 8#( *(

$)(+,a$ ($ (,aa* 7($(* $#$+a ll(/a$ a "!'#+" )"#,!*6("! (* "a"! 8#( ("a$.

G($("al&($,( l!* *0$,!&a* aa"(+($ '!* ! ,"(* *(&a$a* '(*#*'( la $!+#la+7$.

T(&("a,#"a* aa! '( l!* 2; /"a'!* +($,0/"a'!* )a!"(+($ (l'(*a""!ll! '( la ($)("&('a'.


10/55


8.5.0 Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s Paaa

8.5.8 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!: El&$a" la* la$,a* +#a$'! "(*($,($ l!* "&("!* *0$,!&a* '(

$)(++7$. @*a+a"la* '(l +a&! 8#(&a"la*

E,a" *(&"a" +("+a '( la$,a+!$(* a$,(* $)(+,a'a*.

Al+a+!$(* '( $*(+,+'a* a"a la (l&$a+7$ '( a9'!*.

S(&"a" l%,a$! al"('('!" '(l +#l,!6 +!&! a""("a a la ($,"a'a'( a9'!* ( $)(++7$ '(l "#*.

Pla$,a" !*,#"a* l"(* '( "#*.

C!$,"!la" l!* "$+al(* $*(+,!* (+,!"(* '( ($)("&('a'(*"al(* @E&!a*+a aaa %9'!*

S(&"a" a"('a'(* "(**,($,(* a la ($)("&('a'

N! *(&"a" +("+a +#l,!* '( !",al=a* +!&!: aa6 ,!&a,(6 +l(6($!6 &(l7$6 %$6 a!,(6 *a$'a6 *#+$.

Ma$,($(" (l +#l,! *#* al"('('!"(* l"(* '( &al(=a*.

8.0 Pudi-i(! B%!- ;Sclerotium cepivorum: R($! F#$/

!$/!* M,!*7"+!*

D*7$ E#&+!,a6

S#'*7$ D(#,("!&+!,$a

Cla*( !&+(,(*.

G$("!: S+l("!,#&

E*(+(: S. +(!"#&

8.0.0 S>!t,*

El "&(" *0$,!&a +!$+'( +!$ (l ("0!'! '( #l9+a+7$ *("(*($,a +!&! #$ a&a"lla&($,! /($("al6 +!$,$#a'! !" (",('(*+($'($,( '( la* !a* &%* (,("$a* "(,a"'! '(l +"(+&($,!.

#('( a)(+,a" la$,a* ($ +#al8#(" (*,a'! '( '(*a""!ll! *($+"(&($,a +!$)!"&( *( '(*a""!lla (l **,(&a "a'+al.

L!* *0$,!&a* #*#al&($,( *( $!,a$ a l!* ; '0a* '(*#* '( la*(&"a '9("($ '( a+#("'! al (*,a'! '( '(*a""!ll! '( la la$,a la '#"a+7$ '( la* +!$'+!$(* )a!"al(* ($ (l *#(l!6"$+al&($,( la ,(&("a,#"a.

P#'"+7$ a*al *(+a ! *(&a+#!*a. Sl,%$(a&($,(6 ($ la*"a0+(* !a* $)("!"(* a a#$'a$+a '( &+(l! la$+!6 la$!*! *#("9+al 8#( "!$,! "!'#+( (*+l("!+!* $(/"!* (*)"+!**!"( la *#("9+( ! '($,"! '( l!* ,('!* ($)("&!*.

8.0.8 C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s: N! (* #$a la$,a (/($,( ($ +l&a6 a#$8#( a'8#("( #$

*a!" &%* +a$,( ($ +l&a* )"0!*. El +("! (/(,a,! '(l a!+!""(*!$'( a ;KC. A a"," '( (*,a ,(&("a,#"a *( $+a (l'(*a""!ll! (/(,a,! '( la la$,a. a*,a 8#( la la$,a ,($( 2-3!a* *!!",a ($ la* aa* ,(&("a,#"a*. Pa"a +!$*(/#" #$'(*a""!ll! (/(,a,! /!"!*! (* $(+(*a"! 8#( la* ,(&("a,#"a*$!+,#"$a* ("&a$(=+a$ !" '(a! '( 1KC.E$ l($! '(*a""!ll! (/(,a,! ,!l("a al,a* ,(&("a,#"a* @!"


12/55


($+&a '( 4;KC *(&"( 8#( ,($/a *#9+($,( #&('a' ($ (l*#(l!.

L!* *#(l!* '(($ ,($(" #$ #($ '"($a(. U$a #&('a' ($ (l *#(l!

#$ !+! !" '(a! '( la +aa+'a' '( +a&! (* 7,&a a"a (l'(*a""!ll! '(l +#l,!.El a! *( a'a,a ($ a la &a!"0a '( *#(l!* '!$'( *( +#l,a$+("(al(*. P"(9("( l!* *#(l!* )"a$+!* ! al/! a"+ll!*!*6 +!$+!$,($'!* &!'("a'!* '( +al6 "+!* ($ !,a*a.

8.0. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,sS+l("!,#& +(!"#& (* #$ a,7/($! (*(+09+! '(l /$("! All#&< ($,"(la* "$+al(* (*(+(* 8#( *!$ a)(+,a'a* *( ($+#($,"a$:

C(!lla @All#& +(a L.

A! @A. *a,#& L.

P#(""! @A. !""#& L.

C(!ll$(* @A. 9*,#l!*#& L.

8.0.6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!:

. R"sist"!-iE$ a&!* (("&($,!* la +!$+l#*7$ )#( la &*&a: $$/#$! '( l!*

+#l,a"(* (* $$( a la $)(++7$ !" #'"+7$ la$+a#. &u>*i-,

El "&(" )#$/+'a (,!*! )#( (l +l!"#"! '( &("+#"! @Cal!&(l6l#(/! a$ *'! #*a'!* (l '+l!"a$ @B!,"a$6 (l($,a+l!"!$,"!($+($! @PCNB6 l!* ($+&'a=!l(* '+a"!&'a* Al/#$!* a!* '(*#*6 U,('( Ra( @13a"!a"!$ (l $+l!=!l$ @R!$la$ (l "!'!$( @R!"al +!$+l#("!$ 8#( "!!"+!$a$ #$ +!$,"!l */$9+a,! +#a$'! *!$al+a'!* +!&! ,"a,a&($,! "(*(&"a.

A#$8#( *( a$ "!a'! /"a$ +a$,'a' '( "!'#+,!*6 $$/#$! a'a'! "(*#l,a'!* (,!*!* 8#( (*,!6 ($ a",(6 (* '('! a la'(/"a'a+7$ '( l!* )#$/+'a* ($ (l *#(l!

E$ C!*,a R+a6 B!$lla @13 +,a'! !" M(*$ @16 "!7 +!$,! (l +"!+!$a=!l6 !" l! 8#( *( ll(7 a +a! *# "(/*,"! ($*+"+7$ (* ($ la a+,#al'a' (l "!'#+,! 8#( *( #,l=a +!$&a!" )"(+#($+a6 a#$8#( $! +!$ l!* &(!"(* "(*#l,a'!*.


13/55


-. C,!t,% -u%tu% R!,a+7$ '( +#l,!*: E*,( &,!'! $! #('( *(" #*a'! ($ (l

&a$(! '( la #'"+7$ la$+a '('! a la (,"(&a'a l!$/('a''( l!* (*+l("!+!* a 8#( *!$ (*,la'!* !" +!(*,!*(*(+09+!* '(l /$("!.

