Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga - The California Ocean...
Transcript of Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga - The California Ocean...
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Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga)
Certification Units Covered Under this Species:
• PoleandLine
• TrollandJig
Summary
Albacoretunaisahighlymigratoryspecies(HMS)distributedthroughouttheworld’soceans.IntheNorthPacific,thestockisjointlymanagedbytwointernationalorganizations:theInter-AmericanTropicalTunaCommission(IATTC)forwaterseastof150˚Wlongitude,andtheWesternandCentralPacificFisheriesCommission(WCPFC)forwaterswestof150˚Wlongitude.AlongtheU.S.WestCoast,albacoretunaaremanagedunderthePacificFisheryManagementCouncil’sHighlyMigratorySpeciesFisheryManagementPlan.IntheU.S.,albacorearefishedcommerciallyprimarilyusingpoleandlineandtrollandjig.ThenorthPacificalbacorestockisconsideredtobehealthyatcurrentlevelsofrecruitmentandfishingmortality.
Strengths:
• Stockisconsideredhealthy
• Harveststrategyisresponsivetothestateofthestockandregularstockassessments areconducted
• Bycatchislow
Weaknesses:
• Nobiomass-basedreferencepoints
• Noongoingobservercoverageofcommercialfishingvessels
NOTE:
ThisfisheryhasalreadybeencertifiedbytheMarineStewardshipCouncil.ThisassessmentisasummaryoftheexistingfullMSCassessmentbyGlobalTrustCertification,Ltd(GTCL).
Unlessotherwisenoted,alltext,figuresandtablesinthisRapidAssessmentarefromGTCL2010:
GlobalTrustCertificationLtd.(GTCL)2010.MSCFisheryAssessmentReport:PublicCertificationReport.TheCanadianHighlyMigratorySpeciesFoundation(CHMSF)BritishColumbiaNorthPacificAlbacore(Thunnus alalunga)TunaFisheryandtheAmericanWesternFishboatOwnersAssociation(WFOA)NorthPacificAlbacore(Thunnusalalunga)TunaFisheries.GlobalTrustCertificationLtd.,Riverlane,DundalkIreland.
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History of the Fishery in California
Biology of the Species
[FromGTCL2010]:Albacoretuna(Thunnus alalunga)isahighlymigratorytunafoundinalloftheglobaloceansandMediterraneanSea.InthePacificOceantherearetwoseparateanddistinctstocksofalbacore,oneintheNorthPacificandtheotherintheSouthPacific.Albacoretunamatureatapproximately5yearsoratabout85cmandhasalifespanofabout10to12years.Growthratesaremoderate,withforklengthsat1yearofageofnearly40cm.Fecundityisestimatedtobe0.8to2.6millioneggsperspawning.NorthPacificalbacorespawnfromMarchthroughJulyongroundslocatedintheWesternandCentralPacificOceaninsubtropicalwatersbetweenabout10˚to25˚Nlatitudes(Figure1).
Ingeneral,thebulkofthejuvenilealbacorerecruitingintotheNorthPacificfisheriesfirstentertheJapanesewesternPacificfisheriesoffJapanandthenmoveeastward.Recoveryoftaggedjuveniles(ages1to5)indicatesthatfishtaggedoffJapanappearintheNorthAmericanfishery;movementisalongtheNorthPacificTransitionZone.AlbacoretaggedoffNorthAmericaseemtomoveacrossthePacificduringthefallandappearinJapaninthelate-winter/springfisheries.ThesefishthenappeartomigratebacktoNorthAmerica.Therearefewtagreturnsofmaturefish.Basedoncatchpatternsitwouldseemthatadultsmovetolowerlatitudes.Inadditiontothisgeneralpatternofmovementtheremaybevariationsassociatedwithrecruitment.ItappearsthatasmallportionofthepopulationmayspawnfurthereastthanthebulkofthepopulationandfirstenterthefisheryoffNorthAmerica.
Figure 1.DistributionandspawningareaofalbacoretunaintheNorthPacificOcean(fromISC2013).
Albacore,likeothertunas,haveanumberofphysiologicalandmorphologicalspecializationsthatadaptthemtoafast,continuousswimminglifestyleinthepelagicopenoceanenvironment.Themostnotableofthisisa“countercurrentmultipliersystem”(heatexchanger)whichallowsthemtoregulatetheirbodytemperatures.Thealbacoretunabodytemperaturemaybeas
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muchas15˚aboveambienttemperature.Theirmetabolicratesare2to10timeshigherthanmostotherbonyfishes,andtheyhaveverylargeeyesfordetectingpreyandspecializedfinsandbodyformtoreducedrag.Albacoreareopportunisticcarnivoresandasadultshavefewpredators,althoughtheymaybepreyedonbylargemarinemammals,sharks,andbillfish.
Commercial Fishery
[FromGTCL2010]:TheU.S.surfacetrollfisheryforalbacorehasbeenoperatingsincetheearly1900’sintheNorthPacific.FishermencommencedtargetingseasonallymigratingalbacoreinnearshoreoceanwatersoffsouthernCaliforniatomeettheneedsofatunacanneryestablishedthere.Thetrollfisherygraduallyspreadnorthwards,butwasrestrictedtowatersoffCaliforniauntilthelate1930’s,whenitextendedtowatersoffthestatesofOregonandWashington,andeventuallytowatersoffBritishColumbia,Canada.Untilthelate1970’s,thetrollfisherybeganoperationsinearlyJuly,whenmigratingalbacoreapproachthewestcoastofNorthAmerica,andwasprimarilyconductedinnearshoreoceanicwaters.From1961through1979,approximately99%ofthereportedU.S.catchesofNorthPacificalbacoreweremadewithin200milesoftheNorthAmericancoast,with84%offtheU.S.coastand9%and7%inthejurisdictionalwatersofMexicoandCanada,respectively.Sincethelate1970’s,U.S.albacorefisherswithlargervesselsbegintrollfishingintheearlyspringmonthsonthehighseas.SomeofthesevesselsoperateasfarwestastheInternationalDatelineandbeyond,toextendthefishingseasonbyinterceptingalbacoremigratingtowardsthecoastofNorthAmericaandlocatinghighcatchrateareas.TheextentofthealbacoremigrationisvariableandasignificantcharacteristicoftheU.S.surfacefisheryisthewidenorth-southvariationinthegeographicallocationsofthemostproductivefishinggrounds.Uniquely,alargeproportionofthisvariabilityisatthemulti-decaderatherthantheinter-yeartimescale.
