Al-fawwar

INVENTORY SURVEY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

FOR

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

AND MANAGEMENT FOR JORDAN RIVER RIFT VALLEY

House of Water and Environment (HWE)

July 2007

Ramallah, Palestine

INVENTORY SURVEY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

FOR

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

AND MANAGEMENT FOR JORDAN RIVER RIFT VALLEY

Client Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Beneficiaries Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)

Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

Implementing Agency House of Water and Environment (HWE)

HWE Spring Inventory Survey Team

Dr. Amjad Aliewi Clemens Messerschmid Mohammad Qutub Jumana Abu Sa’da Lubna Siam Najwan Imseih Mohammad Sbeih Adnan Amoodi Yousef Subuh Majdi Zaideh

July 2007

Inventory Survey for Improvement of Spring Water Conveyance System in Jordan River Rift Valley

HWE - House of Water and Environment July, 2007 1

Content: A. Objectives, Approach and Methods B. Activities and Schedule C. Location, Geology and Catchments of the Spring Groups D. Summary of Inventory Survey E. Spring Description

1. Al-Far'ah

A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

2. Al-Dlaib


3. Hamad, Baidah




4. Sedrah A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

5. Jeser


6. Qdairah


7. Al-Subyan




8. Tabban A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

9. Meskah


10. Shibli


11. Dafna




12. Balata A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

13. Fasayil


14. Al 'Auja


15. Shusah




16. Nwai'mah A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

17. Al-Dyuk


18. Al-Sultan A. Overview B. Facilities C. Flow & Water Quality Data D. Spring use, O&M E. Rehabilitation Needs F. Survey Sketch G. Survey Photos H. Time series plots of flow measurements I. Time series plots of water quality

19. Al Qilt & Al Fawwar


Annexes I. Annex A: Irrigation Ponds II. Annex B: Raw Flow Measurements Data III. Annex C: Documents and Agreements IV. Annex D: Organizational Structure



SECTION A

Objectives, Approach and Methods House of Water and Environment, Ramallah has been commissioned by Japan International Cooperation Agency (J.I.C.A.) a comprehensive spring survey on the 19 major springs of the Jordan Valley and adjacent areas, including Wadi Al-Qilt, Beidhan, Far’ah Camp and Nablus city springs. The main objective was to compile, assess and reassess the main characteristics of the springs, the spring flow, the current condition and situation of the water resources, water conveyance and distribution facilities, the geology and catchment, the spring utilization, the ownership and administration, the mechanisms for operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the identification of key needs and intervention targets for rehabilitation. Information on the above topics is a requirement for planning and further implementation by the JICA Study Team in corporation with the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA). The report lists the main findings of the technical and socio-economic assessment in form of tables, under Section E. As an approach, HWE gathered a team of experts and researchers, each of which with years of practical experience in spring survey, measurement or rehabilitation. The background of practical and theoretical competence of this diverse team is based on academia, rehabilitation projects, daily Operation and Maintenance, long term spring survey and measurements, among others. In addition, HWE organized the support of PWA and WBWD staff to implement additional measurements of the flow in springs and canals. Due to the strong time constraints, the team was divided into two groups that partly worked independently in the Northern and Southern spring groups, respectively. Most (13) of the springs are under agricultural use, only six partly or fully for domestic consumption. The following methods were applied for the survey:

- Data collection from existing reports, maps, PWA open files, project reports and documents, existing sketches and drawings on the spring facilities and their dimensions, and other documents available.

- Interviews with key stakeholders of the springs, like Water User Associations (where existing) and otherwise with Village Councils and Municipalities, respectively.

- Direct interviews with farmers or other stakeholders on occasion. - Site reconnaissance, including photos and GPS positioning. - Flow measurements on the spring outlet. - Flow measurement in distribution channels. - Overview leakage detection and measurements in canals, where necessary.