I$#$'a+7$: S$ (&a"/!6 C"!Q( @15 a+( $)a** ($ 8#(6 l!*(*+l("!+!* (($,#al&($,( ("($ a! +!$'+!$(* '("!l!$/a'a *a,#"a+7$ '( #&('a' ($ (l *#(l!6 ("! (*,! '(($'('( la ,(&("a,#"a6 &($+!$a 8#( ($ "(/!$(* +!$ +l&a* )"0!*a#$8#( la* $#$'a+!$(* "('#+($ (l $H&("! '( (*+l("!+!* $! l!a+($ l! *#9+($,( +!&! a"a +!$,"!la" la ($)("&('a' a $(l

+!&("+al.

d. Esti*u%!t"s d" % "*i!-i(! d" Es-%",-i,s:

S( a ($+!$,"a'! 8#( al $+!"!"a" "(*'#!* '( +"#+0)("a* al *#(l!*( !,($($ "('#++!$(* */$9+a,a* '( #'"+!$(* "a'+al(*6 a8#( (*,!* "(*'#!* !*(($ al,! +!$,($'! '( +!(*,!* !l%,l(*8#( +!$,($($ a=#)"( ($ )!"&a '( *#l9,!*6 *!,!+a$a,!*6&("+a,a$!* !,"!*< al/#$!* '( (*,!* *(&(a$,(* a l!* (#'a'!*!" la$,a* '(l /$("! All#&. S( ($+!$,"7 8#( la +!l @B"a**+a!l("a+(a L. /"#! Ca,a,a la "7+!l @B"a**+a !l("a+(a L. /"#!I,al+a $+!"!"a'a* ($ #$a "!!"+7$ '(l 5 @P>V ($ *#(l!$)(*,a'! +!$ S. +(!"#& @4 (*+l("!+!*>/ '( *#(l! "('#("!$*/$9+a,a&($,( (l $H&("! '( la$,a* (",a* (l 0$'+( '(($)("&('a'.


14/55



15/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.8 ,!,s d" !,s %*-"!d,s ;Aspergillus Penicillium.!t,* E*,( !$/! a)(+,a a ,!'a* la* a"('a'(* '( +0,"+!*6

"$+al&($,( a $a"a$a* &a$'a"$a* "!!+a'a* #'"+!$(*.

L!* ,('!* ($)("&!* aa"(+($ &a$+a* H&('a* l/("a* 8#(+!$ (l a*! '(l ,(&! ($#(l($ la* (*0+#la* '(l )"#,!.

8.8.8 Si!,s U$ !l! '( +!l!" a=#l-("'!*! +!$*+#! +"(+( ($,"( l!*

/"a$!* *!"( la *#("9+( '(l !l!,( @"a8#*.

L!* /"a$!* 'aa'!* !" (l !$/! '(*a""!lla$ #$ +!l!" a&a"ll($,! "aa* *l(* ($ (l ("+a"!.

8.8. C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s: El +!$,($'! '( #&('a' '(l /"a$!

La ,(&("a,#"a


16/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- El ("!'! '( ,(&! '( al&a+($a(

El /"a'! '( $a*7$ !" !$/!* 8#( ,($0a (l /"a$! a$,(* '( *("al&a+($a'!

Ma,("al(* "(*($,(* ($ (l /"a$!

8.8.6 Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s Ma0=

8.8.3 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!: C!l!+a+7$ '( )#&/a$,(* ($,"( l!* *a+!*6 +#"$'!l!* +!$ #$a

,(la &("&(al( a'("'a al *#(l!. F!*)#"! '( al#&$! '#"a$,(,"(* '0a*.

El&$a" &a,("al $)(+,a'!. L&a" la (*,"#+,#"a '( al&a+($a&($,!.

#&('a'

T(&("a,#"a

El ,"a$*la(

El &a+,!

. C,!t,% u>*i-, F!*)#"! '( al#&$! F!*)#"! '( Ma/$(*!


17/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. "!i , !ud, d" %s -u->"s ;Plasmodiophora brassicae)

8..1 D"s-i+-i(!: L!* la*&!'!* *( )!"&a$ ($ (l $,("!" '( la* +l#la* '( la* "a0+(*

,all!* '( la* la$,a*. P"!'#+($ =!!*!"a* 8#( ,($($ '!*a/(l!*.

S( ,"a,a '( #$ !$/! '( l!* +!&+(,!*.

N! !*(( &+(l!

E* #$ &!! +la/$!*!

El +#("! l! +!$*,,#( #$ la*&!'! 8#( *( '(*a""!lla *!la&($,('($,"! '( la* +l#la* '( la "a0=.

D(l la*&!'! l,$#+l(a'! *( '(*a""!lla la* (*!"a* '($("$a"0a$ ! '(*+a$*! la* +l#la*

8..5 T=,!,*>: Divisin: M!&+!,a

Clase: la*&!'!!"!&+(,(*

Orden: Pla*&!'!!"al(*

Familia: la*&!'!!"a+(a(

Gneros: Pl!*&!'!!&. P. "!**+!(

8..0 S>!t,* L!* *0$,!&a* &%* +a"a+,("0*,+!* '( la ($)("&('a' aa"(+($

*!"( la* "a0+(* ($ !+a*!$(* ($ la !la+7$ aa '(l ,all!.

L!* *0$,!&a* *( +a"a+,("=a$ !" la aa"+7$ '( (8#(!* !/"a$'(* $+a&($,!* ($ )!"&a '( #*!6 (*)"+!* ! ($ )!"&a '(&a*a ($ la* "a0+(* "a+lla*

La* !a* a'8#("($ #$ +!l!" ("'( %l'!6 &a"+,a&($,!6

+l!"!** ($ !,"!* "a8#,*&!6 *($'! (*,!* ()(+,!* &a* &a"+a'!*'#"a$,( la* !"a* '( &a!" l#&$!*'a' ,(&("a,#"a* al,a*.

La* la$,a* 8#( "(*($,a$ (*,!* *0$,!&a* *( ($+#($,"a$a)(+,a'a* ($ la "a0= a a"," '(l *#(l!6 la +#al "(*($,a"a ,#&!"(*'( a*(+,!* /l!!*!6 ($ la "a0= "$+al6 *($'! al "$+! l*! '( +!l!" '( la "a0= &a* ,a"'( !*+#"!* "#/!*!*.


18/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P"!!+a (l &al '(*a""!ll! '( la la$,a* ,("&$a$ #'"$'!*(6

"!'#+($'! #$ !l!" $a#*(a#$'!.

Ma!" *#*+(,l'a' '( a'8#"" !,"a* ($)("&('a'(*6 +!&! (l

,=7$ '( la !a6 +a#*a'a !" al,("$a"0a "a**+a(. (","!9a: la* +l#la* +"(+($ &a* '( l! $!"&al6

("la*a 8#( la* +l#la* *( ''($ a$!"&al&($,( a#&($,a$'!(l $#&("! '( +l#la*6 !+a*!$a$'! '( (*,a &a$("a #$ '(*)a*( +!$(l $!"&al '(*a""!ll! '( l!* ,('!* *#("9+al(* +!&!+!$*(+#($+a *( "!'#+( #$a '(*+!&!*+7$.

8..8 C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s: A#$'a$+a ($ (l a&($,( '( l!* a"a+,!* ! '( *#* 7"/a$!* '(

"("!'#++7$. Ma!" +a$,'a' '( !la+7$ '( a"a+,!* ($ (l*#(l!6 &a!" *("% la "!al'a' '( '(*a""!ll!.

C!$'+!$(* )a!"al(* '(l &('! a&($,(6 ($ #&('a' '(l*#(l! &a!" '(l 5; '( la +aa+'a' '( +a&! @*a,#"a+7$(l(a'

T(&("a,#"a* aa* +!&"($''a* ($,"( -2; C

#&('a' "(la,a '( #$ ;

'( 5 a

C#a$'! ,!'!* (*,!* )a+,!"(* ll(/a$ a +!$#/a"*( la $)(++7$#('( al+a$=a" a*,a #$ 1;; '( la* la$,a* +#l,a'a*6 *(&"( +#a$'! (l $!+#l! (*,a ($ $(l +!$*'("al( ($ (l *#(l!.

8.. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s B"a**+a !l("a+(a a" !,",* L.

B"a**+a !l("a+(a a" ,%l+a

Raa$#* *

Pa*,!*: Ca*(lla #"*a-a*,!"*

8..6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!: D(( (,a"*( (l +#l,! '( +"#+0)("a* ($ *#(l!* $)(+,a'!* +!$ (l

a,7/($!. E$ +a*! '( 8#( (*,! $! *(a !*l(6

La +!l la* '(&%* +"#+0)("a* *#*+(,l(* '(($ +#l,a"*( ($,(""($!* ($ '"($a'!* +!$ l/("a&($,( a""a '(l al!"


19/55


$(#,"! @!" l! +!&H$6 +("+a$! a .26 ! ($ ($ ,(""($!* ($ l!* 8#((l *( a#*,( a .2 &('a$,( la a'+7$ '( #$a +a$,'a' '( +al

'"a,a'a. La al+a+7$ '( +al ($ l!* *#(l!* a"a +!$,"!la" la

("$a '( la "a0=6 *( a*a ($ (l (+! '( 8#( la* (*!"a* '(l!"/a$*&! 8#( "!'#+( (*a ($)("&('a' /("&$a$ !+! !$a'a ($ &('!* al+al$!*.

