Alatish national park General management plan draft

ALATISH NATIONAL PARK (ALNP)

ANRS PARKS DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION AUTHORITY

GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (GMP) 2010‐2019

JULY 2009- BAHIRDAR

DRAFT-0

DECLARATION

GMP OWNER

COORDINATOR

PARKS DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION AUTHORITY

SPONSORSHIP AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

ANRS PARKS DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION

AUTHORITY

ALATISH NATIONAL PARK (ALNP)

GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (GMP) 2010-2019

CONSULTANT:

DAREGOT BERIHUN Lecturer, Bahirdar University(BDU) [email protected]

CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS 1. ABRAHAM MARYE (ECOLOGIST‐BDU) 2. MEKETE DESIE (WATER RESOURCES SPECIALIST (BDU) 3. SHIMELS AYNALEM (ORINTOLOGIST AND WL SPECIALIST‐(ENHA) 4. DR ENDALKACHEW TESHOME‐TURISM SPECIALIST‐Gondar Unversity 5. GETACHEW TAMIRU (FORESTER (ORDA) 6. GETACHEW TESFAYE (GIS SPECIALIST (PADPA)

Acknowledgment:

The consultant wants to extend heart felt thanks to all who contributed for this GMP, especially the planning team members. Special thanks are forwarded for Dr Henry Busulwa (Lead Specialist, Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation Component, Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project,) who has devoted his full skills and time for this GMP. Last but not least the PaDPA,and ALNP Officials contributions were glorious

Daregot Berihun July 2009, Bahirdar

mailto:[email protected]�

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. I PART ONE : BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF THE ALNP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............ 0 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 ALATISH NATIONAL PARK DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Background of the park and establishment ........................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Purpose of Proclamation and Legislative framework ............................................................................ 3

1.3 RATIONALE OF LAUNCHING OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR ALNP.............................................................................. 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................... 6

1.4.1 General Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.2 Park‐Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 6

1.5 THE PLANNING PROCESS AND APPROACH: ................................................................................................................ 7 II: THE MANAGEMENT BASIS................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE ALATISH NATIONAL PARK: REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION .................................................. 10 2.1.1 Park location and features: .................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Climate Agro ecology and soils ............................................................................................................ 11 2.1.3 Water resources in the Alatish National Park ...................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Ecosystems components of ALNP ........................................................................................................ 25 2.1.5 Wildlife resources diversity.................................................................................................................. 31 2.1.6 Vegetation diversity and classification................................................................................................. 38 2.1.7 Socio‐economical description .............................................................................................................. 40 2.1.8 Cultural, Historic heritage and tourism of the park ............................................................................. 47 2.1.9 Stakeholder description of the Alatish national park .......................................................................... 48 2.1.10 Transboundary issues ........................................................................................................................ 50

2.2 RESOURCE VALUES AND BENEFITS OF THE PARK ....................................................................................................... 53 2.2.1 Resource values ................................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2A General Resource benefits................................................................................................................. 61 2.2.2B Benefits from the vegetation (Major socio‐economic uses of tree/shrub species)........................... 61

2.3 EXCEPTIONAL (DISTINCT) FEATURES OF THE PARK.................................................................................................... 63 2.4 ANALYSIS OF ISSUES & PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS AND THREATS TO THE ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY IN ALNP .................. 67

2.4.1 Threats from natural process............................................................................................................... 67 2.4.2 Threats from human activities ............................................................................................................. 67

2.5 CURRENT MANAGEMENT STATUS OF ALNP............................................................................................................ 78 PART TWO :THE ALATISH NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGMNET PLAN ............................................................. 81 I.INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 82

1.1 VISION OF ALATISH NATIONAL PARK...................................................................................................................... 82 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................. 82 1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 82 1.2.2 PARK‐SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 83 1.3 THE PLANNING PROCESS AND APPROACH: .............................................................................................................. 84 1.4 MANAGEMENT DIRECTIONS& GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING THE ALNP............................................................. 84 1.5 MANAGEMENT ZONATION OF ALNP..................................................................................................................... 90

1.5.1 Biodiversity conservation and recreation zone (BDCRZ) ..................................................................... 91

1.5.2 Buffer zone (BZ): .................................................................................................................................. 91 1.5.3 Development zone (DZ): ...................................................................................................................... 92

II. THE GMP MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES ........................................................................................................... 94 MP1 NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME .............................. 95

1.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 96 1.1 WILDLIFE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME ........................................................................ 97

1.1.0 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................... 97 1.1.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and Actions ........................................................................... 98

1.2 VEGETATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME .................................................................. 100 1.2.0 Sub program themes, objectives, and strategies............................................................................... 100 1.2.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and Actions ......................................................................... 101

1.3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME: ........................................................................ 104 1.3.0 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 104 1.3.1Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions........................................................................... 105

MP2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME..... 113 2.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 114 2.1 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENT AND PROCESSES CONSERVATION SUB PROGRAMME ..................................... 114

2.1.1 Themes, management objectives, conservation strategies and opportunities ................................. 114 2.1.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 115

2.2. FIRE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING SUB PROGRAMME .................................................................... 117 2.2.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 118

2.3. MAINTAINING HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE SUB PROGRAMME ........................................................................ 119 2.3.1 Themes, management objectives, conservation strategies and opportunities ................................. 119 2.3.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 120

2.4 HABITATS CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION SUBPROGRAMME ......................................................... 121 2.4.1 Themes, management objectives, strategies and opportunities....................................................... 121 2.4.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 122

2.5 AUTHORISED PARK RESOURCES USES ........................................................................................................ 123 2.5.1 Themes, management objectives, strategies and opportunities....................................................... 123 2.5.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 124

MP3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ... 125 3.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 126 3.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME .......................................................................... 126

3.1.0 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 126 3.1.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 127

3.2 RECREATION AND TOURISM SUBPROGRAMME......................................................................................... 128 3.2.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 128

3.3 TURISM INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND ACCESS SUBPROGRAMME..................................................... 131 3.3.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 131

MP4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.............................................................................. 134 4.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 135 4.0 PROGRAMME THEMES GENERAL OBJECTIVES, AND STRATEGIES ................................................................................ 135

Issues and Opportunities for management: ............................................................................................... 136 4.1 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME : ........................................................... 137 4.2 COMMUNITY AWARENESS MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME................................................................. 138 4.3 COMMUNITY RELATIONS MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME ................................................................... 138 4.4 LOCAL ECONOMIES COMERCIAL ACTIVTIES AND EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME ....... 139

MP5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME ................................................................................................. 140

5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 141 5.1 PARK ADMINISTRATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT.......................................................... 143 5.2 SUPPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY MANAGEMENT: .......................................................................................... 143

MP6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME.......................................................... 145 6.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 146 6.1 WORKING WITH PARTNERS (STAKEHOLDERS) SUBPROGRAMME.............................................................. 147

6.1.0 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 147 6.2 TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES SUBPROGRAMME: ........................................................................................... 149

6.2.1 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 149 6.2.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 149

6.3 ADJOINING NEIGHBORS AND AREAS COMPLEMENTARY MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME:................... 150 6.3.1 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 150 Management themes.................................................................................................................................. 150 6.3.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 151

6.4 PUBLIC RELATIONS INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SUBPROGRAMME:....................................... 152 6.4.1 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................. 152 6.4.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions.......................................................................... 152

PART THREE: THE ALNP-GMP- PRIORITIES FOR ACTION OPERATIONAL PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY................................................................................................................. 153 I. PRIORITY ACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 154 II. FIVE YEARS OPERATIONAL................................................................................................................................. 154

2. 1 PRIORITY ACTIVITIES OF THE ALNP (2010‐2014) ................................................................................................ 154 2. 2 RESOURCING AND IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN ....................................................................................................... 156 2.3 PLAN AMENDMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 158

III. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ..................................................................................................................... 158 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 160 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................................... 164

1.1 SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS ................................................................................ 164 1.2 ACTUAL BIRD SPECIES IDENTIFIED DURING THE SURVEY ........................................................................................... 176 1.4 TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES OF ALNP, LOCAL USES AND ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION...................................................... 179

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Water quality test results for ground water sample............................................................. 23 Table 2 Water quality test results for surface water sample............................................................. 24 Table 3 nvolvement of the labor force................................................................................................ 46 Table 4 List of Major tree/shrub species in the park area and which used for different socio-economic uses ........................................................................................................................................ 62 Table 5 ERVs of Alatish National Park................................................................................................... 66 Table 6 Ecological units conservation targets, threat and ecological levels ............................... 74 Table 7 Ecosystem threats analysis and mitigating measures ......................................................... 77 Table 8 Prescriptive guideline for collaborative management zones ........................................... 93 Table 9 priority Activities....................................................................................................................... 155 Table 10 Cost summary:....................................................................................................................... 157

Acronyms used

AAU Addis Ababa University ALNP Alatish National Park ACRI Amhara Credit and Saving Institute ANRS Amhara National Regional State

ARARI Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute AOP Annual Operations Plan BDU Bahir Dar University BGRS Benishangul Gumuz Regional State

BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural development BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development CBM Community‐based Monitoring CBD Convention on Biological Diversity DNP Dinder National Park EM Ecological Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EPLAUA Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Authority ERA Ethiopian Road Authority ETC Ethiopian Tourism Commission

EWCA Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority ERV Exceptional Resource Value

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FWDCD Federal Wildlife Development and Conservation Department

FGD Focus Group Discussion GMP General Management Plan GIS Geographic Information System GEF Global Environment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product HWC Human‐wildlife conflict IBC Institute of Biodiversity Conservation

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KEA Key Ecological Attribute

MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoCT Ministry of Culture and Tourism

MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MWGE Mixed Wooded Grassland Ecosystem NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and ActionProject ORDA Organization for Rehabilitation and Development

PaDPA Park Development and Protection Authority

PO Park Operations PW Park Warden PA Peasant Association (Kebele Administration) PEC Principal Ecosystem Component PA Protected Area

PASP Protected Area System Plan RBI Resource Based Inventory RP Resource Protection

RSWE Reverine and Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems SSE Shrub and Scrubland Ecosystem

SMNP Simien Mountains National Park TDMP Tourism Development and Management Programme UNDP United Nations Development Program WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas WHS World Heritage Site

Executive summary ALNP which was established legally in 20th February 2006 published in regional legal issues publication news letter ‘Zekere Heg’’ by regional council with Regulation act No No 38/2005, is located between 11047’5.4” to 120 31’3.6”N latitude and 350 15’48” to 350 48’51” E. longitude in north western flat plain part of Ethiopia bordered with Sudan. Almost 97% of the area is flat plain from top view interrupted by various streams hills. In spite of; Alatish is little known in its biological diversity and ecosystem characteristics; from the assessments so far, it has a variety of fauna and flora that requires conservation. Alatish has unique biotypes which are not included in any of protected areas of the country that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome. Permanent rivers bordering the park like Ayma and Gelegu provide fishery resources to the local communities besides being the main water sources of people and animals. In terms of water resources endowment; Alatish National Park is located in the Blue Nile drainage basin of Ethiopia, Eastern part of the Blue Nile and Gilgel‐Abbay sub drainage basin. The two major sub‐drainage basins in the Quara woreda ‐ Shinfa and Ayima Drainage Basins (or Rahad and Dinder drainage basins respectively in Sudan) ;Gelegu River a cardinal tributary of River Dinder and Alatish River with very wide channel (more than 25metres) and river bed are some of which it is gifted with. There are also patches of temporary wetlands in the park mostly located along the drainage lines (rivers) and depression areas. Ecologically, Alatish falls in ecosystem complexes of Combretum‐Terminalia Woodland with various habitats of others ecosystems such as intact scrublands ecosystem and escarpments. In recent assessment of this GMP ALNP is classified in to four ecosystems which include; Riverine Ecosystem (RE),Seasonal wetlands (Sambri) (SWL),Wooded land (WL), Wooded grassland (WG).These ecosystem holds a Varity of fauna and flora which are the beauty of Alatish. The faunistic and floristic composition/diversity of Alatish National Park makes the area unique in ecological significance. The park has a variety of fauna and flora which require conservation. In its wildlife, Alatish is rich in zoological resources and it is a home of various types of wild animals listed. 37 mammalian species of which 8 area not recently (last 15 years) seen, 204 bird species of which 143’s species diversity and abundance is studied, 23 species of rodents, 6 species of insectivores and 7 types of reptiles and amphibians with various species are found in Alatish. Alatish also have immense vegetation cover, classified into five types. The dominant vegetation type is ‐mixed woodland vegetation where Combretum and Terminalia species

ALNP DRAFT GMP‐2010‐2019 Bahirdar, Ethiopia

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are abundant. The other vegetation types are‐Riverine vegetation, ‐ Seasonal wetland vegetation and ‐open wooded grass land vegetation types, and hilly area woodland areas. The floristic composition of Alatish has the more striking and fascinating woody species that is characterized by diverse multilayered self regulating vegetation through immediate recovery after ruin by frequent fire hazard and livestock overgrazing by local community and Felata nomads. Based on this rapid field assessment, 130 woody plant species of which 84 tree and shrub species and 29 herbs are found in the park area. About 17 grass species are identified during the assessment Alatish is not only described for its natural and biological diversity, but also for its socio cultural and economic diversity. The park is surrounded by 31733 population with immediate neighborhood and other 50207 with little far distant.; that 32749 are migrants for settlement reasons. The community living with Alatish is served with 22 Primary schools on average 5 km distance and 19 alternative (Amarachi) and 11 junior schools in the nearby villages with average estimate of health coverage of 80%.More services like road, telecom and power are very poor which needs more focus. The community surrounding Alatish is mainly dependant on Agriculture and some related activities. Agricultural production is where, (87% ) of the income comes from and livestock resource which cattle consisted of 64% are also the lively hood sources . In its Current (Use value), Alatish is used as a grazing area for Fellata nomads as feed source for greater than 300,000 cattle shoats, collection of wild honey bee, bamboo, fishing and hunting which use biological resources as a direct and consumptive value drives from the direct role of biological resources in consumption or production. Specifically it is serving as Source of Fuel wood, Source of Cattle Pasture, Source of Medicines, Source of Building Poles, and Source of Charcoal ,Beekeeping and honey harvesting, supplement nutritional needs and meet seasonal food shortages, Bush Meat ,source of income, Research attractions and Cultural Values . In its optional value it is an Opportunity for community based tourism development ,Natural attraction ,Spectacular landscape: ,Historical attraction .It will have also an existence value as Conservation of Alatish which has divers and unique biological could be preserved and sustainably used for present and future generation. Generally ALNP has Ecological benefits, Economic benefits, Social benefits. , Political benefits which makes it more valuable. In its Exceptional (Distinct) features; Alatish is First Ever Transboundary Park in Ethiopia ,it is with national and international significance, with distinct ecosystems than other National Parks in Ethiopia and Alatish endowed with a variety of spectacular resources and sites.


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With all these package of values ; it has been the place of attraction ,and this attraction have been the sources of problems, threats and risks for itself. Threats on the ecological setup of ALNP exhibited from two directions. First, from natural process which could be adverse the normal functioning of natural process derived from natural forces. Over all Ecosystem threats of ALNP are factors resulted directly or indirectly from human activities that causes for wildlife, vegetation and their habitats destruction. It has a potential to impair and degrade ecosystem partially or the whole. The priority threats that need call on urgent management decision identified are:

Poaching and encroachment (illegal hunting, deforestation, collection of wild plant and animals and disturbance)

Over and Illegal fishing –by local communities and outsiders: The local community illegally overfish by poisoning the fish

Seasonal overgrazing (Fellata, Arab and Binamir nomads access the area for grazing October to may)

Habitat Competition (for water and early re‐growing time for feed competition with human and domestic stock)

Incomplete Ecosystem (Ayima and Gelegu rivers half river bank to the direction of adjacent to BGRS)

Cutting of wild animals seasonal local migration or internal movement route ( By Nomads and Poachers)

Recurrent fire ( Bush and human induced fire) Unviable population Size ( very low population or rarely seen wild animals due to habitats destruction, Low Number of Threatened species of higher mammals population )

Deforestation ( Extraction of Bamboo Forest, Phoenix Leaves, Removal of Acacia Barks and Expansion of Arable Land)

Seasonal Water Shortage (Wooded, Grasslands and Scrub Vegetation zone are suffer from water shortage in dry season)

In defending these problems and maintaining Alatish ,the ALNP office is currently in charge. This office has officially inaugurated in June 2006 employing not more than 30 workers. Currently ALNP has a total of 62 working forces that comprise of 45 male and 17 female Based on all these, and the fact that it does not have any GMP yet, the preparation of this GMP has been launched. . This GMP for ALNP is a prime document from which other rules, regulations and specific management program and implementation plans are generated. The plan identifies values of the Park and management issues that need to be addressed. Management objectives and actions to address these issues are outlined, together with strategies and priorities. The plan is thus a primary resource to be used in the subsequent preparation of annual operational plans and provides the basis for evaluating operational performance in achievement of management objectives.


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The GMP is one of the tool where it can lay foundations to aspire the visions of ALNP which are;

Standing as a premier example of natural Ethiopia; A sanctuary for a diversity of nationally and internationally, and transboundarly important native plants, animals and natural features.

The place where important natural resources are well protected with threatened flora and fauna species and associated habitats continuing to receive special protection as necessary to maintain viable populations.

A healthy ecosystem in which residents and visitors enjoy a variety of lifestyles that have minimal impact on natural, cultural, social, and economic resources and values.

A future visitor will find a large untracked sub‐alpine landscape where natural processes continue to operate.

A conserved and enhanced Park where the natural beauty and quality of its landscapes, its biodiversity, tranquility, cultural heritage and the settlements within it continue to be valued for their diversity and richness.

ALNP will be a welcoming Park where people and stakeholders from all parts of the world have the opportunity to visit, appreciate, understand ,enjoy,and benfit

Resting on this visions; the GMP have identified a general objective which will be a vehicle to rich with. The primary management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To conserve ,preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations ;and local, Regional National and International communities .This objective is further disaggregated in to Environmental objectives, Economic objectives ,Community‐based objectives, Access/utilization objectives ,Administration objectives, again they having different specific objectives under. Before the actual planning the ALNP is classified in to 3 major zones. Based on protected `areas that permit to conserve biodiversity, infrastructure development and sustainable resource use three management zone categories have been identified for application in ALNP as part of multiple zoning scheme defined as biodiversity conservation and recreation, buffer zone and development zone. Delineated management zone are used to improve ERVs of the park. Ultimatly, The GMP is founded on 6 major programs, various subprograms and management themes. The major prorames with sub programmes are


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1. NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ; Having

Wildlife Resources Management sub Programme Vegetation Resources Management sub Programme Water Resources Management sub Programmes ,and having general objectives of

♦ To improve the structure, function, and spatial distribution of the park vegetation and maintain the forest ecosystem healthy and productive, and contribute to the attainment of the goal of the park management plan.

♦ To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of major wild animals with their ecological linkage and processes of the ANP by alleviating major threats and ensure continuing sustainability of the ecosystem.

♦ To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related natural resources to pursue the overall objective of the park.

2. ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME With SUB

PROGRAMMES

Ecosystem component and processes conservation Fire management and monitoring Maintaining hydrological cycles Habitats conservation and restoration Authorised park Resources uses and having general objectives of

♦ To asses , all ecological threats of ALNP’s key ecological components

and processes, communities, species and mitigate associated problems, thereby ecological processes, species and other biophysical resources are protected and conserved to ensure long‐term viability of the system.

3. TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME with SUB PROGRAMMES

Cultural heritage management subprogramme Recreation and tourism subprogramme Tourism infrastructure facilities and access subprogramme and having general objectives of

♦ To provide local employment and generate additional income through the

sale of agricultural products, artifacts and infrastructure development, by identifying a number of spectacular sites that will attract people to the park in different seasons,


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♦ To facilitate partnerships between traditional community, Alatish National park management, Dinder National Park management and commercial entities to provide facilities and services for visitors,

♦ To contribute both to local and national economy through domestic and international tourism,

♦ To develop visitor accommodation and information center, that will encourage visitors to visit Alatish National Park

♦ To encourage local tourism in the effort to appreciate and enjoy both the cultural and historical diversity as well as the natural endowment of the region,

♦ To provide tourist facilities in accordance to the above stated objectives in close cooperation with the Amhara Regional state tourism Bureau and Ethiopian Tourism Commission

4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME and having general objectives of

Community participation: involvement Management Community awareness Management Community relations Management Local economies commercial activities and employment Management ,and With Overall Programme Management objectives

♦ To empower people and local community initiatives to engage in park

conservation and management duties

♦ To increase accountability to resident groups and local communities on Alatish National park

♦ conservation objectives

♦ To minimise conflicts between park values and surrounding land.

5. SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME with SUB PROGRAMMES Park administration Management Support and accessibility Management Legislative and low enforcement management ,and Overall objectives of

♦ To administer the Park effectively in line with legislation, the BPR , the General Policy for National Parks, other General Policies and this management plan.

♦ To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the park and contribute to the safety of park visitors ,researchers and neighbors

♦ To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for effective park management as required in ALNP


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6. CROSS CUTTING ISSUES PROGRAMME with SUB PROGRAMMES Stakeholder involvement Management Transboundary issues Management Adjoining neighbors and areas complementary management Public relations information and communication ,and with Overall Programme Management objectives

♦ To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The

rights and interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Park’s Conservation is ensured

♦ To encourage scientific research, which adds to knowledge of the Park’s resources

♦ To conserve transboundary resources ,hence conservation values are maintained

♦ To promote Transboundary Collaboration for better management of the transboundary resources

For ease implementing this GMP there have been almost various guidelines (Management directions) are set . The Management directions are the guiding principles that the Park has to follow for proper management of the natural, social, economic and cultural resources .They have been prepared in terms of the establishment act No No 38/2005 and other legislation listed in this GMP. Moreover, These progarmme objectives are accompanied with subsequent themes, strategies and activities, as displayed in the body of this GMP. Finally, selected priority activities are traced out for immediate implementation in the next 5 years. In addition the implementation of these activities in particular and the GMP in general is based on the technical ,financial, material and moral assistance of stakeholders, the government ,individuals sand any other willing to assist. Hence, for the coming 5 years execution a finical budget of birr 9,139,000, which is equivalent to 815982.00 USD is proposed. Finally yet importantly, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of this plan is planned, since it is a tool for guiding the overall smooth implementation. Review and amendments will also be possible if circumstances demanding come.


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PART ONE : BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF THE ALNP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

PART ONEBACKGROUND AND BASIS OF THE ALNP GENERAL

MANAGEMENT PLAN THEMES

INTRODUCTION National and Regional Background Alatish National Park Description Rationale of launching of the plan Objectives of management The planning process and approach

THE MANAGEMENT BASIS: Understanding the Alatish National Park: Review of Existing Information

Resource values and benefits of the park Exceptional (Distinct) features of the Park Analysis of issues problems, and Threats Current management status of ALNP

OBJECTIVE:

To display the main backgrounds; issues problems Benefits & threats, and their analysis; as a basis for the Management Plan


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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 National and Regional Background Ethiopia’s broad altitudinal range, geological and topographic setup catered diverse biological resources and scenic features. Biodiversity of Ethiopia is indicated b richness of species that display genetic variations, ecological and economic services provided in free of charge. Many of natural and cultural heritages are endemic. However, only few are known and scientifically studied. Studies show that, Ethiopia has a total of 277 terrestrial mammals, 862 bird, 201 reptile, 63 amphibians, 150 fishes and 324 butterfly species of fauna and over 7000 species of plants. Among these 31 mammals, 16 birds 24 amphibians 4 fish, 9 reptiles and 7 butterfly species of animals and 12‐15% of flora species are endemic. But, their values significant local and national role is not largely recognized at all level. As a result many of these wildlife resources are declining at an alarming rate due to the wining behavior of human and low level of conservation and rehabilitation effort.(Abraham,et al,2008) Amhara National Regional state/ANRS/ is one of the second largest regions of the country, area of 170,152sq km wide and with a very varied agro climatic zone. It possesses most scenic and biologically fascinating places and cultural heritage sites. Amhara Region has about 450 species of birds and 50 species of larger mammals of which four large mammals and eight bird species are endemic to Amhara‐Ethiopia. The importance of preserving those prestigious wildlife resources for economic development is paramount issue. In persuading this, studies and conservation efforts are minimal. Before 2005, the region had only one legally protected area, SMNP. SMNP known for its breathtaking beautiful landscape and home for many fauna and flora; ten mammals and seven bird endemic species including Walia ibex, Gelada baboon and Ethiopian wolf (Abraham, et al, 2008)

However, recently there is high will and commitment by the regional government to increase the number of protected areas such as Denkoro and Menz Guassa and the necessary budget requested to protect and manage natural components of these parks and additional areas are under study. To execute this huge and indispensable mandate the regional state established PaDPA in 2003 by proclamation No 96/2003 of the Amhara region. PaDPA is the regional highest legal competent institution to manage and administer parks and natural protected areas in the region.

Alatish is a newly established national park in North Gonder Quara woreda along Ethio‐Sudan boarder after a series of endeavors to provide legal status and facilities required. It covers 2,665.7km2 and established legally in 20th February 2006. The summary of reports and status

I: INTRODUCTION


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of the park was send to IUCN for registration as a national park in May 2006 by federal government FWDCD.

1.2 Alatish National Park Description

1.2.1 Background of the park and establishment

According to indigenous, people ‘Gumuz’ to the area Alatish means ‘stress’ as the water is not seen above the river course in dry season. In Amharic, it is synonyms with Aletash that means ‘I don’t want to miss you’ as the area was far from human settlement and inaccessible but it was unique in its natural setting, rich in biodiversity and scenic beauty. Alatish comprises historical and cultural heritages. Aletash was also the name of the first daughter of Emperor Tewoderos II (1918‐1968) who was born in Quara about 25 km east of the park in Zana Abazengi village at Chergie Mariam sub village as source of tourism attraction. Alatish is also found south of few kilometers from historical place of the battle of Metema at which emperor Yohanns IV (1869‐1879) memorial plaque site.

Alatish is in North Gondar Administrative Zone Quara woreda. It covers an area of land, which is more than 266,570 hectares (2,665.7 Km2). It shares boundaries with in the west to Sudan (Dinder National Park) about 74km (arial) boarder distance , in the south to Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State with Ayima river, in the east to Bambaho and Gelgu and in the north to Mehadid, Brermel, Gumz Wuha and Mosabadema peasant associations of Quara Woreda. Before 2005 it was delineated as a priority forest area with rarely monitored and poor managed. ALNP was established legally in 20th February 2006 published in regional legal issues publication news letter ‘Zekere Heg’’ by regional council with Regulation act No No 38/2005. General, assessment studies have been conducted on its potential to continue as protected area and national park surveying biodiversity resources, topography, ecological, economical and conservation value. The summary of reports and status of the park was send to IUCN for registration as a national park in May 2006 by federal government FWDCD.

The park has a variety of fauna and flora, which require conservation. Alatish is especially rich in reptile diversity like , African rock python, Monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, Black mamba & Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros The vegetation type in general is undifferentiated mosaic scattered wooded grasslands. The main tree species in the area include Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites aegyptica, Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass species like Hyperrhenia spp, Sorghum spp and Pennisitum spp. For effective conservation and sustainable utilization of these resources guiding document or GMP is required.(Abraham,et al,2008)


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ALNP consists of natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of woodlands with undifferentiated vegetation cover. Alatish has unique biotypes, which are not included in any of protected areas of the country that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome. Permanent rivers bordering the park like Ayma and Gelegu provide fishery resources to the local communities besides being the main water sources of people and animals. ALNP consists of natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of riverside, valleys, woodlands, fauna and flora that needs close management attention. It needs to develop cooperative management systems with different stakeholders for resources that Alatish National Park comprises that crosses national boundary and extending to Sudan’s Dinder National Park.

1.2.2 Purpose of Proclamation and Legislative framework

Park Proclamation Legislation: According to the Zikre Hig Gazette Act No 38/2005,the Purpose of Proclamation of the Alatish National park is due to the fact that it has been found appropriate to create a favorable condition whereby the wildlife, birds and plant species located in the North Western part of the Amhara Region are efficiently looked after ,protected in a manner that represents the lowland ecosystem of the Region and passed down to the forthcoming generation as heritages and there by contribute to the local inhabitants as well as to the National economic development

◊ Whereas, it has been necessary to cause the maintenance of healthy ecosystem of the Amhara Region, and the Country by preventing in advance the hazards due to the expansion which desertification may possibly extend to the country the Neighboring state from around the Sehara area.

◊ Where as it is vital to protect the biodiversity resources from destruction by averting

the adverse pressure being exerted and aggravated from time to time on the natural resource especially the wildlife of the Region, by the cattle‐raisers and their ‐thousands of cattle coating across the territory occasionally from the neighboring countries as well as by the local community;

◊ Whereas, it is found appropriate to coordinate the development of natural resource

and environmental protection activities of the Region with the activities‐of the neighboring Regions and thereby facilitate conditions wherein the locality obtains an all‐out conservation and protect from danger the free movement of the wild animals as they enjoy their natural habitat;

◊ Whereas, it is to assist the purpose, necessary to create a legal framework for the

Alatish area situated in the Qurara Woreda and for the time being confirmed to have


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met the essential requirements‐ to be designated as a park under the management of an authorized government body, delimiting its boundaries thereof;

Related Policies and Legislation: Internationally, Ethiopia is a signatory to a number of articles and conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, the Convention on Migratory Species and the World Heritage Convention. These commit Ethiopia to put in place comprehensive and integrated guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas. As a country rich in natural resources, but poor in financial resources, considerable support is required for Ethiopia to fulfil these obligations.

In 2005 a Wildlife Development, Conservation and Utilization Policy came into force. This policy provides for (i) the participation and partnership of all stakeholders, including local communities, in the management of wildlife resources (ii) the zoning of protected areas into core and multiple use zones, (iii) The participation of local communities in the planning and management of protected areas as well as benefit‐sharing and (iv) The establishment of community protected areas. A new Wildlife Proclamation was issued in 2007 (Proclamation 541/2007), to support this policy which states that protected areas in Ethiopia of international significance and with endemic or endangered wildlife should be managed by the federal wildlife authority, a newly declared Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority. However management could be delegated to regional authorities such as PaDPA who were also responsible for the management of wildlife without these highest priority areas. New Regulations state that SMNP should be managed by the federal EWCA and that no resource use of any kind is permitted in the park. Currently, a sound proclamation for managing national parks and other protected area exists in the Amhara National Regional State under Zikre High 96/2003, which established the PaDPA in 2003. Other relevant policy at the federal level include the national Constitution, Environmental Policy for Ethiopia (1997), the National Conservation Strategy (1997), the National Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy (1998), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2005), Access to Genetic Resources and Community Knowledge and Rights (2006), Environmental Impact Assessment (2002), Rural Development (2002), Rural Land Administration and Utilization (2005), Forestry Development, Conservation and Utilization (1994) as well as forthcoming Tourism Development Strategy. Corresponding regional policy and legislation has also been developed in most sectors e.g. ANRS Rural land Administration and Use (2005/6). Specific relevant policy and legislation is referred to in each management programme if required. All these legislation at regional and national level are an opportunity for ALNP‐GMP and they support the Implementation of this GMP

1.3 Rationale of launching of the management plan for ALNP Management plan for protected areas is a document which sets out the management approach, destination and decision making process for protected area over a given period of


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time. It is prescriptive which depends on the purpose for which they are to be used and legal requirement to be met. It identifies the key features and values of the protected area, addresses the management objectives to be met and actions to be implemented. It also subjected to flexibility to incorporate unforeseen events in the course of implementation that could be considered (Thomas .and Julie, 2005). Management plan for ALNP is a prime document from which other rules, regulations and specific management program and implementation plans can be generated. It is relatively complex based on the objectives of the park, threats to these objectives, competing interests and the level of involving stakeholders and issues arising from outside the park following the planning respective protected category (National Park) global principles and practices to guide the planning process that ensures the management plan applicable and useful at each respective level. Therefore, the management plan for ALNP is expected to meet management requirements for conservation, scientific research, tourism and sustainable utilization involving conservation managed use. These can meet the interests of local community at the beginning through non‐damaging utilization and distinct responsibility for the various community based on their interest and capability to reconcile conservation and utilization demand for biophysical resources of the park. Effective and locally based and global system managed protected area could ensure to address ecological, economical, social, political interests of all parties at reasonable level and at the same time the responsibility of those groups to transfer the natural ecosystem for coming generation through sustainable managed conservation system. This GMP is the most important document for Alatish National Park. It is the overarching strategic document and central to the future of the National Park. Preparation of the Management Plan is a basic precondition for a series of issues:

• to secure publicity for the values, • to provide the local, regional and national communities with a tool for continuous

local monitoring of the realization of the objectives of the ALNP Convention, • to provide a basic document for the responsible management authorities, • to support the conservation, development and dissemination of the values of ALNP

for future generations through continuity of planning, programming and financing. The purpose of ALNP Management Plan is to provide for the management of the park in accordance with Amhara National Regional State ZikreHig Act 96/2003, which established the PaDPA in 2003 and the Alatish National Park ZikreHig 38/2005. The plan will guide the work of park from 2010‐2020. As a guide for the next ten years, the plan seeks to give clear directions for management while remaining flexible enough to allow for changing circumstances within the ten‐year time frame. It believes co‐ordination and integration with other plans, strategies and actions in the National Park where they affect the National Park


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purposes and duty. It indicates how the National Park purposes and associated duty will be delivered through sustainable development. It sets the framework for all activity pursued in the National Park by stakeholders.

1.4 Objectives of management

1.4.1 General Objectives

♦ The primary management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To

conserve, preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations; and local, Regional National and International communities.

1.4.2 Park‐Specific Objectives

Management objectives in ALNP are specifically defined in five broad groups, Environmental (conservation) – Economic, Community‐based, .and Access/utilization administration, objectives 1. Environmental objectives:

◊ To preserve in their natural state, as far as possible, the landscapes, indigenous ecosystems and natural features of Alatish National Park.

◊ Maintaining current biodiversity, and restoring former species if appropriate habitats can be available

◊ Assuring sustainable habitats for current populations of wildlife ◊ Regenerating flora consumed by Nomads cattle and wild fire in the Park ◊ Protect the natural resources from illegal use ◊ Ensure that legal use of natural resources is sustainable ◊ Develop an effective water management plan which helps the wild animals ◊ Develop and implement an appropriate fire management plan ◊ Enhance monitoring and research

2. Economic objectives:

◊ Finding revenue streams to support park management expenses and improvement of local communities

◊ Improve the quality of life in the development areas by encouraging and advising communities on tourism developments with their areas

◊ Enable local people to benefit from the areas’ natural resources by allowing controlled and regulated access.

3. Community‐based objectives: ◊ To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special

qualities by the public. ◊ Involving local people in management


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◊ Sharing tourism revenue with local communities to enhance their lifestyles ◊ Educating local people on the value of Alatish National Park as a national global

resource ◊ encouragement of public use and enjoyment of reserves and education in and a

proper understanding and recognition of their purpose and significance 4. Access/utilization objectives:

◊ Instituting infrastructure and regulations to protect the park ◊ Improving visiting experiences and dissemination of information on conservation of

the park’s flora and fauna ◊ Disseminating information on ALNP ‘s species and resource management

5. Administration objectives:

◊ Ensure that staffing levels, expertise and motivation are adequate ◊ Provide appropriate infrastructure and equipment for effective management of the

area ◊ Improve communications at Village, District and Regional levels

1.5 The planning process and approach: The methodology and process of Alatish National Park management and operational plan is the most participatory type, which involves all the relevant stakeholders and participatory planning methodologies. The process starts on the previous Alatish National Park Rapid assessments study, where the steps like deciding to plan; organizing the pre‐field work; assessing all necessary information; had been undertaken.

