Alan Eife and Jake Cramer. What We Did We wanted to see how many people would pick up a recyclable...

Eat, Sleep, RecycleAlan Eife and Jake Cramer

What We Did We wanted to see how many people would pick up a

recyclable at different locations and see if the environment (Valley Square, Montgomery Mall and Meyer Way Park) had any affect on the number of people who picked up the recyclable. We also tested to see if the type of recyclable (water bottle and can) had any affect on whether people were more inclined to pick up the litter.

Procedure To do this we placed a recyclable near its

respected waste bin and watched pedestrians as they walked by and recorded the gender of the person and whether or not they picked up the recyclable

Because of the nature of our data, all of our data was qualitative

History of Recycling Definition-the processing of used or waste material so

that it can be used again, instead of being wasted Recycling is a key component of modern waste

reduction or the Three R’s “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle”

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics

Recycling has been a common practice for most of human history, dating as far back as 400 b.c.

History Recycling has been a common practice for most of

human history, dating as far back as 400 b.c. Back when new materials were scarce, households had

less waste, meaning that they recycled waste as new goods

Recycling is encouraged even more during wartimes when most resources were focused towards the war

First recycling mill in USA was Waste Techniques, built in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania in 1972

FirstEnergy's recycling facility at the Bruce Mansfield Plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania is the largest in the USA

Philadelphia has been rated as the #1 most recycling city in the nation

Government Involvement National Government oversees national

recycling goals and regulations More specific regulation and goals come from

a state level Some states ban recyclable goods in landfills Some even offer rewards for recycling bottled

goods at 5 cents a can American Recycles Day- November 15 Earth Day- April 22

Recycling Stats 251 million – tons of trash in the United States 53.4 – percentage of all paper products recycled in the United

States 32.5 – percentage of total waste that is recycled in the United States 100 – approximate percentage of increase in total recycling in the

United States during the past decade 8,660 – number of curbside recycling programs in the United States

in 2006 8,875 – number of curbside recycling programs in the United States

in 2003 95 – percentage of energy saved by recycling an aluminum can,

compared with manufacturing a new one 4.6 – pounds of trash per person per day in the United States (most

in the world) 1.5 – pounds of recycled materials per person per day in the United

States

Valley Square-Bottle

VS BOTTLE

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

47 21

43 17

90 38

68

60

128

S1 = count

YN

Frequency of Pick_UpSex

10 20 30 40 50F

0 10 20 30 40 50M

count

VS BOTTLE Bar Chart

CHECK

State Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random

Sample 3. All expected values

greater than or equal to 5

1. Chart Shows 2. Assumed 3. All expected values

greater than 5

All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence

• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up

recyclable

Chi-Square Test for Independence

Test of VS BOTTLE Test for Independence

First attribute (categorical): Pick_Up

Second attribute (categorical): Sex

First attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Pick_Up and Sex

The test statistic, chi-square, is 0.09922. There are 1 degrees of freedom (the number of row s minus one times the number of columns minus one).

If it w ere true that Pick_Up w ere independent of Sex (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.75.

The numbers in parentheses in the table are expected counts.

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

47 (47.8) 21 (20.2)

43 (42.2) 17 (17.8)

90 38

68

60

128

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(47-47.8)²+ (21-20.2)²+…=.0992

47.8 20.2

P(sdf >.0992|DF=1)=.75277

• We fail to reject Ho because P-value of .75277 is > alpha=.05

• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up recyclable

Valley Square-Can VS CAN

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

39 27

46 14

85 41

66

60

126

S1 = countN

Y


10 20 30 40 50F

0 10 20 30 40 50M

count

VS CAN Bar Chart

CHECK





greater than 5



recyclable

Chi-Square Test for IndependenceTest of VS CAN Test for Independence







RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

39 (44.5) 27 (21.5)

46 (40.5) 14 (19.5)

85 41

66

60

126

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(39-44.5)²+ (27-21.5)²+…=4.4227 44.5 21.5

P(sdf >4.4227|DF=1)=.03546

• We reject Ho because p-value of .03456 < alpha = .05

• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable

Mall- BottleMALL BOTTLE

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

61 22

53 12

114 34

83

65

148

S1 = count

NY


10 20 30 40 50 60 70F

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70M

count

MALL BOTTLE Bar Chart

CHECK





greater than 5



recyclable

Chi Square Test for Independence

Test of MALL BOTTLE Test for Independence






The numbers in parentheses in the table are

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

61 (63.9) 22 (19.1)

53 (50.1) 12 (14.9)

114 34

83

65

148

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(61-63.9)²+ (22-19.1)²+…=1.333 63.9 19.1