Theestimatednumberofvesselslandingalbacorepeakedatmorethan2,000inthemid-1970’s.However,fewervesselshavebeenactiveinrecentyears.DuringthepastfiveyearsthenumberofU.S.trollvesselsthatlandedalbacorerangedfrom652to870,withvesselssmallerthanabout17moutnumberinglargervesselsbyapproximatelytwotoone.
ThehistoryoftheU.S.pole-and-linefisheryforalbacoredifferssomewhatfromthatofthetrollfishery,andislinkedtotheU.S.tropicaltunafisheryforyellowfin,bigeye,andskipjacktunas.Thepole-and-linemethodofcatchingalbacorealsobeganintheearly1900’swithvesselsoperatingwithinaone-dayrunfromporttoprovideproductforatunacannerylocatedinsouthernCalifornia.Apoorcatchofalbacorein1918forcedpole-and-lineboatstoshifttofishingfortropicalyellowfinandskipjacktofillthecannery’sdemandfortuna.Insubsequentyearseventhoughtheavailabilityofalbacoremayhavebeenhigh,theamountofpole-and-lineeffortexpendedforalbacorewasthereaftergreatlyinfluencedbyeventsinthetropicaltunafishery.Todaythereare,fewerthanabout200U.S.vesselsusingthisfishingmethodforcatchingNorthPacificalbacore.
Recreational Fishery
NorthPacificalbacoreareapopularrecreationalspecies.Recreationalchartervesselsarerequiredtomaintainlogbookstodocumenttheircatch.FromPointConceptiontotheMexicanborder,thereisalimitof10fishperday,andfromPointConceptionnorthtotheOregonborderthereisalimitof25fishperday(CDFG2012).In2010,theestimatednumberofalbacoreretainedbyrecreationalfishermenwas15,301andin2011itwas4,416(PFMC2012).
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MSC Principle 1: Resource Sustainability
*Sustainability of Target Stock
[FromISC2011]:ThemostrecentstockassessmentwascompletedinJune2011.ThenorthPacificalbacorestockisconsideredtobehealthyatcurrentlevelsofrecruitmentandfishingmortality.Currentestimatedmortality,F2006-2008,iswellbelowthefishingmortalitythatwouldleadthespawningstockbiomass(SSB)tofallbelowathresholdestablishedoftheaverageofthetenhistoricallylowestestimatedSSBs(SSB-ATHL)inatleastoneyearofa25-yr(2010-2035)projectionperiod.Thestockisexpectedtofluctuatearoundthelong-termmedianSSB(~405,000t;Figure1)intheforeseeablefuturegivenaveragehistoricalrecruitmentlevelsandconstantfishingmortalityatF2006-2008(Figure2).Basedonthesefindings,theWorkingGroupconcludesthatoverfishingisnotoccurringandthatthestocklikelyisnotinanoverfishedcondition,althoughbiomass-basedreferencepointshavenotbeenestablishedforthisstock.However,recruitmentisakeydriverofthedynamicsinthisstockandamorepessimisticrecruitmentscenarioincreasestheprobabilitythatthestockwillnotachievethemanagementobjectiveofremainingabovetheSSB-ATHLthresholdwithaprobabilityof50%.Thus,iffuturerecruitmentdeclinesabout25%belowaveragehistoricalrecruitmentlevels(Figure3)dueeithertoenvironmentalchangesorotherreasons,thentheimpactofF2006-2008onthestockisunlikelytobesustainable.Therefore,theworkinggrouprecommendsmaintainingpresentmanagementmeasures.
[FromGTCD2010]1:Itishighlylikelythatthestockisabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired.Evidenceofthiscanbesummarizedasfollows:
• CurrentlevelofSpawningStockBiomass(SSB)andinformationontemporaltrendsin spawningbiomasslevelsandsubsequentrecruitment
• Temporaltrendsinrecruitmentoverthelasttwodecades
• RecentF(F2002-2004=0.75)correspondtoalevelatwhichgoodrecruitmenthasbeen observed(ISC,2007)
Implicitly,referencepointsareappropriatelydefined.Referencepointswerescoredbasedonthefollowingissues:
• Theappropriatenessofthereferencepointsisunknown
• Thelimitreferencepointissetabovethelevelatwhichthereisanappreciableriskof impairingreproductivecapacity
• Thetargetreferencepointissuchthatthestockismaintainedatalevelconsistentwith BMSYorsomemeasureorsurrogatewithsimilarintentoroutcome
*ForCalifornia’sSustainableSeafoodProgram,thiscategorymustscorean80orhigherduringanMSCassessment.1TheMSCFullassessmentbyGTCL2010wasconductedbeforethelatestJune2011stockassessmentwascompleted,thusjustificationsforscoringuseolddata.
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Figure 2.EstimatedspawningbiomassofalbacoretunaintheNorthPacificOcean.Theopencirclesrepresentthemaximumlikelihoodestimatesofeachquantityandthedashedlinesarethe95%asymptoticintervalsoftheestimates(±2standarddeviations)inlognormalspace(fromISC2011).
Figure 3. Estimatedage-0recruitmentofalbacoretunaintheNorthPacificOcean.Theopencirclesrepresentthemaximumlikelihoodestimatesofeachquantityandthedashedlinesarethe95%asymptoticintervalsoftheestimates(±2standarddeviations)(fromISC2011).