In the second round deciding the big picture‐deciding the details of the park programmes have been used. In the third round of the planning process the tasks of both organizing and assessment were revised and hence necessary information are revised ,improved and reformulated, this help to formulate the objectives, and to set details like the management programes

Fig--The planning team on the field data collection, Pictured on May 2009

Group discussion with local community on Management issues


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,subprograms, management themes, sub objectives, strategies and actions . In addition; all efforts are being made to make the planinning participatory with all stakeholders, where the Alatish community have been dealt and others to be involved soon. The planning methodology and work process or flow adopted so far with fig below

TEAM BUILDNING

Orientation & Understanding the GMP Principles

Pre-field reviews of data and information

DATA AND INFORMATION COLLECTION

Check lists and data collection formats developed

Representative sample sites selected

Field Data collection and Reviews

DRAFTING THE GMP

REVIEW OF THE TOR AND EXISTING DOCUMENT

AGREEMENT OF ALNP MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARATION

Data Analysis and interpretation

PHASE I

PHASE II

PHASE III

PHASE IV

STAKE HOLDER ANALYSIS

Fig: Work Flow Chart and implementation of the Methodology


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The brief to the Planning team:The ALNP GMP is broken dawn in to disciplines related in to Biophyiscal,,ecological Natural ,Cultural and socioeconomic type. Hence the team is broken dawn based on these components. In total this GMP is undertaken by group of experts who are 8 in No with different profession and technical abilities. This includes experts with specialization and acknowledged professions of ;

• Economist • Ecologist • Ornithologist/Zoologist • Forester • Water Resources specialist • GIS specialist • Tourism management specialist

In addition there were other external advisors who have given their valuable inputs in this GMP


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II: THE MANAGEMENT BASIS

2.1 Understanding the Alatish National Park: Review of Existing Information

2.1.1 Park location and features:

Alatish is located between 11047’5.4” to 120 31’3.6”N latitude and 350 15’48” to 350 48’51” E. longitude in north western flat plain part of Ethiopia. The general topography of Alatish is flat to undulating plain with general slope inclination from south to north interrupted by valleys, streams, scattered hills, and seasonal wetland. According to Mesfin Wolde Mariam, 1972 the geological formation processes which divided the whole of Ethiopia in to four major physiognomic regions places Alatish under associated low lands of the north western highlands. ALNP falls within Nile Basin found in east of Sudan’s Dinder National Park (DNP). It shares about 74km (Arial) its western border with DNP with possibility of forming a new trans‐boundary park. Alatish is bordered by Gelegu River in the northern edge Amejalie to Alga, south and south east Ayima River with Beshangule Gumez Regional State. Gumuz villages at Bambahoo, Bayiwa in Quara and Aybeza, Abunta, Aygumba, Kuslie Hymenshmis, Balankure and Omedela to the direction of Beshangul Gumuz National Regional State (BGNRS) are villages along Ayima River inhibited by indigenous Gumuz ethnic group. In eastern and north eastern bordering Kebeles (the lower administrative units) the Amhara ethnic group composed of settlers from highlands of different parts of the region and Agew are inhabited in Bmabahoo, Gelegu, Mehadid, Gerara, Gumuz Wuha, Marwuha and Dubaba of Quara Woreda. Topographically, ALNP falls within the flat endless plains interrupted by scattered rocky hills and multilayered wooded and shrub lands with in Blue Nile Basin at the western foot of north western Ethiopian highlands.

Map of Alatish NP

II: THE MANAGEMENT BASIS


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Almost 97% of the area is flat plain from top view interrupted by various streams hills, rough and rocky plain lands with a slope range 0‐8%, except the amazing mountain cliffs scattered throughout the flat plain like pyramids and the continuous escarpments which serve as a natural buffer zone bordering South East of the park that ranges from Mehadid, Abamerafa, Derahsen via West of Bemur hill, Bambaho and Baywa extending to Hyima River down to Aybeza and Abunta. The dominant soil types physically observed are vertisoles, fluvisols and alluvial deposits around River course dominated by golden sandy texture. Vertisols are available scattered throughout the park, but are more abundant in the north and south east part of the park. Entisol in sandy and scrub areas and alluvial soil deposit are dominant in the central part and flood plain along mainly Alatish and Gelegu River courses extending to western flood plain around Amejalie, Menta (Amdok), Abun (Abnun) to Almeta. The swelling and cracking behavior of vertisol is the main problem in transportation of dry weather roads during rainy season.

2.1.2 Climate Agro ecology and soils

The climate of Alatish is a major cause of wildlife change of habitats and regulates migration routes and distribution inside and outside the park in wet and dry seasons and viability of their number across the seasons. The climate of Alatish is characterized by two extremes moist cloudy wet (May to October) and hot dry (December to April) seasons. Effective rain starts in May peaks in July. The wettest and driest months are July and April respectively. Despite, there is no Metrological station in Quara Woreda, referring to nearby weather station at Genda Wuha capital of Metema Woreda the annual rainfall of the area goes up to 800 mm and mean monthly


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temperature are between 13.6 to 19.2oc minimum and 340c to 41.1oc maximum (Cherie Enawugaw et al, 2006). The mean altitude ranges from 500 masl around (Alga) in the northern flat plain to 900 around (Tsequa) hills in southern part. According to Ethiopian agro climatic classification the place falls within hot to warm sub moist zone (AFAP 1999). It represents the Sudan‐Guinea Savanna Biome/ecological zone of Quara Woreda of North Gondar administrative zone. Agro ecologically, Alatish falls in hot‐to‐worm sub moist agro ecology. Monthly mean maximum temperature and monthly mean minimum temperature at Metema station ranges from 30.0 0C during August to 42.8 0C during April and 15.4 0C in December to 24.1 0C in April respectively (Fig.1. 2). Mean monthly Rainfall at the same station ranges from 0.00 mm during December, January and Feburary to 252.78 mm in August

The dominant soil types physically observed are vertisoles, fluvisols and alluvial deposits around River course dominated by golden sandy texture. Vertisols are available scattered throughout the park, but are more abundant in the north and south east part of the park. Entisol in sandy and scrub areas and alluvial soil deposit are dominant in the central part and flood plain along mainly Alatish and Gelegu River courses extending to western flood plain around Amejalie, Menta (Amdok), Abun (Abnun) to Almeta. The swelling and cracking behavior of vertisol is the main problem in transportation of dry weather roads during rainy season.

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Fig: Mean monthly Rainfall at Metema station from 2004-2007 (Ethiopian Meteorological Agency, 2008). Fig: Mean monthly Temperature at Metema station from 2004-

2007


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2.1.3 Water resources in the Alatish National Park

Alatish National Park is located in the Blue Nile drainage basin of Ethiopia, Eastern part of the Blue Nile and Gilgel‐Abbay sub drainage basin.

The two major sub‐draiange basins in the Quara woreda are Shinfa and Ayima Drainage Basins (or Rahad and Dinder drainage basins respectively in Sudan). See drainage network map below. The Rahad and Dinder rivers are the largest tributaries of the Blue Nile. They both drain parts of the Ethiopian highlands. They descend from the Ethiopian highlands and flow north‐ westerly across the flat plain and empty their waters into the Blue Nile River.

Figure: Tributaries of Eastern River Nile and the River Basins


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2.1.3A Surface Water The drainage system in/around the park includes the rivers Ayima, Alatish, Gelegu, Demir,Anbessa Sheleko, their tributaries and wet meadows (mayas). Rivers, Alatish, Hyima and Gelegu are very prominent rivers in/around the park with many tributaries and seasonal floods from the highlands of Quara, Alefa, Chiliga and Jawi areas and carry a large volume of water in wet season.

Figure: Shinfa (Rahad) and Hyima (Dinder) Rivers


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Gelegu River : Gelegu River is a cardinal tributary of River Dinder and is a boundary of the park in the northern edge, Amejalie to Alga. It is an intermittent river i.e. flows have a seasonal character. Based on the local information and field surveys, it starts to flow around the middle of June and peaking around the middle of August each year. The river is expected to cease flowing sometime in November. The river has well defined channel system, varying width and depth along its course (around 12metres wide and 3 meters depth at the point of observation)‐photo below. The gradient of the river around the park gets decreased and the river bed consists mostly of sand soils with small pools at some areas in the river course, some of which may retain water throughout the dry season and may hold water up to the next rainy season. It is one of the longest rivers in the park with

tremendous potential of aquatic life. It passes through the capital town Gelegu of Quara woreda to the north direction of the park (Amijale) then to the west direction which leaves the park and joins Dinder Park of Sudan. It accommodates different species of aquatic

life and birds throughout its course. Fish, crocodiles and different species of birds together with water loving plant species are some to say. It is the main source of water for every life form in the North east and North West part of the park. The agricultural activities by the resettled people and investors in the proximity of the river are traits to its quality and quantity; as a result the aquatic life available throughout the river course will be affected negatively. Therefore proper management and sustainable utilization of this resource is imperative. Alatish River: Like Gelegu River, Alatish is also a tributary of Dinder and it is also an intermittent river. It passes through the Park and has many smaller tributary streams. It is among big rivers found in Alatish by which the name of the park is nominated. It starts from South East escarpments part, flows to the west of the park passing through almost the centre of the park. Hyima and Gelegu Rivers are almost boundaries of the park and are subjects to human interference. Nevertheless in Alatish, disturbance of wildlife, improper utilization of aquatic

Gelegu Wet view

Gelegu Dry view


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animals like fish is comparatively low. On the river bed foot prints of different wild animals like lion, Greater Kudu, Porcupine are common hence diversity of wild life is its feature. At the point of observation (road crossing the river), Alatish River has a very wide channel (more than 25metres) and river bed consisting of very thick fine sand (Photo below). This is as a result of deposition of eroded material from the highland escarpments when the river course gradient gets decreased. There is a very good potential of pure sand and water available at about 1m to 2m depth during water stress periods inside the golden sand bed throughout the river course.

Hyima River: Hyima River is the border of the park at south and south east part of the park. It is also a border line between two Administrative regions; Amhara national regional state and Benishangule Gumz National regional state. It flows from southern east part of the park to the west crosses to Sudan. As stated above, this river is the largest tributary of the Blue Nile, and also named as Dinder as it enters the Sudan Border .It begins west of Lake Tana, at a place called ‘Serako’ and flows well into Sudan before joining the Blue Nile south of Wad Medani. The catchment area of river Dinder is around 16,000km2 and has average annual discharge of about three billion cubic meters (3bcm) (Ali, 2001). Ayima River channel is wide (around 50 meters near Omedla and rock outcrops at the banks and the bed). Dominantly, sand was observed deposited along the bed for most of it its reaches). In addition, in the dry season there exist numerous pools along the bed of the river, some of which may retain water throughout the dry season and may hold water up to the next rainy season. There are many smaller streams that are tributaries of the Ayima River, like Ruck ruck stream and Albid Stream. It is the main potential river of aquatic animals specially the fish

Alatish River wet view

Alatish River dry view


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community. It is the main source of fish for the local people, Gumz Agew and others living around the river.

Wet lands : Wetlands can be defined as areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters (The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Paris, 13 July 1994). Wetlands and riparian areas provide important plant and wildlife habitat for diverse species. They serve as nutrient sinks and play an important role in natural flood control. Wetlands of Ethiopia can be grouped into four major categories based on ecological zones, hydrological functions, geomorphologic formations and climatic conditions (Yilma D.Abebe and kim Geheb, 2003). i. The Afro‐Tropical Wetland System‐ The Afro‐Tropical Highlands are composed of the Central, Western and Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia that serve as the prime water catchments and sources of its major rivers. The average annual rainfall is more than 2000 mm. Rains are bimodal, with the long rains extending from June to September and short rains between February and May (Tlahun et al, 1996). These areas include most of Ethiopia's alpine and fresh water wetland ecosystems. ii. Somali‐Masai Wetland System‐ Its wetlands include the southern group of Great rift Valley Lakes and the northern groups of the Awash Basin together with their associated swamps and marshlands. iii. Sudan‐Guinean Wetland System‐ The Sudano‐Gunean wetland system is found in the Western lowlands of Ethiopia. the wetlands in this group stretch from Turkana delta in the south‐west of Ethiopia, north along the Ethic‐Sudanese border, the Baro‐Akobo flood plains in Gambela Region, the Dabus and Belese flood plains in the Benshangul‐Gumuz Region and the Metama and Tekeze flood plains in Amhara and Tigray Regions. Rainfall is unimodal, from March to September.

Hyima River wet view

Hyima River dry view


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Iv. Sahelian Transitional Wetland System‐ The Sahelian Transitional zone Biome is found in the extreme north‐eastern part of Ethiopia. This area is the hottest and driest part of the country and is where the Dallol depression is located at its lowest point; Dallol is 116 m below sea level. The area comprises Semi‐desert steppe, and the evapo‐transpiration exceeds mean annual precipitation by over ten times.

Riverine and Seasonal Wetlands are identified as one of the vital ecosystems of the Alatish National park in the Alatish Rapid assessment Report. The seasonal wetlands or Mayas(Wet meadows) in the park are mainly vital in the following aspects:.

• They serve as a source of water for birds, wildlife, trespassing livestock, poachers, honey collectors and households and provide green fodder especially in the dry season

• function as flood protection, water purification and cultural values • Provide important plant and wildlife habitat for diverse species.

As per the Ramsar definition, there exist temporary wetlands or seasonal wetlands in Alatish National Park although there is still more to be done to exhaustively identify the wetlands in/around the park. The temporary wetlands in the park are mostly located along the drainage lines (rivers) and depression areas. The indicated sites on the figure are not the exhaustive list of the possible wetlands that exist in the park. There exist numerous less known mayas, off the beaten tracks, along the various tributaries of river Ayima, Gelegu and Alatish. The seasonal wetland vary in areal extent and soils mainly consists of heavy, dark cracking vertisols broken near the rivers and streams, with areas of sand, sandy loam and sandy entisols. The soil of most of these mayas was found to be vertisols. The wetlands (meadows i.e. mayas) found along the Floodplain Rivers in the park have been formed due to the meandering character of the channel land and the nature of flow of the river waters. They occupy low‐lying basins and meanders.

Photo: The seasonal wetlands/or wet meadows during the dry season near Gelegu and Alatish Rivers


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The mayas receive their waters through: • Direct rainfall • Sheet flow • From river Hyima, Alatish and tributaries feeder channels

Degradation in the catchment areas and repeated fires increased rates of erosion and eventual siltation of beds of mayas. Mayas function as silt trapping sites. The flood deposit silt every year on the Mayas bed decreasing the amount of water stored and forming drier mayas called old (Hakim et al 1978, Abdel Hameed 1983). 2.1.3B Ground Water

The major source of water supply for the inhabitants around the park is observed to be ground water. To provide water for the post sites of the Alatish Park, currently 8 hand pumps have been constructed. The survey on few of the hand pump wells show that they are constructed near river/stream where ground water was extracted at shallow depths (estimated not more than 15 meters) even though it was not possible to find detail of the wells data. Many local hand dug wells were also observed around Bemur village (about 12kms away from the park in the south west part of the park). The average depth of these local hand dug wells was in the range of 3‐5 meters, and as per the owners of the wells information, the wells retain water throughout the year.

Photo: Hand pump well near Gelegu River

Photo: Local hand dug wells at Bemur Village


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Though it is quite clear that more explorations and investigations are to be undertaken to know the ground water potential of the area, this is an indicative to the good status of the ground water potential in this part of the park. 2.1.3C Current water resource development in/around the park Understanding the role of water in the area, efforts have been made to develop the ground water by the park. This is manifested basically by constructing hand dug wells for the sole purpose of water supply for the post stations. As per the information from park office at Gelegu, currently 8 hand dug wells have already been constructed(at Bermil, Grara,Mahadid,Drasen,Baywa,Megenagna,Yelkuk and Amijale) and there are other 4 hand dug wells planned to be constructed. As can be seen from the figure below, the majority of the water sources are outside the park. Some of the wells are also serving as water supply sources for the community, which indicates a positive consequence of activities of the park for the surrounding inhabitants. There are no any water supply facilities constructed in the park for the purpose of wild life in the park. Accordingly, there are information that most of the time in the dry periods the animals in the park migrate to other areas where water is easily available (perhaps to Dinder National Park).


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Figure:Current and proposed post Sites of Alatish National Park/and hand dug well locations


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2.1.3D Water quality

Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to drinking water, safety of human contact, and for health of ecosystems.

WHO's Guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality, 2006, are the international reference point for standard setting and drinking‐water safety. Sample was collected (one sample from ground water at Bermil and one sample from surface water at Ayima River) and analyzed for some of the physical and chemical characteristics of the water at Bahir Dar University in Water Quality Treatment Laboratory.Results are shown below.

Table 1 Water quality test results for ground water sample

TEST type:‐ Water quality test Source:‐ Bermil Ground Water

S.No Parameter Value Calculated Health based guideline by the WHO

1 PH 7.75 at 26 No guideline

2 Alkalinity 215 mg/l ‐ 3 Sulphate 1 mg/l No guideline 4 Turbidity 0.54 NTU Not mentioned

5 Total dissolved Solids 285mg/l No guideline

6 Manganese 0.006 mg/t 0,4 mg/l

7 Free chlorine 0.04 mg/t 5 mg/l

8 Free Copper 0.10 mg/l 2 mg/l

9 Nitrate 0.748 mg/l 50 mg/l

10 Calcium hardness 72mg/lt No guideline 11 Fluoride 0.35 mg/l 1,5 mg/l 12 Hardness 145 mg/l ‐ 13 Iron 0 mg/l No guideline 14 Phosphate 0.61mg/l _ 15 Ammonia 0 mg/l No guideline 16 Aluminum 0 mg/l 0,2 mg/l 17 Sulphide 0.02 mg/l ‐


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Table 2 Water quality test results for surface water sample

TEST type:‐ Water quality test Source:‐ Hyma River Water

S.No Parameter Value Calculated from Sample

Health based guideline by the WHO

1 PH 8.15 at 26 No guideline 2 Alkalinity 255 mg/l ‐ 3 Sulphate 3 mg/l No guideline 4 Turbidity 4.5 NTU Not mentioned 5 Total dissolved Solids 297mg/l No guideline 6 Manganese 0.002 mg/l 0,4 mg/l 7 Free chlorine 0.04 mg/l 5 mg/l 8 Free Copper 0.2 mg/l 2 mg/l 9 Nitrate 2.332 mg/l 50 mg/l 10 Calcium hardness 33mg/l No guideline 11 Fluoride 0.5 mg/l 1,5 mg/l 12 Hardness 185 mg/l ‐ 13 Iron 0.02 mg/l No guideline 14 Phosphate 0.40mg/l ‐ 15 Ammonia 0 mg/l No guideline 16 Aluminum 0 mg/l 0,2 mg/l 17 Sulphide 0.01 mg/l ‐ It should be born in mind that the above test results cannot fully represent time and spatial water quality variations in/around the park since the samples taken were one time sample (dry period) and only for two locations.


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2.1.4 Ecosystems components of ALNP Alatish is little known in its biological diversity and ecosystem characteristics. Biogeographically it falls in Guinea Sudan Biome Region of Tropical Savanna. Based on the classification of Ethiopian ecosystems of IBDC (2005) Alatish falls in ecosystem complexes of Combretum‐Terminalia Woodland with various habitats of others ecosystems such as intact scrublands ecosystem and escarpments. Similar to this ecosystem vegetation type characterized by drought resistant trees and shrubs either deciduous or few evergreen plant species of Acacia senegalensis, Acacial seyal, Balantites aegyptiaca, shrubs and undifferentiated climbing species of ground vegetation are also found. The dominant high canopy vegetation layer, soil color and texture, topographic setup and water retention and seasonal variability are used for criteria for ecosystem classification. Based on these ALNP roughly delineated in four major ecosystem components and several communities, these are Riverine, Seasonal Wetland, Wooded land and Wooded grassland ecosystem. The total area comprised by each ecosystem estimated by single ocular observation of Braun Blanquet or Releve Techniques developed in 1974 measure from the total area of the park, averages of repeated observation taken from top view point of Dass Terara (Amrakuba), Layi Dinnar, Berenta and Bayiwa hills.


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A B C D

2.1.4A Riverine Ecosystem (RE) The riverine ecosystem is found in the alluvial river banks of Alatish, Gelegu, and Ayima and other streams and tributaries of these large rivers that extend up to 1km in both sides from the river bed. It is rich in complex and multilayered forest cover with different feature in wet and dry season. It is highly dominated by luxurious tall trees of Terminalia, Ficus spp, Stereospermum kunthianum, Tamarindus indica, Accacia sieberiane, and Comberetium spp. and associated with Z. spina christi, Cardenia ternifola and Pilostigma thonniingii. This ecosystem comprises the river course, deep plain and valleys along rivers. A B C D

The main grasses include Bekeropsis uniseta, Eragrosis tremula and Sorghum sudanenis with different species of herbs and climbers under growth. Dried biomass fuel load favor recurrent burning in dry season. Re‐growth and new leaf initiation of deciduous tree species of understory and grasses are prevalent after few days of burring in dry season. Due to residual moisture burned face of vegetation covers changes in to green which used as feed source for

Photos : Different ecosystems of Alatish: A= Alatish River Course at Megenagna (September, 2005) B= Extensive central wooded land of Alatish viewed from Mehadid to Megenagna view (June, 2008). C= Wetlands in dry season Sahula central Alatish.(March,2005) and D= Wooded Grassland between Alatish River and Demir.(September,2005)

Photos : Features of Riverine ecosystem A= Megenagna Riverine dense forests in wet season B= Scanty of water in dry season C= Sandy river bed with water at Ardeba (September, 2005) D= Intermittent river pond Ayima around Omedila (May, 2009)


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cattle and other animals in the long dry season in which green vegetation on other areas rarely found. Riverine ecosystem covers about 10% of the total area of the park.

Broad leaved trees density and growth declines along down river bank. This area is used for many wild animals feed sources in the long dry season. Feed and water competition among wild animals and hunting are prevalent in which prey species are extremely hunted and gathered. On the other hand this ecosystem in Alatish and lower course of Gelegue rivers has open and wide golden sandy river bed in dry season. Dry and green mixed vegetation in dry season and dense canopy and undergrowth in wet season are a spectacular scenic beauty of this ecosystem. Recurrent fire, habitat competition, poaching and overgrazing are major threats of this ecosystem besides inclusion half side of Ayma and Gelegu rivers as park which are the main feed and water source and at the same time suitable for poaching. 2.1.4B Seasonal wetlands (Sambri) (SWL) Because of being at the foot of highland of Quara extensive seasonal flooding is common. Forming seasonal wetlands is the most striking feature of Alatish. Seasonal water ponds and deposits are formed in the flood plain. Many of seasonal ponds in different parts of the park are almost devoid of woody vegetation except a few water resistant or hygroscopic trees and shrubs species of Acacia and Ziziphus. Seasonal wetlands differ from riverine forest lands in having vast stagnant floods in wet season and dried grassy plain in dry season. Seasonal wetlands are highly affected by recurrent fire in dry season which aggravated by a huge biomass of annual herbs and tall grasses fuel load. Common tree species in seasonal wetlands are Balanties aegyptica, Acacia seyal, Acacia. sieberiana, Ziziphus spina‐christi.

Photos : Different structure of Borassus aethiopum along Ayima river at Omedila (May, 2009)


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A B C

This ecosystem dominated by cracking clay cotton soils in flat areas central Alatish of Bezenga in between Alatish river and Demir wooded land, Serjaka between Ardeba and Yelkuk; Skun to west of Laydinnar. It is suitable habitat for waterfowl in wet season. The muddy flood locally known as Mezega is suitable for elephants and warthog as a feeding area. A. seyal and related species dominates flat areas of seasonal wetlands (Sambri) and partially a part of it covered with B. aegyptiaca scattered in relatively drained clay soils. It extends central to northern extremis and western flat lands bordering Dinder National Park of Sudan. Undulations `in the topography and variation in soil type result in patches of undifferentiated or mixed stands of Combretum spp. associated with A.seyal, Acacia. sieberiana, Ziziphus spina‐christi and Terminalia spp. Seasonal wetlands remain as pool area for months in most areas dominated by excessively growing hygromorphic grasses. Some of seasonal wetlands of north and northwest water flood ponds are a source fish. However, because of shortage of water in dry season fishing is practiced once in a year in late September. In the long dry season warthogs used it heavily by digging up the soil in search of tubers and roots. Animal species so far observed and identified in the rapid assessment Abraham et al (2008) are reedbuck (Reduna reduna), Orbi (Ourebia ourebia), Wathog (phacochoerus africanus), ostrich (Struthic camelus), and many bird species that feed on small fish like Marabou stork (Leptoptilas crumeniferus). This ecosystem is also serves as a best habitat for reptiles and Amphibians. It is suffer from recurrent fire, habitat competition, poaching and overgrazing in dry season. According to field estimation by single ocular observation using Braun Blanquet or Releve Techniques developed in 1974 measure of seasonal wetlands of Alatish covers about 10‐15 % of the total area of the park. 2.1.4C Wooded land (WL) Wooded land is characterized by mixed trees and multilayered vegetation dominated by Terminalia and Combretum spp. Oxytenanthera abssinica and shrubs. It is found relatively in wettest part closer to eastern scrub lands of Derahasen, Nigela, Berenta and Sholawuha that extend to the middle of Alatish, north to south central part of the park. Eastern boarder Abamerafa to Gerara, Eeast of Aredeba and Sahul are also dominated by different sized trees

Photos : Features of seasonal wetlands: A= seasonal wetlands Around Amjalie before water saturate (June, 2008). B= seasonal wetlands after burning in dry season around Saul (March, 2006), C= Bezenga (Gemezmaf) Seasonal wetland non


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and shrubs. Mixed wooded dominated by Terminalia, Combretum, Pterocarpus and Lannea woody plants that are >40% woody plants cover with grassy understory (Girma Mengesha, 2005). It also covers areas with extensive grass layered flatlands, escarpments, sandy, graveled and rock outcropped, red and brown soil dominated adjacent to Riverine and seasonal wetlands. A B C D

This ecosystem is also found in scattered flat lands in South parts of Alatish next to Ayima and north edge to Gelegu riverine forest. It comprises shrub and small tree vegetation to the south of Demir (Shifta Meda), Tsequa and Omedela in south west parts and vast meadow in western part of Demir (Sare meda) to the direction of Amdok. This ecosystem is widely dominated by healthy and vigorous wooded plain, mixed bamboo forest, scattered tree, grassland and undifferentiated tree communities. Mixed wooded grassland ecosystem is swept by fire frequently in every dry season. Relatively A.seyal, B.aegyptica and Terminalia spp are resistant to fire and Maytenus senegalnsis re‐vegetate immediately after first shower of rain. The ground vegetation is dominated by mixed grasses, herbs and shrubs largely composed of different species of Compositae, Acanthaeae and Convolvulaceae spp. The common once are Celosia orgenitia, Vernonia, Cassia and Hibiscuss spp. At species level ground vegetation is similar with DNP composed of annual grasses such as Sorghum sudanenisis, Pennisetum ramosum, Setaria incrassate, Hyperrhenia spp. and Aristida plumose (UNEP/GEF, 2004). A B C

Photos : Features of wooded land A= Wooded land of eastern escarpment and nearby flat areas of Derahasen (June, 2008), B= Wooded land in flat areas of Amjalie (June, 2008), C= wooded land in rocky habitats Omedila (May, 2009) and D= wooded lands of sandy habitats around Demir (September 2004). burned in dry season (May, 2009)

Photos : Wooded lands dominated by single species A= Dalbergia melanoxylon dominated sandy habitats Bermel to Dass Terara (Amrakuba), B= Acacia seyal dominated vretisol around Demir (May, 2009) and C= mixed wooded dominated by shrubs of Terminalia and Combretum spp west of Berenta Afaf (September, 2004). burned in dry season (May, 2009)


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This ecosystem comprises vast area of the park and complex undifferentiated vegetation cover and endless meadow estimated about 50‐60 % of the conservation and recreation zone of the park using single ocular observation of Braun Blanquet or Releve Techniques of 1974. This ecosystem is highly affected by extensive fire for several days, poaching and overgrazing. 2.1.4D Wooded grassland (WG) Wooded grassland ecosystem is wooded or mixed grasslands their ground covers are dominated by grasses with scattered trees and shrubs. This ecosystem is found in shallow soils of sandy to drained clay soils (vertisols). In relatively flat areas are predominated by Acacia seyal and clay soils, while Combretum spp occupy sandy areas. Undulation in topography in and variation in vegetation and soil type resulted mixed and pure stands of grasses. This ecosystem vegetation represented by shrub and small trees of thorny plants of different Acacia spp. bamboo and Comberetum spp scattered in patch of open grasslands. Estimated size of this ecosystem is about 30‐40% of the total size of the park. This ecosystem covers grass dominated open areas of Amejalie, Alega and northwestern grass dominated areas of Menta terara (Amdok), Abune meda and Alemeta to southwest open areas around Omedela, Balankure and Hymenshmesh that extends to Bamboo dominated flat lands of Tsequa, Demir, and Ayibeza to Kumerwuha.

C A B The ground vegetation cover of wooded grassland ecosystem is often removed by fire and the clay and sandy soil left clear in the long dry season. In most areas of the park widely grown dominant tall perennial grasses are being replaced by annual Sorghum sudanenis and other species. This ecosystem is largely threatened by fire and water shortage in dry season. It is a feeding area of Orbi, Bushbuck warthog and Kudus as they can run and not easily

Photos : Different features of wooded grasslands A= Mixed wooded grassland around Albashome South of Megenaga (September, 2005), B= mixed wooded open grassland vetisol in dry season warthogs heavily dig up the soil in search of tubers and roots, C= unburned dead grass dominated wood land between Alatish and Demir (May,2009)


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hunted. This ecosystem is seldom visited by carnivores such as lion and leopard. Reptiles and amphibians are rarely found.

A B C

2.1.5 Wildlife resources diversity The faunistic and floristic composition/diversity of Alatish National Park makes the area unique in ecological significance. The park has a variety of fauna and flora which require conservation. Alatish is especially rich in reptile diversity such as African rock python, monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, black mamba and blandings tree snake (Tadesse habtamu, 2005). It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsicero (Chere Enawugaw et al, 2006). Permanent but intermittent rivers bordering the park like Aayima and Gelegu provide huge amount of fish resources to the local communities besides being the main water sources of people and animals. Alatish is main River that crosses the center of the park used as a reservoir of water under sandy bed for dry season to save many of wildlife resources. In its wildlife, Alatish is also rich in zoological resources and it is a home of various types of wild animals listed. 37 mammalian species of which 8 area not recently (last 15 years) seen, 204 bird species of which 143’s species diversity and abundance is studied, 23 species of rodents, 6 species of insectivores and 7 types of reptiles and amphibians with various species are found in Alatish. Wild animals: As far as wild animals and their habitats are concerned, different wild animals are supposed to live in the park. It is very difficult to observe all of them during the actual survey time except a few. However, 15 species of large mammals belongs to 8 family were actually recorded. Of which 9 and 6 were observed by direct observation and indirect method respectively. Seventeen species are supposed to live in the area but not confirmed in

Photos : Features of wooded grasslands A= Newly growing grasses around Amjalie (June, 2008), B= Burned wooded grasslands in sandy dominated habitats around Demir (May, 2009) and C= Maytenus senegalnsis early regenerating plant in dry wooded grasslands east of Omedila (May, 2009)


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any technique of assessment method rather it is told by local peoples. Certainly these species should be or could be distributed or migrated seasonally somewhere to the nearby Dinder National Park of Sudan. Reliable estimates of population numbers are basic to effective research or managements of wildlife species, yet the derivation of accurate population estimates continues to prove the biggest problem in ecological work‐ most critically when applied to population of the larger mammals and particularly large herbivores. As a result, many workers have sought to use more indirect methods estimating populations from, for example number of nest burrows, latrine pits, or from faecal accumulation per se. Therefore, the indirect method such as the finding of latrine sites, faecal accumulation and dispersion, burrows, pugmarks and foot prints are used to confirm the presence and distribution of those animal which are not directly observed in the park. Before trying to address about the distribution and occurrence of any animals in the area, it is better to know about ‘Umbrella species’; because the presence of ‘Umbrella species’ in the park would benefit the conservation of others under the umbrella of the single species. Hence for elephant conservation for example, conservation of a large area is mandatory because elephant requires wide range of habitat for its survival. 2.1.5A Large and small mammals: Of the 4000 to 5000 living species of mammals worldwide, approximately 25%, or some 1100, occur in the African continent (Chris and Stuart 2006) of 284 species of terrestrial mammals which are known to occur in Ethiopia, 31 (11%) are endemic to the country (Yalden et al., 1996). There is no absolute certainty as to how many species there are, particularly in the case of bats, shrews, and smaller rodents. As there are still several areas of Africa that are unexplored in zoological terms, new discoveries can still be expected. The conservation status and distribution of many species are as yet only poorly known, but more critical is the general lack of understanding of their requirements and behavior. Even for the larger, widespread and abundant species, these aspects are surprisingly lacking. Nevertheless, we do have a vast storehouse of knowledge (Chris and Stuart 2006). ALNP harbours a variety of large mammals of 29 species which were registered by various scholars (PaDPA rapid assessment report ,2008 and ALNP zoological & ornithological survey report, 2009). However, 20 species of larger mammals were recorded in the ALNP recently (Girma Mengesha, 2005). The list of large mammals actually observed, and expected to live inside the park are listed in the appendix section . Principally the larger animals such as the threatened African Elephant, Lion, and Leopard are distributed in the park particularly around the Lion valley and Kofta Karjaka, Tsequa and Abdiwan and Amijjala (except elephant) areas. The status of Savannah Elephant, massive declines of in both numbers and range over the past three decades, from an estimated 5 to 10 million in 1930 to some 600 000 by 1992, primarily as a result of illegal hunting for the ivory tusks, although this is now largely under


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control. The principal threat is loss of range and habitat as a result to rapidly increasing human populations (Chris and Stuart 2006). Savanna Elephant: Actual site, distribution, habitat, food and dung The actual feeding site of the species is located within the range of geographical coordinates (36P 0774608, UTM 1335532) to (36P 0765408, UTM 1330751) east to west direction respectively. Actually the feeding site includes the north and south corner of the inaccessible area of the park from which these coordinate points were taken. The species is distributed around Lion valley and Kofta Karjaka, Tsequa and Abdiwan areas. The actual site where there dung has been found is used during the wet season particularly August to September; however some accumulated dung’s found justify that still the animal is using the area for feeding because some dung’s have been decomposed and some are fresh still. But, in some places decomposed pile of dung has been observed ,shown in photo below The elephant has a wide variety of feeding habit. It uses wide variety of plants and plant parts. In wet seasons, it can eat increased quantities of grass; while more woody and herbaceous food is taken during the dry seasons –photo below. Large acacia trees are also used as feed source; though not such large quantities. Different foot print of the elephant revealed that small calves are still existing in the area, though the group number is so small ,photo below‐ the maximum front foot print measured is around 558 mm length. This measurement can tell us the elephant group has the oldest and the largest leader (Matriarch). Some foot prints are deeper in to the soil as shown in the picture below, which can tell about the seasonal movement of the species, probably it is during the wet season.

Photo: Some recently dropped elephant dung (left) and old ones burned (right)

Photo Acacia trees are source of food during the dearth period inside the Park


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Generally even though elephant’s has the nature of using extremely wide range of habitat tolerance, with the only requirements being access to adequate food, water and usually shade, the vegetation type where the animal used to forge was observed to be acacia wood and savanna woodland land, during the dry season With regard to small mammals, though a variety of species are supposed to live in ALNP, 23 rodent species including the four squirrels and a porcupine and six insectivorous species have been recorded in ALNP; which this attracts several small carnivores such as Serval (mongoose, jackals, civets, rattle), birds of prey and a variety of snakes such as cobra, mambas, asps and pythons (Tadesse Habitamu, 2005). According to his study, some species like rodents Myomys albipes and Desmomys harringtoni which are endemic in highland forests of Ethiopia are also found in ALNP; species Crocidura flovescens, Crocidura Crocidura turba and Crocidura fumosa which are not recorded below 1500 m asl are also abundant in Alatish. Three shrew species are also newly described in Alatish which indicates the richness. Huge vegetation biomass, large number of herbivores and rodents are a prey base for other higher mammals and effective conservation interest for human. 2.1.5B Invertebrate, fish, reptiles and bat: Different information suggests that the park is endowed with diversified reptiles and fish resources. Though, little information is available on this regard, It is possible to enlighten a little information about them. Therefore, around 23 different fish species are recorded in the rivers of the ALNP particularly at Ayma River. The upper river course or the eastern part of the park was rich in unidentified bivalve species. This species has a cover with a hard circular cover both upper and bottom, and the jelly like mollusk inside. It grows as the age matures. Almost the shore river, where water is permanent, is full of this species attached on the rock surface (Photo below). It is mostly, the African Open‐billed Stork’s main food sources. A

Photo Different foot prints of a Matriarch, bull and young elephant in the Park

Photo Partial view of foraging sites of the elephant

Photo Different foot prints of a Matriarch, bull and young elephant in the Park


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crocodile was also observed at the shore of this river, basking outside but go down to the river immediately following after our arrival. In the down course of Ayma Rriver, someone can have a look at different varieties of fishes A certain number of fish species and population are still in the river particularly in a seasonal pond like structure which is created inside it. Other animals such as yellow bat, monitor lizard, and tortoise have been observed in different places of the park, see (photos‐below). Photo: Oreochromis niloticus (left), Labeobarbus nedgia (middle), Bagrus docmak (right)

Photo Ayma River (left), the bivalve at the shore (middle), and the bivalve scrubbed out (right).