Thus, in a very intensive rapid campaign, literature data on the springs and related facilities was recorded and subsequently verified and re-assessed in the field. The field results were checked, discussed closely with the JICA representative and then processed and set-up in tables for this report. Two aspects of the flow measurements shall be introduced and discussed in brief, before the results are presented in tables under Section E. These two aspects concern historical flow data from PWA files and new field measurements carried out under HWE and in cooperation with PWA, Resources Department. 1. Historical data PWA files date back to the last years before Israeli occupation. The oldest recorded flow measurements go back to the spring season of 1962. However, at that time not all 19 springs were part of the monthly flow monitoring program. Therefore, many of the 19 springs start being read and measured only in 1967. In addition, there are sometimes gaps in the measurements, usually for a few months in a row, but in extreme cases up to almost 10 years in a row for a few individual springs. Furthermore, field work was severely hampered in the years of the second Intifada, especially the year 2002, where the main incursions and curfews on the Palestinian cities occurred. Therefore, most of the springs were not measured at all in this time. The last and latest problematic period is the year 2006, when for long time all work in PWA came to a halt after salaries could not be paid for political instability. The resulting image is highly variable and therefore, all relevant data for reference years and months of measurements are documented in Section E in two forms, first as marked in the tables about spring flow and second, as clearly discernable from the attached spring hydrographs. 2. HWE measurement method – June 2006 As already mentioned, HWE closely cooperated with PWA and therefore the usual PWA method of flow measurement was applied. The individual steps of recording readings and calculating the resulting overall flow is discernable from the raw flow measurement data (“Form of current-meter measurement of springs” by PWA), attached and documented in Annex A. In both, wadis and channels flow was measured with an OTT flow-meter, three wing propeller of (Hydrometry Company OTT – Allgäu, Germany). In each case, several sections across the Wadi or canal were measured individually, with the outermost two points of the section usually non-measurable (marked “W/E” in the raw data forms) and therefore inserted by formula, not by direct reading. Measurements start from one bank of a Wadi (canal) and continue towards the other, with the accumulated distance from the starting point recorded at each respective measurement point. For each measurement point, the respective water level was recorded (“Water in M.”) and full or partial submergence of the propeller under the water surface assured and documented (“instr. below surface M”). Usually, the current meter sits at 0.4 of total respective water level from the surface. The current-meter reading was recorded as No. of revolutions during a specified period (“Time in seconds”). This could directly be transformed into revolutions per seconds. This value (the basic flow measurement value) then is translated



into a specific velocity for each measurement point within the section. This step is performed by a table, available at PWA and WBWD. Then the mean between each two velocities of adjacent measurement points was calculated. The product of mean water level, width of mean wetted section area and mean flow velocity gives then the “Mean wetted cross section” in m2. In a further step each section flow is calculated from the mean of velocities and the wetted areas. The summation of all mean section areas is defined as total Wadi section area. The summation of all mean section flow rates is defined as total Wadi flow rate. All steps are documented in the raw data sheets. The sheets also document weather conditions and the state and cleanliness of the canal or Wadi, the colour of the water, as well as date and time of measurements. 3. Calculation of Minimum, Average and Maximum Discharges 1. The field measurement is based on L/s unit. This was converted to m3/hr by multiplying it with conversion factors as follows: 1 m3 = 1000 L and 1 hr = 3600 seconds 2. The flow measurements are based on a number of scattered measurement points in the year using the m3/hr reference. Then between each 2 measurements the volume difference of water is measured and so is the number of days and then it can be averaged over a period of month to calculate m3/month. 3. For each year, the 12 month data is added. 4. From the historic data of m3/hr, m3/month and m3/year, statistical analysis can point for each category minimum, average and maximum values. 4. HWE approximation of average irrigation pond size There are 5 out of the 19 springs that have a considerable number of irrigation ponds, fed mainly by the springs (in some cases, also well water might be used to add to the storage. In any case the ponds are open and receptive to the forces of rain and evaporation). These five springs are:

- Al ‘Auja, - Al-Sultan, - Nwai’mah, Al-Dyuk and Shusah.