. C,!t,% ui*i-, S$ (&a"/!6 la* %"(a* '( al&%+/! #('($ &a$,($("*( l"(* '(

la ("$a '( la "a0= al ,"a,a" l!* *#(l!* +!$ +l!"!+"$a6 "!"! '(&(,l!6 'a=!&(,6 &(,a&-*!'!6 &l!$(6 aa& ! !"l(a"!&a'a&($,( '!* *(&a$a* a$,(* '( 8#( *(a$ *(&"a'!*. La*l%$,#la* *a$a* l"(* '( la ("$a '( la "a0= '(( "(/a"*(

@'(*#* '( a("la* ,"a$*la$,a'! +!$ #$a *!l#+7$ '( ($!&l@! PCNB ($,a+l!"!$,"!($+($!

#. C,!t,% "!/ti-, a*,a a!"a6 la H*8#('a "!'#++7$ '( a"('a'(* '(

+"#+0)("a* "(**,($,(* a la ("$a '( la "a0= a ,($'! !+!,!

8.6 R, d" ti, "! t%%, Pu--i!i *i!is t. titi-i

8.6.1 D"s-i+-i(!:El !$/! '( la "!a a,a+a la* a",(* '( la la$,a 8#( *( ($+#($,"a$ !"($+&a '(l *#(l!. La* (*!"a* *( '(!*,a$ ($ la* la$,a* '( ,"/! ("'('!$'( )!"&a$ #$a H*,#la 8#( $a'( la* +aa* (,("!"(* '(l ,all!.1 El


20/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*,! $)(+,a'! (* #$ *0$,!&a *l( '( la ($)("&('a'. E$ a8#(ll!* +a*!*($ 8#( la ($)("&('a' *( a &a$)(*,a'! *!"( (l ,all! ! la !a6 *('(*a""!lla$ a&!lla* ! H*,#la* (l0,+a* '($!&$a'a* #"('a. La*

la$,a* $)(+,a'a* "!'#+($ &($!" +a$,'a' '( ,all!* *(+#$'a"!* +!$*(+#($,(&($,( &($!* *(&lla6 ($ +a*!* '( $)(++!$(* *(("a* lala$,a #('( ll(/a" a &!"".

L!* +$!* ! (*("&a/!$!* !" l! /($("al *( )!"&a$ ($ la +a"a *#("!"'( la* !a* '(l B("("* #l/a"*6 la a(+a *( )!"&a ($,"( 5 a '0a*l#(/! '( la )(",l=a+7$ '( l!* &*&!* ($ la +a"a $)("!" '( la !a6'"(+,a&($,( '(a! '( +a'a (*("&a/!$! )(",l=a'!.

E$ #$ +!",( '( #$ Ca"a a$,("'#&6 (* !*l( !*("a" la +aa '(+l#la* $!-"("!'#+,a* al"('('!" '( la* +l#la* "("!'#+,!"a* $,("$a*.

8.6.5 T=,!,*>: R($!: F#$/

Pl#&: Ba*'!&+!,a

Cla*(: P#++$!&+(,(*

O"'($: P#++!$al(*

Fa&la: P#++$a+(a(

G$("!*: P#++$a /"a&$* ),. ,",+6 "(+7$',a6 *,")!"&*

8.6.0 S>!t,* "! "% t%%, A)(+,a a",(* a"(a* '( la la$,a6 "$+al&($,( (l ,all!.

!$/!* +!$*#&($ $#,"($,(* '( la la$,a H*,#la* "!&($ la('("&* '( la la$,a6 a)(+,a$'! la +aa+'a' )!,!*$,,+a.

I$+al&($,( la* (*!"a* 8#( ($(,"a$ la la$,a /($("a$ H*,#la*

'( +!l!" "!! la'"ll! 8#( $a'($ la* +aa* (,("$a* '( la* a$a*'( la !a ,all!.

Al 9$al '( la ,(&!"a'a *( "!'#+( (l +"(+&($,! ,(la*6 l! 8#(/($("a 8#( la* H*,#la* '( +!l!" +a) !*+#"!.

E$ (*,a'! aa$=a'! la* H*,#la* *( ($$(/"(+($


21/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pla$,a* $)(+,a'a* "!'#+($ &($!" $H&("! '( &a+!ll!*

*(&lla*.

G"a$!* a""#/a'!*

8.3.8 E+id"*i,%,> "! "% t%%, La ('(&!l!/0a '( la* "!a* '(l ,"/! (* a*,a$,( *&la". La* ,(&("a,#"a* &0$&a &%&a 7,&a* a"a la /("&$a+7$

'( (*!"a* *!$ '( 15-24C 3;C . Pa"a (*!"#la+7$ 5C +!&! &0$&! 3;-4;C +!&! &%&! E$)("&('a' &!",a$,( ($ ++l!* aa$=a'!* '( +#l,! E$)("&('a' *(("a ($ +l&a* +%l'!* a &('a$a&($,( ,(&la'!*. R(8#("( '( -12 !"a* '( "!+7 @$)(++7$ &%&a +!$ -12"* La* (*!"a* *( "!a/a$ a la"/a '*,a$+a "$+al&($,( !" (l

($,!. A +!",a '*,a$+a6 !" +!$,a+,! ! *al+a'#"a '( ll#a*. U$ H*,#la "!'#+( 1;6;;; (*!"a*>'0a. P("! la $)(++7$ *#(l( *("aa

8.3. Bi,%,>: !$/!* Ba*'!&+(,(*

C!&a,l'a' *(#al (,("!,%l+a

O"/a$*&!* (,("7+!*

Pa"%*,!* !l/a'!*

R!a* &a+"!+0+l+a* (,("!+a*

a*,a 5 ,!* '*,$,!* '( (*!"a*

P"(*($,a$ )a*( *(#al a*(#al.

8.3.6 Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s T"/!


22/55


8.H R, d" ti, "! % , Pu--i!i "-(!dit .sp tritici

8.H.1 D"s-i+-i(!:L!* *0$,!&a* *( #('($ +!$)#$'" +!$ l!* '( "!a a&a"lla +#a$'!

aa"(+($ la* "&("a* H*,#la* '( +!l!" $a"a$a &a""7$6 ("! '(*#**( '($,9+a +!$ )a+l'a' a 8#( *( '*("*a$ !" ,!'a la !a '( )!"&a'(*!"'($a'a6 *$ *(/#" la* l0$(a* '( l!* $("!* '( la !a +!&! (l +a*!'( la "!a a&a"lla

8.H.5 T=,!,*>: R($!: F#$/

D*7$: Ba*'!&+!,a

Cla*(: P#++$!&+(,(*

O"'($: P#++!$al(*

Fa&la: P#++$a+(a(

G$("!*: P#++$a "(+7$',a6


23/55


8.H.0 S>!t,* "! % , Ca#*a H*,#la* (8#(a*6 a$a"a$a'a* 8#( ("#+!$a$ a

,"a* '( la *#("9+( '( la !a. E$ al/#$!* +a*!*6 la* H*,#la* (*,%$ "!'(a'a* !" #$ al!

(*,"(+! la$+! ! a&a"ll!. La* H*,#la* +!$,($($ &a*a* '( (*!"a* #l("#l($,a* $a"a$a

"!'#+'a* !" la "!a. La* (*!"a* #('($ '(""a&a"*( '( la*H*,#la* )!"&a" #$ !l! /"a$#la'! $a"a$a ($ la *#("9+( '( la!a ($ ,!"$! a la H*,#la.

C!$ la ('a' '( la* !a*6 la* H*,#la* (&(=a$ a "!'#+" (*!"a*$(/"a* ($ l#/a" '( la* $a"a$a* *!$ &%* )%+l&($,( '*,$/#l(*($ la *#("9+( $)("!" '( la* !a* la* l%&$a* )!la"(*.

La* H*,#la* *( "(*($,a$ '( )!"&a al(a,!"a ($ la* !a* 8#(

,($($ a$'a* (*,"(+a* a&a"lla* '( H*,#la*

8.H.8 E+id"*i,%,> "! % , S( '(*a""!lla ($ ,(&("a,#"a* 8#( !*+l($ l!* 2;C @15-22 C

R(8#("( '( 3 ! &($!* !"a* '( "!+7

S( '(*a""!lla "$+al&($,( *!"( la *#("9+( '( la* !a*.