Photo :Labeo forskalii (upper) and baby Nile Monitor


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2.1.5C Birds Birds are the most conspicuous animals. Worldwide there are more than 9,000 species of birds, about twice the number of mammal species. About 2,000 species of birds have been recorded from Africa; a high proportion of which are endemic to the continent (Alden et al., 1995; Fishpool and Evans, 2001). Birds have proved to be excellent indicators of biodiversity or productivity because they are easily seen and are relatively well known as compared to other animals. Their dispersal in almost every corner of the globe also makes comparative studies simpler (EWNHS, 1996; Dash, 1993; Pomeroy and Dranzoa, 1997). Birds are vital for ecological functioning of our environment such as indicators of pollution, seed dispersal, scavenging offal and as predators of numerous insect and other pests. Birds can also provide significant direct and indirect economic value on a potentially large scale. Birds are highly mobile and are amongst the swiftest of living creatures. Birds are grouped into a number of categories based on the regularity with which they occur such as resident species, summer visitors, winter visitors, transit passengers and rare vagrants (Spencer, 1963). Climate radically influences habitats and local movements of resident and migratory birds. Altitude also plays a major role in the distribution of birds. Many species are characteristic of particular habitats or biomes (Stevenson and Fanshawe, 2002). Resident and migrant bird distribution is strongly influenced by equatorial seasons. Dry and wet season patterns vary a great deal across the region and between years. Bird activity, especially in more arid areas, is strongly influenced by the presence or absence of rain (Alertstam, 1982; Stevenson and Fanshawe, 2002). Birds play a vital role in keeping the balance of nature. Birds also serve other purposes in nature: Fruit‐eating birds help spread seeds; Hummingbirds pollinate plants (Clout and Hay, 1989).

The small flying mammal (bat) was recorded around Amijala near Gelegu River. It was hanging in the tree. It was by the time, when the bat hanging over the tree after hunting an insect.

Unidentified species of monitor lizard in the ester part of the park, near Ayma River Albid.

small tortoise, near Alatish River around Megenagna site. The burrow might be used by porcupine. A mother tortoise could be found around the area it is


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The number of rare and endemic species and the diversity of the species present at the site can be used as indicator of the importance of different sites or habitats for bird conservation (Bibby et al., 1992; Bibby, 1998). Birds are among the best known parts of the earth’s biodiversity. Quantified knowledge is far from complete for most species of birds in different regions. Birds are relatively easier to count than most other wildlife, and ornithologists have a distinct contribution for biodiversity conservation by improving our understanding of the location of biodiversity and threats it faces from non‐sustainable practices (Bibby, et al., 1998). The diversity of birds in ALNP is expected to be high; though restricted ornithological survey have been conducted; however, based on the ornithological survey of ALNP conducted prior to the preparation of the GMP during the dry season, and summing up some retrospective data, more than 160 bird species are actually expected to reside in the park see some bird lists of ALNP .Unique species and ‘special birds are also indicated in the appendix section. The annotated list of birds at Alatish considers not only the species where it is recorded but also tells about additional comments/ description of the species during the survey time. The description of the distribution of these birds are not compulsory, rather to give clues as to the occurrence and status during the end of the dry season. Detail annotated list of ALNP are listed in appendix section.

Photo :Some Birds observed in the survey


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2.1.6 Vegetation diversity and classification 2.1. 6A Vegitation General: The vegetation of the park area is classified into five types. The dominant vegetation type is 1/mixed woodland vegetation where Combretum and Terminalia species are abundant. The other vegetation types are 2/Riverine vegetation, 3/Seasonal wetland vegetation and 4/open wooded grass land vegetation types, 5/hilly area woodland areas. The riverine type of vegetation is dominated with Acacia, Ficus, Terminalia species and other herbs, whereas the seasonal wetland area is dominated with different types of herbs such as Hygrophila auriculata with scattered trees such as Acacia and Terminalia and Balanites aegyptiaca trees. The open wooded grassland is characterized by scattered trees of mainly Annogiossus leocarpa and Combretum species. The dense grass ground cover is its main vegetation characteristics of open wooded grass land vegetation type. Some hilly area woodland areas in ALNP are rich with diverse woody species types. It comprises huge trees such as Ficus species and lower canopy species like Oxytenanthera abyssinica. It is only in this habitat that Boswellia papyrifera trees are found in patches. 2.1.6B Vegetation classification: Based on the characteristic of Ethiopian vegetation classification, vegetation in Alatish Park is categorized largely under woodland vegetation ecosystem. The Altaish woodland ecosystem is characterized by dense wooded area, open wooded grassland, riverine woodland, seasonal wetland wooded area and hilly wooded area. The overall park area is dominated by Combretum spp., Terminalia spp., Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Anogeissus leocarpa, Pterocarpus lucens, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia seyal, Dacrostachys cinerea, Ficus spp, Enatada africana, and other woody spp. These are small to luxuriant trees depending on the soil and topography with fairly large deciduous leaves, which often occur with the lowland bamboo‐ Oxytenanthera abyssinica and other tree species forming multilayer. The under story is a combination of herbs and grasses. The herbs include Justecia spp., Barleria spp., Eulophia, chlorophytum, Hossolunda opposita and Ledeburia spp. The grasses include Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, Echinochla, Pennisetum, etc. Usually the herbs dominate the ground layer at the beginning of the rainy season while grasses dominate toward the end of the rainy season and stay in complementary bases until the hot dry season prevalent. Mainly, the vegetation of ALNP is characterized by deciduous woodland vegetation type. However, partly, the vegetation of the park is characterized by open grasslands and thorny plant specie that could be categorized in the Acacia‐Commiphora ecosystem. However, it is known for its varying soils, topography, and diverse biotic and ecological elements. These plant species are with either small deciduous leaves or leathery persistent ones. The density of trees varies from ‘high’, in which they form a closed canopy to scattered individuals to none at all forming open grasslands. To address in management and maintenance program ecosystem classification of Alatish comes into an effect having its own combined ecosystems into many classes as described above.


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Based on White, 1983; and Webala et al., 2004, Girma Mengesha, 2005 classified vegetation of Alatish in to four (1) Riverine Woodland, (2) Wooded Grassland 10‐40% woody plant cover, (3) Wooded the woody plant cover greater than 40% and (4) Bamboo Woodland as the areas dominated by lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica), 5/seasonal wetland and 6/open grass land area. However, the bamboo woodland is not that much separately observed in the park area. So that there is no any separate description on bamboo habitat. The floristic composition of Alatish has the more striking and fascinating woody species that is characterized by diverse multilayered self regulating vegetation through immediate recovery after ruin by frequent fire hazard and livestock overgrazing by local community and Felata nomads. Based on this rapid field assessment, 130 woody plant species of which 84 tree and shrub species and 29 herbs are found in the park area. About 17 grass species are identified during the assessment 2.1.6C Vegetation distribution and its characteristics : The distribution of vegetation layer and plant species influenced by combined effects of rain fall, soil texture and color, and topography (Smith 1949). The vegetation of Alatish generally distributed in riverine, seasonal wetland, multilayered undifferentiated composition wooded lands and scrub vegetation patches. The vegetation distribution of ALNP is highly dependent on soil type than other factors. In most cases the vegetation type is changed with the change of soil type when you go across the park. The black cotton soil area of the park is highly dominated by Acacia species, whereas Combretum and Terminalia, some times Dalbergia melanoxylon trees are dominating the sandy area of the park. In fact, the distribution of Combretum species is wide ranged. Over all vegetation of Alatish is characterized by undifferentiated woody plain with distinct faces in dry and wet season. Alatish exhibits dense and fast growing, self rehabilitating vegetation strata that ranges from multilayered luxurious plant in riverine woodland to open shrubs and outcropped surfaced scattered trees in seasonal wetlands. The higher canopy woody species in Alatish include Terminalia laxiflora, Combrretum spp. Pterocarpus lucens, Ficus spp. Acacia spp, and Anogiossus leocarpa. Dalbergia melanoxylon, Intada abyssinica, Oxytenanthera abyssinica and others are dominating the middle canopy layer of the Park vegetation. The lower canopy encompasses annual grasses with 2‐3m high, such as Sorghum versicolor. Majority of canopy tree spp. are deciduous in different times of the year. Most of them shed ether leaves before December while Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus spp’s leaves remain unshed. The most frequent large trees in riverine vegetation habitats which was formerly abundant but now diminished are Diospyros mespliformis (Serkin), Tamarindus indica (Kumer), Ficus spp., Acacia sieberana and in scrub and rocky habitats and Adina micncephala (Girma Mengesha, 2005).


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2.1.6D Vegetation with Soil condition :In the park area where the dominant soil type is black cotton soil, Acacia species are dominant tree species, whereas in sandy areas the dominant trees are Combretum species, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Annogiossus leocarpa, and Dycrostachys cinerea species. Terminalia taxiflora trees are widely found in depression areas where the soil depth is relatively deep. However, it is Terminalia and Combretum species which are widely distributed in the whole park area. In fact, the distribution of Oxytenanthera abyssinica and Annogessus leocarpa are very large. Oxytenanthera abyssinica is found every where in the park except in area where the soil type is black cotton soil type. 2.1.6F Rarely found tree/shrub species in the park area: The park area is rich with diverse woody plant species including herbs and grasses. However, there are some valuable tree species which are rarely found and that require special protection/conservation. Some of these are Commiphora africana, Boswellia papyrifera, Grewia bicolor, Adonsonia digitata, Gardenia ternifolia, Calatropis procera, Ximenia americana, Diospyros melpliformis, Acacia senegal, Capparis tomentosa etc.

2.1.7 Socio‐economical description

Alatish is not only described for its natural and biological diversity, but also for its sociocultural and economic diversity. In this regard it has the following socioeconomic features. 2.1.7A Population and socio‐cultural features: i) population description: it is based on the understanding that the park area is affected in two ways, which is said to be people adjacent to the park(in the development zone) and people which are a little bit far from the park, but will have effect on the park .With this approach the Quara Woreda is broken down in two groups ,which includes the first 5 adjacent group of Pas and their population which have high effect and the second 14 surrounding Pas and their people which will have little effect. The total population of the Quara Wereda in 2000(2008) have reached 81939 (M=44334,F=37605) and among this house holds are 22702(M=19301,F=3401). Out of these total, More than 39% of the population is in living in adjacent kebeles, where as 61% is in far kebeles. In Quara the high proportions of the population fall under the age group of 15‐64 years with 51% percent of the total population, and another largest proportion of the age groups fall in the age group of 0‐15 years that holds 47% percent of the total and above 64 are sharing 2 %. The population is growing by approximately 2.63% a year naturally and 0.25% of migration rate and total growth rate of 2.92%, in part due to higher birth than death rates, but significantly, because the area is attractive to migrants typically in search of improved resource opportunities This will have effect especially on park resources and this park is very vital to this challenge. The


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population size and changes expected for the next 15 and 30 years will be 1527356 and 3795099 respectively.

ii) Migration: High number of the population is not native to the area. The area is highly popular with outsiders. Among the 81939 total population of the Quara Woreda, only 49190 are native people where as 32749 are migrants for settlement reasons. A considerable 40% of the population is migrants to the area by Government settlement programs from 1995 to 1999. Only 60% are born in their village environs. Their places of origin vary considerably, from across North and South Gondar Zone Woredas which includes Lay and Tachi Gayint, Ebinat, Belesa, Simada Libokemkem, Estie,Wogera Adiarkay ,chilga, Metema, Lay‐Quara,Alefa ,East Gojjam(Shebel Berenta). Seasonal migration is high towards the park adjacent Kebele and to inside the park. More than 1500 people are expected to arrive to these places every year. Among this figure local migrants are expected to be up to 600, and the Inter‐boundary migrants which are said to be Fellata account for 900.


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iii) Socio‐cultural features: The Alatish park surrounding area and the population living in are characterized by the residents who are composed of Gumuz, Amhara, Agew, Kimant and Tgrie Ethnic groups. Regarding, the percentage share, Amharas are highly populous i.e 81.4% followed by Agew 10% and Gumuz 6.7 % Regarding the language, the people in the area uses language, of Amharic and, Gumuz, Dasien, Agewigna, Arabic Tigrigna and others, where almost 95% of the residents understand and use Amharic. The spoken mother tough languages share is shown bellow. Concerning the religious characteristics, there are two religions faiths by the people of the area which are Islam orthodox Christianity, and protestant Christianity. The analysis of the surveyed data shows that 90.5% of them are orthodox Christians 7.6 % is Muslims and the rest 0.1% are Protestants 2.1.7B Social institutional services and infrastructures In the Woreda there are about 22 Primary schools on average 5 km distance and 19 alternative (Amarachi) and 11 junior schools in the nearby villages .Out of this schools only 8 elementary schools are around the park adjacent PAs . In 2000 E.C students served by this elementary schools are 15506 (7987 M, 7519 F), which the enrollment is indicated by distribution by gender. The gender share in the school is and 52% of boys and 48 % of girls had been involved. There is only one first cycle high school on average 20 km distance for all students of the Woreda. Right after they finish this cycle students are subjected to other preparatory schools out of the Woreda like Metema. In 1999 E.C students served by these high schools are 255 (129 M, 122 F), The health coverage of the Woreda population is one of the determinant factors of health status. The available information on the coverage consequently is estimated to be above 80%, although the quality of services is very poor type. Consequently, the health situation and standard of the Woreda population is low due occurrence of different diseases, lack of information, education and appropriate and reliable services. The existing health policy which focused more on preventive than curative methods has not been effective on reducing the prevalence of diseases since it is too early it has been implemented. More over it has happened for the source of compliant of the community not getting the appropriate services at local levels and the reduction of treatment services. In the Woreda,Health extension centers there are 36 personnel assigned they have started to aware the community in basic health, hygiene and sanitation, reproductive health, and counseling services on HIV AIDS and other related issues. In the adjacent PAs there are about 12 Agents Access Road and Transport: The Quara area is not accessible via a transportation network of federal networks. There is a dry whether road which helps to connect the Woreda to Gonder and Bahirdar, i.e from G/weha to Gelegu which is 125 km long. This road is not yet accomplished, and it is not possible to be accessible during the rainy season. On the other hand there is a road being constructed by ERA, from Durbetie to Gelegu, where the future


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distances from B/Dar via Shahura to Gelaegu will be about 350 KM .It is almost finished in the and enagurated last May,although it is not functional for public transport yet. This is a great opportunity e for the Woreda and the park since it has a direct connection to federal roads. There is no acknowledged transportation service to the Woreda, where any nonpublic vehicles are used for transport. Considering the internal road of ALNP out of expected 388 km internal park road 238 km of which 91.6 km design and 147 km survey works are competed by high level engineering work costing about 2.7 million Birr. The road designed and surveyed are pertinent in making Alatish accessible for scientific study, conservation and tourism. At the same time it could serve for fire break and to control poachers. Road and additional, post site, hand dug well and pond will be constructed in the next budget year. Estimated quantitative figure that could be constructed is limited by available water and efficiency of contractor.


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Media and Communication: The Local Quara community gets the media services mainly broadcasted from the Ethiopian National radio, radio Fauna and, local radios broadcasts from Sudan. On other communication services like telephone and postal services; there is only one telephone house (full of problems) ,no post office . Power and Energy: Energy in Quara is not a question these days, since there is an immense amount of fuel biomass. Wood is the most important sources of household energy. These fuels were used for cooking and baking, with only a small amount being consumed for lighting and other purposes. In addition there are as many 700 people who access the electricity power service derived from generators .The electric power is mainly used for lighting purposes and as a power sources for audiocassette players, television, and computer operations. Water supply: The major sources of domestic water in Quara include both protected and non‐protected sources. The protected sources are those used as a drinking water for the people.‐humans, and the unprotected are those water sources for livestock, and humans too. The protected sources were those hand‐dug wells constructed by the government and non‐government organization (ORDA) with full participation of the local communities. Based on the preliminary assessment in Quara there are 121 hand dug ‐closed wells ,3 motorized wells, and 53 medium scale hand dug wells which serve the whole community for drinking and sanitation purposes. Hence it shows 55% of the people are served by that. Market trade exchange and tax system: There are markets and market related institutions like cooperatives around the Park area and the Woreda where the local community can exchange their goods. They transport their goods to/from these markets carrying on shoulder and using pack animals. Mostly there are no open markets rather small shops and quiskes are used .In this case there are an estimated 400 small shops in the Woreda, serving the people. In the park adjacent PAs there only 3 identified field markets, like Bermil, Gelegu and Bambaho. Moreover in terms of inter‐border trade and exchange there was a large involvement of illegal traders and Fellata on weapons, and some contraband items. Currently there is no any significant trade and exchange. Concerning tax the inter boundary seasonal migrating Fellata do not pay any tax to Ethiopia. 2.1.7C Livelihood and income generation: Economic activities‐Agriculture and livestock: Crop cultivation is the first as an economic activity, in part because good flat and fertile land is very accessible. The collected information show every of households have crop farm; mostly sorghum and sesame (selit)


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are grown. Food is not bought and all are self sufficient. Next to crop farming livestock raring is another source of lively hood. Levels of livestock ownership is high where on average a household has 7 livestock,1.5 chicken ,and 0.33 equines and 0.37 beehives In terms of livelihood, the community in Quara is based on agriculture and agricultural production where, (87%) of the income comes from crop agriculture. In this cases then the main agricultural production is cultivating field crops ‐ like, sorghum ,oil crops like sesame and cotton, teff , .Regarding the farming system and crop production, the people in Quara is exercising the usual ways of farming, which is cultivating the land, sowing local seeds ,and using no fertilizers. In 1999 the first and for most crop grown is sorghum, covering an area of 36343 ha or 44.77 % of the agricultural land, next sesame covering an area of 30803 ha or 37.95 % of the agricultural land and maize 5.29%. Animal husbandry: Raising livestock is an important economic activity in the Quara area. livestock resource show that all types of livestock; cattle consisted of 64 %( 127553), small ruminants 15 %( 30224), equines 4 %( 7706) and chicken 17 %( 34555) and 8335 local Beehives‐. Hence, cattle are considered to be the most important livestock species due to their significant contribution of traction power for cultivation, threshing, manure for fertilizer and fuel. They also produce the largest proportion of milk and meat for human consumption and, are sold as a revenue source too. On the other hand this abundance will have effect on the park in the long run, if farmers are not going to exercise modern cattle rearing system Laborer: Involving in daily laborer in agricultural activities is another means of lively hood for migrant people, especially. Others; Other economic activities include running shops, kiosks, or market stalls, or selling cooked foods. The shops are fairly small and sell basic household items. Most of the village has a town nature, and a significant number of women are involved in selling tea, and bread. A small number of people have formal salaried employment in the park or other government departments. Table bellow shows the involvement of the labor force on maintaining their livelihood.

Table 3 nvolvement of the labor force

Sector of Employment Employment share of the sector

Agriculture(crop, live stock, production, fishing ) 87% retail trade(pity trade) 4% Renting and services(house renting) 0.04% Civil servant 0.05% Daily laborer 9% Source: Rapid Assessment report of ALNP, 2008


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2.1.8 Cultural, Historic heritage and tourism of the park

2.1.8A Socio‐cultural traditions and customs Like most parts of the region, the people in the area have got its own norms and values which have been exercised for long time. The socio cultural norms and habits are indicated by wedding, funereal, religious ceremonies and other life styles. There are various religious holidays and cultural ceremonies that are expected to be represented by each member of a community. They taught that any violation against these may bring about social condemnation and even ostracism. Food habits: The food habit is again different from the ethnic composition of the area .Both Amhara and Agew have the same tradition and the Gumuz another tradition. In Amhara and Agew the daily meals of households have no significant food variety. It is prepared in the form of “injera” and “wet”. The population of the project area house holds use number of grains for the preparation of daily meals. That is Sorghum (Wodehakir), teff, fabaabean, lentil and peas are the main ones. Livestock products such as meat ,milk, butter are also used as a food companions .These group are not observed on looking for bush food i.e either shrubs or small mammals. In the Gumuz, the food habit is very different from Agews and Amharas, they uses sorghum for forage and for injera sometimes. Majority of their food stuffs come from the surrounding bush especially in the rainy season. This includes different shrub varieties small mammals like rodents and hunted medium mammals’ meat. Housing, Settlement and facilities: The park area community’s dwellings and settlement are characterized with uniformity of type of houses, which consists constructed mostly from grass roof covers and rarely from corrugated iron. Almost all of houses have walls constructed from bamboo and without mud plastered. 2 % percent of houses are made of corrugated iron roofs and 98 % are covered by grass as a roof. As to settlement pattern is concerned, a certain indigenous


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number of houses are settled in an area called a village, most of the time members of which are relatives. The settlers are settled in town style with congested villages. 2.1.8B Community based ecotourism tourism To determine the general growth and level of Alatish park tourism, and monthly figure obtained to calculate the seasonal fluctuations of arrivals, the past and present annual number of tourist arrivals doesn’t exist. Indeed the national park has consisted varieties of natural and cultural attractions, till now there is no domestic and international tourist arrival. However, since 2001 the national park has been explored by several researchers. In our field observation, provision of tourism facilities is almost nil. However, to date there is a dry weather road connecting Mehadide, Amjalae, Aymeshmesh (Banbawoha) Mehadid Demi‐ Omedla with Gelegu (park head quarter) which may serve for tourists by vehicle and non motorized cycle. There are also additional planned roads structure i.e. Demir‐Tsequa‐Ayimishmish, Demir‐Amidok, Demir to Amjalae, Omedla – Amjalae

2.1.9 Stakeholder description of the Alatish national park The case of this Park involves a large number of stakeholders at both international, national, local and community levels. Stakeholders at National level The main stakeholders at national levels may include: a) Federal Wild life Monitoring and Development Authority (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development): The Ministry need and want to use the Park to demonstrate and make the park effective and Economical. b) Universities: Universities like Bahirdar‐Gonadar or others institutions need the park since it has got a substantial potential for research and academics c)The Benishangul Gumuz Regional state :The BGNRS needs this park since it is an imidate boundary in its Northern side ,hence its effectivness is an opportunity interms of some turist attractions especially in Omedla side Federal Environment Protection Authority: This federal government body is interested again the effectiveness of the park, in a way it can conserve the environment and, handle an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach At Regional level: a) The Regional Government: The Regional Government is, the over all responsible body for the development and prosperity of the Regional people, in this case then it is interested to see an integrated effectiveness of the park, in a way it can promote an over all and


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enhanced development. In addition, the institutional and legal implementations are other points of interest b) Amhara Regional state Parks Development Authority: The Authority wants the Alatish National Park to be effective in a way it can contribute towards the development of the region through conservation of resources ,and tourist attraction. c) Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development: This bureau is a regional governments body responsible for the over all rural development affairs of the Regional people. In this case the Bureau has got an interest which, is that there should be a proper management of the park in a way it can satisfy the agricultural production demand of the surrounding people by contributing to a sustainable environment. d) Environment and Land uses Authority: This governmental body is interested again the effectiveness of the park, in a way it can conserve the environment and, handle an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach e) Others: All others like Bureau of Education, Energy authority, Food Security Disaster preparedness commission, Justice, police and others will have their own interest on the Park based on the mandates given by the Regional government. At local level (Woreda and Kebele) a) Governmental development Sectors: The Governmental development intervention system of the Amhara Region is that which starts at a regional level, and decentralized to Woreda or district levels, and it ends at kebele levels. Hence starting from Woreda to kebele, the government agencies are for implementation, monitoring and facilitating the government policies, strategies, programs and activities. Hence, it is possible to say all relevant stakeholders of this Park, are interested to benefit out of the effectiveness of the park, in a way they can learn more, and extract knowledge of better implementation of activities and management of resources. In addition they are interested the local community’s development questions answered in an integrated manner. The main stakeholders at local level may include: Zonal and Woreda Administration, Office of Agriculture and Rural development, Office of Justice, Police, Office of Education, Office of the Women’s Affairs‐Youth, b) The Quara community : After all the population of Quara especially those living in the adjacent PAs in general have a major stake in the park out puts .In addition, the park is going to be applied for the people and with the people ,hence it is possible to say the community is the owner of the intended Park interventions. More over, the community is much more interested on the fast and reliable implementation of the park plans in a way it can help them secure their lively hoods.


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NGOs and Bilateral Organizations: These groups of stakeholders are again interested in the proper application of the park in the locality since most the park objectives principles are relevant to the missions and visions of these organizations, conserving resources, protecting the environment and supporting the population of the local people. Around Quara there is one influential Bilateral Organization i.e the Austrian Development Authority. NGO, like, ACSI, and ORDA,. International Organizations: The Park have got an attraction of international organizations like IUCN,UN organizations, Conservation societies, since it is one of the hope for East Africa for hacking the expansion of Sahel‐ Sahara Desserts and Alatish is referred as a green gourd. External stakeholders: All the above stake holders are those which will have a positive influence and helpful characteristics of the Alatish National Park. Nevertheless there are also external stakeholders which are believed to have a negative impact and influence both in the presence and effectiveness of the Park, and the people living around the park. Among the referred ones, those Sudan (Felatta) and Eritrian (Rubtana) Nomads are there. They have got an interest on every resource including the water grass, trees wild animals for their livestock and themselves. In these cases they have negative influence both on the resources, and lively hood of the community. In addition there are also other groups which are the local migrant herders and investors, and they will have negative influence, since they are now with a conflict with the adjacent community, on their resources use abuse and ill‐treatment of the local community

2.1.10 Transboundary issues

As the world becomes more populous and crowded, and as the pressures on natural resources increase, so there is a growing recognition of the importance of protected areas to the future of humankind. Protected areas are vital for life on earth. They safeguard biological and cultural diversity, help to improve the livelihoods of local communities, provide the homelands for many indigenous peoples and bring countless benefits to society in general(Sandwith,2001). Natural resources have no intrinsic social, economic or political boundaries. Yet they are very much bounded and crisscrossed by competing governmental authority and the claims of diverse interest groups that hold differing values. International borders are political, not ecological, boundaries. As such, key ecological systems and components often occur in two or more nations and are subject to a range of often opposing management and land‐use


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practices. Those Natural resources that are intersected by political boundaries are "transboundary" resources. Similarly this holds true for Alatish National Park of Ethiopia and Dindir of Sudan. share many important transboundary resources like rivers; where Ethiopia of Hyma enter Sudan and said to be Dindir,River Gelegu of Ethiopia ,enter Sudan and is said to be Gelegu and is tributary of . More over they share more similar plant species, vegetation type, wildlife like elephants and ecosystem. Even if these resources are naturally similar; their management, use and protection typically are fragmented under multiple political jurisdictions. They are subjected to the rules, designs and values of multiple agencies, cultures and institutions in two countries. Those rules, designs and values are not always compatible with the integrated and sustainable management of, or the equitable allocation of the benefits inhering in, those resources. Incidentally, in order to ensure that future generations have sufficient access to natural resources, the management of transboundry resources of Alatish and Dindir must become more participatory across local, national, and international levels. Alatis and Dindir as part of the International system are demanding a degree of co‐operation among the two countries. In this particular instance, Ethiopia and Sudan are expected to do more on joint conservation of resources in Alatish and Dindir who shares most similar features and resources. This joint action or what experts define transboundary natural resource management (TBNRM) is then a necessity for safeguarding biological and cultural diversity, helping to improve the livelihoods of local communities, provide the homelands for many indigenous peoples and bring countless benefits to both countries in general. Yet accommodation and collaboration of the Two countries and among stakeholders must occur soon if the rich heritage of Alatish‐Dindir transboundary resources, are to be protected and sustained. The Park of Alatish till now has been, an unexplored area since it is a very recent establishment. Even the same is true for Dindir which is established since 1935 .This makes it difficult to exactly trace out the Common features or similarities. Even so from different little Preliminary investigation carried out, there are similar formations of the features which have revealed an abundance of similar ecosystems with various species fauna and flora similar. In altitude range and geo‐physical location where in Alatish The mean altitude ranges from 500 masl around (Alga) in the northern flat plain to 900 around (Tsequa) hills in southern part. In Dindir it Range from 515m asl at the south‐eastern to 100 m asl at north‐ eastern reaches of the park in the Sudan. Because of these geo‐physical locations, the Alatish and DNP lie along the transition ecotone zone between two floristic Countries i.e the Ethiopian high plateau and the arid Saharan‐ Sudanian biomes. The parks also lies along the boundary of two major faunal realms of the world i. e the paleoartic and Ethiopian region and an intermixing of the two faunal zones takes place, adding to the diversity of the floral and faunal communities.


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From preliminary investigations and local communities information, The two parks support a number of animal species in common, such as Elephants ((Loxodonta Africana) which are believed to migrate from Alatish Ethiopia into the southern part of the Dindir Nationar park near Maganao and Jebel Halawa during the rainy season.Other migratory species such as the tiang and roan antelope have been believed to move in and out the two parks freely where they are common for both. In addition, where inn Dindir Baboons (Papio anubis) are found in large numbers this is too in Alatish. The lion and leopard (Panthera pardus) are the large predators in Dindir, where the same is true in Alatish. They prey on a number of game species such as the reedbuck, waterbuck, oribi, bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). In Dindir Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), are common and frequently tilt the soil in search of tubers and roots in all communities this is true in Alatish. The two parks are a home of a diverse array of fauna and flora of the region which support biodiversity that is not found elsewhere in the region. With regard to lion (Panthera leo) and the elephant (Loxodonta africana), it is the only area in the region where such species still exist. Dasmann has classified the vegetation of DNP into four categories: Wooded grassland; Open grassland, woodland and riverine forest. Hakim et al (1978) and Abdel Hameed et al (1996a) recognized three types of ecosystem: A. seyal‐ Balanites woodlands; riverine ecosystem and the mayas (Wetlands) ecosystems. Where in Alatish although it needs further investigation it has three ecosystems including Riverine and Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems (RSWE), Mixed Wooded Grassland Ecosystem (MWGE) , Shrub and Scrubland Ecosystem (SSE). Some of these commen ecosystem features help to support similar species of vegetation in both parks. The vegetation of Dindir consists of typical savannah woodlands, characterized by various Acacia species, Balanites aegyptiaca and Combretum hartmannianum. Where as in Alatish ecosystems are characterized by having plain lands small to moderate sized trees with luxurious deciduous leaves and understory including Terminalia, Combretum and Ficus spp. Various Acacia species are also aboundant in Alatish. In general, since these natural resources have no intrinsic social, economic or political boundaries, both Alatish and Dindir are their islands and homes. Thus from all these justification the preservation of the parks and approaching in a transboundary way is of a regional and global importance and the conservation of their unique floral and faunal communities will serve in preserving the biodiversity of the region.


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2.2 Resource values and benefits of the park Alatish’s is endowed with natural, scenic and socio‐cultural systems and resources. These ample resources that could be delineated as RVs ( ecological values of ALNP) are Broadly classified in to four categories; Current (Use value), Option value: Pre cautionary value: and Existence Value:

2.2.1 Resource values 2.2.1A Current (Use value) : Biodiversity is critically important because it is valued, used and could be used to sustain and increase human well being. Different values of biodiversity in ALNP have been recognized thereby, nomads, hunters, traditional ethnic groups used as a source of livelihood for a decades. Extensive area of Alatish used as a grazing area for Fellata nomads as feed source for greater than 300,000 cattle shoats, collection of wild honey bee, bamboo, fishing and hunting which use biological resources as a direct and consumptive value drives from the direct role of biological resources in consumption or production

Photos : Felata Cattle enjoying the Park Photos : Gumuz man processing fish


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Source of Fuel wood: In the log run this park can be the source of fuel wood with legalized and control harvesting system. At the moment there are no people who are collecting wood, the reason is because fire wood is not a problem or it is accessible around the village. Over all in the future the park will be an energy reservoir, if to be managed well. Source of Cattle Pasture: Again in the future it will be a very good reserve for producing cattle pasture. At the moment it is accommodating about 300,000 Fellata livestock, and 1000 local livestock. Source of Medicines: The majority of shrubs have got medicinal value as identified by the local Gumuz community, whether forest products or pharmaceuticals are bought. Respondent state 99% of their medicines are purchased. However a significant number are found locally, particularly in community forests. In discussions many understood the opportunity a domestic supply of medicines may bring from the forest and it will be a reserve for medicinal plants. Source of Building Poles: Despite the illegality of taking cut wood from the Park Forest reserves, some of respondents state they source their building poles from the forest reserves especially the bamboo tree. Source of Charcoal: A majority of respondents in Gelegu town , state that they buy charcoal rather than making it themselves. In discussions it was indicated charcoal is made out of the park region, however in the long run there might be demand from the forest reserve. Beekeeping and honey harvesting: Beekeeping is an income‐generating activity that has been associated with the forests. People who keep bees state that they get more honey if the hive is in the forest because more flowers are available for the bees. Quite a large number of Agew households stated they kept bees inside the park. In addition to keeping bees inside the park, there is wild honey harvesting, both by Gumuz and Agew tribes. Rough estimation show there will be 200 Quintal or (25 Kg per tree, 1 man harvests different beehives on 8 trees with an average number of harvester per annum estimated about 100 harvesters) of honey harvested inside the park every year. The way honey is harvested is an illegal type since it ignites forest fire, and this needs to be systematic. Park products to supplement nutritional needs and meet seasonal food shortages: Forests and forest trees, and wildlife are the sources of a variety of foods that supplement and complement what is obtained from agriculture. Forest foods are most extensively used to help meet dietary shortfalls during particular rainy seasons. Again the local Gumuz

Photos : Honey harvested inside the park


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community uses roots, leaves, steam and fruits as a food. The abundance of this verities is estimated to be 13 tree and shrub species 17 herbal species

Bush Meat: Despite the illegality of killing any wildlife inside the park, there is hunting of small mammals by Gumuz people inside the park .This event is a threat for the Park’s wild life. Park as a source of income: The presence of the park leads to generate employment opportunity for people work as park rangers/guards as tourist guides and in ecotourism activities. Research attractions and activities: The park will not only have the above values rather it will have attractions for research and academics in the field of Forestry, Resource Economics, Zoology, Botany, Fishery and Aquatic studies, entomology, hydrology Medicine and Pharmacology etc. This park have got the power of attraction since it have got a locally identified various species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, special futures of the land, tree, shrub ,herb and grass species, rivers, fish verities and still there are more to be identified and needs more research on qualifying and quantifying their values.

Photos : Herb leaves Kudra and Mushroom for food and Wika forage mixer


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Figures : Dbuib University Students on Field research in Alatish National Park

Cultural Values of the Forest: Interviewees were asked whether the forest was important to the local community culturally. The response was attached to Gumuz people who have been living long time around the park. Its cultural connection to them is they have been born around, grown inside and enjoy every ceremonies .Hence the park has got great place in their lives and cultural make up. Other people have no or little cultural connections, since they recently came around the park.

2.2.1B Option value: It is Biodiversity, which might become available in the future. Option values of species not currently in demand may be quite high. The viable population of higher mammals may help for establishing wildlife ranching, excessive product sale, honey bee farming, and reptile and help to establish hand craft industry. Some species could become important to adapt to possible climatic changes. Biological resources particularly dense vegetation may serve as a carbon sink thereby, the country my benefit from Carbone trade in which Alatish could

Photos : Researchers inside the park

Photos : Dbuib University Students on Field research inside the park

Photos : Twin hills of Laydinnar and its rock hole, Diza (Adonsonia digitata) palace for Emperor Haileselasie in 1941 &Rock hole window at the top of Lay Dinar


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provide indispensable service in this regard. Hence, the value of ecosystem components services has become paramount in the field of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Currently Ethiopian forest could earns as carbon sink estimated 3.3 billion USD annually (Getachew Tesfay, 2008) Aesthetic and Recreational Importance: People love life, a phenomenon called “biophilia”. It is easy to find evidence of our aesthetic, spiritual, and emotional affinity for other species. Wild animals are a source of beauty, wonder, joy and recreational pleasure for many people. Wildlife tourism (ecotourism) generates some amount of dollars in revenues each year in Ethiopia. However the wildlife tourism in Ethiopia is at its infant stage as compared to other African countries like Kenya and Tanzania Therefore they are very important to us in many ways and it is better to protect and wisely utilise such invaluable biological resources. Opportunity for community based tourism development: In terms of tourism potential the park have got the capacity to attract tourists since it is the origin of different touristic values. Natural attraction: In Alatish National Park, there are several natural attraction such as plants, and animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish as desplied in many photos in this document.. Spectacular landscape: The landscape is more or less flat train with very few scattered beautiful conical peaks. Natural vegetation is an essential aspect of the visitor experience and should be preserved. The landscape of Alatish National park is dominated by dry woodland savanna, occurs where there is less precipitation and a prolonged dry season of about five months. The baobab is the largest tree; it is widely distributed and is valued for its inner bark and its edible leaves and fruits. Other common trees are compratum species Terminalia, Balintins their tough outer bark is fire‐resistant and various species from the acacia and fig (ficus) families. Riverine forest and the shape of few small peaks in the park can be a potential attraction (see).