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Harvest Strategy (Management)
[FromGTCL2010]:TheinternationalmanagementoftheNorthPacificalbacorestockissharedbytwointernationalorganizations:theInter-AmericanTropicalTunaCommission(IATTC)forwaterseastof150˚Wlongitude,andtheWesternandCentralPacificFisheriesCommission(WCPFC)forwaterswestof150˚Wlongitude.TheIATTCandWCPFChavelegalauthoritywithintheiradministrativeboundaries.Domestically,fortheUStroll&jigandpole&linealbacorefisheriesmanagementisthroughtheHighlyMigratorySpeciesFisheryManagementPlan(HMSFMP)ofthePacificFisheryManagementCouncil(PFMC).TheISCforTunaandTuna-likeSpeciesintheNorthPacificOceanconductstockassessmentsaswellasenhancescientificresearchandcooperationfortheconservationandrationalutilizationoftunaandtuna-likespeciesoftheNorthPacificOcean.NorthPacificmanagementmeasuresadoptedbytheIATTCandtheWCPFCarepassedtotherespectivemembercountriesthatconductfishingoperationsonPacificalbacoreforimplementation.
Internationally,theharveststrategyhasbeendefinedbytheAntiguaConventionoftheIATTC,andtheConventionontheConservationandManagementofHighlyMigratoryFishStocksoftheWesternandCentralPacific(WCPFC).Theobjectiveoftheseconventionsistoensurethelong-termconservationandsustainableuseofthefishstockscoveredbytheseconventions,inaccordancewiththerelevantrulesofinternationallaw.Inordertoachievetheoverallobjectivetheconventiontextsdefinetheharveststrategyframework,whichmustbeimplementedthroughthePacificRegionIntegratedTunaFisheriesManagementPlan(IFMP)andtheFisheriesManagementPlanforU.SWestCoastFisheriesforHighlyMigratorySpecies(HMSFMP)inCanadaandtheUnitedStates,respectively.
TheHarvestStrategyFrameworkisbasedontheprecautionaryapproach.ThelegalframeworkfortheprecautionaryapproachisembodiedinanumberofinternationalagreementsofwhichtheUSAisasignatory:
• UNConventionoftheLawoftheSea(1982)
• RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment(1992)
• FAOCodeofConductforResponsibleFisheries(1995)
• UNFishStocksAgreementUNFA(1995)
• USandCanadaAlbacoretreaty
Evidencegivenbystockeffortmonitoringprograms,andstockassessmentoutputs,indicatesthattoolsinusetolimitfishingeffortareeffectiveinachievingexploitationlevelsrequired(F=
Performance Indicator Rating Justification
1.1.1 Stock Status 80; It is highly likely that the stock is above the point where recruitment would be impaired
1.1.2 Reference Points 75; Reference points are implicit
1.1.3 Stock rebuilding Not triggered; stock is considered healthy
Scores for MSC Component 1.1: Sustainability of Target Stock (from GTCL 2010)
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MSC Principle 2: Environment
Retained Species
Troll and Jig
[FromGTCL2010]:TheUSFMPrequiresallcommercialvesselstomaintainandsubmitlogbookstoNMFS(USHMSFMP).Albacoretrollvesselscatchminoramountsofothernontargetedpelagicfishspeciesthatareusuallycaughtduringtransittoorfromthefishinggroundsandmayberetained.Themostcommonspeciesthatareincidentallycaughtincludeskipjacktuna(Katsuwonus pelamis),mahimahi(Coryphaena hippurus),yellowtail(Seriola lalandi),EasternPacificbonito(Sarda chiliensis),bigeyetuna(Thunnus obesus),andbluefintuna(Thunnus thynnus)(ChildersandBetcher,2008–NOAASouthwestFisheriesScienceCenter)andincidentalcatchesofthesespeciesaretypicallyverylow(ISC2009/Annex6).No‘main’retainedspecieswhicharecaughtduringfishingoperationsareknowntooccurinthefishery.Trollingvesselsareknowntousefrozenanchoviesonoccasiontoattractalbacoretotheartificialjigs/fishinglures.Noquantitativedataareavailableontheamountofanchoviesusedinthismannerbutthequantitiesareconsideredtobesmallandinsignificantintermsofimpactontheanchovystock.No‘main’retainedspeciesthereforeoccurandthefisheryscores100forcomponentRetainedspecies(Point7.2.3intheMSCguidancedocument).
0.75)bymanagement.
Scores for MSC Component 1.2: Harvest Strategy (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
1.2.1 Harvest Strategy 95; Harvest strategy is responsive to the state of the stock and is working in achieving its objectives
1.2.2 Harvest Control Rules and Tools
80; Well defined harvest control rules that take into account uncertainties, tools used are effective
1.2.3 Information/Monitoring 100; All information required by the harvest control rule is monitored with high frequency and a high degree of certainty, and there is a good understanding of the inherent uncertainties in the information and the robustness of assessment and management to this uncertainty
1.2.4 Assessment of Stock Status 100; The assessment is appropriate for the stock and for the harvest control rule and takes into account the major features relevant to the biology of the species and the nature of the fishery
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Pole and Line
[FromGTCL2010]:Albacorepole&linefisheriesareacknowledgedtohaveverylowlevelsofbycatchspecieswithadocumentedaveragediscardrateof0.1%inglobalpole&linefisheriesfortunaandotherhighlymigratoryspecies(FAO2005).DataonretainedspeciescaughtduringfishingoperationsarecollectedbyUSmandatorylogbook,andonboardobserverscollectedbycatchdatafromUSpole&linevesselsbetween2004–2006whichverifiedtheoccurrenceofinsignificantlevels(lessthan1%)ofoverallbycatch(retainedand/ordiscardednontargetspecies)inthePacificalbacorefishery(NMFS2007).Thequantitiesofnontargetspecieswhichareretainedonboardcanbeconsideredasminorgiventhelowoverallobservedbycatchrate(retainedand/ordiscardednontargetspecies)andnomainretainedspecies,caughtduringfishingoperations,occurinthefishery.