P(sdf >1.333|DF=1)=.2483

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .2483> alpha= .05


Mall- Can

NY


10 20 30 40 50 60 70F

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70M

count

MALL CAN Bar ChartMALL CAN

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

62 13

56 9

118 22

75

65

140

S1 = count

CHECKState Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random




greater than 5

All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence • Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable


Test of MALL CAN Test for Independence






The numbers in parentheses in the table are

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

62 (63.2) 13 (11.8)

56 (54.8) 9 (10.2)

118 22

75

65

140

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(62-63.2)²+ (13-11.8)²+…=.3197 63.2 11.8

P(sdf<.3197|DF=1)=.57

• We fail to reject Ho because p=value of .57 >alpha= .05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association

between gender and picking up a recyclable

Park- Bottle

PARK BOTTLE

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

26 19

22 14

48 33

45

36

81

S1 = countN

Y


5 10 15 20 25 30F

0 5 10 15 20 25 30M

count

PARK BOTTLE Bar Chart

CHECK





greater than 5

All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Indepndence

• Ho: No association between gender and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between gender and picking up recyclable


Test of PARK BOTTLE Test for Independence







RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

26 (26.7) 19 (18.3)

22 (21.3) 14 (14.7)

48 33

45

36

81

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(26-26.7)²+ (19-18.3)²+…=.09205 26.7 18.3

P(sdf<.09205|DF=1)=.76

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .76> alpha=.05


Park- Can

PARK CAN

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

31 12

25 17

56 29

43

42

85

S1 = count

NY


5 10 15 20 25 30 35F

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35M

count

PARK CAN Bar Chart

CHECKState Check 1. Categorical Data 2. Simple Random




greater than 5




Test of PARK CAN Test for Independence







RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

31 (28.3) 12 (14.7)

25 (27.7) 17 (14.3)

56 29

43

42

85

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(31-28.3)²+ (12-14.7)²+…=1.493 28.3 14.7

P(sdf>1.493|DF=1)=.22

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .22>alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender

and picking up a recyclable

Sex Vs. Pick-up

Collection 1

RowSummary

Column Summary

Pick_Up

Y

Pick_Up

N

F

MSex

262 118

245 83

507 201

380

328

708

S1 = count

FM

Frequency of SexPick_Up

100 200 300N

0 100 200 300Y

count

Collection 1 Bar Chart

CHECK





greater than 5




Test of Collection 1 Test for Independence

First attribute (categorical): Sex

Second attribute (categorical): Pick_Up

First attribute: Sex Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Sex and Pick_Up


If it w ere true that Sex w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.091.


RowSummary

Column Summary

Sex

M

Sex

F

N

YPick_Up

262 (272.1) 245 (234.9)

118 (107.9) 83 (93.1)

380 328

507

201

708

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(262-272.1)²+ (245-234.9)²+…=2.861 272.1 234.9

P(sdf>2.861|DF=1)=.091

• We fail to rejcect Ho because p-value of .091> alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association

between gender and picking up a recyclable

CHECK

State Check 1. 2 Independent

Simple Random Sample

2.

1. Assumed 2.252.99

106.00 >10

254.00

94.99 >10 3. More than 3590

bottles and 3490 cans

mm

ff

mm

mm

ff

ff

npop

npop

pn

pn

pn

pn

10

10

)1(

)1(

3.

10

10

2-Proportion Z TestTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions

Attribute (categorical): Pick_Up

Attribute (categorical or grouping): Sex

In Pick_Up where Sex is F 262 out of 380, or 0.689474, are N In Pick_Up where Sex is M 245 out of 328, or 0.746951, are N Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for N in Pick_Up where Sex is F is not equal to that for N in Pick_Up where Sex is M

The test statistic, z, is -1.691.

If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value of z with an absolute value this great or greater w ould be 0.091. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.

-1.891

2xP(Z<-1.891)=.091

Ho: PM = PW

Ha: PM ≠ PW

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .091>alpha=.05

• We have sufficient evidence that average recyclables picked up by women is equal to the average recyclables picked up by men

Conclusion-Gender

There is no association between gender and picking up a recyclable

No gender is more inclined to pick up recyclables according to our research

Location Vs. Pick-upCollection 1

RowSummary

Column Summary

LocationLocation

P V

Location

M

N

YPick_Up

227 105 175

61 61 79

288 166 254

507

201

708

S1 = count

NY

Frequency of Pick_UpLocation

40 80 120 160 200 240M

0 40 80 120 160 200 240P

0 40 80 120 160 200 240V

count


CHECK





greater than 5

All Conditions Met, Chi Square Distribution, Chi Square Test for Independence • Ho: No association between location and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between location and picking up recyclable

Chi Square Test for Independece


First attribute (categorical): Location


First attribute: Location Number of categories: 3Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Location and Pick_Up


If it w ere true that Location w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.00092.