Historical attraction: A Baobab tree at Omedla village is historic heritage: In the so‐called scramble for Africa, Ethiopia and Liberia remained the only African nations not under colonial control. Haile Selassie tried to maintain a balance in his relations with his powerful colonial neighbors Great Britain, France, and Italy. However, the imperialist ambitions of the fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini led to Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935. Italy added Ethiopia to its possessions in May 1936.


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Haile Selassie initially led Ethiopia forces against the invasion, but he was forced to flee the country and take refuge in Britain, and Haile Selassie returned at once to Africa and amassed a force of Ethiopian exiles in Sudan. They joined British forces entering Ethiopia on January 20, 1941, through the historic village of Omedla. Until his spies bring him information either the Ethiopian patriotic accepted him or no, he stayed seven days inside a stem of one live big Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) house (Photo below), carved by the Gumuz community. The house has one room provide eight beds for the family and two seating chairs at the entrance get (door) for his special guards. After his first exciting stay in Omedla village, Haile Selassie returned to Addis Ababa and was restored to the throne in May.

Historical attraction: A Birth place Emperor Tewodros II is historic heritage:

Emperor Tewodros was born as Kassa Hailu in Quara about 25 km East far from Gelegu (Alatish park head quarter) for Ato Hailu and Emmett Atitegeb in 1818. He was one of the

most magnificent Ethiopian leaders and founder of modern Ethiopia is Emperor Tewodros II this can be a potential historical attraction for historian researcher and Emperor Tewodros II lover.

Cultural attraction: Cultural facilities and activities, such as music, dance and drams performing groups, cultural festivals, the production presentation and sale of visual arts and crafts, and the interpretation of traditional villages and their life styles are the important part of tourism attraction. The park original settler perhaps was Gumuz people and Agew from the west side of the park, the majority of Alatish communities in Quara district were come from different highland districts (Wello, Belesa, Adarkay and Tselemt) on resettlement program. Those communities have their own language dialects, traditional customs, culture and cultural dance. Traditional customs, artifacts, and legends, as a multi‐cultural society, Alatish community offers different types of life‐styles, customs, and traditions, including

Photo: Baobab tree (Diza) tree the Emperor’s 7 days Palace in Omedela –near Omedela Villages


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music, dance, ceremonies, handicrafts, and festivals associated with legends, offering tourists the opportunity to experience wide cultural exposure. Among those different tribal community Gumuz community has three fascinating cultural dances (i.e. Abachod: playing by using long kel flow, Endinga: using kebero and Banqer: using crare.) Wide assortments of traditional dance styles exist in western Sudan. Akako is a lively dance in compound triple time (also referred to as mardom) in which, traditionally, boys stamp their feet while girls clap their hands to accompany the singing. Dance is also a vital part of the musical traditions of the Gumuz tribe. The Gumuz practice the “moshembe da”, where three dancers, including the kujur (witch doctor), perform to the rhythms of the bangia (lyre) and four penah (wind instruments).

Potential for handcraft: Locally produced handicrafts (i.e. textiles and fiber craft, pottery, woodworks and baboons basket) are already available, but could be improved in variety and quality, with emphasis on maintaining authenticity.

Textiles and Fiber craft: There area both raw‐materials and potential community (highland people) to produce handmade or weaving textiles. Weaving is a method of creating fabric by interlacing two sets of yarn threads called the warp and the weft. The warp threads form the base for the weaving; they are arranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom. The weft is a single thread that is passed over and under the warp threads in a systematic way to create a solid or patterned piece of cloth.

Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other items through weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques. Basketry and other ornamental furniture for souvenir can also mainly produce from bamboo trees through weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques. In embroidery, a needle and thread are used to create designs on fabric. Many styles of embroidery exist. Some are used to decorate areas on a piece of cloth, usually linen; other styles.

Pottery: In Bermil market we have been observed few types of pottery product which may attract tourists. Pottery is ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high‐temperature oven to strengthen it. To make the object

Photo: Local Gumuz Girls on the Market for saling crafts-Bermil Omedela


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waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again. A potter must have access to a kiln, use of which is generally shared by a group of workers.

Woodworking:There is also a potential to produce wood products because the park has consists the famous carving woody species dalbergia melanoxylon. Wood carving is another craft that both beginning and advanced woodworkers can enjoy. Spoons, bowls, and toys are items that can be created from a piece of wood with only a saw, gouges, a mallet, files, and sandpaper. 2.2.1C Pre cautionary value: Indirect or non‐consumptive use values of the genetic diversity that may contribute on the stability of the ecosystem particularly in the face of climatic changes at global or regional level. In this regard Alatish could be used as A Green Guard for eastward expansion of Sahara desert. The value of conserving the genetic resources of a range population of a species of established socio economic importance may also be grater in the context of expected climatic changes. Particular interest attaches to the edge of a species natural range, where the local populations may be adapted to more extreme environmental stresses in ecotone. Alatish has a potential to conserve endangered species of wildlife such as African Elepant and a huge tree peculiar to the area “Deza” Adonsonia digitata and “Bedeno” Balaentus, B.aegyptica, “Key Gerar” A.seyal which could maintains the ecological status of the prevalent biome. The water balance and regeneration of plants for feed in dry season supports various species of fauna existence. As a whole option value serves for ecological benefits. 2.2.1D Existence Value: Value of rare and more precious wildlife species and their habitat that is most vulnerable to genetic improvement or even to extinction thorough intensive harvesting without adequate management and attention to the conservation of genetic resource. Alatish and its biological resources are among a few areas of the country nearly natural state which could serve a variety rare and endangered species the biome could exist. Conservation of Alatish which has divers and unique biological could be preserved and sustainably used for present and future

Photo: Local Gumuz Girls on the Market for saling crafts-Bermil Omedela


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generation. Hence, existence of divers biological resources and in various ecosystems and their components serves to earn millions of dollar through tourism industry which extensively generated by existence of diversified biological resources and physical settings that have high attractions. Multilingual and cultural ethnic group with are a resources could maintain ecotourism value of the park which ensures sustainable participatory management of biophysical resources of the park.

2.2.2A General Resource benefits The above stated values will result the following major benefits categorized into ecological, economical and political benefits; Ecological benefits

◊ Prevents expansion of desertification ◊ Ecological balance ◊ Conserve biodiversity ◊ Climate ( Temperature) balance

Economic benefits

◊ Incomes for tourism for Government as well as for the local community ◊ Employment opportunities like scouts and construction ◊ Experiences on how to conserve the environment ◊ As an income source for research and science ◊ Benefits from eco‐tourism

Social benefits ◊ International and community experience sharing specially useful cultures and

traditions on biodiversity conservation ◊ Infrastructure development like roads, school, vet pasts ◊ Eco‐tourism cooperatives ◊ Cultural medicines reserved

Political benefits ◊ As it is situated at boards with Sudan it will have a benefit on international

boundary peace ◊ Illegal hunting, trade on wildlife and forest products conserved ◊ Develops the countries share in preventing desertification ◊ It can be Trans boundary National park.

2.2.2B Benefits from the vegetation (Major socio‐economic uses of tree/shrub species) The socio‐economic uses/benefits of tree/shrubs are roughly categorized into different parts. These are: 1/Timber trees mainly used for construction purpose, 2/ Fruit trees/shrubs 3/Medicinal plants, 4/Bee forage, and 5/Insence and Gum producing trees. List of some tree species used for different major uses are listed in the table below.


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Table 4 List of Major tree/shrub species in the park area and which used for different socio‐economic uses

Trees/shrub species mainly used for construction

Fruit trees/shrubs Bee forage

Dalbergia melanoxylon Annogiossus leocarpa Pterocarpus lucens Diospyros mespliformis Oxytenanthera abyssinica

Balanites aegyptiaca Ziziphus mucronata Ziziphus spina‐christi Ximenia Americana Tamarindu indica Ficus sur Piliostigma thonningii Diospyros mespliformisAdansonia digitata Grewia bicolor

Acacia seyal Combretum molle Dalbergia melanoxylon Dichrostachys cenerea

Medicinal plants Incense and Gum Producing trees

Ximenia Americana Grewia villosa Calotropis procera Acacia polyacantha Balanites aegyptiaca Borassus aethiopum Combretum collinum Combretum molle Dalbergia melanoxylon Dichrostachys cinerea Entada abyssinica Stereospermum kunthianum Commiphora Africana

Acacia seyal Acacia senegal Boswellia papyrifera Acacia polyacantha Acacia sieberiana Commiphora africana


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2.3 Exceptional (Distinct) features of the Park

Alatish First Ever Transboundary Park in Ethiopia:and with national and international significance : Alatish National park shares boundaries with in the west to Sudan (Dinder National Park) about 74km (arial) boarder distance, in the south to Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State with Ayima river,and where these are those which makes it the first ever transboundary National park having most similarities with features of Dindir National Park of Sudan. ALNP national and international significant arises from its geophysical feature believed to be green guard to protect east ward expansion of Sahara Desert relatively at slow rate in the western Ethiopia and east Sudan due to dense green biomass and wettest region. It has a great potential as a trans‐boundary park of Dinder Alatsh park. It represents Sudan Gunie Biome and found along the transitional Ecoton between two floristic regions being at the foot hills of North western highlands of Ethiopia and south east of Semi arid Sahara Sudanian Biome. Alatish is also found along the boundary of two major faunal realms that is Palearctic and Ethiopian afro alpine regions to south west of Simien Mountain missives. The vegetation cover of Alatish is undifferentiated Sudanian and Ethiopia woodland type that penetrates to the Ethiopian highlands (Girma Mengesha, 2005). Alatish is also believed to be a flyway, resting or breeding .sites of north south migratory bird. With these the protection of the park is global importance and timely taken measure as it hosts divers biophysical resources and refuges for large number of migratory birds and protects rare, endangered and conservation dependant species which reside in the region are paramount inhabitants that provide significant role in ecological and ecotourism services. Alatish with distinct ecosystems than other National Parks in Ethiopia: The major distinct feature of Alatish ecosystems and their components are characterized by seasonal extreme variability of their situation, human and threats intervention. Feature of each ecosystem exhibit different behavioral manifestation largely depend on extreme climatic fascinating feature and human/livestock pressure in dry season. Natural climatic change is one of natural ecological unique process of biophysical entities of which could be ecological aspect of the park and verifies ecological process as optional value. In wet season Alatish remain natural and it is time of self recovery. No threat induced by human in this season. Felatta nomads expel or drive out their greater than 300000 cattle from Alatish in June because of natural force induced by animal diseases caused by tsetse fly.

In the same way threats cause by forest honey collectors, hunters, bamboo and other wood product collectors and fisher men are not enter in to Alatish as it protects with huge vegetation biomass creating inaccessibility. The forest products in wet season are not reaching at harvestable level coupled with seasonal work overlap of the people as they are more engaged on farm activities in wet season. However, all situations in wet season completely reversed its status in to opposite face in dry season.


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Most of green biomass lost in dry season due to excessive heat. Rivers and seasonal wetlands remain with scanty of water through evaporation and sinking under river beds. Changes and lose of huge biomass in dry season rehabilitates within short wet season (May to October) which makes ecosystems of Alatish as self recovery ecosystem.

Reverine and Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems of Alatish with huge green biomass and dense ground cover which comprises 15‐20% of total area over saturates with river flow and flooded water in wet season eventually completely 80‐100% dries out from the surface of land in dry season. This assists to maintain and drive out ground water with few meters depth on the river bed and flood plains in dry season. Residual moisture and extracted water from sandy river bed causes high habitats competition during dry season by different species of animal as it is the only water source in the central and lower course of Alatish in dry season. Alatish endowed with a variety of spectacular resources and sites: Alatish is generally low laying area occupies almost 97 % of the total land area of the park in flat plain. It is so interesting to watch the flat plain area stretched from Amjale (North) to Omedela (south) and from Dass (Amrakuba) East to Ketef (Amitish) and Menta (Amdok) when its viewed from hill tops of Dass (Amerakuba) and Laydinnar. It seems as a green mat and like a well designed sport field with patches of amazing mountain cliffs scattered throughout the field. It is easy to enjoy with different strata of vegetation and faces vivid by golden color of sandy and marbled areas and radish soil cliffs and deep black seasonal wetland flood plain which are the results of soil type, the available soil moisture, rivers and wet lands decorated with seasonal over flow of Alatish out of its river course and its tributaries on open land of plain mat. Most of the seasonal wetlands and other sources of water are found in the flat plain area as well it is the place for large mammals like Elephant, Greater kudu and lions and aquatic animals like fish and others. ALNP is endowed with a variety of spectacular sites among which scattered hills that serves for resource monitoring, tourism, scientific study and to look attractions and various faces of the park vividly. Hills are scattered in different parts of the park and largely used as view/observation points. There are 17 most spectacular hill and could be used as viewpoints are Das Terara (Amerkuba), Laydinar and Ketf (Hamitish) in the north; Albid, Bemure, Berenta, Nigela and Abamerafa in the east; Demir, Mulugeta Terara, and Tsequa in the central; Menta (Amdok), Almeta and Omedila in the west and Balankure, Abunta and Aybeza in the south. Some of these hills have special attraction in their historical and scenic value. Amdok and Dinnar which are located west and north of the park respectively haves attractions in that you can enjoy twins of mountains situated on the flat plain area. Another historical site is the Omedela found in south west boarder of the park bordering Beshangul Gumuz Regional State, Sudan and Ethiopia. It is the place where Emperor Haile Selassie II stayed for 7 days in 1941 during his back to motherland (Ethiopia) from exile in England via Sudan during the Italian war.


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The emperor stayed for seven days in a single live tree hewed tree about 9m sized room. This historical tree is now exiting with clearly observed scripts in Amharic called Ke. Ha. Se. are abbreviated name of the Emperor on the tree known as Diza (Adonsonia digitata) globally threatened species. In addition Omedila was the place, national policemen training center and serving as center of custom office between Ethiopia and Sudan (1942‐1974) and it had primary school until 2002.

The name of the federal police sport club called with this historical and political memorial site. After 1974 all infrastructures had destroyed and its power dismantled and the importance of Omedeal for the time. Now it is proposed as one of suitable post site and its mountain top for both camp observation points.

As to Tourism potential and Alatish significance in the ecotourism industry besides wildlife and scenic beauty of the park the presence of multicultural activities of indigenous (Gumus, Amhara and Agew) ethnic groups, immigrants from highlands of different parts of the region and trans‐boundary socioeconomic activities are sources fascinating attractions heritages which has indispensable potential for tourism expansion. Their traditional cultures, linguistic composition (Amharic, Gumuz, Agew, Arabic and Datsen) with their tribal culture of natural resource utilization and exploitation are the most striking social entities of Alatish and its vicinities.


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Table 5 ERVs of Alatish National Park

Rank Category Exceptional Resource Values (ERVs)

1 Natural Lowland mosaic undifferentiated scattered wooded grasslands 2 Natural Largest terrestrial animal African Elephant population and variety of ungulates 3 Natural Lower mammals of rodents, insectivore and reptiles 4 Natural Green guard for expansion of desert 5 Natural Biogeographically represents Guinea Sudan Biome Savannah Region 6 Natural Seasonally fascinating riverine and seasonal wetland hydrological systems 7 Natural Combretum‐Terminalea wooded land ecosystem components and diverse

habitats 8 Scenic Extensive vegetation cover plain with viewing scattered hill top 9 Socio‐Cultural Economic plants, bamboo, frankincense, acacia and food and medicinal plants 10 Natural Seasonal movement of animals across international boarder Alatish‐Dinder 11 Socio‐Cultural Trans regional (ANRS‐BGRS) and transboundary park as Alatish‐Dinder (Ethiopia

and Sudan) 12 Socio‐Cultural Construction of water well under sandy river course and drinking trough 13 Scenic Sinking of water under broad sandy river bed of Alatish in dry season 14 Natural Rocky wooded lands of vantage points for prey, predators and terrestrial

reptiles 15 Natural Escarpment, caves, rock holes and color full gravels 16 Scenic Occupation of different colorful bird species in different habitats 17 Socio‐Cultural Omedila and near by Wood hewn palace for Emperor Haile Selaseie in 1941

And Birth place for Emperor Tewodros II 18 Socio‐Cultural Diverse ethnic and multilingual communities Gumze, Amhara, Agew, Arab and

Datsen, Tegeregna 19 Socio‐Cultural Construction of traditional fishing gear and fishing systems

Natural Scenic Socio-Cultural


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2.4 Analysis of issues & problems: Problems and Threats to the Ecosystems and Biodiversity in ALNP

2.4.1 Threats from natural process

Threats on the ecological setup of ALNP exhibited from two directions. First, from natural process which could be adverse the normal functioning of natural process derived from natural forces. For instant, seasonal flooding in wet season and water shortage in the dry season and self removal of huge wet biomass and recovering after a short shower of rain. Sandy river bed sinks water for dry season storage. Self laughing deep black soil supports different life forms in different season. These natural phenomena are a measure of natural balance which describes the fascinating process of ecosystem components valued as Alatish natural regeneration feature of existence value.

2.4.2 Threats from human activities

The second devastative and deliberate mechanism is emanated from the evil think and act of human being which haphazardly destroys the sustainable and interdependence fashion of natural ecological process through poaching, overgrazing, hunting, habitat fragmentation and fairing. This consecutively creates migratory route cut, incomplete ecosystem, habitats competition, unviable population and end up with habitats and ecosystem destruction. These threats in Alatish are incurred 99% by Falata nomads from Sudan in dry season, indigenous local people Gumuz, Amhara and Agew mainly on buffer zone uses the park resources for grazing, bamboo for construction and sale, forest honey, hunting and beehive construction. Hence, suitable intervention could be designed and implemented depending on correct investigation of cause and effect relationship as discussed below. Such interweaved system of hazard has narrow opportunities and requires huge investment to reveres the situation. Analysis of ecological threats in Alatish targeted to affected ecosystems with possible solution and opportunities. Over all Ecosystem threats of ALNP are factors resulted directly or indirectly from human activities that causes for wildlife, vegetation and their habitats destruction. It has a potential to impair and degrade ecosystem partially or the whole. The priority threats that need call on urgent management decision identified are:

◊ Poaching and encroachment (illegal hunting, deforestation, collection of wild plant and animals and disturbance)

◊ Over and Illegal fishing –by local communities and outsiders: The local community illegally overfish by poisoning the fish

◊ Seasonal overgrazing (Fellata, Arab and Binamir nomads access the area for grazing October to may)


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◊ Habitat Competition (for water and early re‐growing time for feed competition with human and domestic stock)

◊ Incomplete Ecosystem (Ayima and Gelegu rivers half river bank to the direction of adjacent to BGRS)

◊ Cutting of wild animals seasonal local migration or internal movement route ( By Nomads and Poachers)

◊ Recurrent fire ( Bush and human induced fire) ◊ Unviable population Size ( very low population or rarely seen wild animals due to

habitats destruction, Low Number of Threatened species of higher mammals population )

◊ Deforestation ( Extraction of Bamboo Forest, Phoenix Leaves, Removal of Acacia Barks and Expansion of Arable Land)

◊ Seasonal Water Shortage (Wooded, Grasslands and Scrub Vegetation zone are suffer from water shortage in dry season)

More explained; The issue of Fellata Nomads: The issue of Fellata is what the Regional and National Government have to take a decision as long as they are the group who are 99% threats of the park at the moment .Unless this is to be given a solution; they will create and provoke unnecessary competition with the local community Hunting Wild Animals: Despite the fact that hunting is illegal, quite a number of households admitted that they did take place and the effect of the people is manifested on hunting wild animals inside the park. During the assessment people were asked why people are hunting and on which type of animals they are involved and who is involved in hunting. Following questions the response for hunting animals; inducing crop‐raiding is almost zero. The main reason for hunting is to destroy large carnivorous mammals like lions and leopard, either for dignity and respect, since these animals hunt their livestock, or the skin hides and ivory of these animals is smuggled to neighboring Sudan. Some animals like antelopes, bush pigs porcupines, and small mammals are hunted for bush meat ‐i.e for food purpose. The type of people involved on killing large mammals like lions, elephants, and leopards are mostly Amhara and Agews and Felatas. Whereas mostly porcupines, and small mammals are hunted for bush meat by Gumuz people. Hence the hunting style of the Agews, Amahara and Felats is in away to destroy large mammals which are either endemic or few in number inside the park. Hence th Gumuz are relatively harmless as compared to the above group. Birds like

Python killed by Felatas fro skin


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Guinifowl and francolin are also hunted by Amhara and Agew. Grazing of Livestock: Grazing pasture and feed is not a question right now on the adjacent PAs except few PAs like Bermil. Hence the grazing effect is minimal be them. Nevertheless local seasonal migrants have got effect right now and high in the near future. This is due to the grazing potential from highlands like Chilga and Metema is being exhausted and this will help seasonal migrants to come to the park. These migrants are to come almost with about 2000 cattle inside the Park. The adjacent Peoples livestock observed inside the park are mostly goats especially in Bermil Peasant Associaion. Based on the assessment 99% of the park’s resources including the grazing feed is accessed only by Fellata and their 300,000 estimated livestock and this show how they are a challenge to the management of the park. Over and Illegal (poisoning) fishing–by local communities and outsiders: The local community illegally over fish by poisoning the fish . A great mess for fishes is poisoning them, in the perennial river ( Ayma River). A small pit adjacent the river used tol be made by Gumuz people, then a poisoning plant (Combertum molle) bark, which the size of its breaks in to pieces after pounding on the rock surface, and will be mixed with water and leave for a certain days to be mixed. Then the poisoning juice joins to the pond to intoxicate them. Huge number of growing fishes has been observed died and floats over the surface of the water (see Fig 20). This indiscriminate size of fish killing has a great impact on the viability and productivity of fish, unless sustainable use of the resource is designed.

Photo: Goats grazing in side the park


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The issue of farmland and Buffer zone: As stated in the rapid assessment of 2008 there was a confusion and overlap between the settlers farm land demarcation and the buffer zone on park delineation. These needs to be solved, otherwise this will give hint to the adjacent people to abuse the park territories with the name of property rights. Land Acquisition /Tenure/: and Farming inside the Park: The population effect is directly related to the land holding system and tenure in the park adjacent PAs. At the moment the average land holding is about 2 has per hh. Nevertheless, due to the high migration rate and the population increase more land is demanded. The expectation of the fulfillment of the demand by the people is on expanding farm lands to buffer zones. Currently there are roughly about 75 farmers who have been having farm lands inside the park and around the buffer zone, which is illegal. The main reason they mention why they are doing this is; when they come to settlement the land distributed to them was either inside the buffer zone or a type of land which is not comfortable to agriculture due to its soil make up. Moreover there is no regulated control mechanism on farmers actions on holding land inside the park, and again there is no census on the number of households, land holding and the place of their farm land. These factors encourage local communities to have the desire to utilize the resources inside the park.

Photo: Process of fishing by poisoning

Photo: Farming going on around the park-200 meters away


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Threats on Alatish Vegetation: The major threat of the Park vegetation can be classified into two categories. The first and most detrimental factor goes to human and livestock interference. The second important factor is natural causes. Under story and ground cover vegetation is being destroyed annually by fire in dry season. The main cause of forest fire in the park is both intentional and non intentional. Some time, farmers used fire for agricultural land expansion by clearing the ground vegetation through burning. In some cases, forest fire started suddenly when farmers used the fire for cooking of wild root crops in the park, particularly by Gumuz people. The other most impressing threat of the park vegetation is livestock intrusion. Most of the local community freely grazes their livestock mainly in the park buffer and development zones, whereas some farmers are still entering into the core area with their livestock. The strong problem of overgrazing is when nomadic people are coming from neighboring districts, regions and country Sudan. The big threat goes to the Felata nomadic pastoralists who come from Sudan and other western African countries. The Felata people with their many cattle have been attracted to the area where they continued to remain during the dry season to tap the available luxuriant vegetation in wet season for grazing. The other important factor is unwise utilization of the forest vegetation for construction, fire wood, charcoal making, etc. The surprising part of the unwise utilization is expressed when farmers use the forest for fencing and firewood. The natural factors which are being impacting the forest vegetation are flooding and sedimentation. The natural regeneration of seedlings is highly affected by intensive flooding and sedimentation. The other natural factor is the long dry season of the area. Some naturally regenerating seedlings couldn’t stay live for this long dry season. The long dry period is aggravating the fire hazard which is a year to year phenomenon in the park. The combined effect of both human and natural factors causes habitats fragmentation and deterioration of the natural face and unviable number of higher fauna in all ecosystems. Forest fire: The vast majorities of the park’s vegetation fires are human‐caused, and take place in every direction of the park. They are the result of the increasing human population pressure on these areas where fire is being used extensively as a land treatment tool, e.g., for conversion of forested lands into agricultural lands; for maintaining grazing lands; and for facilitating the utilization of non‐wood forest products of the seasonal forests and savannas. Mostly forest fire is initiated by Felatas since they are using fire and burning the bush as a tool to protect reptiles, lions and

Fire around the Park


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leopards, and for maintaining the grazing feeds.. Respondents explain that the forest fire starts around December and waits until the end of May. In addition, burning of forests and other vegetation of the park the fire may exert impacts at different levels on trees, herbs, any sort of wild life and flora and fauna. Smoke from large scale fires also reduces safety of air, land; and may cause problems to human health. The volume of the effects of the fire needs further study for it to be estimated in to monetary values.

Watershed degradation and Erosion: The main environmental challenge in the Eastern Nile Sub‐basin is land degradation, which has major implications for agricultural productivity, water quality, and biodiversity conservation. The most degraded parts of the Eastern Nile Basin are the Ethiopia highlands. Alatish National park is a victim of this problem. Land degradation in the catchment areas and repeated fires increased rates of erosion and eventual siltation of beds of seasonal wet lands (Mayas) of the Alatish National Park. Mayas (wet meadows) or natural water collection points function as silt trapping sites since wetlands minimize the damage during the floods time especially during high floods i.e. the flood‐plain has a high rate of water retention. It has been also observed as much soil erosion and sedimentation occurs in rivers of the park due probably to deforestation and related factors in the catchments. This excessive erosion and sedimentation have had effect on the ecology of the park such as:

◊ decrease in the amount of river discharge ◊ deterioration of the seasonal wetlands(Mayas) causing many of them to silt up to

almost complete dryness ◊ decrease of the water and food supply available to wildlife

High Evapotranspiration /Water demand and low water development works: Alatish National Park is located in low lying area, the mean altitude ranging from 500 masl around (Alga) in the northern flat plain to 900 around (Tsequa) hills in southern part and the maximum temperature

Photo : The burned (left) and unburned (right) feature of woodland vegetation, Amijalla


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as high as 41.10 .The climate is characterized by two extremes moist cloudy wet (May to October) and hot dry (December to April) seasons. It has been observed that there is high shortage of water in the park during the hot dry seasons in the park. The majority of the rivers and stream get dry. This has been identified as a major challenge to the park, particularly owning to the high water demand in the area. The problem is more chronic in the central part of the park as the smaller pools along the Alatish River and other smaller streams get completely dry in March and April. The availability of a water supply adequate in terms of both quantity and quality is essential for a healthy condition of the park throughout the year. Weak institutional and legal stabilization and implementation on resources conservation management and control: This issue is manifested in its effects observed around the buffer zone, and inside the park to some extent; for example, people are observed having farm lands around is in away resources will be depleted soon. In addition the guidelines and principles of the park management applied now are not effective in a way the resources can be managed sustainable. The legal framework and implementation is not again in away it can teach the community and punish the people committing crime on resources .There is no a concrete institutional guide line as to how to treat the external stakeholders like the Felata Nomads , and local herders ,as long as they have a negative effect ,and over competition of resources. The makeup and capacity of the institutional and legal framework of the Alatish Park office is not again in a way it can control and manage the Park .So the grass root community is not promoted towards the appropriate integrated conservation and use patterns‐although there are efforts. All this verify, the institutional and legal frame work are not in a position to hand over duties and responsibilities related to the park .hence the reformulation, and capacitating of the institutional and legal bodies and stakeholders will be vital Weak institutional linkages and capacity of stakeholders: This is one of the critical issues that need immediate intervention. The legal and institutional sectors are not clear on their mandates on the management of the park and also Weak institutional linkages and capacity .at every level ‐at woreda and kebele level


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Threats summarized:

Table 6 Ecological units conservation targets, threat and ecological levels

No Ecological units

Conservation targets Threats Severity Scope Ranking Ecological

Levels Poaching and overgrazing V. High V. high V. High Habitat fragmentation V. High V. High V. High Recurrent fire High V. High V. High Seasonal water shortage High V. High V. High Habitats competition High High High

1

Ecosystem process and animals movement

Cut off migratory route V. High V. High V. High High temperature in dry season High High High Clear ground vegetation in hot season

High High High

Riverine habitats competition High V. High High No surface water in dry seasonal V.High V.High V.High Inaccessible in wet season Low Low Low

2 Seasonal variability in features of natural habitats

Extensive flooding in wet season Low Medium Low Habitat Competition V. High V. High V. High Habitat fragmentation V. High V. High V. High Poaching V. High V. High V. High Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High

3

Riverine and seasonal wetlands

Fire V. high High V. High Fire V. High V. High V. High Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High Hunting V. High V. High V. High Seasonal water shortage V. High V. High V. High Expansion of agricultural lands High Medium High

4

Wooded grasslands

Deforestation High Low High

Ecosystems

Fire V. High V. High V. High Seasonal water shortage High High High Habitat competition Medium Low Medium

5

Shrub and rocky outcrop habitats

Deforestation and over grazing High Medium High Fire V. High V. High V. High Smuggling Medium Low Medium Poaching V. High High V. High

6 Forest honey bee

Deforestation High V. High V. High Fire V. High High High Deforestation High Medium High Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High

7

Mixed Bamboo forest

Smuggling High Medium High Fire V.High V.High V.High Overgrazing High High High Hunting High High High Expansion of agricultural lands High Medium Medium

8 wooded grassland

Deforestation High Low High Fire V. High High High Deforestation High Medium High

9 Adonsonia digitata Diza (Baobao)

Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High

Community


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No Ecological units Conservation targets

Threats Severity Scope Ranking Ecological Levels

Smuggling High Medium High Poaching V. High High V. High Habitat competition V. High V. High V. High unviable population V. High V. High V. High Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High

10

African Elephant

Fire V. High V. High V. High Poaching V. High V. High V. High Seasonal water shortage V. High V. High V. High Overgrazing V. High V. High V. High Fire Medium High High

11

Ungulates

unviable population V. High V. High V. High Fire High High High Smuggling Medium Low Medium Deforestation Low Low Low

12

Boswellia papyrifera and Acacia Spp.

Over use Low Low Low Unimproved fishing techniques High Medium High Unselective fishing V.High High V.High Smuggling High High High Low income V.High High High

13 Fish

Low food habit High High High

Species

key Threat level (Over all) Very high High Medium Low Severity (level of damage)

Destroy or illuminate ecological component

Seriously degrade ecological components

Moderately Degrade Ecological Components

Slightly Impair Ecological Components

Scope (Spatial Extent) Very widespread or prevalence on 75% of the park

Widespread on 50‐75% of the park

Localized in distinct and limited spot

Very localized

Source: Ecological analysis report of the team Reasons for some of the Problems to happen: Population pressure: The adjacent areas and PAs to Alatish National Park , are amongst the most populated areas at the moment and will be highly populated due to migration and natural increase effects As explained in the population section the people will about 81939 from the current status with out considering the migration rate ,hence including 0.25 % migration the people will be 1544644 in 2015 and 5429242 in 2030. The 1994 population census indicated densities at 0.043 people/ha in Quara, These densities which were very minimal and bellow 1 has come to0.101 /ha right now and will be 1.91/ha in 2015 ,and 7/ha in 2030 The population growth especially related to migration is due to the highly fertile soils and climate that enable farming to take place high value cash crops to be harvested each year. This demand is going to result on expansion of farm lands both in the buffer zone and inside the park.


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As population increases, land and other essential resources will become scarce, causing the dependence of the people on the park resources to increase. This will led to an increased and unsustainable use, through legal exploitation in forest reserves and illegal access in national parks, of resources such as bush meat, timber, poles and stakes, fuel‐wood, honey and bamboo. Nearby villagization: During the settlement undertaken from 1995 to 1999, the parks actual demarcation was not undertaken. This has caused either there to be an overlapping with farm lands and the demarcated buffer zone or the park, or the villages to be very near by to the villages. For instance village Bermill is only 2‐5 Km radiuses from the park. This will have effect people to simply flow to the park to access resources; this is actually happening right now. On the Mar weha PA, there is still this kind of problem, and hence they having farm lands inside the park. Monetary reasons: People in the adjacent PAs and the International nomads are affecting the park for monetary reasons. Some of the examples are skins and hides of lions and leopards, and reptiles, ivory of the elephant, eggs of the ostrich can be sold with high price especially to Sudan. These promote them to do so. Demand and Collection of Forest Products: In addition to wildlife, forest trees products are needed .Some of these are bamboos for house constructions, Oxytenanthera abyssinica stick (shimel), Lalu fruit is sold to Sudan, and some other products too are demanded this promote them to affect the park. Lack of a Homogenous Community: In analyzing the population figures, large and growing percentage of the population are migrants (39%) is highly significant to this study on a number of levels. It illustrates that the ‘community’ is not homogenous, being made up of people throughout the Woreda, and implies that the majority migrant population do not have a historical claim to the area, only a recent one. It suggests that whilst the Park forests may have been well conserved in the past by the Gumuz people , that the arrival of people without a historical connection to the land is likely to lead to a reduced interest in conserving the area Lack of Training and Awareness: Whichever forest park regime is developed for a given area, whether a community management aspect is agreed, or whether communities are required to become better custodians of the park, a continued programme of park conservation education and awareness rising will be essential. Education levels amongst the majority of the communities under study are typically of primary school level or illiterates. Therefore, any education campaign needs to take into account the levels of knowledge and skills required to clearly present the complex issues around forest management, maintaining levels of biodiversity, conserving existing ecologies and hydrology. The current level of awareness regarding park conservation is generally limited to basic understanding for many as the majority of community members are farmers by chosen livelihood activity rather than foresters. Where it is expected that communities, or


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representatives of communities, are to become forest managers, part of patrol teams, or committee members responsible for giving environmental education themselves, it is reasonable to expect that training will be required by experienced technical staff via the park office, government or NGOs. Clear targets should be set to make Park‐adjacent communities aware of the benefits and values of the forest, as well as management techniques. Lack of legal stabilization and law enforcement: This cause is believed to help illegal actors on the park to continue as they were doing before. Hence if it will have well established legal and enforcement system, this will help to stop illegal actions on the park to some extent.