Liveanchoviesare,however,retainedonboardasbaitinthepoleandlinefisheryandcanbeconsideredasa‘main’retainedspecies.NorthernanchovyisamonitoredspeciesundertheUSCoastalPelagicSpecies(CPS)FisheriesManagementPlan(FMP).MostoftheUSlandingscomefromCalifornia(PFMC2008).TherecommendeddefaultMaximumSustainableYield(MSY)controlrulegivesanAllowableBiologicalCatch(ABC)fortheentireNorthernAnchovy-northernsubpopulationof25%oftheMSYcatchbutMSYhasnotbeenestimatedinrecentyearsasastockassessmenthasnotbeendeemedrequiredunderthemonitoringprogram(PFMC2009).Thestockisconsideredtobesustainablewithminimalimpactfromharvestforthelivebaitfishery(pers.Comm.MikeBurner,StaffOfficerPacificFisheriesManagementCouncil(PFMC)).Quantitativeevidenceisnotavailablewhichdemonstratethatthestockiswithinbiologicallimits.Strongjustificationexists,however,intermsofextensivemonitoringoflandings,larvalabundance,environmentalvariables(pers.Comm.MikeBurner,PFMC)andtheexistenceofanextensiveframeworkon‘PointofConcern’whichtriggersfullstockassessmentifrequired(PFMC2009),ofverylowriskofseriousorirreversibleharmtothestock.
ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingNorthernanchovyundertheCoastalPelagicSpeciesFisheryManagementPlan;theannualSAFEreportincludesallavailableinformationthatmaybeusedtodetermineifapoint-of-concernexistse.g.overfishingorifastockshouldbeconsideredforActivemanagement.ActivemanagementisnotcurrentlyrequiredfortheNorthernAnchovystock.The
CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)operatesaLiveBaitLogforlivebaitfishersandanextensivetimeseriesextendingbackover40yearsonanchovylandingsisusedinmonitoringthefishery(PFMC2008).Thereforethestrategyisbasedoninformationdirectly
Scores for MSC Component 2.1: Retained Catch, troll and jig (from GTCL 2010)
Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.1.1 Outcome 100; No ‘main’ retained species
2.1.2 Management 100; No ‘main’ retained species, thus this category is not applicable.
2.1.3 Information 100; No ‘main’ retained species occur, thus this category is not applicable
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aboutthefisheryand‘testing’underevaluationbythePacificFisheryManagementCouncilsupports‘highconfidence’thatthestrategywillwork.Monitoredfisheriesdataprovide‘clearevidence’thatthestrategyisbeing‘implementedsuccessfully’andthereissomeevidencefromhistoricalfisheriesdatathatthestrategyis‘achievingitsoverallobjective’whichissustainabilityofthestock.
Scores for MSC Component 2.1: Retained Catch, pole and line (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.1.1 Outcome 90; Low levels of retained species
2.1.2 Management 100; Main retained species is managed under the CPS FMP
2.1.3 Information 100; Accurate and verifiable information is available on the catch of all retained species and the consequences for the status of affected populations.
Bycatch Species
Troll and Jig
[FromGTCL2010]:TheUSFMPrequiresallcommercialvesselstomaintainandsubmitlogbookstoNMFS.Albacoretrollvesselscatchminoramountsofotherpelagicfishspeciesthatareusuallycaughtduringtransittoorfromthefishinggrounds.Themostcommonspeciesthatareincidentallycaughtincludeskipjacktuna(Katsuwonus pelamis),mahimahi(Coryphaena hippurus),yellowtail(Seriola lalandi),EasternPacificbonito(Sarda chiliensis),bigeyetuna(Thunnus obesus),andbluefintuna(Thunnus thynnus)(ChildersandBetcher2010)andincidentalcatchesofthesespeciesaretypicallyverylow(ISC,2009/Annex6).Fishermengenerallyusebarblesshooksasthismethodspeedsupfishingoperationsandfisharelandedindividuallysobycatchfishmaybereturnedalive.NMFScontractedobserverscollectedbycatchdatafromUStrollvesselsbetween2004–2006whichverifiedtheoccurrenceofinsignificantlevelsofbycatchinthePacificalbacorefishery(NMFS2007).No‘main’bycatchspeciesareknowntooccur,bycatchisexceptionallyrareandnegligibleinitsimpactandthefishery,therefore,meetsSG100.
Scores for MSC Component 2.2: Bycatch, troll and jig (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.2.1 Outcome 100; No ‘main’ bycatch species
2.2.2 Management 100; No ‘main’ bycatch species, thus this category is not applicable.
2.2.3 Information 90; There is no ongoing observer coverage
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Pole and Line
[FromGTCL2010]:Albacorepole&linefisheriesareacknowledgedtohaveverylowlevelsofbycatchspecieswithadocumentedaveragediscardrateof0.1%inglobalpole&linefisheriesfortunaandotherhighlymigratoryspecies(FAO2005).DataonbycatcharecollectedbyUSmandatorylogbookandonboardobserverscollectedbycatchdatafromUSpoleandlinevesselsbetween2004–2006whichverifiedtheoccurrenceofinsignificantlevelsofbycatchinthePacificalbacorefishery(NMFS2007).No‘main’bycatchspeciesareknowntooccur,bycatchisexceptionallyrareandnegligibleinitsimpactandthefishery,therefore,meetsSG100.
Scores for MSC Component 2.2: Bycatch, pole and line (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.2.1 Outcome 100; No ‘main’ bycatch species
2.2.2 Management 100; No ‘main’ bycatch species, thus this category is not applicable.
2.2.3 Information 90; There is no ongoing observer coverage
Endangered, Threatened, & Protected Species
Troll and Jig
[FromGTCL2010]:TheUSissubjecttointernationalrequirementsontheprotectionofETPspeciesundertheCITES/WashingtonConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraandnationallegislationsuchastheEndangeredSpeciesAct,theMarineMammalProtectionAct,andtheMigratoryBirdTreatyAct(NMFS2009).MandatorylogbookdataprovidedbyUSfishermenincludesprovisionofdataonanyETPspeciesandnonewerereportedin2007(ChildersandBetcher2010).USindependentobserverdatafromthesamefisherydonotshowcatchofanyETPspecies(NMFS2007).Allfisharelandedindividuallyonbarblesshooks(http://wfoa-tuna.org/boats/)soifanincidentalcatcheventofanETPspeciesoccurstheanimalmaybereturnedalive.NocatchofETPswasreportedinindependentobserverreports.ThissuggeststhereisahighdegreeofcertaintythattheeffectsofthefisheryarewithinlimitsofnationalandinternationalrequirementsforprotectionofETPspecies.Thereisahighdegreeofconfidencethattherearenosignificantdetrimentaleffects(directandindirect)ofthefisheryonETPspecies.ThefisherymeetsallissuesofSG100andscores100(PI2.3.1).