The storage of each pond is, of course, matter of substantial changes over time. Any measurement of the pond‘s water storage is therefore only a momentary account, valid for the time of the measurement or estimation. No data are documented as to the size, number, depth, storage and frequency of filling of the ponds since their management is not subject of any organized work form. Each farmer decides when and to what extent to empty or refill his pond. There was also not sufficient time to undertake a detailed field survey on the state, size and use of these ponds. What was carried out in the field however, was a survey to delimit the area of ponds for each spring. Based on this the following approach was followed:

- Counting and categorizing of spring ponds and sizes by Google Earth (< 1m resolution)



- Grouping into 5 categories of spring pond sizes (between 500 m2 and 2500 m2) - Calculating the overall pond surface for each spring and each category of pond size. - Assuming an average pond water depth of two meters and calculating the storage volume.

A table with an overview over the results of this calculation and some maps for the Google Earth spring pond polygon maps is attached in the Annex A. Al ‘Auja has 51 ponds with 87,500m2 surface. Al-Sultan has 38 ponds with a total surface of 32,500 m2. Nwai’meh feeds 17 ponds north of the village. Their surface amounts to 11,500 m2. Shosa spring water is only used in two very small ponds with a combined size of 200 m2. Al-Duyuk feeds 35 irrigation ponds that cover an area of 32,500 m2. The total area covered by ponds is therefore 164,200 m2. The arithmetic mean area of each of the 114 ponds is 1165 m2. It follows an average and a total storage of 2,329 m3 and 328,400 m3, respectively.



SECTION B

Activities and Schedule

In a short period of time, the spring survey had to be carried out. Thus, not only two field teams were sent out simultaneously and additional measurement teams commissioned from PWA, also the other activities of planning, coordination, data quality assessment and processing, literature review and reporting had to be carried out simultaneously throughout the work period. Most man power, of course was used for the field research of surveying springs and facilities. Table 1 lists the dates of independent field visits for spring site surveys and on-location stakeholder interviews.

Table 1 Field work schedule for spring survey and interviews No. Name Date 1 Date 2 Date 3 Date 4

1 Al Far'ah 9-June-2007 10-June-2007 12-June-2007 16-June-2007 2 Ad-Dlaib 9-June-2007 10-June-2007 12-June-2007 17-June-2007 3 Hamad & Baidah 10-June-2007 14-June-2007 16-June-2007 17-June-2007 4 Sedrah 10-June-2007 14-June-2007 17-June-2007 19-June-2007 5 Jeser 10-June-2007 14-June-2007 16-June-2007 17-June-2007 6 Qdairah 10-June-2007 14-June-2007 17-June-2007 19-June-2007 7 Al Subyan 9-June-2007 12-June-2007 16-June-2007 17-June-2007 8 Tabban 9-June-2007 12-June-2007 16-June-2007 17-June-2007 9 Meskah 06-June-2007 11-June-2007 13-June-2007 17-June-2007 10 Shibli 06-June-2007 11-June-2007 13-June-2007 17-June-2007 11 Dafna 11-June-2007 13-June-2007 17-June-2007 23-June-2007 12 Balata 11-June-2007 13-June-2007 17-June-2007 23-June-2007 13 Fasayil 02-June-2007 06-June-2007 09-June-2007 12-June-2007 14 Al 'Auja 02-June-2007 05-June-2007 09-June-2007 12-June-2007 15 Al Shusah 04-June-2007 05-June-2007 09-June-2007 10-June-2007 16 Al Nwai'mah 04-June-2007 05-June-2007 10-June-2007 11-June-2007 17 Al Dyuk 04-June-2007 05-June-2007 09-June-2007 10-June-2007 18 Al Sultan 05-June-2007 05-June-2007 07-June-2007 13-June-2007 19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar 31-May-2007 13-June-2007 15-June-2007 18-June-2007