Table 7 Ecosystem threats analysis and mitigating measures

Source: Ecological analysis report of the team

No Threats Dominantly affected (ecosystem components )

Spatial coverage (Threat Zone)

Costs to rehabilitate

Solution/Controlling mechanisms

Opportunity Trends (Threat status)

1 Poaching and encroachment

RSWE, SSE and MWGE

All areas of the park

V. high Minimizing human intervention

Self Regulating /Rehabilitant ecosystems

Increasing

2 Seasonal over grazing

MWGE,RSWE All areas of the park

High Prohibiting Fellata nomads from entrance

Seasonal entrance (in October)

Slightly decreasing

3 Habitats competition

RSWE Central Alatish In dry season

High Dig ground water in different areas

Presences of near underground water

Increasing

4 Incomplete Ecosystem

Riverine habitats Along Gelegu and Ayima

V. high Establishing trans regional boundary park

Interest of Villagers in Beshanegul Gumuz

Increase

5 Migration route cut

MWGE Central and Northern

High Blocking entrance route Known and definite time of entrance

Slightly decrease

6 Recurrent Fire

RSWE, SSE and MWGE

All areas of the park

High Develop Fire break Established road designed and reduce fuel load

Increased

7 Unviable population size

Higher Mammals and plants

All parts High Minimize human and domestic stock intervention

Fast Rehabilitation of habitats and reproduction rate

Slightly decreasing

8 Deforestation

MWGE, SSE Near villages High Rehabilitate on buffer zone

Sustainable use of buffer zone

Increased

9 Seasonal water shortage

MWGE, SSE Wooded and scrublands

V. High Drive out ground water Near distance of available ground water

Increasing

10 Forest honey collection

SSE, MWGE Eastern and central

High Haney bee rearing in buffer zone

Similar habitat for honey bee

Increasing

11 Hunting SSE, MWGE, SSE All part of the park

V. High Minimize human interference

Education, Monitoring Patrol

Slightly decreased


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2.5 Current management status of ALNP

At the moment there is no management or strategic plan. What is being done is simply having yearly plans having a sort of activities like monitoring, awearing the local community and implementing in a way it can help the conservation of resources. . All these activities and the park management are solely implemented by ALNP Office, located in Gelegu,and by assistances form the Woreda Institutions and ANRS PaDPA. Alatish National Park Office: The Alatish National Park Office is established on June 1998 EC (2006) , for executing every duties and responsibilities of the Park. The park officially inaugurated in June 2006 employing not more than 30 workers. Currently ALNP has a total of 62 working forces that comprise of 45 male and 17 female. 73 employees were planned to be recruited in 2009/2010 budget year out of 82 employs proposed as required at various levels on entire carrier structure of park office. The park has a warden, one technical team leader, three field biologists and, one planner, legal officer, one chief, six scout and forty field guards. The administration staff comprised one administrator, one audit, one finance expert, one casher, one store man and one driver. Due to remoteness and uncomforted climate the park office is suffer from experts’ turnover. Among 17 employees in 2007/2008 ten are leaved. Currently, the park main office has rental two blocks with eight offices and adequate furniture. Its own two block ground plus one main park office construction sits at Gelegu given to contractor and expected to be finished in the next 10 months. The park office is guided by close supervision and follows up from PaDPA regional authority and Quara Woreda administration council. PaDPA is trying to recruit additional human power and arranges the necessary budget hopefully at the end of 2008. One expert has got long term training in Austria in park management in postgraduate level. One expert returned from Tanzania wildlife one year training and hopefully the available man power can execute wildlife monitoring and senses, abundance, migratory routs and seasonal viability assessment and development activities. In terms of facility, the new main office with ground plus one two block buildings are now under construction at Gelegu capital of Quara. . It has one single cup Toyota pick up car,2 electric generators ,2 desktop computers a laptop , and office furniture, 5 radio comunicatoion,4 hand dug water wells,4 scout houses and 43 guns.


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Park Warden

Finance &Purchasing

Wildlife Dev’t, Protection and

Utilization Team

Plan and Programme

HRD head

Wildlife UtilizationFinance Administration

Taxidermist

Officer Cashier Purchaser Wildlife Deve’t an d Protection

Legal Officer

Wildlife health Officer

Scout Head

Ecologist

Zoologist

Community Dev’t Officer

Scout and Field Gourds

Reception

Fig: Current administrative structure of ALNP The Kebele institutional framework around the park: The capacity and efficiency of the administrative and political structures to undertake development programs, conservation of resources, good fiscal management and service delivery systems at kebele level is based on the kebele Administration system as a head and other sectoral nominees at kebele level as a development facilitator which is adopted from Woreda decentralized way of administration. Hence at kebele level, the main institutional entity includes; the Kebele Administration which is the superior structure and responsible for all political, economic, social and other development responsibilities. It is a decentralized structure of the Governments administrative system which is next to the Wordeda administration. It is based on the cabinet system, of which the Kebele cabinet members are Chair person of the Kebele , vice chair(head of rural Development),


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Information head, Youth and sports head, Women’s Affairs, Health ,capacity building and ,Justice and Security Affairs head . Fig: Current Organizational structure of Alitash National Park Office The leading role and the day to day routine and technical tasks of the park management is lied on the adjacent Kebele administrations mobilized by scouts in the near by of them Park Management taskforce: In addition to the government entities, the park office has formulated the task force both at the Woreda and Kebele level which is believed to assist an organized park management and sharing responsibilities. The Woreda park management task force includes

- Woreda Administration - Office of Agriculture and rural development - Women and youth Affairs Office - Justice, and Administration - Police - Militia Office - Information Office - Supreme court

The Kebele park management task force includes Kebele Adaptation - 2 Development agents - Women and youth Affairs representative - Justice, and Administration - Elderly representative - Religious leader - School clubs The primary task of these taskforce is to directly involve on planning, and implementation of the park and taking any actions related to their original responsibility.

The ALNP Office


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PART TWO :THE ALATISH NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGMNET PLAN

PART TWOTHE ALATISH NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGMNET PLAN THEMES

INTRODUCTION GMP PLAN VISION AND OBJECTIVES THE GMP PLANNING METHODS GENERAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING THE ALNP ZONATION OF ALNP

THE GMP MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES ◊ Natural Resources development Management Programme

o Wildlife Resources Management sub Programme o Vegetation Resources Management sub Programme o Water Resources Management sub Programme

◊ Ecosystems and Biodiversity Conservation programme ◊ Tourism cultural heritage and recreation Management Programme

◊ Community Development Management Programme ◊ Support systems programme ◊ Cross cutting issues Management Programme

OBJECTIVE: To display the main Management programmes, strategies and actions as a basis for the Management and conservation of ALNP Resources


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I.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Vision of Alatish national park The vision is a prediction of what the Park will look like in the long term future, as a result of effective management. It is ambitious, extending well beyond the 10 year span of the Management Plan of ALNP, but it is not out of reach. It is based on the special qualities of the National Park and takes account of the objectives, strategies and guiding principles outlined. Therefore the visions for the Alatish National Park will be ; In the coming near future, all associates of ALNP want to and will see: The Alatish National Park:

◊ Standing as a premier example of natural Ethiopia; ◊ A sanctuary for a diversity of nationally and internationally, and transboundarly

important native plants, animals and natural features. ◊ The place where important natural resources are well protected with threatened flora

and fauna species and associated habitats continuing to receive special protection as necessary to maintain viable populations.

◊ A healthy ecosystem in which residents and visitors enjoy a variety of lifestyles that have minimal impact on natural, cultural, social, and economic resources and values.

◊ A future visitor will find a large untracked sub‐alpine landscape where natural processes continue to operate.

◊ A conserved and enhanced Park where the natural beauty and quality of its landscapes, its biodiversity, tranquility, cultural heritage and the settlements within it continue to be valued for their diversity and richness.

◊ ALNP will be a welcoming Park where people and stakeholders from all parts of the world have the opportunity to visit, appreciate, understand, enjoy, and benefit, from its special qualities.

1.2 Objectives of management

1.2.1 General Objectives

♦ The primary management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To

conserve, preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations; and local, Regional National and International communities.

I: INTRODUCTION


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1.2.2 Park‐Specific Objectives

Management objectives in ALNP are specifically defined in five broad groups, Environmental (conservation) – Economic, Community‐based, .and Access/utilization administration, objectives 1. Environmental objectives:

◊ To preserve in their natural state, as far as possible, the landscapes, indigenous ecosystems and natural features of Alatish National Park.

◊ Maintaining current biodiversity, and restoring former species if appropriate habitats can be available

◊ Assuring sustainable habitats for current populations of wildlife ◊ Regenerating flora consumed by Nomads cattle and wild fire in the Park ◊ Protect the natural resources from illegal use ◊ Ensure that legal use of natural resources is sustainable ◊ Develop an effective water management plan which helps the wild animals ◊ Develop and implement an appropriate fire management plan ◊ Enhance monitoring and research

2. Economic objectives:

◊ Finding revenue streams to support park management expenses and improvement of local communities

◊ Improve the quality of life in the development areas by encouraging and advising communities on tourism developments with their areas

◊ Enable local people to benefit from the areas’ natural resources by allowing controlled and regulated access.

3. Community‐based objectives: ◊ To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities

by the public. ◊ Involving local people in management ◊ Sharing tourism revenue with local communities to enhance their lifestyles ◊ Educating local people on the value of Alatish National Park as a national global

resource ◊ encouragement of public use and enjoyment of reserves and education in and a proper

understanding and recognition of their purpose and significance 4. Access/utilization objectives:

◊ Instituting infrastructure and regulations to protect the park ◊ Improving visiting experiences and dissemination of information on conservation of the

park’s flora and fauna ◊ Disseminating information on ALNP ‘s species and resource management


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5. Administration objectives:

◊ Ensure that staffing levels, expertise and motivation are adequate ◊ Provide appropriate infrastructure and equipment for effective management of the area ◊ Improve communications at Village, District and Regional levels

1.3 The planning process and approach: This is delt in part one of this GMP, and can be referred on section 1.5 part I

1.4 Management directions& guiding principles for managing the ALNP The Management directions are the guiding principles that the Park has to follow for proper management of the natural, social, economic and cultural resources .They have been prepared in terms of the establishment act No No 38/2005 and other legislation listed in this GMP. More over the preparation is based within the context of the GMP plan as a whole. The content of this guiding principles show some of them are promoting, some others discouraging or prohibiting. They have been designed this way for a matter of conservation and sustainability of the ALNP. Overall, these Key Principles what the Alatish National park management plans call have been developed to provide a set of guiding ideals to which all relevant partners and stakeholders can sign up. These lists displayed below are not comprehensive rather they are start ups and needs further inclusion as necessary during implmentation. The Major management directions are outlined below. Management principles for natural resources values conservation General Principles

◊ Natural processes, including competition, predation, recruitment and disturbance, shall be protected to ensure an overall benefit to the biodiversity and variety of ecological communities in Alatish National Park.

◊ Identified threats to the park shall be minimised through addressing the outcomes of

ongoing monitoring, risk assessment and, where feasible, complementary adjacent, and transboundry management.

◊ Compliance with legislated provisions that prohibit extractive activities, including over

fishing, will be ensured through education, information, interpretation, community support, and improved surveillance and enforcement.

◊ Impacts of changes to water resources shall be minimised through cooperation with

catchments managers and natural resource specialists and other relevant agencies.


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◊ Research and monitoring to improve the scientific basis for management, including base line data collection habitat mapping and threat assessment, shall be undertaken as outlined in this GMP of ALNP

Specific Principles Indigenous Plants and wildlife

◊ Preserve indigenous plants and animals, as far as possible, in their natural state. ◊ Undertake intensive management and implement predator control and similar

measures, where required, to protect and enhance the survival of threatened species while ensuring that the park’s natural and historic values are not undermined.

◊ Acknowledge the cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association of the Gumuz society and others when managing indigenous plants and animals have particular regard to the resources

Introduced Plants and Animals

◊ Eliminate or control all will be introduced plants likely to modify the natural vegetation or any natural feature of the park.

◊ Conduct regular weed surveillance within the park. ◊ Eliminate or control animal pests in and adjacent to the park in accordance with GMP

context, as those methods are consistent with the objectives and strategies of this plan. ◊ Permit and actively encourage the termination or control of animal pests in the park

through the concessions process to the extent that the methods of control are consistent with the objectives and policies of this plan.

◊ Actively seek to prevent the introduction or further spread of plant and animal pests in

the park. Domestic Animals

◊ Exclude domestic animals entrance especially in the biodiversity and recreation zone of the park other than those authorised for special purposes.

Fishery Management: ◊ Over, illegal, and traditional fishing shall be changed in to modern and proven

techniques for better conservation of the species. Surface Water Use

◊ Prevent and control any irrigation schemes on rivers bordering and crossing the Park, and use them only for drinking water schemes

Fire Control and Prevention ◊ Make every effort to prevent or extinguish all fires within or threatening the park, other

than those permitted by the national park by‐laws. ◊ Prohibit the lighting of open fires in the park ,if so have strong legal measures


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Management principles for Socio‐cultural and Historic Resources values conservation ◊ The Traditional and local community cultural tradition, interests and rights in the park

and aspirations for the park, shall be reflected in the park’s planning and management, and implementation , in accordance with legislation and policies.

◊ Research into indigenous and historic cultural heritage of the park, including places, objects and cultural wisdom will be encouraged and supported as appropriate in conjunction with the relevant indigenous and wider communities.

◊ Historic relics, objects, sites, and sites of significance, including the Emperor Haile Silasie’s Diza palace shall be conserved by protecting them from damaging or inappropriate activities.

◊ Indigenous cultural tradition relating to local community –especially the Gumz shall be respected, promoted and interpreted in accordance with the norms.

Management principles for park visitors General Principles

◊ Visitors will have opportunities to learn about the park and its special values. ◊ Visitor understanding and appreciation of the park’s natural and cultural values shall be

enhanced by a range of information services and interpretation and education programs.

◊ Historic cultural values and places, including the emperor’s Diza Palace, will be interpreted to reflect the historic theme

◊ Visitors will be encouraged to adopt minimal‐impact techniques and to adhere to industry‐developed standards appropriate to their activity.

Specific Principles Access

◊ Public access and use of the park consistent with: the preservation and protection of the park’s landscapes, natural features, biological processes and plant and animal life shall be fostered;

◊ Conflict between different visitor groups shall be minimized and safely visit have to be organized ;

◊ The appropriateness of the facility development for the visitor management setting

should be considered; Recreational Activities

◊ recreational activities to the extent that they are consistent with the preservation of the park, the objectives and other policies of this plan, relevant legislation and park by‐laws have to be Allowed

◊ a range of visitor facilities that enable visitors to experience and appreciate the natural and historic features and cultural values of the park have to be Provided .

Interpretation ◊ Visitor information, Interpret the park’s natural, cultural and historic resources in a

manner that promotes respect for park values and the conservation management activities undertaken by the ALNP have to be provided.


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Sightseeing, Picnicking Camping and Vehicles ◊ Camping in the park, in accordance with park by‐laws, except within areas where

camping must be prohibited ( in core zone) to avoid the deterioration of the park’s natural, historic and cultural resources, or within intense interest sites have to be permitted.

◊ huts shall be permitted in exceptional circumstances which may include, long based researches :

◊ Prohibit the use of vehicles in the park other than allowed for special purposes Guiding General:

◊ Consider applications for guiding concessions within the park subject, but not limited to, at one guide per guided group should hold a relevant guide’s ability, where relevant, to provide accurate interpretation on park values.

Management principles for Structural facilities: Private and commercial activities Customary Use and Accessibility

◊ Customary use or take of indigenous plants and animals will not be permitted from the park unless for scientific purposes, and they have been proven as they are very abundant

Promotional Activities and Filming

◊ All filming within the park for commercial purposes requires a special consideration by authorities based on the legislation

Research and Visitor Monitoring

◊ All research to be undertaken within the park requires permit other than that specifically for park management purposes

◊ Undertaking research, in accordance with relevant legislation, for the benefit of park management and/or knowledge in general, provided that such research does not detract from the protection of the park’s natural, historic and cultural values have to be encouraged.

Grazing and Stock Fencing

◊ The park’s natural and historic resources have to be Protected from any adverse effects of grazing‐hence grazing should be prohibited inside the park

Mining Operations ◊ Mining Operations will not be applied as they will have serious effect on Natural

resources. ◊ Do not Permit gravel ,sand and rock removal from sites within the park for the essential

construction and maintenance Utilities and Easements


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◊ No private Utilities and Easements ,buildings should be allowed inside the park for the park’s safety

New and Existing Buildings ◊ Ensure that, where buildings are necessary in the park, they are compatible with and

appropriate to the landscape and visitor management setting in which they are to be located.

◊ Require new public buildings adjacent to park roads to provide access and basic facilities for the disabled.

Roading ◊ road works should be built within the park where the adverse effects are assessed to be

minimal realignments Management of Adverse Effects

◊ Avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of activities and developments carried out within the park to ensure that the primary objectives the plan are achieved.

Management principles for Neighborhoods Boundaries and Land Additions

◊ Ensure that park boundaries remain consistent with the requirements of the ALNP establishment act No No 38/2005

◊ Recognise that other lands adjoining the park especially the Benishangul Gumuz side are of high conservation value and could be suitable national park additions.

Management principles for Working with stakeholders General Principles

◊ Friends, volunteers, indigenous and other community groups will be encouraged and supported to participate in areas of park management that relate to their interests.

◊ An awareness and understanding of the park and its management, and a sense of custodianship, will be encouraged among local communities and visitors.

◊ A strong collaborative relationship will be developed with the relevant indigenous communities to facilitate the reflection of their cultural wisdom, and interests, rights and aspirations in the park’s planning and management.

◊ Strong relationships will be developed and maintained with people, groups and communities with strong connections with or interests in the park, as a basis for encouraging appropriate participation in the park’s management.

◊ There will be ongoing opportunities for individuals, groups, communities and government agencies to discuss aspirations and issues of mutual concern relating to the park.

◊ Collaborative partnerships will be established with relevant agencies to ensure ongoing compliance and future protection of the park


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Specific Principles Stakeholders Relationship

◊ Establish and maintain effective working relationships with those organizations that have a permissible role and those organizations, local communities and the general public where they will play a role in preservation and protection of natural, historic and landscape

Adjacent Uses ◊ To liaise with and seek the co‐operation of adjoining landowners, the BGRS, Dindir

national Park to cooperate and minimise the impact of activities that may be detrimental to the park.

Management principles for implementing the General Management Plan ◊ Consider management frameworks and guidelines in terms of new information on a

continuous basis and amend as necessary. ◊ Review this management plan not later than 10 years from its date of approval.

◊ Use public relation tools including newsletters, public notices and area office open days

to ensure that the park resources special qualities are kept well informed.


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1.5 management Zonation of ALNP


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The diversity of natural heritages, complex management techniques, multiplicity of economic and community as well as naturalness impacts are the principal management issues in the park. These principal governing issues lead develop functional zoning dividing the area in different protection. ALNP zoning in different regions help to resolve park human conflict and improves implementation of suitable and effective management actions and activities. The main zoning features identified during field assessment were functional zoning identifying areas of consecutive coverage and suitability for decision making. Spatial intervention to implement activities desired to apply within and around the park through participatory approach. This zoning system helps to develop frameworks that guide to address diverging management and utilization needs of biodiversity conservation (Ervin.J.2003). It also helps for sustainable regulation, utilization and promoting tourism values for local communities. It largely assists local community and park authorities to develop suitable and agreed management and sustainable utilization techniques (Abraham et al 2008). Based on protected `areas that permit to conserve biodiversity, infrastructure development and sustainable resource use three management zone categories have been identified for application in ALNP as part of multiple zoning scheme defined as biodiversity conservation and recreation, buffer zone and development zone. Delineated management zone are used to improve ERVs of the park.

1.5.1 Biodiversity conservation and recreation zone (BDCRZ) This management zone incorporate areas presently referred to as the core area of ALNP that comprises 2,665.7 Sq km. It is set aside primarily for the conservation of biodiversity and for tourism use. This zone includes ERVs need to be strictly protected. It is owned by park authorities designated for protection and conservation of biological and physical resources, used for recreational (tourism), scientific research, ecological, economical and social benefits with not more than 10% of the area used for infrastructure and facilities (road, post sites, camp sites and recreational view points and water sources) construction on sites that are carefully selected. This insures management and utilization effectiveness in biodiversity conservation for sustainable use in tourism. This zone is managed to attain IUCN protected area category II management objectives.

1.5.2 Buffer zone (BZ): This zone comprises an area between biodiversity conservation and recreation zone and development zone delineated as integrated resource use zone. It covers two to five kilometers away from biodiversity conservation and recreation zone (core area) boarder. It is protected for sustainable resource management and utilization collaboration with the communities. The utilization and management systems are decided by park authorities, communities and other relevant stakeholders with collaborative efforts and consensus according to a set of both conservation and development oriented guidelines and prescription.


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Major activities going on in this management zone are sustainable grazing, forest honey collection, dried bamboo, frankincense, gum, grasses, construction and farm implement materials collection, wild animal ranching and related community based ecotourism centers including private lodges. Moreover, it serves as the demonstration site for natural vegetation and indigenous plants aforestation schemes education site for proper protection and utilization. Buffer zones in ALNP presently found only in South East, East, North East and North parts of the park. Ayima River is bordering south and south east core area of the park with Beshangulgumuz Regional State which may have possible extension in this side to include complete riverine ecosystem with required buffer zone. Western part is directly boarded with DNP in Sudan.

1.5.3 Development zone (DZ): This management zone referred as community use zone. It is found next to buffer zone. Mainly involves the whole Kebele bordering the park and residences. This zone is entirely used by local communities and owned for crop, animal, fruits, agro forestry practices and commercial farming sites including sites for settlement and communal grazing. Utilization and management system is exclusively decided by the community as well as the individual he/she owned that plot of land. Park authorities support the community livelihood maintenance that can reduce their impact on the park. Major activities in this management zone are community awareness creation schemes, sustainable tourism options, and ecotourism facilities, traditional and economical contribution and overall value of the park disseminated for the local communities and their contribution for the well being of the park could be shown.

Buffer and development zone are not found in park areas bordering Beshanegul Gumze and Sudan. These areas could be delineated as transitional zone negotiation with BGRS and for Transboundary Natural Resources Management Area as Alatish‐ Dindir with Sudan. These national and regional boarder areas are directly linked with core areas of the park. Implementation of these options as Trans Regional and Transboundary helps for the attainment of conservation objectives of the park and contribute for ERVs protection effectiveness. These management zones require prescriptions and guidelines for each of those zone types developed by the planning team. The final listing of prescriptions for the zones and complete demarcation of buffer and development zones and trans‐regional and transboundary requires the community consultation and negotiation with BGRS and DNP of Sudan. This will be done in the first two to three years during the implementation of management plan. Management targets that are especially important in each zone and the management prescriptions and guidelines designed to fulfill these targets are described as developed in this GMP the following way;


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Table 8 Prescriptive guideline for collaborative management zones

Permissible Permissible under certain condition Prohibited Biodiversity Conservation

and Recreation zone (BDCRZ)

Buffer Zone (BZ) Development Zone (DZ)

Areas or features of management zone

Core area of ALNP that comprises 2,665.7 Sq km delineated for biodiversity conservation and tourism with associated facilities and infrastructure

Natural areas found between BDCRZ) and BZ. It covers 1‐5km away from BDCRZ (core area) With no settlement and cultivation

Villages around the buffer zone Bayiwa, Bambahoo, Bemur Derahasen, Mehadid, Geraram, Bermel, Gumz Wuha Marwuha and vicinities. Entirely used by the community

Management guidelines prescription Uses and management targets BDPRZ BZ DZ Tourism and recreation with associated infrastructures

Investment in tourism facilities Research Settlement Construction of social services (Schools, clinic water)

Traditional/ Cultural ceremonial places

Bamboo collection Gum and frankincense collection Cattle grazing Cutting and carrying of grasses during dry (Drought) season

Construction of water ponds water harvest

Commercial cattle rearing by local community

Farming Firewood collection Domestic Collection of row materials wild fruits and barks

not commercial

Collection of medicinal plants Collection of sands and gravels Wild honey collection Charcoal making Afforestation (Indigenous species) Hunting Wildlife ranching Fishing subsistence Bee keeping Prevention of disease and vaccine Firing with prescription


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II. THE GMP MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES

II. THE GMP MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES

MP1: NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMME MP2: ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME MP3: TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME MP4: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME MP5: SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME MP6: CROSS CUTTING ISSUES PROGRAMME

The primary Programme Management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To conserve ,preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations ;and local, Regional National and International communities .

General Programmes objective


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MP1 NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

MP1 NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES ♦ Wildlife Resources Management sub Programme ♦ Vegetation Resources Management sub

Programme ♦ Water Resources Management sub Programme

To improve the structure, function, and spatial distribution of the park vegetation and maintain the forest ecosystem healthy and productive, and contribute to the attainment of the goal of the park management plan.

To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of major wild animals with their ecological linkage and processes of the ANP by alleviating major threats and ensure continuing sustainability of the ecosystem.

To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related natural resources to pursue the overall objective of the park.

General Programme objectives


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1.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND while all comprehensive details are explained in part one as a background for this GMP; for the sake of quick reference and start up of objectives ,strategies and actions in this Programme some of the summarized ideas ,issues, and opportunities are brought here. This approach will be applied for next programmes too. The ALNP have a variety of fauna and flora which require conservation. Alatish is especially rich in reptile diversity like , African rock python, Monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, Black mamba & Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The vegetation type in general is undifferentiated mosaic scattered wooded grasslands. The main tree species in the area include Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites aegyptica, Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass species like Hyperrhenia spp, Sorghum spp and Pennisitum spp. ALNP consists of natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of wood lands with undifferentiated vegetation cover. Alatish has unique biotypes which are not included in any of protected areas of the country that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome. Permanent rivers bordering the park like Ayma and Gelegu provide, water and habitat for fishery resources to the local communities besides being the main water sources of people and animals. Regardless of ALNP consists of natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of river sides, valleys, woodlands, fauna and flora ,I t does not have any management plan and strategy for conservation of such valuable resources. Therefore, it needs close management attention and to develop cooperative management systems with different stakeholders for resources that Alatish National Park comprises that crosses national boundary and extending to Sudan’s Dinder National Park. This programme is then designed for effective conservation and sustainable utilization of these resources.


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1.1 WILDLIFE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME

1.1.0 Subprogramme themes General Objectives, and Strategies

Management themes

♦ Native genetic diversity of fauna and their habitats Protection and maintenance ♦ Management of endangered species(Managing African Elephant ) ♦ Animal inventory and monitoring ♦ Wildlife threats reduction (delt in ecosytems Programme) ♦ Wildlife researches and monitoring (treated in cross cutting programmes)

Overall objectives

◊ To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of major wild animals with their ecological linkage and processes of the ANP by alleviating major threats and ensure continuing sustainability of the ecosystem.

Issues and opportunities for vegetation management: In its wildlife, Alatish is rich in zoological resources, and is a home of various types of wild animals listed. 37 mammalian species of which 8 are not recently (last 15 years) seen, more than 160 bird species of which 143’s species diversity and abundance is studied, 23 species of rodents, 6 species of insectivores and 7 types of reptiles and amphibians with various species are found in Alatish. It is especially rich in reptile diversity like , African rock python, Monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, Black mamba & Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The vegetation type in general is undifferentiated mosaic scattered wooded grasslands. The main tree species in the area include Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites aegyptica, Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass species like Hyperrhenia spp, Sorghum spp and Pennisitum spp. In planning the wild life resources development, it would have been better to deal with special treatments like; Large and small mammals management, Reptiles and invertebrates management, Birds management, Rare and endangered species management, Ranching and Utilization. Yet, in this GMP, it comes difficult to make it this way, since there is a need of further exploration of the resource and clear demarcation of them in habitats and sub habitats. Although we can not do this way, this GMP have given emphasis for the resources conservation based on the following general and useful management themes, objectives ,strategies and actions.


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1.1.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and Actions

Theme1: Native genetic diversity of fauna and their habitats Protection and maintenance Management Objectives

◊ To maintain at least the present level of the population of wild animals and abandon in the future

◊ To maintain the diversity of animal species and populations of noteworthy animal species

◊ To protect The habitats of all species, especially those with specific habitat requirements (such as feeding areas for migratory and breeding sites )

◊ To monitor .The presence and distribution of potentially sensitive species ◊ To enhance the long term survival prospects of threatened or significant species. ◊ Increase knowledge of the parks threatened and significant fauna species and faunal

habitats. Management Strategies

◊ Continue to develop and implement a native animal survey program on identifying threats, both on‐park and off‐park with appropriate responses and solutions

◊ Work on Retaining Populations of species by investigating their habitat and status ◊ Monitor the condition of known habitats and population numbers of ALNP ◊ Protect riparian habitat from disturbance where possible. ◊ Monitor breeding sites and populations of special care needing species in the Park,

and protect sites from disturbance by visitors and poachers. Actions and activities

◊ Conduct animal survey ◊ Habitat monitoring ◊ Habitat protection ◊ Breeding sites monitoring ◊ Wildlife Animal diseases surveillance and action

Theme 2. Management of endangered species(especially Managing African Elephant ) Management objectives

◊ To have sufficient inventory data on African elephants and distinct home range ◊ To delineate threats and possible viable population establishment systems ◊ To implement effective conservation systems and sustain desired home range by

reducing habitats fragmentation, hunting and over domestic grazing and habitats competition

◊ To ensure suitable existence of co‐occurring species


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Management Strategies ◊ Monitoring extent of home range and requirement ◊ Implement suitable priority conservation system ◊ Developing awareness to poachers on sustainable use of African elephant and

associated species and feed sources competition Actions and activities

◊ Conduct a study to better understand the migration movement and population dynamics and threats on African elephant

◊ Support and facilitate the resources for monitoring and protection departments to protect African elephant migration against habitats disturbance and poaching

◊ Advocate and collaborate with communities and neighbouring BGRS and Dinder (Sudan) for protection of migration, feeding and resting sites in its wide home range

◊ Monitor other species and their feed and prey bases with in the large home range of elephant

◊ Promote the natural interdependence of different species indicator species eg. Papio anubis, Numida melegris help other animals to show water points and alarm for enemies

◊ Protect existing population from poaching threats ◊ Investigate the status and design any possible re‐introduction option for unviable

population species with associated restoration techniques Theme 3 . Animal inventory and monitoring Management objectives

◊ To identify different species in different habitats ◊ To delineate ecologically important species

Management Strategies ◊ Conducting identification and diversity analysis ◊ Implement different inventory and monitoring techniques ◊ Organize data base at desired level

Actions and activities ◊ Conduct wild animal inventory at different habitats ◊ Develop population monitoring plan over time in different season ◊ Delineate an ecologically dominant species with particular emphasis to rare and

endangered species ◊ Conduct monitoring on size and age structure of the population ◊ Identify stable, declining and increasing rate using suitable methods


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1.2 VEGETATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME

1.2.0 Sub program themes, objectives, and strategies

Management themes ♦ Local hotspotsites management ♦ Restoration/threatened and rarely found woody pant species management ♦ Economic forest zone management ♦ Farm forestry/agro forestry development and management

Overall objectives ◊ To improve the structure, function, and spatial distribution of the park

vegetation and maintain the forest ecosystem healthy and productive, and contribute to the attainment of the goal of the park management plan.

General strategies ◊ Biosphere approach will be employed to properly implement the vegetation

management plan. ◊ The strategy is solely dependent on some principles of ecosystem approach:

1/maintain the functional relationship and processes within ecosystems, 2/optimize socio‐economic and environmental benefits, 3/use adaptive management practices, 4/carrying out management actions at the appropriate scale.

◊ The forest vegetation in all three zones will be managed in participatory forest management approach (PFM). This approach is intending to establish community based institutions, and build the capacity of the local community in managing the resource.

◊ The management and development plan of the park vegetation should focus on three major actions. These actions are: protection, maintenance, and development measures.

Issues and opportunities for vegetation management: Diverse resource base/Species diversity: The park area in particular and the surrounding area in general are rich with many plant species. The park comprises very valuable woody plant species both socio‐economically and environmentally. Gum and incense producing tree species such as different Acacia species, Comiphora africana,and Boswellia papyrifera are found in the park area. Balanites aegyptiaca an evergreen tree in the dry climate of the park is found in the park area. Different Fruit producing, medicinal and bee forage species are widely growing in the park area. The park and its surrounding areas are endowed with very valuable timber trees such as Dalbergia melanoxylon, and Pteriocarpus lucens. The area is highly rich with lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) which does have multiple uses for local community and surrounding markets. Above all ALPN is found in one of the 34 international local hotspotsites called Eastern Afromontane local hotspotarea. The significance of the park area in improving the biodiversity resource is very vital. In addition, the large woodland vegetation in the ALNP and its


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surrounding area can be considered as good carbon sink area just at the Saharan desert boarder. Extensive utilization of forest resources: The forest resource in and around ALNP area is being highly exploited by the local community. Different woody plants have been cleared in search of wood and crop land. Trees are being unwisely used for unnecessary fencing, charcoal making and other non economical activities. As if trees do not have any other indirect environmental/ecological benefits, one cane observed much bunch of wood laid down in homesteads and farm boundaries being decayed. Threatened or rarely found tree species in the ALNP: There are woody plant species which are highly exploited, rarely found and mismanages species. Even though, there are no plant species which are under the list of IUCN endemic woody species in Ethiopia. In fact some woody plant species are locally threatened that require special protection measures. Boswellia papyrifera, Dalbergia melanoxylon and Pteriocarpus lucens. Silvicultural systems in managing the vegetation resource: The silvicultural system can be high forest systems or coppice systems. In the park area there is no any silvicultural practices that have been carried out. There in no any methods adopted to obtain new regenerations. There are no any thinning and pruning activities to optimize forest stands and canopy coverage of the forest vegetation. Old, diseased, and damaged tree/shrub species are not cut out and discarded from the area. This may redirect the ecological succession of the forest area from valuable tree species habitat to unwanted and weedy plant species. Unless proper silvicultural practices are in place, we may lose very valuable and rarely found tree/shrub species. In the park area diffused high forest regeneration system needs to be employed, whereas in some local hotspotsites concentrated regeneration system may be appropriate.

1.2.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and Actions

Theme1: Local hotspotsites management Management Objectives

◊ To identify and characterize sites which are rich in biological diversity, but highly threatened

◊ To design s protection strategy for the local hotspotsites ◊ To restrict any socio‐economic activities from identified local hotspotsites and

improve their biological diversity Management strategies

◊ Genuine community participation ◊ Awareness creation on the importance of local hotspotsites in the park buffer and

development zones for biological diversity conservation ◊ Participatory GIS technique to characterize local hotspotsites ◊ Employing participatory forest management approach

Major Activities


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◊ Conduct biological diversity study ◊ Identify and delineate possible local hotspotsites in the buffer and development

zone of the park ◊ Prepare a detail management strategy for selected local hotspotsites ◊ Develop community bylaws for local hotspotsites management ◊ Carry out different silvicultural practices such as thing, pruning, site preparation that

encourage natural regeneration including weeding and cultivation, etc ◊ Conducting workshops to finalize local hotspotsite selection ◊ Providing trainings on local hotspotsite management for community

representatives, DAs and woreda experts including park office staffs Theme2: Restoration/Threatened and rarely found woody pant species management Management Objectives

◊ To bring back the natural vegetation of some habitats such as riverine vegetation, and hilltop areas into their original forest vegetation type

◊ To improve the diversity and spatial distribution of the forest vegetation and create a conducive environment for other life forms such as wild animals harboring river sides and hilltops

Management strategies ◊ Employing ecosystem approach to accelerate restoration process, such as designing

a strategy of interconnectivity among fragmented habitats and in creating reproduction corridors

◊ Undertaking community discussions particularly with elders to characterize the previous natural vegetation of sites

◊ Analyzing indicator species growing in the area ◊ Employing principles of restoration ◊ Employing PFM approach ◊ Capacity building

Major activities

◊ Identifying woody species for restoration based on indicator species and background information

◊ Nursery site establishment and management ◊ Seedling production of selected indigenous species ◊ Seedling planting ◊ Encouraging natural regeneration of selected woody species through canopy

management, weeding and cultivation and other silvicultural practices ◊ Avoidance of any human and animal interference ◊ Providing nursery inputs


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Theme3: Economic forest zone management Management Objectives

◊ To diversify and maximize production from forest trees and ensure sustainable utilization

◊ To develop sense of ownership among the community and ◊ Reduce the intense pressure on possible protection forests such as local hotspotand

restoration sites Management strategies

◊ Identify and demarcate possible economic forest zones such as fruit tree zones, bamboo areas, and other forest types

◊ Economic forest zone management is the management of economic forest area in buffer and development zones only, it doesn’t include the biodiversity and recreation zonearea

◊ Employing a PFM approach ◊ Proving a prior focus for NTFP ◊ Capacity building of the community and other supportive stakeholders ◊ Employing active community and other stakeholders participation

Major activities ◊ Conducting forest inventory to qualify and quantify the forest resource ◊ Identify and quantify possible NTFP in the whole park area ◊ Identify and demarcate possible economic forest zones based on forest inventory

report and community participation ◊ Developing a manual on the management and utilization of NFTP and provide

trainings on the production and marketing of NTFP and over forest management systems

◊ Proving necessary materials and equipment (forest inventory and tapping equipments, etc)

◊ Establish PFM groups by considering the management of other forest sites such as hotspot, restoration and agro forestry sites.