E$ !+a*!$(* #('($ '(*a""!lla"*( ($ a$a* a",(* !"al(* ("!(*+a*a&($,( ($ ,all!*.

La* H*,#la* "!'#+($ 36;;; (*!"a* al '0a ($ #$ ("0!'! '( 2;'0a*.

P!*(( #$ &a!" /"a'! '( "#l($+a 8#( P. /"a&$*

C!&! !*('a$,(* al,("$!* *( ($+#($,"a$ (*(+(* '( la )a&laRa$#$+#la+(a( B!"a/$a+(a(.

8.H. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s T"/!


24/55


8.9 R, %i!"% , *i%% d"% ti, Puccinia striiormis

8.9.1 D"s-i+-i(! !$/! 8#( $)(+,a (+l#*a&($,( (l ,"/!. Ta&$ *( l( +!$!+(

!" "!a l$(al6 '('! a la* +a"a+,("0*,+a* (*,"0a* a&a"lla* 8#()!"&a$ l!* #"('$!* "!'#+,!"(* '( (*!"a*.

La "!a a&a"lla "(+*a a"a *# 7,&! '(*a""!ll! #$a,(&("a,#"a '( 1;-12 KC la "(*($+a '( a/#a *!"( la* !a*.

D(,($( *# '(*a""!ll! !" '(a! '( 2K C ,($( ($ 22K C *#l&,a$,( '( ,(&("a,#"a *#("!". E* !" ,a$,! #$ a,7/($!a*!+a'! a aa* ,(&("a,#"a*.

L!* #"('$!* "(*($,(* ($ la* !a* $)(+,a'a* "!'#+($#"('$!(*!"a* '( )!"&a a*(#al6 l! 8#( al&($,a la $)(++7$ ($la &*&a la$,a la '*("*a a !,"a* /"a+a* al ($,!. Al 9$al '(la ,(&!"a'a '( +!*(+a6 (l !$/! "!'#+( ,(l!&!")!* $(/"!* ($la* !a*6 l!* +#al(* "!'#+($ ,(l!*!"a* *,a* a*'!* '!$'(aa"(+($ la* a*'!*!"a*.

8.9.5 T=,!,*>: R($!: F#$/

D*7$: Ba*'!&+!,a

Cla*(: P#++$!&+(,(*

O"'($: P#++!$al(*


25/55


26/55


ICTA VALE

ICTA SIJA

E""a'+a+7$ '( !*('("!* al,("$!*

M(=+la '( a"('a'(* "(**,($,(*

E,a" (+(*! '( )(",l=a+7$ +!$ +!(*,!* $,"!/($a'!*

E,a" *(&"a* "(+!+(*


27/55


8.9.6 Cud, -,*+ti?, "!t" %s di""!t"s ,s d"% ti,F-t, P. *i!is P. R"-,!dit P. stii,*is

S0$,!&a+a"a+,("0*,+!

PH*,#la*a$a"a$a'a* a"'a*6'*#(*,a* '()!"&a al(a,!"a($ ,all!*

PH*,#la*a$a"a$a'a*'*#(*,a* '()!"&a al(a,!"a($ !a*

PH*,#la* '(+!l!"a&a"ll($,!'*#(*,a '()!"&a l$(al*/#($'! la$("a+7$ '( la*!a*.

P"$+al %"(a

'( $)(++7$

Tall!* !a* !a*

U"('$!*!"a*!" H*,#la

1;6;;;;(*!"a*>'0a

36;;;(*!"a*>'0a

-----

Caa+'a' '($)(++7$

M($!" @1 '(+a'a 1;(*!"79l!*$)(+,a '( )!"&aa"!a'a

33 '( la*$)(++!$(* *!$(,!*a*

-----

R(**,($+a a+!$'+!$(*

a,&!*)"+a*

M# "(**,($,(* M($!*"(**,($,(*

M# *($*l( ala (!*+7$ a

la l#=#l,"a!l(,aC!$'+!$(* '(/("&$a+7$ '((*!"a*

Ma!"(*,(&("a,#"a* &a!"(!*+7$ a lal#=

T(&("a,#"a*)"(*+a* &($!"(!*+7$ a lal#=

T(&("a,#"a*)"0a* l/("a&($,()"(*+a*

!"a* '( "!+0! -12 !"a* 3 !"a* -12 !"a*

8.12 R%st,!i s,%!-"u*

8.12.1 D"s-i+-i(!: M!")!l!/0a: Ba*,7$ '( ;.5 a ;. & '( '%&(,"! '( 1.5 a 2.5 &

'( la"/!6 a("7+a6 &7l6 $! )!"&a (*!"a $ +a*#la "!!+a"('#++7$ '( $,"a,!* )!"&a+7$ '( a&!$a+!.


28/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- F*!l!/0a: Ralstonia solanacearum $! +"(*( a &%* '( 4;W+6 !*((

la +aa+'a' '( "('#+" $,"a,!6 #('( "!'#+" %+'!* a a"," '('*a+%"'!* !'a al+!!l(* (!*a.

8.12.5 T=,!,*>: D!&$!: Ba+,("a

D*7$: P"!,(!a+,("a

Cla*(: P"!,(!a+,("a (,a

O"'($: B#"!l'("al(*

Fa&la: B#"!l'("a+(a(

G$("!: Ral*,!$a

8.12.0 S>!t,* C#al8#(" 7"/a$!

E$ la$,a* 7($(*

L!* ,all!* 7($(*

8.12.8 C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s: 2W+ a 35W

#&('a'

F0*+!* X#0&+!*

8.12. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s T!&a,(

8.12.6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!: Ma,("al /($,+!

P"(($+7$


29/55



30/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.11 R,' "! Au-t" ;Sphaceloma persea Jenkins!t,*El !$/! Sphacelona perseae a,a+a al )"#,!6 !a* "a&a* 7($(*< ($l!* )"#,!*6 '(*'( "(+$ !l$=a'!*6 a*,a +!&l(,a&($,( )!"&a'!*!t,* !a*: la* &a$+a* *!$ '( +!l!" &a""7$ +la"! a !*+#"!6 '(

aa"($+a H&('a6 '( )!"&a ""(/#la"6 al/#$a* (+(* "!'(a'a*!" #$ al! a&a"ll($,!6 $! (*,%$ l&,a'a* !" la* $("a'#"a* '(la* !a*. E*,!* *0$,!&a* *( "(*($,a$ $+al&($,( ($ l!* !"'(* #$,a* '( la* !a* . a! +!$'+!$(* '( al,a #&('a'6 *( )!"&a$

($ la +a"a $)("!" @($* '( la* !a* #$a* (ll!*'a'(*la$8#(+$a* 8#( +!$*,,#($ la* (*,"#+,#"a* '(l a,7/($!@(*!"a$/7)!"!* (*!"a$/!*. La* l(*!$(* *( (a$'($"%'a&($,(6 *( ,!"$a$ &a""7$ !*+#"!6 *( $(+"!*a$ +a#*a$ la(",( '(l ,('!. E$ (l +a&!6 la* la$,a* *(("a&($,( a)(+,a'a*(&,($ #$ !l!" +a"a+,("0*,+!6 '('! a la "%'a '(*+!&!*+7$'(l ,('! )!la".

La* l(*!$(* *!$ $(+"7,+a*6 ala"/a'a* '( 5 Z 1; +& '( l!$/,#'6'( +!l!" &a""7$ a $(/"!6 /($("al&($,( #+a'a* '(*'( (l ,("+!&('! a la a",( *#("!" '( la la$,a6 "(*($,a$ +!$**,($+a0,"(a. C#a$'! la ($)("&('a' al+a$=a ,!'! (l '%&(,"! '(l ,all!6*,a* *( 8#("a$ )%+l&($,( al a*! '( la* ("*!$a*6 (8#!*a/"0+!la* ! '( ($,!* )#(",(*. E$ +!$'+!$(* '( al,a #&('a',a&$ a (*!"#la+7$ *!"( (*,a* l(*!$(* ("! $! "!)#*a +!&! *( "(*($,a ($ la* !a*.