SECTION C

Location, Geology and Catchments of the Spring Groups

Springs Locations The springs under this study mostly belong to the geographical area of the Jordan valley and its adjacent slopes. However, some of the springs, chosen by JICA for this investigation are located on the mountain range, like for example Nablus springs Ein Balata and Ein Dafna. Most of the springs lie in the Northern West Bank. This category comprises of all springs of the Wadi Far'ah and Far'ah Camp, the Beidhan and the Nablus spring groups, as specified in the table below. The southern springs comprise of the spring groups of Wadi Al-Qilt, Jericho and its Northern outskirts. A middle group comprises of the two isolated Graben fault springs of Ein Al-‘Auja and Ein Fasayil. Figure 1 shows the overview springs locations, Wadi streams, built-up areas, roads and surface catchment elements (see also Table 2). It should be noted that this survey differentiates between surface and groundwater catchments. While surface catchments, the main drainage Wadis are clear-cut and easy to define, the groundwater catchments lie hidden beyond the eye of the beholder. Their approximate delineation is described verbally under the section geology of the springs. Table 2 differentiates between 4 different forms of grouping:

1. Geographical groups assemble all springs lying near each other in a small area. The practical relevance of this grouping is that they belong not only to the same aquifer and flow system, but also to a combined flow and recharge budget. Hence, it should be considered for future application that effects on one spring (increasing its flow) might alter the flow of another spring within this group. They also principally underlie the same threats and sources of pollution.

2. Surface catchments are of less practical relevance, since the springs emerge from groundwater bodies and associated catchments. However, they assemble the principle surface drainage system in which the spring is located. It should be noted that surface catchments are by no means congruent with groundwater or subsurface catchments. For example, Ein Sultan spring lies directly on the border between Nwai’mah and Wadi Qilt Wadi drainage catchments. However its flow stems from one unified groundwater recharge area (Figure 1).

3. Aquifer groups are introduced as means of a rough first approximation to the geology of the springs. In principle, most studies in the West Bank differentiate between a shallow and a deep aquifer group, each of which is further subdivided into several, hydraulically un-connected sub-aquifers or aquifer stockwerks with largely different characteristics. It should be noted that the differentiation between deep and shallow aquifers is more



relevant to wells, since it delineates roughly the expected well depths (and costs). However, all springs, by nature, are surface phenomena, with water coming up the ground level by natural means.

4. Geology finally differentiates between different biostratigraphic and thus hydrostratigraphic units sensu strictu. It can be divided into one unconsolidated aquifer and four consolidated fractured carbonate aquifers, as specified below.

Figure 1 Overview of springs locations, roads, built-up areas and surface catchments



The Northern Springs Group There are 12 springs in this part of the study area. They are: Al Far’ah, Al Dlaib, Hamad and Baidah, Sedrah, Jeser, Qdairah, Al Subyan, Tabban, Meskah, Shibli, Dafna and Balata. All of them are within Wadi Far’ah surface catchment which contains the following geographical groups, “Far’ah Camp, Badhan, Wadi Far’ah and Nablus”, as shown in Table 2. However, Figure 2 below shows the topographic map for this part of the study area which also contains the spring’s locations, surface catchments, drainage system and the main cities.

Figure 2 Topographic map for the Northern Springs group; (Note: the map was constructed from a 10-meter interval contour

map)



For more detailed information about the exact location of the springs in this part of the study area, the following Google satellite images will be helpful. Figures 3 and 4 Far’ah Camp spring group (Far’ah and Dlaib springs). Both springs lie

along the road south of the Far’ah Refugee Camp. Figures 5 and 6 Badhan spring group (Hamad and Baidah, Sedrah, Jeser, Qdairah, Tabban

and Al Subyan). They are located a few kilometers to the north of Nablus along the road which leads toward the upper Wadi Far’ah Graben.

Figures 7 and 8 Wadi Far’ah spring group (Meskah and Shibli springs). Both springs lie

near the road through Wadi Far’ah, near the villages of Al-‘Aqrabaniyyah and Al-Nassariyyah, respectively.