Theme4: Farm forestry/agro forestry development and management Management Objectives

◊ To diversity the source of forest products and reduce the intense pressure of the community on natural forest

◊ To integrate the production of agricultural crops with forest trees and maximize production and

◊ To improve the land use system of the area Management strategies

◊ Implementing the regional land use policy is the first and most important strategy to implement agro forestry practices. This may reduce the impact of free grazing on land use and management systems


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◊ Compromising the species‐site match requirement and community needs in selecting agro forestry species

◊ Provide a prior focus for multipurpose tree/shrub species that can provide fruit for food, fodder for both livestock and bees, and environmentally friendly species

Major activities

◊ Identification of multipurpose species that suit the local environment ◊ Multipurpose tree/shrub seedling production ◊ Identify possible agro forestry practices, such as backyard tree planting, farm

boundary plantation and woodlot development, scattered trees on crop land, which can be easily adapted by the local community

◊ Providing trainings on agro forestry for community representatives, DAs, and experts of woreda line offices and park office staffs

1.3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME:


Management themes The water resources issues facing the Park are supposed to be both many and varied. Based on the brief field survey and information of the park personnel, following are identified as significant issues/themes related to water resources management in the Park.

♦ Water Resources development ♦ Watershed Management ♦ Wetland and riparian resource management ♦ Developing Water Resources Information Database

General Objective: ◊ To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related natural

resources to pursue the overall objective of the park. Specific Objectives:

◊ Insure that water resources are available to wildlife, aquatic organisms, and plants (riverine) in quantities and of a quality that promote the existence and well being of these organisms.

◊ provide safe and adequate quantities of water for visitors and park personnel ◊ Recognize importance of healthy watersheds, and in doing so promote efforts to

reduce erosion and sediment production inside and outside park boundaries. ◊ Recognize importance of seasonal wetlands, and initiate seasonal wetland

delineation studies ◊ Identify water related transboundary issues and maximize the use of cooperative

relationships with Dinder (Sudan Side) National Park. ◊ Develop a Water Resources Information Database of the park


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General strategies Construction of additional wells Implementing water harvesting structures Encourage the seasonal wetlands /intermittent rivers to have longer water availability periods

Issues and Opportunities for management: Alatish National Park is currently predominately an undeveloped condition (with few roads, limited occupancy, sparse use, etc. This condition presents both problems and opportunities for responsible management of the water resources. The water resources management plan is in line with the nation's policy of management of water resources and part of other management plans of the Alatish national park. This Water Resources Management Plan is designed to serve as a management action plan to guide the water‐related activities of the Park over the next 10 years.

1.3.1Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions

Theme1: Water Resources Development

Water resource facilities are very limited in/around the park. A number of hand dug wells have been constructed in/around the park solely for the park personnel. There are no any sorts of water facilities as regards to the water supply for visitors and wild life in the park. Management Objectives

◊ provide safe and adequate quantities of water for visitors and park personnel ◊ Insure that water resources are available to wildlife, aquatic organisms, and plants

(riverine) in quantities and of a quality that promote the existence and well being of these organisms

Management strategies ◊ Construction of additional wells ◊ Implementing water harvesting structures ◊ Encourage the seasonal wetlands /intermittent rivers to have longer water

availability periods Action and activities a. Provision of additional wells for park personnel and visitors To adequately supervise and monitor the park, 21 post sites are to be erected in/around the park. Fig below shows the 20 post sites erected and/or to be erected. As current activities by the park office, a total of 12 wells have been planned, of which 8 wells have already been constructed. Therefore, other 4 wells remain to be developed. But still there need to be additional 9 wells to be developed to fully make water available for the 21 posts. So for this plan, following water resources development works are proposed.

◊ Construction of 8 hand dug wells for the indicated post sites on Figure below ◊ Construction of two boreholes (One for visitors at entrance, one at Demir)


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◊ From the superficial survey of the site at Demir, ground water may not be available at shallow depths, although this has to be verified with detail studies before construction. That is why bore hole is suggested here and at the entrance.

◊ Tsequa and Amdoke post sites are felt that they require the provision of boreholes

and detailed investigations. Therefore, in the five year plan, this activity may not be realized and better reconsidered after five years.


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b. Provision of watering points for wildlife

For the wild life, construction of water harvesting structures/ponds and development of the selected wetlands are main strategies recommended.

Figure: Location of installed/proposed water development points for the park personnel and visitors


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Figure: Location of proposed watering points for the wildlife in the park


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The site selection is mainly based on the following considerations ◊ Availability of streams/drainage lines for pond construction to easily collect run off ◊ Possibility of existence of seasonal wetlands with good areal extent/ location of

identified seasonal wet lands (wet meadows). ◊ Establish more or less good distribution of watering points in the park/

The eastern and northern peripheries of the park are expected to be relatively easy for water availability of wildlife, because there are Hyima and Gelegu Rivers as water sources. During dry periods, the proposed wetland has to be supplemented by provision of water from the wells to be constructed near the selected wetlands. More explanation is given below on the water provision systems section. The wells proposed near the wetland may not encounter significant problems to extract water from the ground as observed for the wells currently developed. However, it should be noted that further investigations need to be still carried out on such and other sites to determine the engineering and economic feasibility, particularly to those proposed at the entrance and central part of the park. The engineering and economic feasibility study would determine whether or not these water sources could be developed economically. Adequate geological, hydrological, and raw water quality information shall be obtained prior to construction. Types of wells and water provision systems : Water supply wells may be characterized as shallow or deep. Shallow wells are those that are less than 100 ft deep. Such wells are not particularly desirable for municipal supplies since the aquifers they tap are likely to fluctuate considerably in depth, making the yield somewhat uncertain. Shallow wells may be dug, bored, or driven. The wells so far constructed in/around the park are shallow wells and hand dug wells. Deep wells tap thick and extensive aquifers that are not subject to rapid fluctuations in water level and that provide a large and uniform yield. Deep wells are the usual source of groundwater for municipalities. As regards to the wells to be constructed near the seasonal wetlands solely for the wildlife, the wells can be shallow wells provided other hydrological and hydro‐geological conditions are as required. The purpose of these wells is basically to supplement the seasonal wet lands when they are dry by pumping water to such areas from the wells and refilling the pools so that water is available to wild life throughout the year. The problem here is human interference which may not be desirable for wildlife. To reduce this problem, the wells can be constructed some 1‐1.5 kms (this can be better decided based on some assessments and studies in the park) away from such pools and the water from the wells can be delivered to the pools by laying appropriate pipes. The well that is to be constructed for the visitors and related purposes have to be reliable throughout the year. Hence, it is advisable to provide a deeper well, water storage facilities and minimum treatment arrangements. Other wells can be shallow hand dug wells if the other site requirements are adequate.


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Water harvesting structures Artificial ponds have to be constructed as additional watering points for the wildlife in the park. This is particularly vital for the central part of the park where there are limited seasonal wetlands and limited major rivers. These sites are indicated on figure above. Theme2: Wetland and Riparian Resource Management Management Objectives

◊ To maintain/improve the wetland functions in the Alatish National Park ecosystems The pools and such depression areas function as silt trapping sites. The flood deposit silt every year on such pools(wetlands) which decreases the bed and the amount of water stored , and forming drier Mayas(wet meadows). Human activities if not regulated can significantly damaged riparian areas along the main river courses and the wetlands in/around the park. In upstream areas, grazing activities have caused severe erosion. Down cutting forming a deep channel throughout much of the major river courses and tributaries has been observed, preventing establishment of riparian vegetation. Repeated fires and uncontrolled grazing by the Fellatas and local communities surrounding the park during dry seasons in the park may endanger the seasonal wetlands.

◊ to establish adequate wetland and riparian baseline information Wetlands have not been well characterized within the park (no adequate information on the extent, condition and significance of this scarce resource in the park). A number of wet meadows have been observed during the limited field visit, but park staffs are aware of several other seeps, springs and seasonally flooded areas that require documentation. Complete delineation of wetlands and riparian areas throughout the entire park would assist managers in setting facilities and managing visitor use to avoid affecting sensitive plant and wildlife species and run other activities vital to the sustainability of such resources. Management strategies

◊ increase the storage capacity of the wetland pools when necessary ◊ Monitor the sediment movement along the major river channels ◊ monitor the process of annual riverbank erosion along the major rivers in the park ◊ Conduct additional and thorough inventory of riparian areas and wetlands

Action and activities The objectives and strategies outlined above may not be realized in this five year planning period and even some may need the involvement of other parties other than the park, especially to reduce highland erosion. However, following activities help to mitigate some of the adverse effects and lay the foundation for other activities to follow. As the first activity, all the seasonal wetlands and riparian resources have to be fully listed out including their extent, duration of time they remain wet, identification for potential


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development of recreational activity for tourists, documentation of plant and animal species distribution, etc. Based on the study data, the seasonal wet lands can be selected for further intervention so as to increase the storage capacity and make duration of water availability longer. The major activity here is to excavate the chosen wet meadows and possible channeling work for run off to collect in such depressions. In the long run, at appropriate places on the major river courses, smaller water storage structures can be thought of so as to regulate the river flows and increase water availability and attain well maintained riverine ecosystem throughout the year. Theme3: Watershed Management The condition of watersheds in and upstream of the park is of great concern. Given the amount of historic and prehistoric occupation of this area, numerous sites are threatened by the advance of erosion. Continued erosion will result in the mobilization and transport of large amounts of soil. As a result, the park is becoming a victim of this problem. Management Objectives

Attain a healthy riverine ecology (improvement on the river morphology) maintain better water and food supply availability to wildlife Improve the condition of seasonal wetlands by reducing siltation Improvement in the quality of water, especially surface water

Management strategies Implement watershed conservation

Action and activities Watershed conservation activities are very diverse and perhaps may go out of the scope of the park objective, since the watershed areas of the rivers found in the park are very big and the greatest share of the watershed areas are found out of the park boundary. However, there are opportunities where the park can work cooperatively with other concerned bodies. To this effect; the following partners can come to front.

• Dinder National Park • Eastern Nile Watershed Management Project

Dinder National park shares the benefits of the watershed management, and the two parks can cooperate in resources utilization, technical assistance, data exchange, etc activities so as to reduce the erosion hazards from the upper catchments. Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) has its own activity on Eastern Nile Watershed Management with the objective of increasing the adoption of sustainable land and water management practices in selected micro‐watersheds in the Eastern Nile Sub‐basin. Efforts have to be made particularly to secure funds from the office for the works to be carried out on the identified watersheds of the rivers of the parks, because the watersheds are part of the eastern Nile Watershed. Hence, in this regard the two park activities can be mainly on


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development of selected watershed management proposals and initiation of the involvement of the community for the watershed management. Theme4: Developing Water Resources Information Database Many water resource activities are long‐term, complex in nature and require a consistent and extensive knowledge base. Hence, acquiring data base of this vital resource in/around the park is of paramount importance. Management Objectives

determine the amount and timely distribution of rainfall in /around the park understand the amount and the timely variation of run off /discharge of major rivers in/around the park

Properly plan water resource activities in the park understand major aquifers and the ground water potential of the park easily retrieve and display the water resources information of the park when needed by visitors or any concerned body especially for those interested to conduct research

To monitor trends of change on the major water sources (wetlands, rivers, streams, ground water, well conditions, etc) with time and different activities.

promote water conservation through sustainable design and public education Management strategies

installation of primary metrological station Installation of staff gages for observing water levels in major rivers Installation of ground water observation wells Assess the Structure and Function of the major River Corridors Ecosystem , ground water aquifers, etc

Action and activities Primary metrological stations shall be installed in/around the park on selected areas as there is no any metrological station in the Woreda. Once the installation is completed, continuous observation and recording of the basic climatic elements is an important task. Gathered data has to be interpreted and stored as climatic data bank. Like metrological data, hydrological data (data on river discharges, flow depth, ground water levels, etc) can be obtained from staff gauges and ground water well observations. Prepare Annual Water Resources Reports which include

Summaries (i.e., graphs, tables) of various hydrologic data using appropriate data management software to provide.

A comparison of historical and current hydrologic data to identify trends and/or anomalies.

Geographic Information System maps depicting isopleths for water stage and concentrations for specific water quality parameters.

Narrative which summarizes any hydrological trends or anomalies (water quality or quantity).


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MP2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

MP2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES Ecosystem component and processes conservation Fire management and monitoring Maintaining hydrological cycles Habitats conservation and restoration Authorised park Resources uses

To asses , all ecological threats of ALNP’s key ecological components and processes, communities, species and mitigate associated problems, thereby ecological processes, species and other biophysical resources are protected and conserved to ensure long‐term viability of the system.

General Programmes objective


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2.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND ALNP was established to protect and preserve the environment, biotic and abiotic resources. The park is inclined to assist to maintain the diversity of ecosystem and its components species, genetic, varieties, physical resources (habitats, water and landscape) and ecological processes in its natural state. These are indispensable to support life in it and the improvement of local communities. Management of ecological processes at different level using possible systems for sustainability reconciles the continuity of natural process and human demand from it. It helps to maintain rare and endangered species and their habitats to have viable population. It also prevents expansion of desert as green guard. Maintaining or rehabilitating all natural and socio‐cultural resources helps to put indispensable resources for future use that could be implemented by coming inhabitants for various purposes which is not currently applied. However, the park has been suffered from encroachment and destructive resource use from Fellata nomads and local communities mainly in the long dry season. Reducing constraints for ecological restoration huge and timely task were laid on the park and district authorities, local communities and relevant regional, national and international stakeholders’ contribution. Biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration effort on time which is now at active stage in regional and local level requires the guiding document (Ecosystem Management Programme in General Management Plan) that serves for stepwise improvement of natural, human and physical resources. As a result, ALNP will be one of dependable recreational and economic sources for local and national level in tourism industry and center for biophysical resources.

2.1 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENT AND PROCESSES CONSERVATION SUB PROGRAMME

2.1.1 Themes, management objectives, conservation strategies and opportunities

Management themes

♦ Conservation of priority ecosystem components ♦ Maintenance of ecosystem process ♦ Controlling encroachment and ecological degradation

Overall objectives

◊ To improve the desired status of PECs through reducing causes for inimical human activities through active management

◊ To ensure sustainable ecosystem process and features controlling encroachment and ecological degradation

General strategies

◊ Minimizing human intervention that destroys principal ecosystem components ◊ Monitor and develop control systems on the entrance route, seasonal occupation of

park, resources extractors and poachers


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Issues and opportunities of management : Priority ecosystem component and processes conserved in line with National Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy (1998), Wildlife Development, Conservation and Utilization Policy (2005) and Amhara National Regional State Parks Development and Protection Authority Establishment Proclamation (2003), the ecosystem management programme will seek to minimize human induce impact on natural ecosystem and components dynamics. In particular, this will involve ensuring the complex ecological processes and preservation of rare, endangered, conservation dependant species, and their habitats inside the park. It also develop systems initiating cooperation wherever possible with others to ensure the preservation of their population, preferred seasonal habitat changes and migration routes, breeding and feeding sites inside and outside the park.

2.1.2 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions

Theme 1. Conservation of priority ecosystem components Management objective:

◊ To reduce human associated threats on PEC of ALNP developing suitable techniques ◊ To sustain desired ecological status for long term with co‐occurring ecosystem

components ◊ To to control or eradicate introduced species that threaten biodiversity

Management Strategies

◊ Delineate specific ecological systems together with local community ◊ Appling selected conservation activities on the right time and manner ◊ Implementing restorative actions on degraded priority principal ecological components

that promotes healthy future for the entire biotic and abiotic resources ◊ Regular surveillance and monitoring on aborting introduction of non native species

especially weeds Actions and activities

◊ Conduct regular monitoring on the status of PEC to prioritize and implement immediate actions of preventing undesired human impact

◊ Develop activity plan for conservation techniques at spatial and temporal scale ◊ Provide ecological inputs to support actions in conservation of PEC such as priority

action, human, material and financial support ◊ Ensure conservation activities on PEC to sustain ERVs ecological perspective at their

desired state and KEAs ◊ Prioritized conservations in respect to positive and negative effect in the long run or

during implementation ◊ Use PEC for principal park objectives so as to attain the final goal of ecological resource

utilization for sustainable tourism, home for biodiversity and scientific research


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◊ Minimize human and domestic stock intervention and implementation of agreed systems

Theme 2. Maintenance of ecosystem process Management objective:

◊ To maintain ecosystem components temporal and spatial changes ◊ To sustain healthy habitats and wildlife population minimizing habits requirement ◊ To maintain natural settings at its desired dynamic process and needs of PEC


◊ Showing the exceptional resource values (ERVs) of the ALNP as the key features that characterize the area and make it national and international significance.

◊ Appling selected conservation activities that maintain the natural process of PEC dynamicity

Actions and activities

◊ Conduct a research to better understand of the ecosystem process pattern effect on principal ecosystem components

◊ Investigate options for maintaining ecological process impact of tourism dynamicity and feature viewing

◊ Update monitoring plan based on detrimental ecological process on PEC for better integrity of ecological process and human needs with facilitated system for tourism

◊ Asses suitability of PEC as a base for the ecological management programme Theme 3. Controlling encroachment and ecological degradation Management objective

◊ To reduce poaching and expansion of agricultural lands ◊ To maintain collaborative management of ecosystem components ◊ To develop suitable restorative action for PEC and their ecological attributes


◊ Prohibiting Fellata nomads and seasonal grazers from entrance in to conservation zone ◊ Monitor and develop control systems on the entrance route, seasonal occupation of

park, resources extractors and poachers ◊ Mobilizing community for effective protection of PEC ◊ Developing system to reduces driving forces for ecological degradation


◊ Monitor and protect hunting and illegal extraction of park resources with regular monitoring and mechanisms


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◊ Prohibit the entrance of Fellata nomads to control overgrazing and devastation of native species through use of the area by overstocking and wild animals product extraction

◊ Developing means of bridging the growing gap between people and nature in damage and recoverable ecological integrity

◊ Minimize or illuminate the poacher from one side of incomplete ecosystem, which is not included as a park territory

◊ Develop suitable monitoring and control sites on poachers and other adverse effect on PEC

◊ Establish well equipped forces and facilitated systems to control illegal acts of poachers on time

◊ Collect data on PECs, KEA and threats as per monitoring plan and priority setting for better e control and illumination of undesired threats.

◊ Support the resource protection and monitoring division to protect and control loss of PEC by any illegal acts

2.2. FIRE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING SUB PROGRAMME 2.2.1 Themes, management objectives, conservation strategies and opportunities Management themes

♦ Fire monitoring and supervision ♦ Fire prevention and control mechanisms

Overall objectives ◊ To identify possible causes for fire ◊ To predict suitable conditions and hazards of fire ◊ To control and develop effective management systems of fire ◊ To establish fire control facilities and community awareness

General strategies

◊ Preparing fire prediction systems and management plan ◊ Developing fire break and clearing of road network with minimum impact on PECs ◊ Developing early warning on fire through community participation ◊ Mobilize community fire monitoring and control committee with facilitated system

Issues and opportunities of fire management: Fire management in ALNP is critical issue. Fire is devastating all ecosystems PEC and increase temperature and moisture loss in dry season. Fire in ALNP ignites for settlement, growing new grasses and leaves, for honey collection, hunting and removal of insects and reptiles. While, around ALNP fire ignites for settlement, expansion of farmlands and clearing vegetation grown with and after precursor crops. Fires are usually ignited during the dry season and before cultivation. Due to the absence of firebreak lines, they may continue burning for days. The devastative effects of fire are manifested in the severe damage of perennial grassland ecosystem. In case of Alatish, fire is being ignited largely by human still there were no recognized natural cases of fire. Human induced causes of fire are to


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make areas visible for hunting target species and to kill grass induced cattle parasite of ticks and protect damage from reptiles. Honey bee hunters, poachers, seasonal nomads ignite fires in every part of the park. Conversely, fire plays a crucial role in shaping ecosystems. Therefore, ALNP management will seek to bring under control and minimize the damage caused by fire and to promote the use of prescribed fire for respective ecological components management purpose.


Theme 1. Fire monitoring and supervision Management objectives

◊ To investigate possible causes of fire and control techniques ◊ To establish regular fire monitoring group from the community


◊ Mobilizing community to share experiences on historical fire occurrence ◊ Showing benefits and hazards of fire on PEC and the community ◊ Reconciling community utilization system of fire and scientific prescriptive system


◊ Conduct regular monitoring of fire and options prior to ignite by different reason ◊ Develop awareness of the community on fire hazard through sharing historical

experiences ◊ Develop fire control systems and implementation by different groups of the community ◊ Incorporate effective fire control mechanisms of the community with scientific

management system to be effective in controlling ahead of fire start by minimizing driving forces.

◊ Identify the most and least devastative form of firing, extent, frequency and intensity at different habitats

◊ Burning to clear roads after establishing fire line and in restricted mode to other areas as a management tool no burning on slops, river and stream banks

◊ Clearing and widening of administrative roads should conducted immediately after rainy season

Theme 2. Fire prevention and control Management objectives

◊ To mobilize fire monitoring and control groups from different community and village group

◊ To establish fire control implementation plan that will be agreed with different groups ◊ To develop awareness, skill and attitude of the community on uncontrolled fire

devastation and prevention on time


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◊ To develop regular monitoring and control plan on proposed manner to prevent devastative effect


◊ Arranging suitable fire prevention and control time and facilities at required level ◊ Establishing regular time of communication and discussion with concerned groups on

fire hazards and suitable prevention and control techniques ◊ Delineating areas suitable to stop ignited fire at ground level ◊ Providing incentives for effective participants in prevention and control fire


◊ Prohibit people moving with fire and fire causes moving along natural areas in biodiversity and recreation and buffer zones of the park

◊ Constrict firebreak by clearing ground vegetation at early dry season (September to October) with reduced impact on PEC and KEAs.

◊ Implement fire protection or control mechanisms developed to reduce extent, frequency and intensity within different habitats and land units

◊ Facilitate park road network and broad sandy river course to use as a fire break ◊ If necessary use firing at early dry season for ground clearing to create accessibility and

fire break to minimize hazards of coming additional fire ignites

2.3. MAINTAINING HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE SUB PROGRAMME

2.3.1 Themes, management objectives, conservation strategies and opportunities

Management themes ♦ Managing hydrological sources ♦ Control of hydrological resources degradation

Overall objectives

◊ To extend surface water to the dry season ◊ To reduce migration and habitat competition of different wild species ◊ To maintain natural feature and ecosystem components scenic beauty ◊ To satisfy water demand, required temperature and moisture level of PEC ◊ To attain natural feature of biological resources at spatial and temporal scale

General strategies

o Preparing suitable systems to maintain natural cover of forests ◊ Restore natural integrity and connectivity of habitats to desired state ◊ Control of poaching, encroachment and natural habitats fragmentation ◊ Integrate natural systems of maintaining hydrological cycle and human induced water

development


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◊ Mobilizing the community to participate on activities improving hydrological sources Issues and opportunities of water source management: ALNP management will insure the integrity of riverine and seasonal wetland systems and associated forest cover. Permanent water sources with intermittent flowing and ponds, springs, floodplain and water sank under sandy river bed with particular focus on water availability at central riverine, wooded land and wooded grassland ecosystems in which water resources are critical through conservation of hydrological cycle elements of the ecosystem. ALNPs surface water will\only be withdrawn for consumptive if absolutely necessary during exceptional condition (e.g. drought) and provide it does not significantly alter natural processes and ecosystems. The only year round intermittent permissible use of surface water is limited to partially include with in park Ayima River in south and south east and Albed, Sholawuha, Kumer, Kunzit, Berenta and Dokmit intermittent streams in the eastern escarpments and down flatlands. Maintaining dense frosts and ground cover through minimized firing, overgrazing, deforestation and poaching are ecological approaches to maintain hydrological cycles and availability of water for long term.


Theme 1: Managing hydrological sources Management objectives

◊ To extend surface water to the dry season ◊ To reduce migration and habitat competition of different wild species


◊ Preparing suitable systems to maintain natural cover of forests ◊ Restore natural integrity and connectivity of habitats to desired state


◊ Often require firing will be implemented considering minimized moisture loss due to hotness and fuel load

◊ Monitor and control the incidence of fire and maintain fire breaks ◊ Develop awareness of the community on connectivity of natural vegetation and

hydrology ◊ Develop sustainable reservation and recreation to fish and other aquatic species ◊ Prohibit all forms of fishing activities in the breeding sites and species that are

threatened ◊ Apply fishing during excess population at the end of wet season on carefully selected

ponds at Ayma river and seasonal wetlands


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Theme 2. Control of hydrological resources degradation Management objectives

◊ To maintain natural feature and ecosystem components scenic beauty ◊ To satisfy water demand, required temperature and moisture level of PEC ◊ To attain natural feature of biological resources at spatial and temporal scale


◊ Control of poaching, encroachment and natural habitats fragmentation and overgrazing ◊ Integrate natural systems of maintaining hydrological cycle and human induced water

development ◊ Mobilizing the community to participate on activities improving hydrological sources

through overuse and overgrazing water points Actions and activities

◊ Clean and broaden the water ponds so as to increase surface water quantity and promote shading so as to minimize evapo‐transpiration from soil and open ponds

◊ Develop clean and drinking water sources for the community around their settlement to minimize time and resource wastage to look for water in dry season and reason for entrance to the park with their cattle

◊ Include complete system of riverine forests of Ayma and Gelegu rivers as a protected area

◊ Reduce impact of road network and other infrastructure on riverine and seasonal wetlands

◊ Reduce overgrazing and poaching around water points and critical water sources ◊ Construct hand dug temporary water well and broaden/or remove silts so as to increase

water holding capacity of natural ponds

2.4 HABITATS CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION SUBPROGRAMME

2.4.1 Themes, management objectives, strategies and opportunities

Management themes ♦ Habitats conservation and restoration of wildlife population Overall objectives ◊ To have sufficient data on population, condition and threats on specific species ◊ Rehabilitate natural feature of habitats at desired level for animals ◊ Reduce or illuminate inimical activities on sustainability of wildlife in their natural state General strategies

◊ Intensive community awareness creation on wildlife and their use while they are in their natural range

◊ Mobilize community participation in controlling illegal acts and wildlife poaching


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Issues and opportunities: ALNP ecosystem management programme will strive to realise the National Biodiversity Conservation policy of protecting all genetic types native to plant and animal population and their home range. This will be implemented in the park by perpetuating natural evolutionary processes and minimizing human interference with evolving genetic diversity. The need to maintain viable population and genetic diversity will guide decision on what action to take to manage unviable population of species or to enhance populations of threatened and endangered species in order to perpetuate the natural distribution and abundances. ALNP ecosystem management will control use of critical wildlife habitats for these species and strict access to such areas free entry except for research, recreational visit through viewpoint and official purpose. The manipulation or human induced restoration native plants may be carried out in selected areas in a manner designed to rehabilitate or enhance the functioning of the plant and animal community of which endangered species are a natural part, provided it does not alter the natural major processes and key values. On the other hand, the introduction of new exotic species will be prohibited and efforts will be taken to eradicate (transferred where it is economically feasible) all exotic species with in the park, especially those threaten park resources and public and domestic stock.


Theme 1. Habitats conservation and restoration of wildlife population Management objectives

◊ To identify priority habitats for conservation ◊ Restoration of viable population at required level ◊ Minimize disturbances at significant level that can ensure to have viable population


◊ Mobilizing expert groups for intensive study and arrange necessity inputs ◊ Develop systems for viable population restoration and minimized disturbance based on

different species ◊ Monitor and control illegal acts (hunting, encroachment and disturbance) on wild

animals and their habitats Actions and activities

◊ Prioritize critical habitats and areas for protection and feeding at different ecosystems components

◊ Identify and preserve adequate areas of dry season feeding and prey base for different higher species

◊ Preventing fire by instituting fire breaks and fire rotation and maintaining water sources ◊ Minimize roads crossing critical wildlife habitats and should stop at a natural barrier


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◊ Extend or increase protection to migration corridor out side the park ◊ Develop a control system that makes it difficult for wild animals to be illegally captured

and used and used in trade as domestic stock ◊ Develop system that works on critically endangered species recommended for

consideration in breeding programme ◊ Plots with suitable tree species in the buffer zone should be demarcated for honey

production under strict in conservation zone ensuring not to be cut ◊ Avoid fire in the breeding sites of birds, reptiles, lower mammals and slow moving

animals ◊ Control the extent of utilization of fish resources by the game scouts and community

2.5 AUTHORISED PARK RESOURCES USES

2.5.1 Themes, management objectives, strategies and opportunities

Management themes

♦ Authorized park Resources uses Overall objectives

◊ To facilitate authorized and monitored resource uses for excellent harmonization of the community and the park

General strategies ◊ Undertake guiding principles which state it will be possible to acess some resources

like fish,water,bamboo ,apiculture in buffer zone with full monitoring of the park officials

◊ Undertake guiding principles where appropriate harvesting of excessive resources

wil be undertaken in the core zone, fully monitored ,and careful transportation done for community uses and as a source of income for the park

Issues and opportunities: The fact that ALNP is endowed with ample resources; it has been the focus of attraction of the surrounding community, national and international neighbors. Some prominent resources which are highly demanded are fish, water, grazing grass and leaf, mines, and forest products like bamboo and wood lots, and honey. Despite theses resources are there; on the one hand full and uncontrolled authorization will let the park biodiversity collapse and on the other hand total prohibition will be nonsense since we can not deny resources are for people and people are for resources. Hence this GMP have delivered some monitored and restricted use of resources in the buffer zone and restricted harvesting in the biodiversity and recreation zone monitored and administered by park officials.


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Theme 1. Authorised park Resources uses Management objectives

◊ To facilitate authorized and monitored resource uses for excellent harmonization of the community and the park

Management Strategies ◊ Undertake guiding principles which state it will be possible to access some resources

like fish ,water, bamboo ,apiculture in buffer zone with full monitoring of the park officials

◊ Undertake guiding principles where appropriate harvesting of excessive resources will be undertaken in the core zone, fully monitored ,and careful transportation done for community uses and as a source of income for the park


◊ Monitored Fish access in buffer zone ◊ Monitored water ◊ Monitored bamboo ◊ Monitored apiculture in buffer zone ◊ fully monitored harvesting of excessive resources by ALNP office


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MP3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

MP3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES

Cultural heritage management subprogramme Recreation and tourism subprogramme Tourism infrastructure Facilities and Access subprogramme

◊ To provide local employment and generate additional income through the sale

of agricultural products, artifacts and infrastructure development, by identifying a number of spectacular sites that will attract people to the park in different seasons,

◊ To facilitate partnerships between traditional community, Alatish National park management, Dinder National Park management and commercial entities to provide facilities and services for visitors,

◊ To contribute both to local and national economy through domestic and international tourism,

◊ To develop visitor accommodation and information center, that will encourage visitors to visit Alatish National Park

◊ To encourage local tourism in the effort to appreciate and enjoy both the cultural and historical diversity as well as the natural endowment of the region,

◊ To provide tourist facilities in accordance to the above stated objectives in close cooperation with the Amhara Regional state tourism Bureau and Ethiopian Tourism Commission



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3.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND Apart from of being not used as a tourist attractions so far ; Important cultural heritage sites are present on the park and the landscape and natural features are an integral component of the overall cultural landscape of the area. In the Amhara National regional state tourism is concentrated at Simen Mountains, Lake Tana, and Blue Nile falls as wall as Gondar and the historical route to Aksum and Lalibela. Alatish National park is also not for from the historic rout Bahirdar to Gondar in correspondence to these trends the region is enlarging the airport in Gondar to be fit for international arrivals and the asphalt road from Khartoum to Gondar is also the best tourism development opportunity especially for cross country over land passenger or travelers from Europe through Spain through Morocco to South Africa. Protected area visitors expect to find facilities, recreational and learning opportunities within the park, but in Alatish National park not all demands can be met, as some of these expectations may be not found yet. In this management plan the park rules and regulations clearly defined and in use, tourist movement and activities will be monitored. Follow up will be regularly conducted for improved services and better management. Restriction or regulation of access may become necessary, depending on the increase of tourist numbers; however, before restricting the number of visitors in the park, further study is recommend to park carrying capacity during the implementation of this GMP.

3.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME


Management themes

♦ C Indigenous cultural heritage conservation ♦ Indigenous cultural heritage promotion

Overall objectives ◊ To properly identify, conserve and promote Alatish Heritages and cultural heritage

sites like the Emperor’s Diza palace with traditional affiliations with in the area General strategies

◊ Investigate all opportunities to Protect , care and promote for all Indigenous places , objects ,and culture in partnership with the Local community and stakeholders

Issues and Opportunities for management: Apart from of being not used as a tourist attractions so far; Important cultural heritage sites are present on the park and the landscape and natural features are an integral component of the overall cultural landscape of the area. These needs to be well planned and used as tourist attractions; as long they are good potentials.


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Theme1: Indigenous cultural heritage conservation Management Objectives

◊ To Protect Indigenous cultural heritage from interference or damaging activities. ◊ To conserve places of historic and cultural significance specifically the Emperor’s

Diza Palace, where appropriate, interpret these for visitors. Management strategies

◊ Enforce provisional legislation and bylaws to Protect and care for all Indigenous places and objects

◊ Respect Indigenous cultural wisdom and build confidence of the Traditional Community to hold and conserve it as an important resource

◊ Assess and identify Indigenous cultural heritage suitable for promotion and interpretation for the benefit of the community

◊ Manage historic places including Emperor’s Diza Palace of historic and cultural significance in accordance with their original status

◊ In consultation with the traditional community, submit cultural sites and stories that relate to the park for inclusion and be considered as a heritage resource.

Actions and activities:

◊ Enforcement of bylaws (documentation(To be implemented on support systems programmes)

◊ Community awareness(to be implemented with Community development programme)

◊ Heritage and cultural assessment Theme2: Indigenous cultural heritage promotion Management Objectives

◊ To foster Indigenous cultural tradition relating to the park. ◊ To encourage learning about and understanding of the historic heritage of the park

and where appropriate, interpret these for visitors. Management strategies

◊ Respect Indigenous cultural wisdom and build confidence of the Traditional Community’s to hold and conserve it as an important resource

◊ In consultation with the traditional community, submit cultural sites and stories that relate to the park for inclusion and be considered as a heritage resource.

◊ Assess and identify Indigenous cultural heritage suitable for promotion and interpretation, in collaboration with the Traditional community


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◊ Encourage research into heritage values associated with the park, and incorporate information gained into management programs and information, interpretation awareness programs.

Actions and activities: ◊ Community awareness(To be implemented by community development

programme) ◊ Heritage and cultural assessment, research and documentation(To be implemented

on Cross cutting programmes) ◊ Heritage and cultural promotion documentation(To be implemented on Cross

cutting programmes)

3.2 RECREATION AND TOURISM SUBPROGRAMME


Management themes ♦ Visitor use and safety ♦ Information, interpretation and communication ♦ Promote equal access to benefits for local eco Tourism actors

Overall objectives ◊ To have encourage nature‐based recreation where Visitors can enjoy safe

recreation and knowledge, without disturbing other visitors or compromising the conservation values of the park.

General strategies

◊ Develop a recreation and safety guideline with ALNP on the promotion and use of park Recreation areas

◊ Minimize the probability of visitor injuries and assaults through updated safety signage, safety messages in brochures, verbal messages in the information centre and law enforcement.

Issues and Opportunities for management: Apart from of being not used as a tourist attractions so far; Important cultural heritage sites are present on the park and the landscape and natural features are an integral component of the overall cultural landscape of the area. These are the source of tourist attractions and recreation. Hence to change these resources in to use value tourism and recreation have to be planned with out disturbing and compromising the conservation values of the park.


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Theme1: Visitor use and safety: Management Objectives

◊ Upgrade the park for public and tourist use and satisfaction of in a way that is compatible with the conservation of natural and cultural resources and public safety.

◊ To allow for a range of recreational activities, so long as it is safe for customers and while protecting natural, cultural and other recreational values is maintained.