RowSummary

Column Summary

LocationLocation

P V

Location

M

N

YPick_Up

227 (206.2) 105 (118.9) 175 (181.9)

61 (81.8) 61 (47.1) 79 (72.1)

288 166 254

507

201

708

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(227-206.2)²+ (105-118.9)²+…=13.98 206.2 234.9

P(sdf>13.98|DF=2)=.00092

• We reject Ho because p-value of .00092< alpha=.05• We have sufficient evidence that there is an association

between location and picking up a recyclable

CHECK



2.

1. Assumed 2.252.99

106.00 >10

254.00

94.99 >10 3. More than 3590


mm

ff

mm

mm

ff

ff

npop

npop

pn

pn

pn

pn

10

10

)1(

)1(

3.

10

10

2 Proportion Z testTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions

Attribute (categorical): Location

Attribute (categorical or grouping): Pick_Up

In Location where Pick_Up is N 227 out of 507, or 0.447732, are M In Location where Pick_Up is Y 61 out of 201, or 0.303483, are M Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for M in Location where Pick_Up is N is not equal to that for M in Location where Pick_Up is Y

The test statistic, z, is 3.523.


Ho: Py = Pn

Ha: Py < Pn

3.523

P(Z>3.523)=.00043

• We reject Ho because p-value of .00043<alpha=.05

• We have sufficient evidence that the average pick ups per location is less than the average walk bys per location

Conclusion-Location

There is an association between location and picking up a recyclable, according to our research

The number of picking up a recyclable is less than the number of walk bys of a recyclable

Type of Recyclable Vs. Pick-up

Collection 1

RowSummary

Column Summary

Recycible

C

Recycible

B

N

YPick_Up

253 254

106 95

359 349

507

201

708

S1 = count

BC

Frequency of RecyciblePick_Up

100 200 300N

0 100 200 300Y

count


CHECK





greater than 5


• Ho: No association between type of recyclable and picking up recyclable • Ha: There is an association between type of recyclable and picking up

recyclable



First attribute (categorical): Recycible


First attribute: Recycible Number of categories: 2Second attribute: Pick_Up Number of categories: 2 Alternative hypothesis: There is an association betw een Recycible and Pick_Up


If it w ere true that Recycible w ere independent of Pick_Up (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value for chi-square this great or greater w ould be 0.5.


RowSummary

Column Summary

Recycible

C

Recycible

B

N

YPick_Up

253 (257.1) 254 (249.9)

106 (101.9) 95 (99.1)

359 349

507

201

708

exp

exp)( 22 obsx

(253-257.1)²+ (254-249.9)²+…=.4628 257.1 249.9

P(sdf>.4628|DF=1)=.5

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .5> alpha=.05

• We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between type of recyclable and picking up a recyclable

CHECK



2.

1. Assumed 2.252.99

106.00 >10

254.00

94.99 >10 3. More than 3590


mm

ff

mm

mm

ff

ff

npop

npop

pn

pn

pn

pn

10

10

)1(

)1(

3.

10

10

2 Proportion Z TestTest of Collection 1 Compare Proportions

Attribute (categorical): Pick_Up

Attribute (categorical or grouping): Recycible

In Pick_Up where Recycible is B 253 out of 359, or 0.704735, are N In Pick_Up where Recycible is C 254 out of 349, or 0.727794, are N Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for N in Pick_Up where Recycible is B is not equal to that for N in Pick_Up where Recycible is C

The test statistic, z, is -0.6803.


Ho: PB= PC

Ha: PB ≠ PC

-.6803

2xP(Z<-.6803)=.5

• We fail to reject Ho because p-value of .05<alpha=.5

• We have sufficient evidence that the average number of bottles picked up is equal to the average number of cans picked up

Conclusion-Type of Recyclable

There is no association between the type of recyclable and picking up a recyclable, according to our research

The type of litter should not impact whether or not it is picked up

The average number of bottles picked up should match the average number of cans picked up

Application

Everyone is encouraged to recycle/ not pollute

There is a lot of pollution/litter Some people are conscious about this

issue Keep an eye out for litter, pick it up and

dispose of it in its correct container

Sources of Bias/Error People may not have seen the recyclable People may not know what to do with

recyclable Not enough data Only surveyed for one day at each place More “green” people may have stayed home

due to the weather/vacation People may have their hands full People may think the trash is dirty and not

want to get germs

Personal Opinions We had a lot of data, maybe too much

Tough to keep organized and make sure we watched everyone

Took the entire first day to enter everything into fathom

We had a lot of tests Having only categorical data limited the

number of tests we could use Less people recycle than we thought

Sources of Data/Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Recycles_Day#Government_involvement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling Valley Square Montgomery Mall Meyer Way Park



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling

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