L!* ,#"+#l!* a)(+,a'!* "(*($,a$ %"(a* ""(/#la"(*6 l/("a&($,(#$''a*. La (l ,!&a #$a +!l!"a+7$ &a""7$ "!=a. Al +!",(,"a$*("*al *( #('($ !*("a" #$a* "!l!$/a+!$(* '(l/a'a* 8#(a$ '(*'( la *#("9+( (,("$a a+a la &'#la a &a$("a '(

+laa*. E$ (*,a'!* aa$=a'!* *( $!,a #$a #'"+7$ '(aa"($+a /"a$#la" '( +!l!" +a*,a! !*+#"! a a"'#=+!6 ($ (*,a*+!$'+!$(*#('( !+#""" #$a #'"+7$ *(+#$'a"a +a#*a'a !" !,"!* !$/!*@)#*a"#& *. Y a+,("a* @("Q$a *. Cl!*,"'#& *. E$,"(!,"!*6 "!!+a$'! la '(*$,(/"a+7$ '(l ,#"+#l! a+($'!')0+l (l 'a/$7*,+!.


34/55


8.15.8 C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s:El ++l! '( (*,( !$/! (* a*,a$,( +!&l(!6 +!$ la )!"&a+7$ '( a"!*,!* '( (*!"a*6 al/#$a* '( la* +#al(* *!$ &7l(* ($ (l a/#a. El

'(*a""!ll! '( la ($)("&('a' (*,% )a!"(+'! !" la #&('a' (l(a'a@ll#a6 "!+0!6 "(/! ! #&('a' "(la,a &a!" '( ; !",(&("a,#"a* &!'("a'a*6 ($,"( 1 25 KC *($'! la 7,&a '( 1 a 22KC6 '#"a$,( a 1; !"a*. Pa"a /("&$a" ($(,"a" ($ l!* ,('!* '( lala$,a a ,"a* '( l!* (*,!&a*6 la* (*!"a* $(+(*,a$ "(*($+a '( a/#al"(. Ba! +!$'+!$(* 7,&a*6 a"!&a'a&($,( 3 '0a* '(*#* '( la$)(++7$6 aa"(+($ l!* "&("!* *0$,!&a* ($ la* !a* ,all!* ($ )!"&a'( (8#(a* &a$+a* 8#( l#(/! *( a/"a$'a$. L!* ,#"+#l!* a *# (=*!$ $)(+,a'!* !" &('! '( (*!"a* "!'#+'a* ($ la* !a* a""a*,"a'a* !" (l a/#a.

8.15. Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s Paa* @Solanum tuberosum

8.15.6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!:El &a$(! $,(/"a'! (* (l (&l(! '( ')("($,(* &,!'!* '( +!$,"!l '(la* ($)("&('a'(*. S( "(al=a +!$ la 9$al'a' '( '*&$#" ! (,a" la*"''a* 8#( !+a*!$a$6 '( ,al &a$("a 8#( (l a/"+#l,!" l!/"( #$a &a!""($,al'a'6 a'(&%* '( (,a" 'a!* a la *al#' #&a$a al &('!a&($,(. E* $(+(*a"! ,($(" ($ +!$*'("a+7$ 8#( l!* '*,$,!* &,!'!*

'( +!$,"!l $! *( (+l#($ ($,"( *0. L!* "$+al(* +!&!$($,(* '(l&a$(! '(l ,=7$ ,a"'0! +!&"($'($ +!$,"!l(* /($,+!*6 8#0&+!*6+#l,#"al(* !l7/+!*.


35/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.10 Musti i%-,s d"% i,% ;!hanatephorus cucumeris;F!< D,!: R($!: F#$/

D*7$: Ba*'!&+!,a

Cla*(: !&+(,(*

S#+la*(: I$+(",a( *('*

O"'($: A/!$&+(,al(*

Fa&la: A/!$&+(,a+(a(

E*(+(: Ta$a,(!"#*

G($("!: +#+#&("*


36/55


8.10.0 S>!t,*

8.10.8 A"!t" -us% E* #$ !$/! '($!&'a'! Ta$a,(!"#* +#+#&("*@F"a$ D!$ 6

8#( (l (* (*,a'! (")(+,! '( R=!+,!$a *!la$6 $)(+,a a lala$,a !" &('! '( a*'!*!"a*.

R. solani6 )!"&a )a* al$a* /"a$#la"(* '( - &+"a* '('%&(,"! 8#( al &a'#"a" "(*($,a$ *(,!* #$a +!l!"a+7$ +a)!t,*L! "&("! 8#( *( !*("a a +a&! (* #$ a&a"lla&($,! ($ la* !a*%*al(* !*,("!"&($,( *( &a"+,a$ *( *(+a$ ("! ("&a$(+($a'("'a* a la la$,a. E*,a *$,!&a,!l!/0a a "!/"(*a$'! a+0a la a",(

*#("!" '( la la$,a a (+(* *7l! ,!&a #$ *(+,!" '( la &*&a. Al+!&($=! la* la$,a* (*,"a$ &a"+,(* ($ la* !"a* &%* +al#"!*a* '(l'0a "(+#("%$'!*( al 9$al '(l &*&! ("! 9$al&($,( *( &a"+,a$ ("($. La* "a0+(* "$+al(* la a*( '(l ,all! "(*($,a$ $(+"!**a*+#la". C#a$'! *( +!",a (l ,all! *( !*("a (l **,(&a a*+#la" '( +!l!"&a""7$.

8.18.8 A"!t" -us%El !"/a$*&! +a#*al (* (l !$/! (",($(+($,( a la +la*( '(#,("!&+(,('($!&$a'! F#*a"#& !*!"#& ).* l+!("*+. E*,( "(*($,a

$#&("!*a* (*,"#+,#"a* lla&a'a* (*!"!'!8#!* '!$'( *( a/"#a$ la*(*!"a*. E*,($ '!* ,!* '( +!$'!*6 l!* &a+"!+!$'!* 8#( *!$al$!*6 ,a+a'!*6 /($("al&($,( +!$ ,"(* ,a8#(* &+"!+!$'!* &%*(8#(!* al$!*6 #$+(l#la"(*.

8.18. C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s:E* #$ !$/! '( ,(&("a,#"a +%l'a* (l '(*a""!ll! !,&! *( "(*($,a a2; KC (l "a$/! a '( 12 a 2KC. E*,a ,(&("a,#"a a+!&aa'a '( al,a#&('a' "(la,a6 '0a* +!",!* '( aa $,($*'a' l#&0$+a )a!"(+($ (l'(*a""!ll! '( la ($)("&('a'. O,"!* )a+,!" *!$ l!* *#(l!* %+'!*6a"($!*!*6 +!$ a! 6 !"(* ($ $,"7/($! al,! *#&$*,"! '( !,a*!.

8.18.6 Cu%ti?,s A"-td,s S!la$%+(a*

1.6 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!:


39/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L#(/! 8#( (l !$/! ($(,"a al ,('! (/(,al6 $! (*,( +!$,"!l

8#0&+! ()(+,! a"a (*,a ($)("&('a'. La #,l=a+7$ '(a"('a'(* "(**,($,(* (* la &(''a &%* a'(+#a'a a"a (l &a$(!'( Fusarium o!sporum ".sp l!copersic.

E*,a "(**,($+a #('( ("'("*( +#a$'! *( "!'#+($ ("'a* a*(a !" $(&a,!'!* ! !" (l la!"(!. P!" l! ,a$,! (l *#(l! l"( '($(&a,!'!* a*0 +!&! (,a" la "!,#"a '( "a0+(* al la!"(a" (l *#(l!+!$,"#"%$ a &a$,($(" la *a$'a' '(l +#l,!.

La* la$,a* ($)("&a* '(($ (l&$a"*( l! &%* "!$,! !*l( a()(+,!* '( "('#+" (l $!+#l!. La* "!,a+!$(* +!$ +#l,!* $!#*('(* +!&! (l +a*! '( l(+#/a6 a+(l/a. ($,"( !,"!* *!$$(+(*a"a* a"a (l &a$(! a'(+#a'! '( la ($)("&('a'.

8.1 C#,!"s ;Usti%,4 Ti%%"ti U,-stis: R($!: F#$/

D*7$: Ba*'!&+!,a

Cla*(: A/a"+!&+(,(*

S#+la*(: A/a"+!&+(,'a(

O"'($: A/a"+al(*

Fa&la: Ma"a*&a+(a(

G$("!: M!$l!,!"a

E*(+(: M. "!"("

8.16.0 S>!t,* L!* *0$,!&a* (,("$!* aa"(+($ '(*#* '( 4; a ; '0a* '(

$)(++7$ +!$ (8#(a* &a$+a* !*+#"a* ($ la *#("9+( '( la*

&a=!"+a*< (* '(+" 8#( la* &a=!"+a* $)(+,a'a* *!$ a*$,!&%,+a*@*$ l(*!$(* *l(* ($ la* "&("a* (,aa* '( la $)(++7$.