TheHMSFMPfinalruleadoptsmeasurestominimizeinteractionsofHMSgearswithprotectedspeciesandtoensurethatthefisheriesareoperatingconsistentwithfederallaw.Thesemeasuresincludetimeandareaclosures,gearrequirements,andsafehandlingandreleasetechniquesforprotectedseabirdsandseaturtles.Protectedspeciesinteractionsforgearsotherthandriftgillnetandlonglinefisheriesarenotmajorissues(PFMC2007)USfishermenareobligedtocompletemandatorylogbooks(PFMC2007)andprovisionofdataonETPspeciesisincluded.ThesedataareusedtoaddressInternationalandNationalrequirements.NeitherUSlogbookdata(ChildersandBetcher2010)norindependentobserverdata(NMFS2007)showcatchofanyETPspecies.Allfisharelandedindividuallyandbarblesshooksareusedsoifan
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incidentalcatcheventofanETPspeciesoccurstheanimalmaybereturnedalive.Logbookdataverifiedbyobserverdata,combinedwiththepracticeofusingbarblesshookspermittingreleaseofnontargetspeciesalive,representsastrategyinplaceformanagingthefisher’simpactonETPspecies.Independentobserverdataprovidesanobjectivebasisthatthestrategywillwork.Thisisbasedonsomeinformationaboutthefishery.Thereisevidencefromlogbookdatathatthestrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.ThereforeallissuesinSG80aremet.
InthecontextofexceptionallyrareincidencesofETPspeciesbeingcaughtinthisfishery,acomprehensivestrategycanbeconsideredtobeinplaceintermsofmonitoringthroughprovisionofmandatorylogbookdata,andtheuseofbarblesshooksasameasuretoimprovethemortalityofreturnedspecies.USfishermenalsohavedetailedguidelinesonsafehandingandreleasemethodstominimizemortalityofETPspecies(PFMC2007)sothestrategyachieves‘above’nationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspeciessothefirstissueofSGismet.Comprehensiveindependentmonitoringdataarenotavailablehoweversoaquantitativeanalysisthatsupportshighconfidencethatthestrategywillworkisnotpossible.Thelackofongoingindependentmonitoringmeansthatclearevidencethatthestrategyisbeingsuccessfullyimplementedisnotavailable.Onthisbasistroll&jigandpole&linescore85forthisPI(2.3.2).
Scores for MSC Component 2.3: Endangered, Threatened, & Protected Species, troll and jig (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.3.1 Outcome 100; No ETP bycatch
2.3.2 Management 85; No ongoing independent monitoring
2.3.3 Information 80; No ongoing independent monitoring
Pole and Line
Seesectionabovefortrollandjig.
Scores for MSC Component 2.3: Endangered, Threatened, & Protected Species, pole and line (from GTCL 2010)
Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.3.1 Outcome 100; No ETP bycatch
2.3.2 Management 85; No ongoing independent monitoring
2.3.3 Information 80; No ongoing independent monitoring
Habitat
Troll and Jig
[FromGTCL2010]:Trollingforalbacoretunaiscarriedoutbytowingupto14artificialjigsonindividuallinesofmonofilamentintheepipelagiczoneoftheopenocean(Dotson1980).No
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contactismadewiththeseabedandcontactwiththeepipelagiczoneisnegligiblebecauseoftheminimaldimensionsofthefishinggear.Oceanicpelagicspeciessuchasalbacoretunaaremigratoryandspendthemajorityoftheirlivesindeepwatersoffshore,typicallybeyondthecontinentalshelfinwatersdeeperthan100m.Basedonlimiteddataavailableforoceanicpelagicspecies,benthic-pelagiclinkagesarepredictablyweak(Grober-Dunsmoreetal.2008).Evidenceexiststhereforethatthefisheryishighlyunlikelytoreducehabitatstructureandfunctiontothepointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
Evidenceexiststhatthefisheryishighlyunlikelytoreducehabitatstructureandfunctiontothepointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.Thereforeamanagementstrategyisnotrequiredandthefisheryscores100underthisPI.
Scores for MSC Component 2.4: Habitat, troll and jig (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.4.1 Outcome 100; Unlikely to cause irreversible harm
2.4.2 Management 100; Management strategy not required
2.4.3 Information 100; Geographic range of fishery is well documented
Pole and Line
[FromGTCL2010]:Pole&linefishingforalbacoretunaiscarriedoutbydeployingasinglebaitedhookattheendofaleaderofheavymonofilamentattheendofafishingpoleintheepipelagiczoneoftheopenocean.Nocontactismadewiththeseabedandcontactwiththeepipelagiczoneisnegligiblebecauseoftheminimaldimensionsofthefishinggear.Oceanicpelagicspeciessuchasalbacoretunaaremigratoryandspendthemajorityoftheirlivesindeepwatersoffshore,typicallybeyondthecontinentalshelfinwatersdeeperthan100m.Basedonlimiteddataavailableforoceanicpelagicspecies,benthic-pelagiclinkagesarepredictablyweak(Grober-Dunsmoreetal2008).Evidenceexiststhereforethatthefisheryishighlyunlikelytoreducehabitatstructureandfunctiontothepointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
Evidenceexiststhatthefisheryishighlyunlikelytoreducehabitatstructureandfunctiontothepointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.Thereforeamanagementstrategyisnotrequiredandthefisheryscores100underthisPI.