◊ To promote visitor safety and awareness of safety issues and risks within the park. Management strategies

◊ Delineate type of recreations and where to be in ALNP ◊ Ensure that recreation guidelines are maintained and comply with the ALNP Act

and Regulations when recreating inside the park ◊ Encourage the use of minimal impact, and Monitor the impacts of visitor use, to

ensure the protection of natural and cultural values, and implement low enforcement as necessary.

◊ Promote and observe safe practices, and establish emergency services. Actions and activities:

◊ Recreation type identification and approval ◊ Developing and approving Recreation and safety guidelines (To be implemented on

support systems programmes) ◊ establish emergency services (To be implemented on support systems programmes) ◊ Update Park safety information to public (To be implemented on Cross cutting

programmes) Theme2: Information, interpretation and communication Management Objectives

◊ To Promote and encourage visitors’ discovery, enjoyment and appreciation of the park’s natural and cultural values in a safe and appropriate manner through information, interpretation and awareness.

◊ To provide opportunities for visitors to learn about and understand the cultural and spiritual significance of the park to Indigenous people and the indigenous people to the park.

Management strategies ◊ Ensure that pre‐visit information about the park is available via short Notes,

pamphlets, brochures, audios, video pictures in ALNP offices, local tourist information centers, and others related

◊ establish information signs at key locations, including post sits, ALNP office and in some others to be developed later


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◊ Provide visitor information, interpretation on the park’s recreational opportunities, minimal impact techniques, visitor safety, park values and threatening processes

◊ Promote greater public understanding and appreciation of, and respect for,

Indigenous culture by incorporating information about Indigenous cultural tradition, places and objects in information, interpretation and awareness programs,

◊ Work collaboratively with local educational provider like schools s, community groups, and other agencies to improve knowledge and understanding of ALNP

◊ Prepare and avail Necessary information such as, simple and informative park guide books, brochures, leaflets, post cards, maps and guideline at park headquarters, park gates and tourist information centers (i.e. Gondar, Bahirdar, Simen Mountains National Park and Dinder National Park in Sudan), Where, the information also provides camping, walking routs.


◊ Avail visitor information(To be implemented on Cross cutting programmes) ◊ establish information signs at key locations (To be implemented on support systems

programmes) ◊ Provide interpretation (To be implemented on Cross cutting programmes) ◊ Promote greater public understanding and appreciation(To be implemented by

community development programme) Theme3: Promote equal access to benefits for local eco Tourism actors Management Objectives

◊ To generate equal access for all Alatish Community members to benefit from the tourism industry

Management strategies ◊ Orgnize training for local Community members based on their interest and potential

in service providision and marketing skills ◊ Promote Tourism actor capacity building training for all interested bsed on the

capacity of the ALNP office and stakeholders – in fields like guide training, cooking and up‐grading in the use of English, , in traditional cultural performance, screen printing for souvenir tee‐shirts, weaving, handicraft production and tourism management.

◊ establishing ecotourism society in all buffer zone villages and even in Gelegu Actions and activities:

◊ Skill Training ◊ Capacity building and awearness creation ◊ Ecoturism socity establishment


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3.3 TURISM INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND ACCESS SUBPROGRAMME


Management themes

♦ Develop Turism infrastructure ♦ Tourist Access ♦ Tourist Facilities

Overall objectives

◊ To develop appropriate infrastructure, this will facilitate access to the park for visitor use and management purposes while protecting the park’s natural and cultural values.

General strategies ◊ Ensuring infrastructures, facilities and access assisted by stockholders and up‐to‐

date information Issues and Opportunities for management: It is recognized that the park is new and visitor requirements may alter over time. Hence development o infrastructures, further development of visitor facilities have to be considered Theme1: Develop Tourism infrastructure Management Objectives

◊ To construct Adequate infrastructure such as tourist accommodation, community lodge

◊ To facilitate step by step formation of infrastructure including Transportation facilities and services, water supply, electric power, solid waste disposal, toilet, telecommunications

◊ To constructe Camping sites in all fifteen proposed out post tourist campsite with minimum facilities (waste disposals pits, portable water, camping fire place, suitable ground to fix tents, shelter for porter, and pony or and pack animals)

Management strategies

◊ To ensure if ecotourism infrastructure combine in with the surroundings, use predominantly renewable energy sources and manage sewage and food waste without damaging the surrounding environment.

◊ To ensure if the proposed camping site with in the National Park, is easily, safely

and, effectively used by the visitors and employees (i.e. scouts, guides, cooks); and will have minimal impact of visitor use and infrastructure development upon the


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surrounding environment; and planed infrastructure in accordance with the determined capacity of the natural area to receive a defined number of visitors.


◊ Construct infrastructures (based on demand) including Transportation facilities and services, water supply, electric power, solid waste disposal, toilet, telecommunications(To be implemented on support systems programmes)

◊ Construct camping sites(To be implemented on support systems programmes) Theme2: Tourist Access Management Objectives

◊ Provide and maintain appropriate services and access to the park for visitor use and management purposes while protecting the park’s natural and cultural values.

◊ Encourage the provision of safe tourism services to improve the quality and range

of recreational experiences in the park, consistent with maintaining its natural and cultural values.


◊ Ensure that access like car(vehicle) and walk street to the park are enhanced and integrated with visitor demands and ,rules, guidelines and regulations .;protecting the park’s natural and cultural values

◊ Liaise with the government infrastructure builders like Telecommunications, Road authority to ensure that safe access is maintained.

◊ Ensure that all future tour operators using the park are well trained, accredited and licensed.

◊ Encourage relevant Indigenous communities to develop and deliver guided tours that enhance the experience of visitors and are compatible with the protection of park values.


◊ Standard service provision like parking, (To be implemented on support systems programmes)

◊ Access facilitation‐road and walk street(To be implemented on support systems programmes)

◊ Tour operator selection training


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Theme3: Tourist Facilities Management Objectives

◊ Provide sustainable camping areas and visitor sites that offer opportunities for public enjoyment in a way that preserves the park’s natural values.

◊ Provide for the collection of entry and camping fees to assist with the cost of visitor

services maintenance. Management strategies

◊ Designate and manage sustainable camping areas and day visit areas to provide visitors with a quality experience while preserving natural and cultural values, consistent with the zoning of the park in this management plan.

◊ Monitor camping areas and maintain them to avoid unacceptable impacts by either setting use limits or by rotating sites to allow for regeneration.

◊ Maintain self‐registration stations at strategic locations in the park for disseminating visitor information and collecting entry and camping fees.

◊ Prepare and avail necessary information such as, simple and informative park guide books, brochures, leaflets, post cards, maps and guideline at park headquarters, park gates and tourist information centers (i.e. Gondar, Bahirdar, Simen Mountains National Park and Dinder National Park in Sudan). where, the information also provides camping, walking routs.


◊ Designate and manage sustainable camping areas and day visit areas ◊ Maintain self‐registration stations at strategic locations ◊ Prepare and avail necessary information(To be implemented on support systems

programmes


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MP4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

MP4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES ♦ Community participation: involvement Management ♦ Community awareness Management ♦ Community relations Management ♦ Local economies commercial activities and employment

Management

To empower people and local community initiatives to engage in park conservation and management duties

To increase accountability to resident groups and local communities on Alatish National park

conservation objectives To Minimise conflicts between park values and surrounding land.



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4.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND The community: People and Communities in Alatish are those living adjacent within to the park‐who holds 39%(31733) with most priority and those in other sides‐ nearby of (50207)Quara Woreda who will have effect on the park .More over it is about Gumuz, Amhara, Agew, Kimant and Tgrie/ Communities /Ethnic groups . They are an integral part of the Alatish National Park. These Residents from within and nearby and visitors from further are also part of this park. Communities are diverse, and different people at different stages in their lives want different things from their environment

4.0 programme themes General Objectives, and Strategies Management themes

♦ Community participation: involvement Management ♦ Community awareness Management ♦ Community relations Management ♦ Local economies commercial activities and employment Management

Overall objectives

◊ To empower people and local community initiatives to engage in park conservation and management duties

◊ To increase accountability to resident groups and local communities on Alatish National park

General strategies

o Developing confidence and trust amongst communities so that everyone sees and expects a hearty response to Park conservation.

o Tapping into existing community development activities and adopting new ones o Motivating young people and providing them with support in youth activities o Working with schools and youth groups to help develop diversionary activities. o Developing mixed age/gender groups(clubs) and activities to strengthen and build the

community involvement o Providing funding, training, skills and guidance to support existing and new o Rewarding responsibility by providing incentives for those who respect their

neighborhoods and community


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Issues and Opportunities for management:

Involving the community‐Community participation: Managing the Alatish National Park needs partnerships and cooperative arrangements, and developing the sense of ownership. This requires the development of substantial working relationships with local communities. The involvement and participation of community groups and individuals in the park’s management is pivotal in effective long‐term planning, use and care of the park’s values. Volunteers and community groups make valuable contributions to park management and conservation of resources. Community involvement provides a positive direction for the shared development, maintenance and management of the ALNP Park and help to manage the park in accordance with the objectives of this plan. ALNP actively encourages broad community participation in park management through the development of opportunities linked to the skills and interests of them. Community awareness: The level of awareness of the ALNP community is at a level which is lower than expected to be .Hence, raising the community’s awareness of the park’s values is an essential step to develop its sense of custodianship for the park and engagement in the area’s management. The community is more likely to develop a sense of custodianship for the park if its views and values are respected and park‐related social networks are encouraged and supported and they are more aware. Increasing awareness within the community will reduce a number of key threatening processes to the park’s values and can assist in minimizing the potential of them for further impacts. Community relations: The Alatish National Park has different communities of a range of sizes located close to its boundaries, including Gumuz, Agew,Amhara,and some other minorities like Tgrie. The Park administration and management needs the very good relation of these communities in terms of the Resource Management monitoring and day to day follow up .Hence consultation and establishing of a well integrated community is important in order to achieve effective management of the Park and public support for that management regime. Local Economies Commercial Activities and employment: Farming employs the largest number of people on Alatish community i.e more than 87% of the workforce, followed by dayly labourer 9%) and then‐retail and pity IGAs The relative importance of these sectors in the economy has been growing in recent years. Most of the businesses in the National Park and the surrounding towns are of that type which can be classified as small businesses. Respectively, different small and micro commercial activities have been observed in Alatish National Park community which supports them and reduce their effects on the park. They are used and recommended to improve visitor services and facilities within the parks. Commercial activities will be considered where such activities enhance better management of the park and do not conflict with the objectives of the ALNP and this plan.


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Building close economic links between these businesses and with local consumers ensures that money is retained in the local economy, local services are supported, and the economy has the opportunity to become more self reliant. The presence of Alatish national park can have beneficial spin‐offs to the local community, particularly in terms of bringing tourism and the associated income to an area. The management of the Park can therefore have an impact on the economy of surrounding communities, Communities can also have effects on the Park by expecting the previous involvement causing impacts through commercial use and income generating meanness, Activities inside the park, particularly having farmlands, can therefore have adverse effects on the conservation of resources. Hence the remedy of minimizing these effects is both by promoting the alternative income generating activities outside the park and by enabling the park support the economy hence, It is important for the GMP to foster a constructive relationship with these communities through promotion of income generating activities.

4.1 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME : Management Objectives

◊ To Encourage and support voluntary contributions of the local community to biodiversity and park management programs.

◊ To actively assist the park’s management by participating local community and promoting contribute their knowledge and skills.

◊ To establish working relationships with Quara people who have a traditional association with the land and environment comprising the Alatish National park.


◊ Encourage and facilitate the involvement of the local community in conservation and park management programs.

◊ Involve especially the Gumuz community in preservation of their good tradition indigenous cultural abilities on managing the ALNP vegetation.

◊ Consult the local community to explore the benefits of partnership arrangements that will support future decisions on issues of common interest and promote economic development in the region.

◊ Talk to communities; listen to ideas and solutions being suggested. Act on good ideas and share information to avoid unnecessary repetition of consultation.

◊ Encourage and support community groups that use or have an interest in the park to work together for technical support, managerial support and financial support

◊ Work to establish a strong and collaborative relationship with the relevant Indigenous communities, and explore means to involve and work with the communities in reflecting cultural wisdom, interests and aspirations in the management of the park, as appropriate


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◊ Conduct a clear and continuous dialogue between the National Park Authority and the community

◊ Involve more people in the park management process ◊ Create conservation groups and organize promotion activities

4.2 COMMUNITY AWARENESS MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME Management Objectives

◊ Increase the community’s awareness and understanding of the park’s values and management activities.

◊ Build a sense of shared ownership and custodianship for the park among community groups and individuals.


◊ Increase public awareness and understanding of significant park management activities, through IEC techniques like, advocacies ,sensitization and. brochures

◊ have regular Communication with the community Actions and activities:

◊ Constant sensitization of park issues ◊ Update Park information to public ◊ Community relations

4.3 COMMUNITY RELATIONS MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME Management Objectives

◊ To establish and maintain a constructive relationship with local communities and associates to preserve the natural values of the Park and retain opportunities for them to be involved in Park management.


◊ Meet with local communities, associates and key stakeholders on a regular basis with regard to the implementation of this management plan with their concerns included

◊ Ensure that an effective community consultation programme is developed and implemented.

◊ Assist local people to participate actively and positively in decisions which deliver the kind of environment they wish, to live inland how they can equally act


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◊ Conduct a clear and continuous dialogue and consolations among the community how equally they can be concerned for the park

◊ Forming conflict resolving methods

4.4 LOCAL ECONOMIES COMERCIAL ACTIVTIES AND EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT SUB PROGRAMME Management Objectives

◊ To promote sustainable economic growth and wellbeing, particularly of the surrounding community by generating and expanding employment opportunities

◊ To increase in the proportion of self employed residents working within the Alatish economic area thereby increasing the economic self‐sufficiency of the locality

◊ to generate an economy which supports the local community so that they can contribute for better conservation of the park


◊ promote business and employment opportunities ◊ encourage sustainable wealth creation ◊ improve the effectiveness of existing businesses, ◊ encouraging the development of creative arts and skills ◊ initiate and run various schemes that help local business people ◊ Identify and address skills shortages ◊ Encourage a wide variety of opportunities for employment and support for local

businesses. ◊ Provide and offer Business support through market intelligence, training and small

capital grants to local residents (particularly young people) who wish to start new small businesses located in the National Park

◊ Supporting Businesses to raise the quality of their products, services and environmental performance


◊ Facilitation of Economic diversity and innovation ◊ Provision of business infrastructure ◊ Skill trainings ◊ Business advice ◊ Initiate and run various schemes ◊ Marketing support and advice ◊ Capital formation and grants provision


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MP5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME

MP5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES Park administration and low enforcement management Support and accessibility Management

◊ To administer the Park effectively in line with legislation, the BPR , the General Policy for National Parks, other General Policies and this management plan.

◊ To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the park and contribute to the safety of park visitors ,researchers and neighbors

◊ To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for effective park management as required in ALNP



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5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND In ALNP, the current management of the resources is supported by the existing administration, infrastructure and facilities .In the coming 10 years also the management needs them critically .as a result, this plan addresses the support systems needed to implement the management programs. These include Administration –comprising‐staffing, staff training, welfare and remuneration, and accessibility support ‐funding sources and financial management, capital development and equipment needs. As Alatish National Park is a very new Park and has limited resources there are deficiencies in all of these areas that need attention. The administration: The Alatish National Park is administered primarily under the National Parks Act No 38/2005; Management of the Park requires a range of administrative activities which enable the Alatish National Park office in Gelegu and the PADPA to carry out its legislative obligations and to implement this management plan and strategies. So far the park’s management have been supported and administered by Alatish National Park Office. Currently ALNP has a total of 62 working forces that comprise of 45 male and 17 female. 73 employees were planned to be recruited in 2009/2010 budget year out of 82 employs proposed as required at various levels on entire carrier structure of park office. The park has a warden, one technical team leader, three field biologists and, one planner, legal officer, one chief, six scout and forty field guards. The administration staff comprised one administrator, one audit, one finance expert, one casher, one store man and one driver. Due to remoteness and uncomforted climate the park office is suffer from experts’ turnover. Among 17 employees in 2007/2008 ten are leaved. The Alatish National Park office in Gelegu and the PADPA is in the process of putting in place a BPR system which will improve the management of the ALNP based on this General Management Plan. Management Support and access: In ALNP, the management of the resources is supported by the existing infrastructure including one single cup Toyota pick up car,2 electric generators ,2 desktop computers, and office furniture, radio comunicatoion,5 hand dug water wells,4 scout houses ..The Park does not have any working office building, although it is on the way to construct its own. These existing infrastructures serve the management of ALNP through supporting the assigned personnel and facilitating visiting and monitoring. Further upgrading, rationalisation and relocation of infrastructure have to continue as appropriate. The park management is still at infant level where it demands effective and efficient workforce, and Provision of suitable services and facilities for its proper management. In addition to facility; provision demands like Park infrastructure, Roads, Communication equipment, Energy supply, Water supply are required too. Most staff requires a broad range of skills and


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competencies including a basic understanding of ecosystem values and functions, visitor needs and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and requirements, community issues and cross‐cultural awareness. In ALNP the existing infrastructure which is too small, infant and weak serve the management of ALNP through supporting the assigned personnel and facilitating visiting and monitoring. The park management demands effective and efficient workforce, and Provision of suitable services and facilities for proper management. in addition provisions like Park infrastructure, Roads ,Communication equipment ,Energy supply ,Water supply are vital. Most staff requires a broad range of skills and competencies including a basic understanding of ecosystem values and functions, visitor needs and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and requirements, community issues and cross‐cultural awareness. Further upgrading, rationalization and relocation of infrastructure have to continue as appropriate to implement this GMP. Thus this General Management Plan will help to improve the management of the ALNP by assisting the administration; and the General Management Plan (GMP) will be supported by the BPR process and improved facilities. Issues and Opportunities for management: So far the park’s management have been supported and administered by Alatish National Park Office. This administration unit is ba cked up by the Woreda Administration at Local level and by PaDPA at Regional level. The Alatish National Park office in Gelegu and the PADPA is in the process of putting in place a BPR system. Hence this General Management Plan will help to improve the management of the ALNP by assisting the administration; and the General Management Plan (GMP) will be supported by the BPR process. In ALNP the existing infrastructure which is too small, infant and weak serve the management of ALNP through supporting the assigned personnel and facilitating visiting and monitoring. The park management demands effective and efficient workforce, and Provision of suitable services and facilities for proper management. in addition provisions like Park infrastructure, Roads ,Communication equipment ,Energy supply ,Water supply are vital. Most staff requires a broad range of skills and competencies including a basic understanding of ecosystem values and functions, visitor needs and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and requirements, community issues and cross‐cultural awareness. Further upgrading, rationalization and relocation of infrastructure have to continue as appropriate to implement this GMP.


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Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions

5.1 PARK ADMINISTRATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT Management Objectives

◊ To administer the Park effectively in line with legislation, the BPR , the General Policy for National Parks, other General Policies and this management plan.


◊ Work to Manage the Park in line with relevant legislation, General Policies, the BPR and this management plan.

◊ Carry out law enforcement activities in the Park in line with the National Parks Act and other relevant legislation.

◊ Provide for the passing of any bylaws necessary to enable the implementation of policies within this management plan.

◊ Ensure that staffing levels, expertise and motivation are adequate ◊ Provide appropriate infrastructure and equipment for effective management of the area ◊ Improve communications at Village, District and Regional levels ◊ �Ensure staff has up‐to‐date skills and competencies. ◊ �Provide training opportunities to enhance staff abilities and career advancement.


◊ Revising and understanding legislation, General Policies ◊ Carry out law enforcement activities ◊ Process and pass any bylaws necessary for the management of this park ◊ Fulfill quality and quantity of the staff and employees ◊ Provide appropriate infrastructure and equipment ◊ Regular communication with upper and lower authorities (To be implemented on Cross

cutting programmes)

5.2 SUPPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY MANAGEMENT: Management Objectives

◊ To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the park and contribute to the safety of park visitors ,researchers and neighbors

◊ To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for effective park management as required in ALNP


◊ Ensure that all park infrastructure is appropriate to the chosen setting of the park section, and is


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◊ in accordance with the park zoning scheme. ◊ Apply appropriate environmentally sustainable design principles to all infrastructures,

within reasonable financial and technical considerations. ◊ Investigate options for expanding office/interpretive facilities ,and the park

infrastructure ◊ facilitate the construction of the already designed access road and post site houses ◊ Prepare operational guidelines for the construction of roads and vehicles within zoning

scheme ◊ Gradually upgrade existing radio communications systems to use new technologies ◊ Train all park staff to ensure effective use of the communications systems used in the

park. ◊ Investigate alternative power supplies and enhancement of energy efficiency for use on

the park ◊ Maximize efficient use of water in services and facilities on the park.

◊ provide and maintain appropriate facilities to support the scientific research program;


◊ Building access roads with the desired design and standard ◊ Fulfill office building facilities and tourist information center ◊ Fulfill telecommunications inside the park ◊ Build post site houses ◊ Build watering points ◊ Staff training on management of park infrastructures


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MP6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

MP6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMME

SUB PROGRAMMES ♦ Stakeholder involvement Management ♦ Transboundary issues Management ♦ Adjoining neighbors and areas complementary

management ♦ Public relations information and communication

To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Park’s Conservation is ensured

To encourage scientific research, which adds to knowledge of the Park’s resources To conserve transboundary resources ,hence conservation values are maintained To promote Transboundary Collaboration for better management of the transboundary resources

To Help the Adjoining Benishangul G Regional State and local communities to be aware of their effects on ALNP and convert them to be supportive of the ALNP



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6.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BACKGROUND Running through the Management Plan Ambitions involves a number of cross‐cutting themes that are of particular importance in ensuring a sustainable future for Alatish National Park. Despite the cross‐cutting themes can not be delt independently, they are catalysts in every other programmes . The success of major programmes can not happen unless they are implemented. Hence this GMP gives due emphasis to them as explained below. Some of these cross cutting issues are included the following way; Working with partners (stakeholders): there are list of Authorities, organizations and communities, who are ‘stakeholders’ operating within the Alatish national park which is important to its proper management. All the community, stakeholders and the management are important actors in the proper management of the park and conservation of resources. Hence they have to be planned and action has to be taken accordingly. Dealing Transboundary issues : Alatish National park of Amhara Region –Ethiopia ,covers an area of land, which is more than 266,570 hectares (2,665.7 Km2)and shares boundaries with in the west to Sudan (Dinder National Park) about 74km (arial) boarder distance . ALNP consists of natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of river sides, valleys, woodlands, fauna and flora, where the same is observed in the Dindir side. Thus, Alatish and Dinder are a continuous ecosystem from western Ethiopian highland plateau and crosses into the arid regions of Central Sudan. Although it is a continuous system, it is bisected by the international boundary of Sudan and Ethiopia. This requires the management of both sides of the boundary to be brought to the same level to conserve the ecosystem for as sustainability. The Alatish National park preserves significant landscapes, funa and flora which are similar to the Dindir national Par of Sudan. However, the joint protection and conservation of these ecosystems in the national park is not yet started to ensure the long‐term viability of ecosystem diversity and processes. The retention and conservation of the ecosystems linking the two parks is not only desirable but vital if the two national parks are to retain their conservation value and scenic appeal. Dealing Complementary management of adjoining neighbors and areas: Beyond the transboundary Neighborhood with the Dindir National park; the Alatish National Park neighbors include the farms around the development zone residing in the east to Bambaho and Gelgu and in the north to Mehadid, Brermel, Gumz Wuha and Mosabadema peasant associations of Quara Woreda ,and in the south to Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State with Ayima river –that is the Omedla community . The park is owned by Amhara National Regional state, and surrounded by the BGRS who hold a number of concerns and effects in relation to the management of the park.


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Some residential community members and farmers both from Amhara NRS and BGNRS have encroached on park land looking for honey, bamboo and farm lands causing fire, kill or disturb native animals. Surrounding farm lands is a source of weeds and domestic animals and can present a fire risk to the park. This impact is clearly seen on the Northern side of the park. Overall neighborhoods can be responsible for undesirable impacts on the park which are of management concern which includes as sources of non‐native plants that do not naturally occur in the area, fire, pest and hunting and killing wild animals. Consequently Developing support from local communities and neighbors for park management activities is highly desirable and requires an ongoing consultation and has to be planned and properly managed.

6.1 WORKING WITH PARTNERS (STAKEHOLDERS) SUBPROGRAMME


Management themes

♦ Stakeholder involvement Management ♦ Science and Research Management

Overall objectives

◊ To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Park’s Conservation is ensured

◊ To encourage scientific research, which adds to knowledge of the Park’s resources General strategies

o Establish formal links with stakeholders with a view to co‐manage and conserve the ALNP resources; Recognizing the responsibilities, interests and aspirations of Indigenous peoples and other stakeholders

Issues and Opportunities for management: Stakeholder participation is an essential element of ALNP management. Although initially it may require a considerable financial and time investment, it ensures that key individuals, groups and organizations are involved in an equitable, democratic and effective natural resource management process. Furthermore, The Management of ALNP should not be going without undertaking research and investigation on the effects of proposed developments. Scientific research is vital to adding to knowledge, to management of the Park’s resources and to interpretation of the Park’s values to the community. Some research creates physical disturbance. It is important to recognize this and manage such disturbance in a responsible manner scientifically and in a way that does not detract from the values of the Park.


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It is for these reasons that it is important that research is fostered, understood and taken account of in the preservation, protection and presentation of the Park and its values 5.1.1 Theme’s specific Objectives, Strategies and actions Theme1: Stakeholder involvement Management: Management Objectives

◊ To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Park’s Conservation is ensured


◊ Recognise the responsibilities, interests and aspirations of Indigenous peoples and other stakeholders

◊ Establish formal links with stakeholders with a view to co‐manage and conserve the ALNP resources especially with the Benishangul Gumuz Regional state

◊ Establish a capacity for conflict resolution between the management and external stakeholders.

◊ Provoke stakeholders to devote their resources based on their interests so that the Park conservation can be enhanced


◊ Stakeholder networking ◊ Stakeholder forum for Fund raising ◊ stakeholder Monitoring and evaluation

Theme2: Science and Research management Management Objectives

◊ To encourage scientific research, which adds to knowledge of the Park’s resources Management strategies

◊ establish a research program coordinating committee comprising Bahirdar,Gondar or other National Universities and other stakeholders including the community,

◊ conduct periodic reviews of scientific research being undertaken; ◊ maintain an inventory and library of the resources of the Park and relevant literature

that is accessible to staff, researchers and the public;


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Actions and activities ◊ Conduct Research programs on: Ecosystem, NRM, Wildlife ,Birds ,Reptiles ,Water

resources ,Vegetation ,Socioeconomics ◊ Presentation of research results ◊ Applying the result on park conservation

6.2 TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES SUBPROGRAMME:


Management themes ♦ Transboundary issues Management

Overall objectives

◊ To conserve transboundary resources, hence conservation values are maintained ◊ To promote transboundary Collaboration for better management of the transboundary

resources General strategies

◊ Form transboundry collaboration based on Continuous investigation and Assessment of resources, opportunities, threats and measures

Issues and Opportunities for management: The Alatish National park transbounded by Dindr NP preserves significant landscapes, fauna and flora which are similar to the Dindir national park of Sudan. However, the joint protection and conservation of these ecosystems in the national park is not yet started to ensure the long‐term viability of ecosystem diversity and processes. The retention and conservation of the ecosystems linking the two parks is not only desirable but vital if the two national parks are to retain their conservation value and scenic appeal. This requires the management of both sides of the boundary to be brought to the same level to conserve the ecosystem for as sustainability.


Theme1: Transboundary issues Management Management Objectives

◊ To conserve transboundary resources, hence conservation values are maintained ◊ To promote transboundary Collaboration for better management of the transboundary

resources Management strategies

◊ Continuous investigation and Assessment of the conservation value and status of the transboundary parks

◊ Continue dialogue and negotiations with Dindir National park on develop a management plan in accordance with the transboundary issues

◊ Form a discussion group with representatives from two parks


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Actions and activities ◊ Resources investigation ◊ Networking ◊ Forum formation and consultations ◊ Collaboration on enforcing existing law

6.3 ADJOINING NEIGHBORS AND AREAS COMPLEMENTARY MANAGEMENT SUBPROGRAMME:


Management themes

♦ Adjoining neighbors and areas complementary management Overall objectives

◊ To Help the Adjoining Benishangul G Regional State and local communities to be aware of their effects on ALNP and convert them to be supportive of the ALNP conservation objectives

◊ To minimise conflicts between park values and surrounding land. General strategies

◊ Co‐operate with adjoining landholders , the local administration ,and the neighboring BG Region ;based on awareness raising ,law enforcement and Good Neighbourhood relationship

Issues and Opportunities for management: Beyond the transboundary location, The Alatish National Park is bounded by neighbors include the farms around the development zone and the Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State .The park is owned by Amhara National Regional state, and surrounded by the BGRS who hold a number of concerns and effects in relation to the management of the park. Some residential community members and farmers both from Amhara NRS and BGNRS have encroached on park land looking for honey, bamboo and farm lands causing fire, kill or disturb native animals. Surrounding farm lands is a source of weeds and domestic animals and can present a fire risk to the park. Neighborhoods can be responsible for undesirable impacts on the park which are of management concern which includes as sources of non‐native plants that do not naturally occur in the area, fire, pest and hunting and killing wild animals. Consequently Developing support from local communities and neighbors for park management activities is highly desirable and requires an ongoing consultation and has to be planned and properly managed.


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Theme1: adjoining neighbors and areas complementary management Management Objectives

◊ To Help the Adjoining Benishangul G Regional State and local communities to be aware of their effects on ALNP and convert them to be supportive of the ALNP conservation objectives

◊ To minimise conflicts between park values and surrounding land. Management strategies

◊ Continue to deliver formal advice and awareness to local farming communities regarding future developments and expansion of farm land on adjoining or nearby land which are likely to have an impact on the park’s landscape and scenic values.

◊ Encourage sound conservation and farm land management practices on farm land adjoining the park

◊ Develop local bylaws which they will be governed by and have good consequences for park management.

◊ Form a discussion group with representatives from Benishangul Gumuz Regional State and local neighboring Woreda and local conservation groups

◊ Apply and encourage the application of the Good Neighbour program to management issues on or near boundaries of the park especially with the Benshanguel Gumuz region and surrounding Gumuz tribes

◊ Consolidate Park boundaries where possible i.e clear demarcation of the development and buffer zone.

◊ Encourage consistent application of the National park act, determinations and guidelines for, for enabling efficient management of the area and controlling access to the park.

◊ Co‐operate with adjoining landholders and the local administration to manage boundary and adjacent land use issues.

◊ Increase awareness and support of park management activities including prescribed

burning, pest plant and animal control and visitor management activities within neighbors.


◊ Continuous advice and monitoring ◊ Regular discussion with neighbors ◊ Park boundary consolidation ◊ Implementing laws and bylaws


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6.4 PUBLIC RELATIONS INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SUBPROGRAMME:


Management themes

♦ IEC supported Park advocacy Overall objectives

♦ To enhance proper implementation of the GMP using public relation tools. ♦ To make ALNP recognisable, popular, with accessible information about park’s nature

and culture values General strategies To enforce Information aducation and communication techniques Issues and Opportunities for management: No organization can exist and work effectively without appropriate exposure to the public. Pulic relations through appropriate IEC encourage, the participation of society, and stakeholders to, understand, know, decide and act of the day to day mangment of the park.In ALNP ,there is no significant public relation works done sofar.This subprogramme will therefore help more for the park to be well known and have different assistances.


Theme1: IEC supported Park advocacy Management Objectives

♦ To advocate every facts of the park so that it will be well managmed Management strategies

♦ Use IEC techniques to produce different advocacy duties ♦ Work with stakeholders for effective exposure of the park


♦ Production of IEC Materials about Natural resources management ♦ Continuous advocacy of the park conservation and benefits for the community ♦ Distribution of IEC materials ♦ Undertaking Monthly Community Conversation ♦ Celebration of ALNP Park day ♦ Continuous advocacy of the park conservation ,potentials and benefits for tourists and

stakeholders ♦ Install information centre in Gelegu and at Park get ♦ Produce informative national park maps including the resources maps


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PART THREE: THE ALNP‐GMP‐ PRIORITIES FOR ACTION OPERATIONAL PLAN and IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY

PART THREETHE ALNP‐GMP‐ PRIORITIES FOR ACTION OPERATIONAL

PLAN and IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY

THEMES PRIORITY ACTIONS

FIVE YEAR OPRATIONAL PLAN FOR PRIORITY ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION AND RESOURCING THE PLAN

MONITORING, REVIEW AND REPORTING

OBJECTIVE: To display the main priority actions & activities for the next first 5 years and the General implementation modality for effective implementation of the GMP


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I. PRIORITY ACTIONS

This GMP is intended to guide the management of the ALNP over the next 10 years, by laying out the vision, general objectives for ALNP and the strategies by which that vision might be considered and objectives achieved. In addition to providing this long‐term vision, objectives and strategy, this GMP must also be directly applicable to the day‐to‐day management needs of ALNP and the people who are primarily responsible for its implementation. A five‐year rolling implementation plan will be prepared for the Park to ensure efficient implementation of this Plan. Priorities for management are identified also as an initial step in this process these 5‐year action plans have therefore been designed to provide further detailed activities that need to be accomplished as part of the overall identified action. This structuring should help facilitate understanding and implementation of both park managers and other stakeholders. The summary of all activities proposed for this GMP is depicted under the annex section. Among those summary of actions, believing that those with high priority should be implemented first and the others follow, the following 5 year Operational plan is formulated.

II. FIVE YEARS OPERATIONAL

The overall ALNP management and action plan will have various activities and outputs which will help to attain different objectives and the overall objective of this GMP. Despite they are many, this section deals only on the major priorities for the coming first five years. The rest should be considered after the implantation of the first priority.

2. 1 priority Activities of the ALNP (2010‐2014)

i) Activities: The plan will have the following major activities as a priority ;

II. FIVE YEARS OPERATIONAL PLAN

I. PRIORITY ACTIONS


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Table 9 priority Activities

ACTIVITY

NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME WILDLIFE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Native genetic diversity of fauna and their habitats Protection and maintenance Management of endangered species(especially Managing African Elephant ) Wildlife Animals inventory and monitoring Conduct wild animal inventory at different habitats

VEGETATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Local hotspotsites management Restoration or rarely found species management Economic forest zone management Agro forestry development and management

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Water infrastructure development (wells) Wetland and riparian resource management action plan developing water resources information database action plan

2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Conservation of priority ecosystem components Controlling encroachment and ecological degradation Fire monitoring and supervision Managing hydrological resources Habitats conservation and restoration Authorised park Resources uses

3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Develop tourism promotion and regulation strategy Promote equal access to benefits

4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPEMNT PROGRAMME LOCAL ECONOMIES COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND EMPLOYMENT

MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT , AWARENESS AND RELATIONS

MANAGEMENT: 5 SYSTEMS SUPPORT OF ALNP

Park human resource dev't Build and mentain Park assisting Infrastructures Turism Infrastructure development Install trekking signposts and site maps Facilities LEGISLATIVE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT


156

6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT OF ALNP STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT and TRANSBOUNDRY MANAGEMENT Networking PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT IEC supported Park advocacy RESEARCH PROGRAMS

7 MONITORING EVALUATION ii) Outputs: The respective outcome or output/target on the implementation of each major and minor activity will be revised in the table attached under the annex section. The out puts her simply will be the target accomplishment of each plan activity.

2. 2 Resourcing and implementing the Plan

i) Resourcing the Plan:

The resources needed to implement the selected activities, in addition to time, include various human (with the special skills, consultants‐to come from different stakeholder offices), financial (budget) ,material, equipments(ICT ,equipment, transportation) and organizational inputs. These Resources can come from any combination of the measures which are; restructuring the government budget; restructuring and increasing donor support; and from the community itself. The budget reflects 5 year of costing for the measure concerned and clearly distinguish items and activities Budgets indicate: expenses allocated to plan activities which needs financial resources. : In ultimate sense, all the resources will be listed out and converted in to financial terms and formulates a budget breakdown. The estimated budget break down covers a period of 5 years. Tentatively the plan is expected to commence on Next year 2010 and The total for the implementation of the first round five year activities (excluding road and other buildings) is estimated to be birr 9,139,000 , which is equivalent to 815982.00 USD assuming an exchange rate of 1USD = 11.20 Eth Br.