P!*,("!" a la )!"&a+7$ '( (*,a* &a$+a* !*+#"a*6 *( )!"&a #$+a"a+,("0*,+! !l! la$+! ($ la *#("9+( '( la* &a=!"+a*$)(+,a'a* !" la "(*($+a '( &ll!$(* '( +!$'a* @44 &ll!$(*!" +($,0&(,"! +#a'"a'!. E*,( !l! l( ("&,( al !$/! *("'*("*a'! +!$ )a+l'a' !" a/#a6 ($,! ,"aaa'!"(*.

La $+'($+a '( la ($)("&('a' a"0a +!$ la a"('a'6 la ('a' '(l!* )"#,!* la* "(+,a+!$(*. E$ /($("al6 la &a!" $+'($+a '(

la ($)("&('a' (* +#a$'! la "(+,a+7$ (* al,a. El !$/! $)(+,a*7l! a l!* ,('!* ($ +"(+&($,!6 (*(+al&($,( )"#,!* 7($(*.

8.16.8 I!"--i(!Moniliophthora roreri(* #$ !$/! (&!,"79+! @)!"&a$ $+al&($,(#$a a*!+a+7$ +!$ +l#la* a* &%* ,a"'( +!$ ,('! (",!. ] (l"!+(*! '( $)(++7$ (&(=a +#a$'! la* +!$'a* ! (*!"a*"("!'#+,a* '(l !$/! ll(/a$ a la *#("9+( '( la* &a=!"+a*. All0 !"


43/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+!$'+!$(* '( al,a #&('a' ,(&("a,#"a /("&$a$ ($(,"a$ la&a=!"+a6 !+a*!$a$'! 'a!* $,("$!* ($ la* "&("a* (,aa* '( la($)("&('a'.

8.16. C,!di-i,!"s -%i*$ti-s: La* +!$'+!$(* '( al,a #&('a' a&($,al ,(&("a,#"a

)a!"(+($ (l '(*a""!ll! '(l !$/! 8#( a)(+,a a"!* 7"/a$!* #('( ll(/a" a "!'#+" la (",( '( la$,a. A (*,! *( *#&a 8#( (l"$+al +! '( +!*(+a '( +a+a! #*#al&($,( +!$+'( +!$ (l("!'! ll#!*!6 l! 8#( +a#*a &a!"(* "''a* ($ l!* +#l,!*.M%* aH$6 ($ l!* l!,(* +!$ al,! *!&"(a&($,!.

La ($)("&('a' */#( *($'! #$! '( l!* "$+al(* )a+,!"(*l&,a$,(* a"a la "!'#++7$ '( +a+a! ($ ,!'!* l!* a0*(*

$)(+,a'!*. N! !*,a$,( a '!* )a+,!"(* a,($#a$,(* '( la($)("&('a' ($ (*,( &!&($,! 8#( *!$:

Al,!* "(+!* '(l +a+a! 8#( (*,la$ #$ &a!" +!$,"!l '( la($)("&('a'.

E*,($ %"(a* &!",a$,(* '( "!'#++7$ (*,al(+'a* l"(*'( la ($)("&('a' ! '!$'( la ($)("&('a' a($a* (*,%(*,al(+$'!*(.

N! !*,a$,( (l '(*+!$!+&($,! '( al/#$a* "%+,+a*

a/"!$7&+a* @)al,a '( !'a "(+!l(++7$ !*,("!"(l&$a+7$ '( )"#,!* $)(+,a'!*6 la $a'(+#a'a *(l(++7$ '(&a,("al /($,+! la aa$=a'a ('a' '( l!* +#l,!*6)a!"(+($ ( $+"(&($,a$ la $+'($+a '( ($)("&('a'(*+a#*a'a* !" !$/!*6 ($,"( (ll!* la &!$la**.

8.16.6 Cu%ti?,s A"-td,sLa ($)("&('a' a,a+a *!la&($,( )"#,!* '( +a+a! *( +!$*'("a 8#(+!$*,,#( #$! '( l!* )a+,!"(* l&,a$,(* '( &a!" &!",a$+a ($ la"!'#++7$ '( (*a la$,a. P#('( "!!+a" ("''a* 8#( !*+la$ ($,"( #$1 a ; '( la la$,a+7$. La *(("'a' '( a,a8#( '( la M!$la6 *('(*a""!lla *(/H$ la =!$a !+a '(l a! '( a+#("'! a la* +!$'+!$(*'(l +l&a. Aa"($,(&($,( la* ,(&("a,#"a* al,a* *!$ &a* )a!"al(*a"a la '*(&$a+7$ '( la M!$la.

8.16.3 M"did d" -,!t,% , +"?"!-i(!: E$ (l ,(&a '( &(!"a&($,! /($(,+!6 al/#$a* a"('a'(* a$

&!*,"a'! #$ /"a'! '( "(**,($+a &a!" !" &('! '(


44/55


(al#a+!$(* ($ +a&! *( a$ '($,9+a'! +l!$(* +!$ aa$+'($+a '( la ($)("&('a'.

R('#++7$ '( l!* $(l(* '( *!&"a ($ la* la$,a+!$(*6 a 8#(

(*,! /($("a la* +!$'+!$(* a"a (l '(*a""!ll! '(l !$/!. Ta&$(* "(+!&($'al( a+(" !'a* ($ la* la$,a+!$(* a)(+,a'a* a"a+!$,"!la" la '*("*7$ '(l !$/!. A'(&%*6 (* a+!$*(al( la"($!a+7$ '( l!,(* (l #*! '( **,(&a* a/"!)!"(*,al(* +!$(*(+(* &a'("al(*

8.13 E!"*"dd"s +,s -,s"- "! uts %i*(!

8.13.1 ;Penicillium digitatum< *,, ?"d" ;P"!i-i%%iu*

it%i-u*< *,, )u%.. D"s-i+-i(!:

La #'"+7$ "!'#+'a !" (*,( ,! '( !$/!*6 (* (l &%*+!$!+'! (l 8#( &%* *( ( ($ $#(*,"!* al&a+($(*. S!$ l!*+l%*+!* &!!* ("'( a=#l. N$/#$! '( '+!* a,7/($!* #('(a,a+a" a la )"#,a * $! ,($( ("'a* ($ *# *#("9+( ')0+l&($,(*( "!a/a$ !" +!$,a+,!6 * l!* )"#,!* $! "(*($,a$ l(*!$(* ($ *#+!",(=a.

El P($+ll#& D/,a,#& ,($( #$ '(*a""!ll! )%+l a 2; KC

#&('a' "(la,a al,a. El P($+ll#& I,al+#& #('( +"(+(" ($,"( 3 32 KC6 a#$8#( *( '(*a""!lla +!$ &%* )a+l'a' a 24 KC #&('a' "(la,a al,a.

A&!* !$/!*6 #('($ ("&a$(+(" '#"a$,( &(*(* *!"( la (l '(*a""!lla"*( !*,("!"&($,(6 ($ +#a$,! ($,"a$ ($ +!$,a+,! +!$l!* l08#'!* l("a'!* !" la* ("'a* '( la +!",(=a.

#. C,!t*i!-i(! La +!$,a&$a+7$ '( l!* )"#,!*6 *( "!'#+( *(&"( !" (*!"a*6

8#( *( $*,ala$ ($ la* ("'a* '( la (l. E$ (l +a*! '(l P($+ll#&

I,al+#&6 ,a&$ #('( "!'#+"*( la +!$,a&$a+7$ !" +!$,a+,!+!$ )"#,!* !'"'!*6 a 8#( la* )a* #('($ a,"a(*a" la (l '(#$ )"#,! *a$!6 ($ '(,("&$a'a* +"+#$*,a$+a*.


45/55


8.13.5 A%t"!i -iti

. D"s-i+-i(!: La* (*!"a* '(l !$/!6 ,"a$*!",a'a* !" (l ($,! ll(/a$ a l!*

('H$+#l!* ! a l!* !&l/!*6 +#a$'! l!* )"#,!* *!$ (8#(!* ("&a$(+($ la,($,(* ! /("&$a$ ($(,"a$ a+a (l $,("!" * la,(&("a,#"a #&('a' *!$ '7$(a*.