Figure 3 Far’ah spring

Figure 4 Al Dlaib spring



Figure 5 Qdairah, Hamad and Baidah and Ein Sedrah springs

Figure 6 Jeser, Tabban and Subyan springs



Figure 7 Meskah spring

Figure 8 Shibli spring



The Middle Springs Group There are 2 big springs in this part of the study area. They are: Fasayil and Auja. Fasayil spring lies within Al-Ahmar surface catchment and Auja lies within Auja surface catchment as shown in Table 2. However, Figure 9 below shows the topographic map for this part of the study area which also contains the spring’s locations, surface catchments, drainage system and the main cities. For more detailed information about the exact location of the springs in this part of the study area, the following Google satellite images will be helpful. Figure 10 Fasayil spring. It is an isolated spring lies in the central of Jordan River

Rift Valley area near the main graben fault. Figure 11 Al ‘Auja spring. It is an isolated spring lies in the central of Jordan River

Rift Valley area near the main graben fault.



Figure 9 Topographic map for the Middle spring’s group; (Note: the map was constructed from a 10-meter interval contour ma



Figure 10 Fasayil spring

Figure 11 Al ‘Auja spring



The Southern Springs Group

There are 5 springs in this part of the study area. They are: Nwai’mah, Al Dyuk, Shusah, Al Sultan and Al Qilt and Al Fawwar. Shusah, Nwai’mah and Al Dyuk springs are within Nwai’mah surface catchment, Al Qilt and Al Fawwar lie within Wadi Qilt surface catchment; whereas, Al Sultan lies on the divide between these two catchments as shown in Table 2. However, Figure 12 below shows the topographic map for this part of the study area which also contains the spring’s locations, surface catchments, drainage system and the main cities. For more detailed information about the exact location of the springs in this part of the study area, the following Google satellite images will be helpful. Figure 13 Nwai’mah spring group (Nwai’mah, Al Dyuk and Shusah springs). These

springs lie near the village of Nwai’mah on the Northern outskirts of Jericho. They also belong to the springs emerging at the main JRRV graben fault, thought emerging from gravel fans.

Figure 14 Ein Al Sultan (Al Sultan spring). This powerful Oasis spring lies in the

heart of old Jericho, only a few dozen of meters of the old (archeological “Tell Al Sultan”).

Figures 15 and 16 Wadi Qilt spring group ( Al Fawwar and Al Qilt springs). Al Fawwar and

Al Qilt springs belong to the upper and middle Wadi Qilt, respectively.



Figure 12 Topographic map for the Southern spring’s group; (Note: the map was constructed from a 10-meter interval contour map)



Figure 13 Nwai’mah, Al Dyuk and Shusah springs

Figure 14 Al Sultan spring



Figure 15 Al Fawwar spring

Figure 16 Al Qilt spring



Surface Catchments Five large surface catchments comprise of all the 19 springs under this survey. From North to South they are: Far’ah, Al-Ahmar, Auja, Nwai’mah and Al Qilt (see Figure 1). It shall be repeated that none of the 19 springs exclusively recharges within one surface catchment of Wadi drainage.

Wadi Far’ah Catchment

Wadi Far’ah catchment is in the northern part of the study area with a total area of 331 km2 that makes it the biggest among the catchments. It contains 12 springs; they are (Al Far’ah, Al Dlaib, Hamad and Baidah, Sedrah, Jeser, Qdairah, Al Subyan, Tabban, Meskah, Shibli, Dafna and Balata). There are four different spring groups; Far’ah Camp Springs group, Badhan springs group, Nablus springs group and Wadi Far’ah springs group, as shown in Figure 17. Moreover, for more detailed information about flow system of Al Badhan and Far’ah springs see Figure 18.

Al Ahmar Catchment

Al Ahmar catchment is to the south of Wadi Far’ah catchment with a total area of 180.1 km2. It contains only one spring which is Fasayil spring. It lies in the southern part of this catchment as shown in Figure 19.

Auja Catchment Auja catchment is almost in the middle of the study area, it has an area of 291.4 km2 that makes it the second biggest catchment in the area after Wadi Far’ah catchment. It contains only one spring which is Auja spring. It lies in the middle part of the catchment as shown in Figure 20.