Scores for MSC Component 2.4: Habitat, pole and line (from GTCL 2010)Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.4.1 Outcome 100; Unlikely to cause irreversible harm
2.4.2 Management 100; Management strategy not required
2.4.3 Information 100; Geographic range of fishery is well documented
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Ecosystem
[FromGTCL2010]:Nomajorimpactshavebeenidentifiedinrelationtoretainedspecies,bycatch,ETPspeciesandhabitat.Keyecosystemelementsrelativetothescaleandintensityofthetrollingfisheryare,therefore,restrictedtothetargetspecies,albacoretuna.Keyelementswhichthereforeneedtobeconsideredare:depletionoftoppredatorsandtropiccascadecausedbydepletionofalbacoreasaprey/foragespecies,trophiccascadeeffectscausedbydepletionofalbacoreasapredator,andchangesingeneticdiversityofalbacorecausedbyselectivefishing.Informationontheeffectsonsizecompositionandspeciesbiodiversityoftheecologicalcommunityrelatesspecificallyinthiscasetotheeffectsoffishingonalbacoretunaandtrophiccascadeanalysesforthisspecies.
ExtensiveresearchhasbeencarriedoutonalbacoretunaasatoppredatorinPacifictunaecosystemandtrophicstatusstudieswhichprimarilyusetheEcopathwithEcosimmodel(Coxetal.2002a,Coxetal.2002b,Hinkeetal.2004,Sibertetal.2006).Albacoretunaisnotconsideredtobeacommonforagespeciesandthebodyofresearchwhichconsidersalbacoretunaasatoppredator,infersthatthefisheryforalbacoretunaandthereforeremovalofaportionofthestockasapotentialforagespecies,ishighlyunlikelytoadverselyaffectthedietofotherspecies.
Anumberofstudieshaveoccurredonalbacoredietsince1949,anddiethasremainedstableoverthisperiod.DespitearecentresurgenceofPacificsardine,onlyNorthernanchovyandPacificsauryconsistentlyhavebeenimportantprey.Theresultssupporttheoreticalpredictionsofoptimalforagingmodelsthatalbacoreprefercold,near–shorewaterscontaininganchovyandsaurywhileminimizingtimeinwarmer,offshorehabitatofsardine.Anestimated0.1%to5%ofanchovyrecruitmentbiomasswasremovedannuallybyalbacoretunafrom2005to2006andresearchhasshownthattop-downimpactsofpredationpotentiallyoccur,thatalbacoreandanchovyinteractstronglyandpopulationsmaybesensitivetochangesintheother(Glaser2009).Extensivemonitoringoftheanchovystockhasshownthestocktobeingoodconditionandrecruitment/abundanceisheavilyinfluencedbyoceanicclimaticchanges(PFMC2008,pers.Comm.MikeBurner,PFMC).Sauryabundanceisalsoheavilyinfluencedbyoceanicclimaticchanges(Tianetal.2002).Althoughtop-downimpactsofpredationpotentiallyoccursonNorthernanchovyandPacificsaury,itishighlylikelythattheseimpactsaresignificantlyoutweighedbytheeffectsofoceanicclimaticconditions.Thisinfersthatthealbacorefisheryandthereforeremovalofaportionofthestock,ishighlyunlikelytosignificantlyalterabundanceofthemainpreyspecies.
Moststockassessmentsincludetheimplicitassumptionthatanoverfishedresourcewillreverttoitsoriginalstatus,the“virginstock”,iffishingisdiscontinued.Itnowappears,however,that‘severeoverfishing’canproduceirreversibleconsequences(intermsofgeneticdiversity),whichmaybeduetotheeliminationofoneormoresub-populations(FAO2001).AnalysisofstockstatusinP1ofthisreporthasshownthatthePacificalbacoretunastockisnotconsideredtobeoverfishedandthereforegeneticdiversityoftheoverallpopulationisunlikelytochangeduetocurrentlevelsoffishingeffort.Inaddition,thehighlymigratorybehaviourofalbacoretuna(Kohinetal.2005),whichresultsinwidespreaddispersionthroughoutthePacificshouldpreventsubpopulationsfrombeingoverfished.Thisinfersthatfishingeffortishighlyunlikelytodisruptthegeneticdiversityofalbacoretuna.ThelowimpactofalbacoretunaonotherspeciesintermsoftrophiccascadeaspreviouslydescribedinPrinciple2ofthisassessment,infersthatthegeneticdiversityoftropicrelatedspeciesisalsohighlyunlikelytobedisrupted.
Basedontheinformationprovidedabove,thereisevidencethatthealbacorefisheryishighly
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unlikelytodisrupttherelevantkeyelements(predator–prey,prey–predatorrelationshipsandgeneticdiversity)underlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.
MSC Principle 3: Management System
Governance and Policy
[FromGTCL2010]:TheMagnuson-StevensFisheryConservationandManagementAct(asamendedthrough2008)istheprincipallawgoverningmarinefisheriesintheUnitedStates.ItwasoriginallyadoptedtoextendcontrolofU.S.watersto200nauticalmilesintheocean;tophaseoutforeignfishingactivitieswithinthiszoneandtoconserveandmanagefisheryresources.
TheoperationalframeworkfortheNorthPacificalbacoretunafisheryisgenerallyconsistentwithlocal,nationalandinternationallawsorstandards.EvidenceofthisisprovidedbyTheMagnuson-StevensFisheryConservationandManagementActandtheFisheryManagementPlanforhighlymigratoryspecies,theHighSeasFishingComplianceAct,theTunaConventionsAct,theCanada/USATreaty,andmembershipintheWCPFCandtheIATTC.OtherevidencethatdemonstratethattheUSAisconsistentwithinternationallawsorstandardsinclude;UNConventionontheLawoftheSea(1982),RioDeclaration(1992),FAOCodeofConductforResponsibleFisheries(1995),UNStraddlingStocksAgreementUNFA(1995).
Evidenceoftheexistenceofamanagementsystemthatincorporatestransparentmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputes,effectiveindealingwithmostissuesandthatisappropriatetothecontextofthefisheryisprovidedintheFMP.Section1.3oftheFMPstates“TheUnitedStatesshallcooperatedirectlyorthroughappropriateinternationalorganizationswiththosenationsinvolvedinfisheriesforhighlymigratoryspecieswithaviewtoensuringconservationandshallpromotetheachievementofoptimumyieldofsuchspeciesthroughouttheirrange,bothwithinandbeyondtheexclusiveeconomiczone.”TheNationalCourtprovidestheultimatesystemforresolutionofdomesticdisputes.AlsoSection1.3oftheFMPprovidesevidenceoftheexistenceofasystemtocomplyinatimelyfashionwithbindingjudicialdecisionsarisingfromanylegalchallengesSection6oftheFMPcontainmechanismstoformallycommittothelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfood:“PacificCoasttreatyIndiantribeshavetreatyrightstoharvestHMSintheirusualandaccustomedfishingareasinU.S.waters.”
