DATA SET 3

Stress-Strain Curves

This collection of stress-strain curves is representative of thebehavior of several cast alloys under tensile or compressive loads.The curves are arranged by alloy designation.

The curves are from the Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves, publishedby ASM International (Ref 1). The original source of and, whenavailable, some background on the data are indicated on eachfigure.

Compressive tangent modulus curves, which represent the slopeof the compressive stress-strain curve, are given for some alloys.

The effects of cyclic loading are given on several curves. Thecyclic curves are constructed by connecting the points that repre-sent the tips of stabilized hysteresis loops. The curves given in-dicate the occurrence of cyclic hardening.

REFERENCE

1. Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves, 2nd ed.,ASM International, 2002,p 279–297

Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and ApplicationsJ.G. Kaufman and E.L. Rooy, p 193-209 DOI:10.1361/aac2004p193

Copyright © 2004 ASM International® All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org

Fig. D3.2 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanentmold castings, 433 MPa (62.8 ksi); sand castings, 396 MPa (57.5 ksi); insulatedmold castings, 382 MPa (55.4 ksi). UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.1 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment: 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanentmold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 450 MPa (65.2 ksi); tensile yieldstrength, 402 MPa (58.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings:ultimate tensile strength, 394 MPa (57.1 ksi); tensile yield strength, 372 MPa(53.9 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimatetensile strength, 359 MPa (52.1 ksi); tensile yield strength, 349 MPa (50.6 ksi).UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

194 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.4 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188°C (370 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent moldcastings: ultimate tensile strength, 439 MPa (63.7 ksi); tensile yield strength,403 MPa (58.5 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimatetensile strength, 385 MPa (55.8 ksi); tensile yield strength, 374 MPa (54.2 ksi).Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensilestrength, 345 MPa (50.6 ksi); tensile yield strength, 344 MPa (49.9 ksi). UNSA02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.3 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangentmodulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 195

Fig. D3.6 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive tangentmodulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C(940–970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature,plus 5 h at 188 °C (370 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Fig. D3.5 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188°C (370 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent moldcastings, 429 MPa (62.2 ksi); sand castings, 407 MPa (59.1 ksi); insulated moldcastings, 377 MPa (54.7 ksi). UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

196 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.8 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanentmold castings, 272 MPa (39.4 ksi); sand castings, 266 MPa (38.6 ksi); insulatedmold castings, 238 MPa (34.5 ksi). UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.7 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C (940–970 °F), 14h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanentmold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 407 MPa (59.0 ksi); tensile yieldstrength, 250 MPa (36.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings:ultimate tensile strength, 356 MPa (51.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 243 MPa(35.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimatetensile strength, 273 MPa (39.6 ksi); tensile yield strength, 225 MPa (32.6 ksi).UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 197

Fig. D3.10 A201.0-T7 aluminum casting, typical tensile stress-strain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension)� 14. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi) for strength class1 and 2, designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength, 414 MPa (60ksi); tensile yield strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); compressive yield strength, 352MPa (51 ksi). UNS A12010

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-463, 3-465

Fig. D3.9 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive tangentmodulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504–521 °C(940–970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature,plus 0.5 h at 154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

198 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.12 A332.0-T5 (PC) aluminum permanent mold cast-ing, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic

Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 forcyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A13320replaced by UNS A03360

Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p D14

Fig. D3.11 242.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, ten-sile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic

Al-Cu-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 forcyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A02420

Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 199

Fig. D3.14 F332.0-T5 (SR) aluminum permanent mold casting,tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic

Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlledconstant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A63320 replaced by UNSA03320

Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p A14

Fig. D3.13 E332.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, ten-sile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic

Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 forcyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices

Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p F13

200 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.16 C355.0-T61 aluminum casting, tensile uniaxial truestress-strain curve

Specimen size: 6.25 mm (0.250 in.) diam, 31.75 mm (1.25 in.) gage length.UNS A33550

Source: J. Mattavi, “Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Under Biaxial Strain Distribution,” TP-67-16-T, Hamilton Standard, Sept 1967. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Struc-tural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70

Fig. D3.15 354.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, ten-sile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic

354.0-T5 casting material, Al-Si-Cu-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatiguetest practices. UNS A03540

Source: John Deere Materials Data, courtesy of Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p E12

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 201

Fig. D3.17 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves at several temperatures

Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 1.0 s–1. Hold times at giventemperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treatedat 540 °C (1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C (310 °F) for 3 h. UNSA03560

Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, “Tensile Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,” WADC TR-58-440,Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section,Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

202 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.19 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves at several temperatures

Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.00005 s–1. Hold times atgiven temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heattreated at 540 °C (1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C (310 °F) for3 h. UNS A03560

Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, “Tensile Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,” WADC TR-58-440,Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section,Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

Fig. D3.18 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves at several temperatures

Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.01 s–1. Hold times at giventemperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treatedat 540 °C (1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C (310 °F) for 3 h. UNSA3560

Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, “Tensile Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,” WADC TR-58-440,Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section,Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 203

Fig. D3.21 A356-T6 aluminum cast cylinder, monotonic ten-sile stress-strain curves

Near-net-shape casting formed by pouring molten alloy, 704 °C (1300 °F) intoinvestment molds at room temperature (X), 538 °C (1000 °F) (Y), and 982 °C(1800 °F) (Z). Three different cooling rates create different microstructures.Curves are results from one laboratory. Property values are averages from sevenlabs as part of a round-robin test program. Young’s modulus, GPa (psi � 106),X, 70 (10.1), Y, 70 (10.1), Z, 71 (10.3); yield strength 0.2% offset, MPa (ksi),X, 229 (33.3), Y, 224 (32.5), Z, 217 (31.5); ultimate strength MPa (ksi), X, 283(41.1), Y, 266 (38.6), Z, 252 (36.6); strain hardening exponent (n), X, 0.083,Y, 0.087, Z, 0.091; strain-hardening coefficient K, MPa (ksi), X, 388 (56.4), Y,397 (57.6), Z, 382 (55.4). UNS A13560

Source: Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-T6 Cast Aluminum Alloy, R.I. Stephens,Ed., SP-760, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988

Fig. D3.20 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves at low temperature

Chill cast aluminum. Hardness, 41 HRB. UNS A03560

Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materialsfrom 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963. As publishedin Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70

204 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.23 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and aircooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 219MPa (31.7 ksi); sand castings, 245 MPa (35.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 192MPa (27.9 ksi). UNS A13560

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Fig. D3.22 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and aircooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimatetensile strength, 299 MPa (43.4 ksi); tensile yield strength, 215 MPa (31.2 ksi).Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 253MPa (36.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Average mechanicalproperties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 219 MPa (31.7ksi); tensile yield strength, 205 MPa (29.8 ksi). UNS A13560

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 205

Fig. D3.25 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, tensile stress-strain curves

Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full range strain is given inpercent (%) (top curve) and the expanded range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottomcurve). Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570

Source: “Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,” Alcoa, Pittsburgh,PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 3109,CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

Fig. D3.24 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangentmodulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and aircooled. UNS A13560

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 68

206 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.27 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-straincurves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and aircooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimatetensile strength, 316 MPa (45.8 ksi); tensile yield strength, 243 MPa (35.2 ksi).Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 268MPa (38.9 ksi); tensile yield strength, 229 MPa (33.2 ksi). Average mechanicalproperties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 179 MPa (26.0ksi); tensile yield strength, 179 MPa (26.0 ksi). UNS A13570

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Fig. D3.26 A357.0T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile stress-strain curve

Class 2 alloy casting, designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgoodparameter, n(tension) � 16. S basis design properties (originally presented inksi) for strength class 2, designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength,345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile and compressive yield strength, 276 MPa (40 ksi).UNS A13570

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-485, 3-486

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 207

Fig. D3.28 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and aircooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 256MPa (37.2 ksi); sand castings, 240 MPa (34.8 ksi); insulated mold castings, 232MPa (33.7 ksi). UNS A13570

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Fig. D3.29 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangentmodulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C (1000 °F), waterquench, 12–24 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and aircooled. UNS A13570

Source: “Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cool-ing Rates,” Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural AlloysHandbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

208 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications

Fig. D3.30 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, compressive stress-strain curve

Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570

Source: “Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,” Alcoa, Pittsburgh,PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 3109,CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

Fig. D3.31 D357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile stress-strain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension)� 16. B basis design properties (originally presented in ksi) for designated areawithin casting: ultimate tensile strength, 338 MPa (49 ksi); tensile and com-pressive yield strength, 285 MPa (41 ksi). UNS A43570

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-488, 3-489

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 209