#. E% tu" d" "st" ,!, s" +,du-" +i!-i+%*"!t" S!"( )"#,!* 'l(*.

C#a$'! (l )"#,! (*,% (#(*,! a ,(&("a,#"a* aa* "!l!$/a'a*.

C#a$'! (l )"#,! a *#)"'! 8#(&a'#"a* '( *!l.

E$ ("0!'!* '( ($,!* *(+!*.

C#a$'! (*,( #$ '(,("!"! $,("$! '(l )"#,!.

-. Id"!ti@--i(! E$ la )"#,a al&a+($a'a6 la #'"+7$ +!&($=a $!"&al&($,( !"

(l ('H$+#l! ($ l!* !&l/!*. La #'"+7$ aa$=a !" (l

+!"a=7$ '( la &*&a6 "!'#+($'! #$a #'"+7$ +($,"al $,("$a68#( *( a+( *l( al (,("!" +!&! #$a &a$+a $(/"a6 "7&a al!&l/!.

d. M"dids +"?"!ti?s P"!+#"a" +!&"a" )"#,!* )#(",(*6 ,"a,a'!* ($ +a&! +!$,"a (*,a

($)("&('a'.


46/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- N! '(a" 8#( la )"#,a &a'#"( ,!,al&($,( ($ (l %"!l.

U,l=a" l!* &0$&!* '( ,(&("a,#"a6 #&('a' ,(&!.

El&$a" la* )"#,a* 8#( ,($/a$ *0$,!&a* '( Al,("$a"a.

8.13.0 &otrtis cin"rea

. D"s-i+-i(! C!$ )"(+#($+a la #'"+7$ '('! a B!,",*6 +!&($=a +!$ (l

+!$,a+,! '( l!* )"#,!* +!$ (8#(!* ,"!=!* '( &a,("a !"/%$+a6(,($'$'!*( !*,("!"&($,( !" (l "(*,! '(l )"#,!

Pa"a (l '(*a""!ll! '( la B!,",* *!"( l!* )"#,!*6 (* $(+(*a"! 8#((*,!* ,($/a$ ("'a* ($ *# +!",(=a6 )a!"(+($'! '+! '(*a""!ll!l!* la"/!* ("0!'!* '( ,(&! H&('!6 +!$ ,(&("a,#"a* aa* !&!'("a'a*.

#. Id"!ti@--i(! La B!,",* (* #$a #'"+7$ '( +!l!" a"'!-&a""7$ 8#(

!*,("!"&($,(6 ($ a,&7*)("a H&('a6 *( +#"( +!$ &a*a* '((*!"a* /"*(* '( a*(+,! al/!'!$!*!.

-. M"dids +"?"!ti?s E,a" ,($(" l!* +a!$(* ($ (l +a&! +!$ ,(&! H&('!.

P"(($" la* ("'a*.

E,a" la #&('a' (+(*a ($ (l al&a+($a&($,!.

D(*$)(+,a" la* +aa* 8#( aa$ ,($'! )"#,!* !'"'!*.


47/55


8.13.8 G",ti-u* -!didu*

. D"s-i+-i(!

E*,( ,! '( #'"+7$ (* &%* &!",a$,( +a'a '0a6 '('! a *#"(**,($+a a la &a!"0a '( l!* "!'#+,!* #,l=a'!* ($ l!*al&a+($(*.

E* #$ !$/! 8#( *( $*,ala ($ l!* )"#,!* !" ("'a*. S( 'a +!$)"(+#($+a (*,( ,! '( #'"+7$ *!"( )"#,a &a'#"a +!$ '()(+,!* al&a+($a'a '#"a$,( al/H$ ,(&!. !$/!* '(l ,! P($+ll#&$*,ala'!* *!"( la #'"+7$ '( G(!,"+#&6 a+(l("a$ la ,!,al'(*+!&!*+7$ '( l!* )"#,!* a,a+a'!*.

#. Id"!ti@--i(! E* #$a #'"+7$ la$'a6 +!$ #$ !l!" a/"! (*(+al6 8#( a,"a( a la*

&!*+a* '( la )"#,a 8#( '(!*,a$ *#* #(!* *!"( la* &a*a*!'"'a*. C!$ (l ,(&! '+a* &a*a* /!,(a$ $)(+,a$'! la* )"#,a*"7&a*.

-. M"dids +"?"!ti?s E,a" ,!'! ,! '( ("'a*.

I$*(++7$ )"(+#($,( '( la )"#,a (l&$a$'! l!* )"#,!* a,a+a'!* !"(l !$/!.


48/55


8.13. Pt,+t, -it,+t,

. D"s-i+-i(! E*,( !$/! (* (l +a#*a$,( '( la #'"+7$ &a""7$ '( l!* a/"!*.

E* #$a ($)("&('a' '( +a&!6 '!$'( la ll#a (* (l (0+#l!a"a la* (*!"a* a*,a l!* )"#,!* &%* a!* '(l %"!l. E* #$!$/! '( ($(,"a+7$ '"(+,a6 $! $(+(*,a la (*,($+a '(("'a* a"a *# '(*a""!ll!.

La #'"+7$ '('! a P,,!"a (* a",+#la"&($,( /"a( ($l!* +a*!* '( a#$'a$,(* ll#a* ! la"/!* ("0!'!* '(#&('a'(* (l(a'a*.

#. Id"!ti@--i(! E* #$a #'"+7$ &a""7$ '( l!* +0,"+!* (* 9"&( 6 * la*

+!$'+!$(* a&($,al(* l( *!$ )a!"al(*6 *!"( la* &a$+a*&a""!$(* aa"(+( #$ &!! la$+!. L!* )"#,!* a,a+a'!* !"P,!,!"a '(*"($'($ #$ !l!" a "a$+! +a"a+,("0*,+!6 8#( (* laH$+a )!"&a '( '*,$/#" (*,a #'"+7$ ($ *# $+!6 ($ la* &(*a*'( *(l(++7$.

-. M"dids +"?"!ti?s R(+!l(+,a"6 '(*#* '( #$ ("0!'! '( ll#a* H$+a&($,( l!* )"#,!*

*,#a'!* ($ la &,a' *#("!" '(l %"!l.

D(a" l!* )"#,!* ($ (l %"!l6 '(*#* '( la* ll#a* 2-3 '0a* a*,a8#( la P,!,!"a *( &a$9(*,( +!$ +la"'a' $! "(+!l(+,a" l!*)"#,!* a)(+,a'!*.


49/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L!* )"#,!* '(($ +!$*("a"*( ($ al&a+$ '!* '0a* +!&! &0$&!6

($,"( la "(+!/'a la &a$#la+7$.

S(a"a" l!* )"#,!* 8#( aa$ ,($'! +!$,a+,!6 +!$ !,"!* a,a+a'!*

'( P,!,!"a.

8.13.6 P,*,+sis

. D"s-i+-i(! S(/H$ la* =!$a*6 '( #'"+7$ (* '( (*+a*a &!",a$+a *(

&a$9(*,a *!"( l!* )"#,!* 'l(* ($ (l al&a+($a(.

El /"a'! '( $)(++7$ a"0a +!$ la &a'#"(= '(l )"#,! la #&('a'

"(*($,(6 #('( *(" /"a( ($ la )"#,a.

#. Id"!ti@--i(! E* #$a #'"+7$ 9"&(6 a#$8#( (l(6 ($ la =!$a ('+#la".

N!"&al&($,( *( $+a +!$ la$'(a&($,!* '(+!l!"a+!$(*'l(*6 ($,!"$! al !,7$ ('+#la"6 +a&a$'! '( &a""7$ a a"'! a#&($,a$'! la (l'a'.

-. M"dids +"?"!ti?s R(+!/(" la )"#,a a$,(* '( la *!"( &a'#"a+7$.

Al&a+($a" la )"#,a a ,(&("a,#"a* aa* @-1; KC6 a"a "(,"a*a" (l'(*a""!ll! '(l !$/!.

C!$)(++!$a" la )"#,a l! &%* "!$,! !*l( '(*#* '( la"(+!l(++7$.


50/55


8.1H C!-,sis , -$!-" "! t%%,s *s.

8.1H.1 D"@!i-i(!

Ca$+"!: l(*7$ $(+"7,+a +!$ )"(+#($+a "!)#$'a 8#( *( "!'#+(($ (l ,all! "a&a*.