Performance Indicators Rating Justification
2.5.1 Outcome 100; Unlikely to disrupt key elements to ecosystem structure
2.5.2 Management 100; No impact identified, thus no management strategy is needed
2.5.3 Information 100; Evidence is available that shows the fishery is unlikely to disrupt the ecosystem
Scores for MSC Component 2.5: Ecosystem (from GTCL 2010)
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TheconsultativeprocessforNorthPACIFICAlbacoreisextensiveatboththescientificandmanagementlevels.First,theALBWGoftheISCgeneratestheprimaryassessments.TheInternationalScientificCommittee(ISC)isaformalscientificbodymadeupofscientistsfromcountriesthroughoutNorthPacificwhichreviewstunaassessmentsandresearchintheNorthPacific.IntheUSAtheconsultationprocessisdescribedintheFisheriesManagementPlanforHighlyMigratorySpecies.Theconsultationprocessprovidesevidencethatorganizationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshaveasayintheproceedings.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesareexplicitlydefinedandwellunderstoodforallareasofresponsibilityandinteraction.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesaredefinedinthetermsofreferenceofPFMCbodiesandtheinternationalCommittees.ThePFMCprocessprovidesopportunityandencouragementforpartiesinvolvedinthealbacoretunafisherytoexpresstheirviews.PartiescanprovidebriefstoappropriatePFMCCommittees.TheHMSFMPprovidestheregulatorymechanismsneededfortheUSalbacorefisheryandthemechanismsforadvisingtheUSonnegotiationsforaccessrightswithothercountries(Canada).Thecommissionsformulateoverarchingmanagementregulationsbaseduponrecommendationsfromscientificcommitteesorstaff.Regulationsarethenimplementedbyindividualmemberandcooperatingcountries.TheUSAisamembercountryoftheWCPFCandIATTC.
Scores for MSC Component 3.1: Governance and Policy (from GTCL 2010)
Performance Indicators Rating Justification
3.1.1 Legal and/or Customary Framework
90; The management system is generally consistent with local, national or international laws or standards that are aimed at achieving sustainable fisheries in accordance with MSC Principles 1 and 2.
3.1.2 Consultation, Roles and responsibilities
100; The management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek and accept relevant information, including local knowledge. The management system demonstrates consideration of the information and explains how it is used or not used.
3.1.3 Long-‐term Objectives 100; Magnuson-‐Stevens Act and FMPs
3.1.4 Incentives for Sustainable Fishing 80; The management system provides for incentives that are consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by MSC Principles 1 and 2 and seeks to ensure that negative incentives do not arise.
Fishery Specific Management System
[FromPFMC2011]:InCalifornia,Ageneralresidentornon-residentcommercialfishinglicenseandacurrentCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandGame(CDFG)vesselregistrationarerequiredtocatchandlandalbacore.Additionally,theHMSFMPrequiresafederalpermitwithasurfacehook-and-linegearendorsementforallU.S.commercialandrecreationalcharterfishingvessels
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thatfishforHMSwithintheWestCoastexclusiveeconomiczone(EEZ,3–200nauticalmiles)andforU.S.vesselsthatpursueHMSonthehighseas(seawardoftheEEZ)andlandtheircatchinCalifornia,Oregon,orWashington.
EnforcementoffishingregulationsisconductedinstatewatersbyCDFW’sLawEnforcementDivisionandinfederalwatersbyNOAA’sOfficeofLawEnforcement.Additionallytoolssuchasportsampling,logbooks,andobservercoverageareusedtomonitorcatchandensurevesselshavethecorrectpermitsforthecatchtheyarelanding.Violatorsareprosecutedunderthelaw.Thereisnoevidenceofsystemicnon-compliance.
PleaseseetheHarvestStrategysectionunderPrinciple1forfurtherinformation.
Scores for MSC Component 3.2: Fishery Specific Management System (from GTCL 2010)
Performance Indicators Rating Justification
3.2.1 Fishery Specific Objectives 100; HMS FMP
3.2.2 Decision-‐making Processes 95; Established decision-‐making processes use the precautionary approach and respond to important issues that may arise
3.2.3 Compliance & Enforcement
95; An enforcement system exists and has demonstrated an ability to enforce relevant management measures, strategies and/or rules.
3.2.4 Research Plan 90; HMS FMP
3.2.5 Management Performance Evaluation
80; The fishery has in place mechanisms to evaluate key parts of the management system and is subject to regular internal and occasional external review.
California Specific Requirements
TheCaliforniavoluntarysustainableseafoodprogramrequiresfisheriesseekingcertificationtomeetCaliforniaspecificstandardsinadditiontothestandardsandrequirementsoftheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)sustainablefisheriescertificationprogram.Theseinclude:
1.Higherscores(80insteadof60)fortwoperformanceindicators(PI)oftheMSCprogram:“StockStatus”(PI1.1.1)and“By-catchofEndangered,Threatened,orProtected(ETP)Species”(PI2.3.1).ThesetwoPIsarehighlightedinthereport.
2.Additionalindependentscientificreview:TheOPCScienceAdvisoryTeamwillbeengagedinthecertificationprocessthroughearlyconsultationinreviewingminimumeligibilitycriteria,andreviewoftheMSC-requiredpre-assessmentsandfullassessments.ThereviewswillbeconductedinadditiontoMSC’speerreview,thusbringingadditionalcredibility,transparency,
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andindependencetoCalifornia’scertificationprocess.
3.Additionaltraceabilitycomponents:TheCaliforniaprogramwilldevelopauniquebarcodeforCaliforniacertifiedsustainablefish.Thisbarcodecanbeeitherscannedbyasmart-phoneorlinkedtoawebsitethatwillrevealadditionalinformationaboutthefishery,andinformationabouttoxicitywhenavailable.