157

Table 10 Cost summary:

No Programme description Unit5 years Total cost

1 Natural resources development management programme Birr 1,520,0002 Ecosystems and biodiversity conservation management Birr 8100003 Tourism cultural heritage and recreation management programme Birr 5200004 Community development programme Birr 11990005 support Systems Programme ** Birr 39400006 Cross cutting issues management of alnp Birr 1150000 Birr 9,139,000 ** Note: This does not include cost for those activities which needs huge investment like roads .Since they demand exact engineering estimate based on the design. Budget Allocation and sources :The budget sources for the implementation of these activities is expected to be ; restructuring the government budget; restructuring and increasing donor support; and from the community itself. In these cases the community’s contribution which can be either in cash and in kind, labour will cover to a 1% estimate. ii) Implementing the Plan Implementing the plan is crucial as long as it is a process for ensuring the goal and objectives can be attained, and ultimately the GMP can be insured in ALNP. Nevertheless this will happen as long as there will be a correct adoption of strategies designed in this GMP and launching appropriate participatory management structure to follow up the day to day implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the plan. In this regard the management plan will be entirly implemented by ALNP office in Gelegu with full assistance of the PaDPA and stakeholders listed. The role of the surrounding community in implementation involvement is at the first top priority. Participatory Management Structure This ALNP GMP has got different programmes and activities, consequently, there will be many preparatory works to be done to involve the perspective stakeholders and for it to produce an out put to the Resources. Thus the proposed plan would have different stakeholders and it would be logical to establish a common plan management structure. The over all management of the implementation of the plan will be done based on the structure to be formulated on ALNP Office, and stakeholder links. The day‐to‐day management of the implementation of the plan will be done both by the ALNP office and by the respective stake holders especially the community.

Implementation schedule /Timing/ : The 5 year plan will be implemented based on the schedule shown in the appendix section.


158

2.3 Plan amendment During the 10 year life of the plan, amendments to the plan may be necessary and can be made by the ALNP. Amendments may be made Since The objectives, strategies and actions outlined in this draft plan are not rigid rather dynamic. Amendments may be made as a result of public submissions, changing circumstances or better information resulting from research and monitoring activities, community consultation. More specifically it will be following an authorized process which includes

◊ the results of monitoring or research, management experience or new information (such as greater understanding of new threatening processes) which indicate the need for a change in management direction

◊ significant changes in visitation or use ◊ a change in policy that calls into question plan objectives ◊ new legislation (such as significant boundary changes).

The plan may also be amended if an activity, development or use which conflicts with the provisions of the plan is approved by government

III. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

The realization of the objectives envisaged by this plan partly depends on both the establishment and operational efficiency of monitoring and evaluation systems. The primary purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to assist the stakeholders and plan management in the implementation of the program through the provision of relevant and timely information. In addition these M&E will be useful to determine whether key components related to the success of the plan are put in place as and when required. The purposes of undertaking M& E in this plan are

To identify unforeseen constraints To measure actual improvements and compare with targets To provide advice on workable solution to over come constraints To provide information on successful measures and strategies for the future design

of similar plans, projects, and programmes. To this end activities of M& E to be undertaken will be ;

III. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN


159

Specific reporting formats will be developed for each activity based on these formats each party starting from the community park development taskforce to the ALNP office. They will prepare the necessary, quarter, biannual and annual reports.

Regular meetings about the implementation progress of the plan will be done by each party: That is

Monthly at keble level Quarterly at ALNP level Biannually at the ALNP level

The focus of the meeting will be on Reviewing the progress of the implementation, Clarifying the achievements, problems tackled, successes recorded

suggestion and recommendations for improvement Close supervisions will be made to the beneficiaries (actual site) to see the implementation procedures, give assistances and avoid obstacles timely. This will be done frequently by Park officers. The Alatish community will do the day to day follow up of activities and will give good feed backs for better decision and will also involve in the decision making process. In general major monitoring activities such as assessment of activities progress, assessment of technical standards of the interventions, assessment of effectiveness in the release and utilization of inputs and assessment of stakeholders’ opinions will be held. On going evaluation and midterm evaluation will be made.


160

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31 Hakim, S., B. Fadlalla, N. M. Awad, and S. Abdel Wahab. 1978. Ecosystems of the Vegetation of Dinder National Park Unpuble. Report Wildlife Research Center. Khartoum, Sudan

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45 Oglethorpe, J. 1999: Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa, Biodiversity Support Programme, Washington, D.C.

46 Planning and Management of Transboundary Conservation Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 47 Pol, J. L. V. 2006. A Guide to Endemic Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea, 2nd ed. Shama Books, Addis Ababa. 80 pp.

48 Pomeroy, D. and Dranzoa, C. 1997. Methods of studying the distribution, diversity and abundance of birds in East Africa‐some quantitative approaches. Afr. J. Ecol. 35: 110‐123.

49 Sandwith, T., Shine, C., Hamilton, L. and Sheppard, D. 2001. Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co‐operation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

50 Shrivastava, M. B. 1997. Introduction to Forestry. Department of Forestry. The Papua New Guinea University of Technology Lae. Vikas publishing House PVT LTD

51 Sinclair and Ryan .2003. Birds of Africa South of the Sahara.Princeton University Press. Prenceton, New Jercy. 759 pp.

52

Solomon Abebe, Habtemariam Kassa, Belay Demissie, Getie Asfaw, Yohannes Afework, Abeje Zewdie, Mulu Moges, Amanuel Abraham (2006). Mid‐term Evaluation of the Projects in the Food Security Subprogram in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Final Report

53 Spencer, R. 1963. Instruction to Youngest Ornithologists III. Bird Migration Museum Press Ltd. Old Brompton, London. 121 pp.

54 Stevenson, T. and Fanshawe, J. 2002. Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. T and A D Poyser Ltd. London. 602 pp.

55 Sutherland, W. J. 1996. Ecological Census Techniques: A handbook. Cambridge University Press, London. 336 pp.

56

Taddesse Habtamu. 2005. The Study of Diversity, Distribution, Relative Abundance and Habitats Association of Small Mammals in Alatish Proposed National Park, North Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, School of Graduate Studies (MSC thesis). Addis Ababa

57 Tadesse Habtamu. 2005. The Diversity, Distribution, Relative Abundance and habitats association of the small mammals in Alatish proposed park, Unpublished, MSC Thesis 101pp.

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Van der Linde, H., J. Oglethorpe, T. Sandwith, D. Snelson, and Y. Tessema (with contributions from Anada Tiéga and Thomas Price). 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.

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66

Zbicz, D. 2001. Crossing international boundaries in park management; a survey of transboundary cooperation. Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. D. Harmon. Michigan:, The George Wright Society, Inc.

MANAGEMENT PLANS CONSULTED (Most from World Wide Web)

1. Balie Mountains National Park, General Management Plan‐2007‐2017 ,Ethiopia 2. Kahurangi National Park Management Plan ,2001‐2011‐SA 3. Kemeri National Park Management Plan 2002‐2010 Latvia 4. Kibale National Park Management Plan 1997‐2001 Uganda Wildlife Authority December, 1996 5. Management Plan For Nech Sar National Park Ethiopia’s ,2005 6. Northumberland National Park Management Plan 2009 – 2014 www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk 7. Point Hicks Marine National Park Draft Management Plan September 2005, Australia Accessed From.

www.parkweb.vic.gov.au. 8. Simien Mountains National Park General Management Plan 2009–2019,Ethiopia 9. UNEP/GEF, 2004 management plan for Dinder national park. UNEP/GEF, DNP, Kartum Sudan. 10. Westland Tai Poutini National Park Management Plan 2001‐ 2011 New Zealand

http://www.worldbook.com/features/birds/html/whatis_importance�

http://www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk/�

http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/�


164

APPENDICES

1.1 Specific activities to be implemented in the next 5 years

ACTIVITY Units Targets Budget 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1 TURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

WILDLIFE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Native genetic diversity of fauna and their habitats Protection and maintenance

Conduct animal survey Round 2 50000

Habitat monitoring Round 10

Habitat protection Round **

Breeding sites monitoring Round 10

Management of endangered species(especially Managing African Elephant )

Conduct a study to better understand dynamics and threats on African elephant No 1 50000

Advocate and collaborate with neighbouring to conserve African elephant Round **

Monitor other species and their feed and prey bases with in the large home range of elephant Round

**

Protect existing population from poaching threats Round **

Wildlife Animals inventory and monitoring

Conduct wild animal inventory at different habitats No 2 100000

VEGETATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Local hotspotsites management

Identification of Local local hotspotsites in the park buffer and development zones

Sites 3 45000

Conduct a workshop on local hotspotsite selection, demarcation and management

No 3 45,000

Restoration or rarely found species management


165

Identification of rarely found and overexploited tree/shrub species Per

study 1 20000

Identify sites for restoration Sites 3 45,000

‐ Sites along rivers and streams Sites 3

‐ Sites on hill tops and surrounding areas Sites 3

‐ Other sites Sites 3

Encouraging natural regenerations through land preparation and seed broadcasting

Sites 3 125000

Implementation of silvicultural practices on restoration sites Sites 3

‐ Thinning and Pruning (canopy management) Sites 3 9000

‐ Weeding and Cultivation Sites 3 9000

Economic forest zone management

Conducting detail forest inventory and characterizing the structure and function of the economic forest

Per study

1 100000

Identifying and demarcating the possible economic forest zones Sites 3

Demarcate the EFZ Sites 3 9000

Identifying and quantifying possible NTFP Sites 3 30000

Develop the manual and guidelines to manage EFZ sites Sites 3 30000

Establishment of PFM groups (legal institute) PFM

groups 7 70000

Agro forestry development and management

Introduce and promote multipurpose tree/shrub species in the buffer and development zone of the park

1

Backyard agro forestry practices Community activities Ha 30

Road side planting Community activities km 10

Farm boundary planting Community activities km 5

Woodlot development Community activities Ha 50

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

verification of proposed Sites for the possible water resources development works through detailed study and investigation(hydrology, geology, etc parameters) 10 wells, 3 water harvesting ponds, and 2 wetlands

no ** 45000

construction of shallow wells (max. 20m) no 4 wells 160,000


166

Construction of water harvesting structures (ponds) no 2 30,000

construction of shallow wells (max. 20m) No 4 160,000

construction of shallow wells (max. 20m)( 2 (near wetlands) No ) 80,000

installation of pipe arrangements to transfer water to the selected pools for wild life For improving 2 wetlands

No 8000

Construction of remaining 2 well for visitors & central part of park ,storage and minimum treatment facilities when necessary – deep wells (bore hole)

No 2 400,000

Wetland and riparian resource management action plan

Further investigations on the seasonal wetlands to fully document the wetlands

No 1

Identification of potential wetlands for recreational and tourist value No 1

conducting studies on major river courses for construction of possible small storage structures and improvement of the riverine ecosystem

No 1

developing water resources information database action plan

Site selection for installation of primary M.Station ,ground water monitoring wells and staff gauges for water level recording at Gelegu, Alatish & Hyima Rivers

No 1

Installation of primary M.Station No 1 300000

Assess the Structure and Function of the major River Corridors Ecosystem , ground water aquifers, etc

No 1 10000

Installation of ground water monitoring wells No 1 50000

Installation of staff gauges at Gelegu, Alatish & Hyima Rivers No 1 50000

2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

Conservation of priority ecosystem components

Conduct regular monitoring on preventing undesired human impact No 4/per year

Develop activity plan for conservation techniques at spatial and temporal scale No 1

Provide ecological inputs Bulk *

Prioritized conservations in respect to positive and negative Document 1

Minimize human and domestic stock intervention * * Investigate options for maintaining ecological process impact of Docum 1


167

tourism ent Controlling encroachment and ecological degradation

Monitor and protect hunting and illegal extraction * * Prohibit the entrance of Fellata nomads * *

Developing means of bridging the growing gap between people and * *

Minimize or illuminate the poacher from one side of incomplete ecosystem * *

Develop suitable monitoring and control sites on poachers and other adverse effect

Document 21 sites 210,000

Establish well equipped forces and facilitated systems to control illegal acts of poachers on time Team 7 village

Support the resource protection and monitoring division to protect and control loss of PEC Team 1

Fire monitoring and supervision Conduct regular monitoring of fire and options prior to ignite * *

Develop awareness of the community on fire hazard * *

Develop fire control systems and implementation Document 1

Identify the most and least devastative form of firing * *

Burning to clear roads after establishing fire line and in restricted mode to other areas as a management tool no burning on slops, river and stream banks * *

Clearing and widening of administrative roads should conducted immediately after rainy season No 5 200,000

Fire prevention and control

Prohibit people moving with fire and fire causes moving along natural areas in biodiversity and recreation and buffer zones of the park * *

Constrict firebreak by clearing ground vegetation at early dry season (September to October) N0 5 200,000

Implement fire protection or control mechanisms developed to reduce extent, frequency and intensity within different habitats and land units * *

Facilitate park road network and broad sandy river course to use * * 100,00


168

as a fire break Managing hydrological sources

Monitor and control the incidence of fire and maintain fire breaks * *

Develop awareness of the community on connectivity of natural vegetation and hydrology * *

Develop sustainable reservation and recreation to fish and other aquatic species * *

Prohibit all forms of fishing activities in the breeding sites and species that are threatened * *

Apply fishing during excess population at the end of wet season on carefully selected ponds at Ayma river and seasonal wetlands * *

Control of hydrological resources degradation

Clean and broaden the water ponds so as to increase surface water quantity No 5sites 100000

promote shading so as to minimize evapo-transpiration from soil and open ponds * *

Include complete system of riverine forests of Ayma and Gelegu rivers as a protected area * *

Reduce impact of road network and other infrastructure on riverine and seasonal wetlands * *

Reduce overgrazing and poaching around water points and critical water sources * *

Habitats conservation and restoration

Prioritize critical habitats and areas of different ecosystems components ** **

Extend or increase protection to migration corridor outside the park ** **

Develop system that works on critically endangered species recommended for consideration in breeding programme

** **

Avoid fire in the breeding sites of birds, reptiles, lower mammals and slow moving animals

** **

Control the extent of utilization of fish resources by the game scouts and community

** **

Authorised park Resources uses

Monitored Fish access in buffer zone ** **

Monitored bamboo ** **

Monitored apiculture in buffer zone ** **


169

3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

Develop tourism promotion and regulation strategy 300000

Tourism actor capacity building

Carry out detail tourism potential survey in and around Alatish National park

No 1 30000

Identify people engaged in artifact production and work with them to understand quality requirements

No **

Carry out training needs assessment and identify methods to meet those needs

Î 30000 Î Î

Design and implement appropriate training provision, using markets and skills on tourist service and facilities

NoT 3 20000

Ensure that product marketing does not cause unsustainable resource use

Round **

Facilitate formation of local outlets and producers to access all markets No **

Promote equal access to benefits

Produce guideline to establish community based ecotourism society No Î 50000

Facilitate village conference to discuss potential governance structures of ecotourism societies with communities

NoC 3

Discuss potential benefit‐sharing arrangements that do not disadvantage NoD 3

Participate marginalized groups on tourism activities ** **

Facilitate communities groups to establish ecotourism societies using PRA methodology

** **

Support ecotourism societies to establish benefit‐sharing mechanisms ** **

Facilitate experience sharing visits to other community enterprises SMNP, Bale and other areas

NoES 3 40000

Recreation type identification and approval No **

Ecotourism society establishment No **

Tour operator selection training NoT 3 50000

Designate and manage sustainable camping areas and day visit areas No **

Maintain self‐registration stations at strategic locations

4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

LOCAL ECONOMIES COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT


170

Survey on potential IGAs and training need assessment Nos 2 20000

Conduct a number of specific market demand studies for various sectors NoS 2 20000

Skill training for local community entrepreneurs on No

marketing NoT 5 25000

Business mgt NoT 5 25000

Creation and management of small businesses and development of skills NoT 5 25000

Family income generation and saving, and business management training NoT 5 25000

Transform skills in to action

credit scheme and Disbursement of the loan NoR 2 1000000

Provision of business information ** **

Link employable skill training with establishment of business (Involve many tourist attracting business on)

** **

Pottery NoB 1000

Weavering 2000

Handicrafts 2000

Promote modern honey harvesting and marketing ** **

Hotel and servicing 100

Promote income generation by tourism

Create communities dance groups ** **

Establish handcraft men & women groups ** **

Select history teller from community elder ** **

Facilities groups to open souvenir ** **

Facilitate community to produce arts ** **

Create basket making groups ** **

Establish communities service provider groups ** **

Facilitate the establishment of community lodge ** **

To establish system how to collect & share revenues ** **

Facilitate training for communities leader how to managing revenues & funding priorities

** **

Decide and setup the entrance fee and other service price ** **

Facilitate tourist guides training on: attraction management, wildlife resources, service standards and customer care, language skill, first aid

** ** 20000


171

and hygiene standards

Identify interested local cooker and facilitate training on: how to cook different food items sanitation & hygiene

** **

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT , AWARENESS AND RELATIONS MANAGEMENT:

Conduct a clear and continuous dialogue between the National Park Authority and the community‐ Continuous awareness

Establish regular community discussion forums ** **

Conduct community discussion on

park resources ,management systems, laws, bylaws, and enforcement, resource treatment, effects of poaching hunting ,and encroachment, Culture and heritage management

NoD 60

Park status conference NoC 4

Involve more people in the park management process

Formation of community Park conservation and monitoring taskforce

NoTF 12

Formation of Park loving community teams ** **

Formation of park awareness and conservation school clubs ** ** 10000

Formation and celebration of ALNP day once a year NoCD 4 10000

Incentive for best performing school clubs NoI ** 3000

Incentive for best performing community groups NoI ** 10000

Awarding of best acting community groups NoCG 12 3000

Awarding of best acting persons NoP 12 3000

Community relations

Experience sharing between Park adjacent PAs community NoES 12 0

Apply local conflict resolving methods ** ** 0

5 SYSTEMS SUPPORT OF ALNP

Park human resource dev't

Recruit and deploy experts and staff for ALNP No **

Establish roles and responsibilities for experts ** **

Establish Park Steering committee NoC 5 0

Build the Efficiency and capacity of experts through Local (abroad)training on different Park related disciplines


172

Short term NoE 20 60000

Long term NoE 5 300000

Build and maintain Park assisting Infrastructures

Construct Main park access roads with the desired design and standard

kms 1000 NEE

Consult & motivate the road authority to construct and improve all weather road from Sheid to Gelegu

Build post site houses No NEE

Build watering points No Participant

ALNP office building No 1 NEE

establish information signs at key locations No 3

Tourism Infrastructure development 150000

Construct camping sites tourist information center No 3

Construct suitable community lodge in selected village and camping sites No **

Develop environmentally sustainable infrastructure designs including toilet provision

** 1

Install dry waste disposal No **

Install barbecue site and environmental friendly proper seats No ** **

Install safe camping fire site for night enjoyments in all proposed out post

No

Create and develop cool shower in all outpost No **

Encourage private sector to provide minibus ** **

Create awareness for public transportation worker regarding to tourism ** **

Provide pack animals for park trekker ** **

Improve wireless communication & link to the PADPA and other National Park both in Ethiopia and Dinder national park

** **

Install internet service at park office & encourage private sector provide internet access for visitor

** ** **

Install trekking signposts and site maps 30000

Need assessment for to determine the maximum number of signposting installation on roads & inside park boundary

No Î

Install direction/informational signpost in key areas ** ** Î


173

Install park regulation signposts in all camping site /outposts Î

Facilities 3000000

Fulfill office facilities Office furniture and equipment ** **

Fulfill Office usable /expendables/ ** **

Data processing equipments and services in the office ** **

IEC Technical equipments and supplies ** **

Field materials and equipments ** **

Vehicles car No 2

Vehicles motor bycles) No 4

LEGISLATIVE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT 400000

Familiarization of the existing Park establishment Legislation ,national and regional conservation law to different stakeholders

No P

Local stakeholders Round 10

Community Round 20

assessment of current legislations before new laws are introduced No 1

Production of Park conservation and management bylaws( On Conservation, management and use including culture and heritages)

No 1

Developing and approving Recreation and safety guidelines No 1

Printing and distribution of legislation and bylaws to woreda and keble Com& SH

NoD **

Continuous sensitization of existing and new Park establishment Legislation ,national and regional conservation law to different stakeholders

Rounds **

Works towards enforcement of laws by providing rules and regulations through formal and informal structures

** **

6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT OF ALNP

STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT and TRANSBOUNDRY MANAGEMENT 300000

Through Networking

Networking among Park side PAs ** **

networking among Two Park officials(ALNP&DiNP) Rounds 10

networking among Stakeholders Rounds 10

Experience sharing and Exposure visit of ALNP in other National and International Parks

No Visits 5


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net working ALNP in other National and International Parks

Local No Visits 5

Abroad No Visits 5

Transboundry Resources investigation No 1

Regular discussion with neighbors of BGR on NoD 5

Regular discussion with neighboring DNP on NoD 5

PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT 500000

IEC supported Park advocacy

Production of IEC Materials about Natural resources management

T‐shirts NoA **

magazines NoA **

Produce brochures & post cards ** **

leaflets(informative & easily understandable leaflets ) ** **

Production of documentary film No 3

Formation of clubs in schools

Meni‐media and derma club NoC **

Natural Resources club NoC **

Wildlife club NoC **

Production and presentation of local school dramas NoD **

Continuous advocacy of the park conservation and benefits for the community through

Distribution of IEC materials leaflets NoA **

Undertaking Monthly Community Conversation NoA **

Celebration of ALNP Park day NoD 4

Provision of minutes registration books for progress measurement No 30

Continuous advocacy of the park conservation ,potentials and benefits for tourists and stakeholders through

NoA **

Familiarization workshop on park resources ,management systems, law, bylaws, resource treatment and potentials

NoW 2

Printing and Dissimilation of IEC materials NoA **

documentary film NoA **

T‐shirts NoA **


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magazines NoA **

Produce brochures & post cards

leaflets(informative & easily understandable leaflets ) NoA **

Update Park safety information to public ** **

Avail visitor information ** **

Promote greater public understanding and appreciation ** **

tourism(related advocacy)

Install information centre in Gelegu and at Park get ** **

Prepare tourist guide hand books ** **

Produce informative national park maps including the resources maps ** **

Install small museum at information center ** **

Advertise the park tourism potential using local and national media ** **

RESEARCH PROGRAMS 200000

Conduct Research programs on: Ecosystem, NRM, Wildlife ,Birds ,Reptiles ,Water resources ,Vegetation ,Socioeconomics, tourism and heritage management

NoR 10

Presentation of research results NoR 11

Applying the result on park conservation NoR 12

MONITORING EVALUATION 150000

Regular Programme implementation review meetings Biannually NoM 10

Supervision No 20

Develop Park MIS(Management Information System) No 1

Formulation of different data processing formats No **

Formulation of different Reporting processing formats No **

Design and establish systems for monitoring and mitigating the environmental and socio‐cultural impacts of tourism facilities and activities

No **


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1.2 Actual bird species identified during the survey No Common Name Scientific name Local status Remark

1 Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii uncommon

2 Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinica Common

3 African Harrier‐Hawk Polyboroides typus Uncommon

4 African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens Common

5 African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus Common

6 African Paradise‐Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis Common

7 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp Common

8 African Silverbill Euodice cantans Abundant

9 Beautiful Sunbird Cinnyris pulchellus Uncommon

10 Black‐billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito Uncommon ‘special’

11 Black‐headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster Common ‘special’

12 Black‐headed Heron Ardea melanocephala Common

13 Black‐rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes Uncommon

14 Blue‐spotted Wood‐Dove Turtur afer Frequent

15 Brown‐Throated(Plain) Martin Riparia paludicola Common

16 Broad‐billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus Uncommon ‘special’

17 Bruce's Green‐Pigeon Treron waalia Common ‘special’

18 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Common

19 Chestnut‐Crowned Sparrow‐Weaver Plocepasser mahali Common

20 Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Common

21 Cut‐throat Amadina fasciata Abundant

22 Dark Chanting‐Goshawk Melierax metabates Uncommon

23 Eastern Plantain‐eater Crinifer zonurus Common

24 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus Common

25 Egyptian Plover Pluvianus aegyptius Uncommon ‘special’

26 Fan‐tailed Raven Corvus rhipidurus Uncommon

27 Fork‐tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis Common

28 Four‐banded Sandgrouse Pterocles quadricinctus uncommon ‘special’

29 Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma Uncommon

30 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maximus Common

31 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Uncommon

32 Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis Uncommon

33 Gray Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus Uncommon

34 Gray‐headed Sparrow Passer griseus Abundant

35 Grey‐headed Kingfisher Halcyon badia Common ‘special’

36 Greater Blue‐eared Glossy‐Starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus Abundant

37 Green Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus Frequent

38 Green‐Backed (Striated )Heron Butorides striata Uncommon

39 Grey‐backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata Frequent

40 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Frequent

41 Harwood's Francolin ??? Francolinus harwoodi Frequent Endemic Vulnerable

42 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Frequent

43 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Common

44 Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor Uncommon


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45 Little Bee‐eater Merops pusillus Uncommon

46 Little Green Bee‐eater Merops orientalis Uncommon

47 Long‐crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis Common

48 Long‐tailed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus Uncommon

49 Long‐tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus climacurus Uncommon

50 Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata Uncommon

51 Namaqua Dove Oena capensis Abundant

52 Northern Carmine Bee‐eater Merops nubicus Common

53 Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida uncommon

54 Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus Frequent

55 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis frequent

56 Red‐billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus Common ‘special’

57 Red‐billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus uncommon

58 Red‐billed Quelea Quelea quelea Abundant

59 Red‐cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus Abundant

60 Rose‐ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Common ‘special’

61 Rueppell's Glossy‐Starling Lamprotornis purpuropterus Abundant ‘special’

62 Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Common

63 Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis Frequent

64 Senegal Thick‐knee Burhinus senegalensis Frequent

65 Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus Common

66 Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea Abundant

67 Spotted Thick‐knee Burhinus capensis Uncommon ‘special’

68 Spur‐winged Plover Vanellus spinosus Frequent

69 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides Frequent

70 Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus Uncommon/rare ‘special’

71 Swainson's Sparrow Passer swainsonii Common

72 Tawny‐flanked Prinia Prinia subflava Uncommon

73 Three‐banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris Common

74 Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus Common

75 Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata Common

76 White Helmet‐Shrike Prionops plumatus Common

77 White‐headed (Cretzschmar's) Babbler Turdoides leucocephalus Common ‘special’

78 White‐throated Bee‐eater Merops albicollis Frequent

79 Woolly‐necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Uncommon

80 Yellow‐fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus Uncommon

81 Yellow‐fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus Uncommon

Note: ‘special’= birds which are unique to the area and their distribution is mostly restricted; some are endemic to

the area


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1.3 Large mammals identified during the survey time(May 2009) The actual observations of animals during the field survey are categorized as follows: DO= directly observed; IO= indirectly observed (the presence of species justified by Indirect methods); NO= not observed (the species is expected to be present but not actually observed by direct and indirect methods); NI= no information as to the presence of the species.

Family Common name Scientific name Observation

Galagidae Galagos/Bush babies Galagos senegalensis NI

Cercopithecidae Savanna (common) Baboon Papio cynocephalus anubis DO

Vervet (Green) Monkey Ceropithecus pygerythrus DO

Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas DO

Suiformes Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus DO

Giraffidae Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis ti. NI

Bovidae African buffalo Savanna buffalo caffer NI

Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros IO

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus DO

Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus NI

Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus NI

Bohor Reedbuck Redunca redunca NI

Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus tora NI

Tsessebe , topi etc. Damaliscus lunatus tiang NI

Oribi Ourebia ourebi DO

klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus DO

Common (Grey) Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia NO

Elephantidae Savanna Elephant Loxondonta Africana af IO

Canidae Golden (common) Jackal Canis aureus NO

Striped Polecat (Zorilla) Ictonix straitus NI

Honey Badger (ratel) Mellivora capensis NO

Viverridae African Civet Civettictis civetta NO

Abyssinian genet Genetta abyysinica NO

Herpestidae Slender mongoose Galerella sanguinea DO

Large grey mongoose Herpestes ichneumon NO

Water (Marsh) mongoose Atilax paludinosus NO

White tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda NO

Hyaenidae Spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta IO

Striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena NO

Felidae Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus NO

Leopard Panthera pardus NO

Lion Panther leo IO

African wild cat Felis silvestris NO

Serval Leptailurus serval NO

Caracal Caracal caracal NO

Procaviidae Tree/Rock‐dwelling hyraxes Dendrohyrax arboreus/d NO

Orycteropodidae Aardvark Orycteropus afer IO

Manidae Ground pangolin Manis temmincki NI

Erinaceidae Hedgehogs Atelerix albiventris NO

Leporidae Cape hare Lepus capensis NO

Sciuridae Ground squirrels Xerus erythropus DO

African porcupines Hystrix cristata IO


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1.4 Tree and shrub species of ALNP, Local uses and Ecological Distribution

No. Amharic Name

Scientific Name Gumez Name Arabic Name Agewgna Name

Local Uses Plant Category Distribution Major Habitat

1 Kumer Tamaridus indica Degu Ardeva Food/ Fruit Tree Rare Riverine/Wetland/scrubland

2 Serkin Diospyros mespliformis Terege Yekan Food fruit/construction Tree Rare Riverine 3 Enkoy Ximenia americana Hie Enkowoyie Food/fruit tree Rare Scrub 4 Arka /Gaba Zizipus spina‐christ Sere Nebege Fruit for food Shrub/Tree Abundant Riverine/Wet 5 Wanza Cordia africana Gengi Genbel Zanie Fruit for food Tree Rare Woodland 6 Bamba Ficus sycomorous Feke Jemiza Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub 7 Chibha Acacia nilotica Yesie Jemiza Tree Rare Riverine 8 Abeterie Ziziphus mauritiana Hango Nebegelfel Fruit for food, construction Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub 9 Selen/Zemba

ba Borassus aethiopum Denkor Dome Handcraft/All Shrub/Tree Abundant Riverine

10 Walia Meker Boswellia papyrifera Ketie Gefel Frankincense Tree Abundant Scrub 11 Shemel Oxytenanthera abyssinica Enetie Algena Simti Handcraft, Construction

/Stem Grass Abundant Scrub/Wooded

12 Dokima Syzygium guineense Sewi Dokmi Food/Fruit Tree Rare/Ayma Albid

Riverine/Scrub

13 Chameda Combretum aculeatum Senk Senk Chamini Furniture/ Forage Tree Abundant All Ecosystems 14 Zobi Dalbergia melanaxylon Zhengir Babuns Zoba Construction Tree Abundant Scrub/Wooded 15 Zana Stereospermum

kunthianum Pur Pur Zani Wood Ash for pottery Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub

16 Wonbela Piliostigma thonninyi Gefela Behur Wanbli Construction/Cosmetic smoke/stem

Tree Abundant Wooded land

17 Abalo Comretum molle Bore Egum Smoking Milking materials/stem

Tree Abundant Woodedland

18 Chariya Pterocarpus lucens Mire Chari Construction/Forage stem/leaf

Tree Abundant Scrub/Riverine

19 Kirkira Anogiossus leocarpa Sege Silk Construction/Forage stem/leaf

Tree Abundant Riverine/Woodedland

20 Key Girar Acacia seyal Telih Telih Gayira Charcoal/stem/ Construction bark

Tree Abundant Wooded/Wetland

21 For a Combretum harotomannianum

Forah Forahi Osmotic/smoke Tree Abundant Wooded

22 Sumaya/ Sefa Grewia bicolor Bishem Bshem Sumi Construction, handle/stem Shrubs/tree Rare Scrub/Riverine 23 Dawuda Piliostigma thonningii Meche Abhamir Food/Fruit,

Construction/bark Tree Abundant River/Wooded

24 Darelie Sterculia africana Muu Sites for Beehive, Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub


180

construction/bark 25 Folla Lannea fruticosa Kuts Bibiloti Kelanbu Food/Root for Elephant Tree Abundant Wooded 26 Lenkuata Grewa villosa Gedie Medicinal/ bark Shrub Abundant Wooded 27 Goregoro Dichrostachys cinecrea Egume Construction/Stem Shrubs Abundant Scrub/woodland 28 Warka Ficus vasta Shade/Leaf Tree Rare Riverine/Scrub 29 Sholla Ficus sur Shade/Food/Fruit Tree Rare Riverine/Scrub 30 Diza` Adonsonia digitata Diza Construction

Equipment/Food/leaf Tree Rare Scrub/Riverine

31 Abalo/Bedeno

Balantites aegyptiaca Lalo Fruit for food, Shed/Forage/Fishing

Tree Sufficient Wooded land

32 Birbira Millttia ferruginea Fishing Tree Rare Riverine along Ayima

33 Gumoro Capparis tomentosa Forage Shrubs Rare Scrub/Riverine 34 Eshe Mimusops kummel Food/fruit Tree Rare Riverine 35 Kontir Acacia senegal Forage Tree/Shrub Rare Wood/Scrublands 36 Tobia Calotropis procera Medicine for animals Shrub Rare Scrub and riverside 37 Dulata Intada africana Enktse Forage Elephant Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub 38 Gerar Acacia Polyacanths Forage Tree Rare Wooded Grassland 39 Kerira Anogeissus leiocarpa Forage Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub 40 Girar Acacia nilotica Forage Tree Abundant Seasonal wetland 41 Ankua Commiphora africana Forage Tree Abundant Scrubland 42 Wulkefa Dombeya quingueseta Construction Shrub Rare Riverine 43 Korch Erythrina brucei Construction Tree Rare Scrubland 44 Chameda Combretum collinum Forage Tree Abundant Wooded 45 Aballo Combretum molle Forage/Milking Tree Abundant Wooded 46 Warka Ficus glumosa Forage/Fruit Tree Abundant Riverine 47 Gambilo Gardinia ternifolia Fuel Tree Abundant Scrub/riverine 48 Yekola Wanza Gardenia ternifolia Forage/Edible Tree Rare Woodland 49 Afetete Kigelia aethiopium Forage Shrub Rare Shrub/wooded 50 Dengayie

seber Vangueria apiculata Food/fruit Tree Rare Riverine

51 Hamija Lanchocarpus laxifiora Forage Tree Abundant Wooded 52 Yekok Enchet Allophylus macrobutrys Forage Tree Abundant wooded 53 Mok/ekema Terminalia brownii Construction Tree Rare Scrubland 54 Duduna Lannea chimperi Forage Tree Abundant Scrubland 55 Chibah Ficus thonningi 56 Gemarda Acacia Polyacanta Nek Kakmot Gemardie Gum/By product Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub 57 Embaba Haphanae thebaica Furniture Rare 58 Gekila Sefir Sefir Gebeli Construction/ Furniture Tree Abundant Wooded 59 Aiiguangua Bedange Agemo


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60 Guza Gieye Gungusies Food/Frut Tree Abundant 61 Lejlej Kota Laloba 62 Lifa 63 Kodi Abangewi Handle/Stem Fruit / food Shrubs/tree Rare Scrub/Riverine 64 Yekest inchet PePe Handle for spear/steam Shrubs Abundant Riverine/Wetland 65 Beteremusie Mijamo Food/Fruit/handle/spear Shrub Abundant Wooded 66 Enekure Derub Derub Anekuarie Construction/Stem Tree Abundant Wooded 67 Rohu Food/Fruit Tree Abundant Wooded 68 Melela Sefera Forage for Antelopes/leaf Shrub Abundant Wooded 69 Ashama Huyie Esheman Ashamie Food/Fruit Shrubs/Tree Rare Riverine 70 Degunguna Terchenga Tree Rare Wooded 71 Ayimie Farm implement Tree Abundant Riverine 72 Enkolib Abhamid Food/Fruit Shrub abundant Wooded 73 Tekur Gerar Algeded Algered/Lunut Medicine/Lubricant/Fruit Tree Rare Scrub/Wooded 74 Aub Dibker Cosmetic shed/ Leaf Tree Abundant Wooded 75 Cheb Shade Shrubs Abundant Scrub/Wooded 76 Gird Food/Fruit Shrubs Abundant Wooded 77 Surie Food/Fuit Shrubs Abundant Wooded 78 Shishina Kelinbi Tooth Brush (Shoot/stem) Shrub Abundant Wooded 79 Temenahi Terbiqo Abuli Detergent/Bark Tree Rare Scrub/Riverine 80 Fef Fruit for washing cooking

materials Shrub

81 Genkila Sirer Construction/Termite resistant

Rare

82 Befefi Medicine for Epilepsies /Root

Shrub Rare Wooded

Alatish national park General management plan draft

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Transcript of Alatish national park General management plan draft