Nwai’mah Catchment Nwai’mah catchment is to the south of Auja catchment, it is the smallest catchment in the study area with a total area of 152.5 km2. It contains 3 springs; they are (Shusah, Nwai’mah, Dyuk and Al Sultan*). All of them are in the lower part of the catchment as shown in Figure 21.

Wadi Qilt Catchment Wadi Qilt catchment is in the southern part of the study area, it’s area is about 172.4 km2. It contains 2 springs; they are (Al Qilt, Al Fawwar springs) which lie almost in the middle part of the catchment as shown in Figure 22.



Figure 17 Wadi Far’ah Catchment



Figure 18 Flow system for Al Badhan springs and Far’ah springs



Figure 19 Al Ahmar Catchment



Figure 20 Auja Catchment



Figure 21 Nwai’mah Catchment



Figure 22 Wadi Qilt Catchment



Geology The 19 springs can be grouped according to aquifers and the area they emerge as follows (see Figure 23). - Neogene to sub-recent gravel and alluvial - Eocene aquifer. - Uppermost aquifer. - Upper aquifer. - Lower aquifer. Unconsolidated shallow gravel aquifer In Wadi Far'ah, young gravel covers the bottom of the graben system. The alluvial graben fill dates back to the Neogene and up to sub-recent klastic deposits. The shallow aquifer is local in nature, both in terms of distribution and recharge. The catchment is restricted to the Far'ah graben. In the NW the catchment reaches up to the Far'ah Camp springs and to some 1km SE of Badhan springs. Eocene Aquifer Eocene Limestone formations (Jenin sub series). The Eocene Aquifer is a shallow aquifer restricted to the Northern West Bank, approximately in the Area between Nablus and Jenin, with some areas reaching not far into Israel in the North. In general, the Eocene has an estimated recharge of around 80 Mcm/yr. Most of the flow is directed towards the NNE, along the NNE trending Nablus – Beit Qad syncline. However, in the South, a stream boundary exists within the basin that redirects the eastern portion of the Eocene flow towards the Eastern spring outlets in Badhan spring group and Far'ah camp spring group. The location of the East trending water level delineates the groundwater catchment, runs SW-NE from E170/N190 to E175/N195. Roughly, the catchment of these spring groups can be considered to lie in an area of around 125km2. Spring mechanism: All Eocene springs are of the contact spring type. This means, they emerge where the contact between underlying impermeable Senonian and the Eocene aquifer crops out. Uppermost Aquifer: In the area, East of Ramallah and Jerusalem, especially around Wadi El-Qilt, an independent uppermost aquifer with its own water levels (or water balance) can be differentiated from the Upper Aquifer. The uppermost aquifer consists solely of the Turonian Jerusalem formation of karstic limestone and some dolomite. According to some authors, also the upper part of Bethlehem is part of this uppermost aquifer. In Wadi Qilt area the uppermost aquifer is some 100m thick, in the Jericho area usually between 50 and 140m. While in the West and in the higher mountains, Jerusalem in Israeli terms is one unit of Bina limestone, in the East it is subdivided into three subunits, from top to bottom: 15-80m Nezer limestone and 15-40m Shivta limestone (with a prominent cliff as a field marker).