L!* +a$+"!* *!$ ("'a* l!+al=a'a* ! ($ =!$a* (",a* '( la+!",(=a6 +!$ )"(+#($+a #$''a* '(a! '( la *#("9+( '(l ,all! !"a&a*.

L!* ,('!* *a$!* a'a+($,(* $+"(&($,a$ *# /"!*!" a*,a lla/a" a,($(" #$ ,a&a! &a!" a la *#("9+( $!"&al.

a +!* a,7/($!* 8#( "!'#+($ +a$+"!* #('($ a,"#"*(

,a&$ a )a+,!"(* '(l &('!. L!* !"/a$*&!* 8#( #('($ "!'#+" +a$+"!* +!$ &a!"

)"(+#($+a *!$:

A*+!&+(,!*

Al/#$a* a+,("a*

Al/#$!* "#*.

8.1H.5 C-t">sti-s

I$+l#($ =!$a* $(",(* *l(* *( )!"&a$ ($ la +!",(=a ($ al/#$!*+a*! ($ la &a'("a6 !" l! /($("al $+a$ ($ #$a ("'a ! #$ ,!+!$(",!.

D(($'($'! '( la "(la+7$ (*,al(+'a ($,"( (l a,7/($! !*('("! '( la* +!$'+!$(* a&($,al(*


51/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- El !*('a$,( #('( *!"(" a la ($)("&('a' "!'#+" #$

+all! ($,!"$! a la* =!$a* $(",(* l&,a$'! (l +a$+"! .

El +a$+"! #('( ')#$'"*( aa$=a" +!$ /"a$ "a'(= (l !$/!

#('( $a'" la* $#(a* +aa* '(l +all!6 (a$'$'!*( (l +a$+"!+a'a (= &%*.

R(*#l,a ('($,( 8#( #$a "a&a ! $+l#*! #$ %"!l #('( *("'(*,"#'! +#a$'! *!$ +#(",!* !" (l +a$+"! !"/$al ! $)(++!$(*$#(a*. P!" l! /($("al *!$ +! &%* /"a(* ($ %"!l(* )"#,al(* )!"(*,al(*.

8.1H.0 ,!,s u" +,du-"! -!-,s #or!osphaeria dothisdea: "!'#+($ +a$+"!** '( &a$=a$!6

'#"a=$!6 $!/al.

Ceratoc!tis $mbriata: +a$+"!+* '(l +a+a!6 +a)6 )"#,!* '( #(*!6+a#+!6 la,a$! ala&! $(/"!

%lo&ri'htia morbosum: +a#*a $#'! $(/"! ! la/a",a '(l +"#(l!.

(ut!pella parasitica: +a$+"! '(l a"+(

Gremmeniella avietina: +a$+"! '( la* +!$)("a*

)ectria 'allie'na: +a$+"! '(l &a$=a$!6 ("al6 $!/al $(/"!

*rnula caraterum: +a$+"! '( l!* "!l(*

+alsa sp.: +a$+"! '(l '#"a=$! +!* a"#*,!*6 a"!l(* '(&a'("a '#"a6 a(,! al/#$a* +!$)("a*.

8.1H.8 M/t,d,s d" -,!t,% B#($a* "%+,+a* +#l,#"al(* +!&! "(/! )(",l=a+7$ a"a 8#( l!*

a"!l(* +"(=+a$ /!"!*!* *a$!*.

P"(($+7$ '( ("'a*

P!'a *(("a '( a"!l(*

El&$a+7$ '( +a$+"!*

T"a,a&($,! '( ("'a* +!$ '(*$)(+,a$,(* "!,(+,!" '( ("'a*

X#(&a '( "a&a* $)(+,a'a* +!$ +a$+"!*

A*("*!$(* +!$ /!$ l. a$,(* '( la ll#a


52/55

UNIVERSIDAD RURAL DE GUATEMALACURSO: FITOPATOLOGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L!* &,!'!* '(*+",!* $! (,a$ !" +!&l(,! la +a$+"!** !"

+,!*!"a

8.1H. S>!t,*s

E$ )"#,!*6 "a&a* !a* 7($(* a"(+($ l(*!$(* +a$+"!*aa*,a$,(* *&la"(*.

Al "$+! la* l(*!$(* aa"(+($ +!&! (8#(a* &a$+a*"('!$'(a'a* l/("a&($,( l(a$,a'a*

C!l!" ("'( &%* !*+#"! ($ l!* ,('!* +"+#$'a$,(*6 +a&a$'!+!$ (l ,(&! a #$ +!l!" la$+! /"*%+(!

El ,a&a! '( la l(*7$ a"a +!$ la (*(+(

P#('( ,($(" #$ '%&(,"! 1 a && ($ !a* 1 a 2 +& ($ )"#,!*.

V. CONCLUSIONES

)l gnero *ildius son hongos parsitos obligados que esporulan en forma de

peque+as masas algodonosas de color grisceo principalmente en el envs

de las hojas, en el ha# respectivo se aprecian amurallamientos pre

necrticos.

Las enfermedades en las plantas son ms severas en tierras bajas que en las

laderas o parte alta, esto depende de la temperatura, falta o e"ceso de lu#,


53/55


falta de o"%geno, falta o e"ceso de humedad en el suelo clima, to"icidad

mineral, Ph, la inadecuada practica agr%cola, entre otros.

Los $arbones son hongos parsitos semiobligados que invaden

principalmente el tejido de reservas de almidn de las plantas

reempla#ndolos por masas pulverulentas de color marrn oscuro a negro

parecido a holl%n.

La (umagina hongos de la familia $apnodiaceae, los cuales son saprofitos

obligados que se alimentan de la mielecilla e"cretada por insectos picadores

chupadores formando costras negru#cas sobre la superficie de las hojas

restndoles rea fotosinttica.

La Erwinia carotovora es una bacteria que causa pudriciones blandas en

hortali#as y el sustrato degradado es invadido por una serie de bacterias

secundarias que completan la pudricin y le confieren un olor hediondo.

Las -oyas son caudadas por hongos de la orden redinales, los cuales son

parsitos obligados que esporulan abundantemente en las hojas y tallos

verdes a travs de pstulas, las esporas son de color amarillo, naranja, rojo,

y marrn.

La Phytophthora citrophthora y clerotinia sclerotiorum causan pudriciones

en frutos de cr%ticos y cuando reali#an asociaciones ecolgicas el efecto o

infestacin es ms acelerado.

La Alternaria alternata provoca enrojecimiento en los cultivos en el

&lgodn, esto cuando los tejidos se tornan de color rojo antes de la muerte,

esto se debe a la acumulacin de antocianinas.


54/55


VI. RECOMENDACI7N

)s necesario fomentar el control cultural o control biolgico como prevencin o

control directo de enfermedades, esto es para minimi#ar los impactos al ambiente.

&ntes de iniciar un manejo del cultivo para la prevencin y control de alguna

enfermedad es necesario reali#ar diagnstico.

-eali#ar una gira tcnica para identificar enfermedades en cultivos, medidas de

prevencin mediante intercambio de e"periencias.

$uando en los muestreos de campo se alcance el nivel 0 de da+o,

se podr iniciar el control qu%mico.


55/55


VII. BIBLIOGRAFIA

E$"8#( A"al! Ga"'$. E*,&a+7$ '( la '("*'a' /($,+a '(M!$l!,!"a "!"(" @C) ^ Pa".6 +a#*a$,( '( la M!$la** '(l +a+a!@T(!"!&a +a+a! L.6 #*a$'! &a"+a'!"(* &!l(+#la"(* &+"!*a,l,(*@SSR*.

Ra&0"(= G!$=%l(=6 Sa$'"a I*a(l. La &!$la** #$ '(*a)0! a"a l!/"a" la*!*,($l'a' '(l **,(&a +a+a! ($ M+!.

S%$+(= L.6 E. Ga&!a J. R$+7$. C!$,"!l 8#0&+! +#l,#"al '( la&!$la** @M!$l!,!"a "!"(" C) ^ Pa" '(l +a+a! @T(!"!&a +a+a!L ($ (l (*,a'! Ba"$a*. R(. Fa+. A/"!$. .2; $.2 Ca"a+a* a". 2;;3.

_l(", Pll*-M!"a !,"!*. 2;12. Ca,%l!/! '( +l!$(* '( +a+a!*(l(++!$a'!* !" (l CATIE a"a *(&"a* +!&("+al(*.

9,!a,!l!/a A/"!*6 G(!"/( N

Album de Fitopatología

Documents

Transcript of Album de Fitopatología