References
CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW).2013.2013-2014CaliforniaOceanSportFishingRegulations.112pp.
Childers,J.andA.Betcher.(2010)Summaryofthe2008U.S.NorthandSouthPacificalbacoretrollfisheries.NOAAAdmin.Rep.No.LJ-10-01:20pp
Cox,S.P.,S.J.D.Martell,C.J.Walters,T.E.Essington,J.F.Kitchell,C.H.Boggs,andI.Kaplan.2002a.ReconstructingecosystemdynamicsinthecentralPacificOcean,1952-1998:I.EstimatingpopulationbiomassandrecruitmentoftunasandbillfishesCanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticScience59:1724-1735.
Cox,S.P.,T.E.Essington,J.F.Kitchell,S.J.D.Martell,C.J.Walters,C.H.BoggsandI.Kaplan.2002b.ReconstructingecosystemdynamicsinthecentralPacificOcean,1952-1998:II.apreliminaryassessmentofthetrophicimpactsoffishingandeffectsontunadynamics.CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticScience59:1736-1747.
Dotson,R.C.1980.FishingmethodsandequipmentoftheU.S.westcoastalbacorefleet.U.S.Dep.Commerce,NOAATech.Memo.,NOAA-TM-NWS-SWFC-8,126pp.
FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO).2001.ResearchImplicationsofAdoptingthePrecautionaryApproachtoManagementofTunaFisheries.FAOFisheriesCircularNo.963ISSN0429-9329.
FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)2005.Discardsintheworld’smarinefisheries.FAOtechnicalpaper470.
Glaser,S.M.2009.ForagingecologyofNorthPacificalbacoreintheCaliforniaCurrentSystem.Doctoraldissertation.UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.213pp.
GlobalTrustCertificationLtd.(GTCL)2010.MSCFisheryAssessmentReport:PublicCertificationReport.TheCanadianHighlyMigratorySpeciesFoundation(CHMSF)BritishColumbiaNorthPacificAlbacore(Thunnusalalunga)TunaFisheryandtheAmericanWesternFishboatOwnersAssociation(WFOA)NorthPacificAlbacore(Thunnusalalunga)TunaFisheries.GlobalTrustCertificationLtd.,Riverlane,DundalkIreland.
Grober-Dunsmore,R.,L.Wooninck,J.Field,C.Wahle,C.Ainsworth,J.P.Beets,S.Berkeley,J.A.Bohnsack,R.Boulon,R.D.Brodeur,J.Brodziak,L.Crowder,D.F.Gleason,M.A.Hixon,L.Kaufman,W.L.Lindberg,M.L.MillerandL.Morgan.2008.VerticalZoninginMarineProtectedAreas:EcologicalConsiderationsforBalancingPelagicFishingwithConservationofBenthicCommunities.FisheriesMagazine33:598-610.
Hinke,J.T.,I.C.Kaplan,K.Aydin,G.M.Watters,R.J.Olson,andJ.F.Kitchell.2004.
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Visualizingthefood-webeffectsoffishingfortunasinthePacificOcean.EcologyandSociety.Vol:9(1).10pp.
InternationalScientificCommitteeforTunaandTuna-likeSpeciesintheNorthPacificOcean(ISC).2009.Annex6,Annex9:Reportofthealbacoreworkinggroupworkshop.In:ReportoftheNinthMeetingoftheInternationalScientificCommitteeforTunaandTuna-likeSpeciesintheNorthPacificOcean,PlenarySession.
InternationalScientificCommitteeforTunaandTuna-likeSpeciesintheNorthPacificOcean(ISC).2011.StockAssessmentofAlbacoreTunaintheNorthPacificOceanin2011.Reportofthealbacoreworkinggroupstockassessmentworkshop.NationalResearchInstituteofFarSeasFisheriesShimizu,Shizuoka,Japan,424-8633.
Kohin,S.,J.ChildersandG.Sakagawa.2005.ArchivaltaggingofNorthPacificAlbacore:Thelatestsuccessinover30yearsofcooperationwiththeU.S.AlbacoreFishery.Posterpres.Amer.Fish.Soc.Meet.Anchorage.
NationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS).2007.NationalMarineFisheriesService–SouthwestRegionUSWestCoastAlbacoreObserverProgramObservedCatch2004–2006.
NationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS).2009.HMSCommercialComplianceGuideforComplyingwiththeAtlanticTunas,Swordfish,Sharks,andBillfishRegulations.OfficeofSustainableFisheriesHighlyMigratorySpeciesManagementDivision.
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PacificFisheryManagementCouncil(PFMC).2008.StatusofthePacificCoastCoastalPelagicSpeciesFisheryandRecommendedAcceptableBiologicalCatches.Stockassessmentandfisheryevaluation2008.
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MSC Assessment Tree Albacore Tuna* Pole and line Troll and jig
Principle Component Performance Indicator All All
Principle 1: Health of Fish Stock
Outcome
1.1.1: Stock status
1.1.2: Reference points
1.1.3: Stock rebuilding Did not assess Did not assess
Harvest Strategy (Management)
1.2.1: Harvest strategy
1.2.2: Harvest control rules
1.2.3: Info/ monitoring
1.2.4: Stock assessment
Principle 2: Impact on Ecosystem
Retained species 2.1.1: Status
2.1.2: Mgmt strategy
2.1.3: Information
By-catch species 2.2.1: Status
2.2.2: Mgmt strategy
2.2.3: Info
ETP species 2.3.1: Status
2.3.2: Mgmt strategy
2.3.3: Info
Habitats 2.4.1: Status
2.4.2: Mgmt strategy
2.4.3: Info
Ecosystem 2.5.1: Status
2.5.2: Mgmt strategy
2.5.3: Info
Principle 3: Management System
Governance & Policy
3.1.1: Legal framework
3.1.2: Consultation, roles, and responsibilities
3.1.3: Long term objectives
3.1.4: Incentives for sustainable fishing
Fishery Specific Mgmt System
3.2.1: Fishery specific objectives
3.2.2: Decision making process
3.2.3: Compliance & enforcement
3.2.4: Research plan
3.2.5: Management performance evaluation
Appendix A