The bottom 10-25m of Derorim (limestone with some chalk) shows some occurrence of yellow, somewhat marly layers that can be observed at outcrops as for example at Deir Quruntul. The main potential of the Jerusalem as an aquifer thus rests in its upper two sub-units, which are strongly karstified. The springs in Wadi Qilt reflect this pattern with very fast response to rainfall and erratic, rapidly fluctuating discharge patterns: response of Ein Fawwar to rain in Northern Jerusalem (Al Ram area) can be observed as increased spring flow as fast as with only 14 days of delay. This of course also reflects the vulnerability of the aquifer to pollution. In the past, traces of waste water from El-Bireh could be found occasionally in the spring. This has changed, after El-Bireh treatment plant went operative. Yet, untreated sewage from upstream Israeli settlements remains a potential hazard (In early June, raw sewage was observed in the Wadi, just upstream the spring.) Spring mechanism: Often structural and karstic. Fawwar is a typical karstic siphon spring; Qilt is also a karstic spring, with a combination of mechanisms, like overflow and structurally induced. Nwai’mah spring group is mainly structurally induced, since they emerge only 150-200m away from the main rift fault, where the mountain aquifer formations are cut. They do emerge from within gravels (fans along the fault), thus also overflow can be attributed to this spring. Upper Aquifer: Usually, the Turonian and Cenomanian carbonate series (with some intercalation of chalky or marly horizons) comprise of from top to bottom: Jerusalem – Bethlehem – Hebron formations. Hebron is a karstic massive dolomite unit with high aquifer potential (65-130m thick), while Bethlehem (50-80m) has less karstification, some chalky (or even marly) intercalations and in Israeli terms is subdivided into upper Weradim and lower Avnon sub-units in the East and South of the West Bank. Its recharge area extends in the West to the high mountains of the West Bank, even beyond the surface divide (to ~E175 in Ramallah area). To the East, the recharge area ends where Jerusalem is covered by impermeable Senonian chalks (Abu Dis formation) on the flanks of the Eastern slopes. It was already said, that between Jerusalem and Jericho, the uppermost aquifer is separated from the rest of the upper aquifer. However, the strong oasis springs, in the Jordan Rift Valley, like Ein Sultan, receive their water from the entire aquifer, since the main rift fault(s) connects its sub-series hydraulically. Spring Mechanism: The mechanism of Ein Sultan is mainly attributed to the rift fault (structural). However, detailed investigation are needed to determine precisely if the structural fault causes the spring to issue from the lower aquifer or hydraulically connects the upper and lower aquifers at the spring location. Lower Aquifer: In regional terms, the Lower aquifer comprises of Lower and Upper Beit Kahil formations (Kefira, Giv’at Ye’arim, Soreq, Kesalon formations in Israeli terms) and bottom up with over 200-300m of thickness. Local hydro-stratigraphy might differ, but not in the case of the two springs that emerge from the lower aquifer: Fasayil and Al'Auja springs. The lower aquifer is



usually considered to be strongly confined near the rift valley. The recharge and groundwater catchment area for these springs, reaches some 20km westwards until the axis of the West Bank anticline that separates the Eastern and Western Basin. Spring Mechanism: Both springs belong to the structural (rift fault) and contact spring type. Al'Auja has a somewhat complicated overflow mechanism that has not been fully understood in the literature yet: Northwest, upstream the spring, UBK formation crops out. The spring however is situated in lower Yatta formation outcrops. It is not fully explainable yet, why the spring does not emerge some several hundred meters further NW. There is no doubt however, that the near presence of the main fault downstream does create a backwater effect that pushes water levels up to emerge as a spring (see also strongly confined conditions in Al'Auja deep wells). However it worth investigating if the spring issues from the upper aquifer. The above results are summarized in the following table:

Table 2 Spring Groups Name Geographical

Group Surface

catchment Aquifer group Geology

1. Al-Far'ah Far’ah Camp

Wadi Far’ah Shallow

Eocene

2. Al-Dlaib 3. Hamad, Baidah

Badhan springs

4. Sedrah 5. Jeser 6. Qdairah 7. Al-Subyan 8. Tabban 9. Meskah Wadi Fari'a Alluvial 10. Shibli 11. Dafna Nablus Eocene 12. Balata 13. Fasayil Fasayil Al-Ahmar

Deep

Lower 14. Al 'Auja1 Auja Auja15. Shusah

Nwai'mah Nwai'mah Uppermost 16. Nwai'mah 17. Al-Dyuk 18. Al-Sultan2 Sultan Nwai'mah / Wadi Qilt Upper 19. Al Qilt & Al Fawwar Wadi Qilt Wadi Qilt Uppermost

1 could be upper, 2 could be lower 1. Wadi Far’ah spring group (2): Meskah and Shibli, shallow alluvial aquifer in Wadi Far’ah. 2. Far’ah Camp spring group (2): Ein Far’ah and Ein Al-Dlaib, both from the Eocene aquifer. 3. Badhan spring group (6): Sedrah, Hamad & Baidah, Qdairah, Jeser, Tabban and Al-Subyan

springs belong to this group, which forms the main Eastern spring outlet of the Eocene aquifer. 4. Nablus spring group (2): Balata and Dafna springs are only two out of many Nablus springs,

mainly located on the southern slopes (the slopes to the southern mountains, Jebel Jerizim). 5. Qilt spring group (2): Ein Al-Qilt and Ein Fawwar, uppermost aquifer. 6. Nwai'mah spring group (3): Ein Nwai’mah, Ein Dyuk and Ein Shusah, Uppermost aquifer,

emerging gravel fans adjacent to the main graben fault. 7. Sultan spring group (1): Upper aquifer, overflow near the main fault. 8. Fasayil and Al-‘Auja spring group (2): Fasayil and Al-‘Auja springs, Lower aquifer, overflow

near the main fault



Figure 23 Location of targeted springs on a hydro-geological map



The Northern Springs Group There are 12 springs in this part of the study area. They are: Al Far’ah, Al Dlaib, Hamad and Baidah, Sedrah, Jeser, Qdairah, Al Subyan, Tabban, Meskah, Shibli, Dafna and Balata. All of them are discharged from shallow aquifer group (Alluvial aquifer “Meskah and Shibli springs” and Eocene aquifer “Al Far’ah, Al Dlaib, Hamad and Baidah, Sedrah, Jeser, Qdairah, Al Subyan, Tabban, Dafna and Balata”) as shown in Figure 24, see also Table 2.

The Middle Springs Group There are 2 big springs in this part of the study area. They are: Fasayil and Auja. Both of them are discharged from deep aquifer group (Lower aquifer) as shown in Figure 25, see also Table 2.

The Southern Springs Group There are 5 springs in this part of the study area. They are: Nwai’mah, Al Dyuk, Shusah, Al Sultan and Al Qilt and Al Fawwar. All of them are discharged from deep aquifer group (Upper aquifer “Al Sultan” and Uppermost aquifer “Shusah, Nwai’mah, Al Dyuk, Al Qilt and Al Fawwar”) as shown in Figure 26, see also Table 2.



Figure 24 The northern spring’s group on a hydro-geological map



Figure 25 The middle springs group on a hydro-geological map



Figure 26 The southern spring’s group on a hydro-geological map



Section D

Summary of Inventory Survey



Table3: Basic Data, Use, Geology, ownership, accessibility and Yearly Spring Discharge Data

Basic Data Characteristics Ownership (Public/Private) Spring Source (Outline) No. Name Code Description Geology Spring Owner Facilities Owner Nos. of Farm Area Owners Area

A/B/C Access

(good/fair/bad)

Yearly Discharge (m3/yr) (PWADB)

Public/Private Public/Private Land Owners

Farmers Family Beneficiaries Avr. Min. Max

1 Fasayil AC/054 Domestic & Agriculture Lower Private Private Private 5 100 C Bad 654,846 336,531 1,102,533 2 Al Dyuk AC/060 Domestic & Agriculture Uppermost Public Public Private >150 1000 A Bad 4,919,812 3,799,979 5,718,326 3 Al Nwai'mah AC/060A Domestic & Agriculture Uppermost Public Public Private >150 1000 A Bad 2,590,271 1,409,303 3,269,346 4 Al Shusah AC/060B Agriculture Uppermost Private Private Private 1 40 A Bad 615,114 385,810 884,801 5 Al Sultan AC/061 Domestic & Agriculture Upper, could be Lower (Fault Spring) Public Public Private >1000* >8000 A Good 5,452,742 3,147,018 6,134,994 6 Shibli AQ/022 Domestic & Agriculture Alluvial Public Public Private >250 >1500 C Bad 869,844 388,781 1,244,310 7 Meskah AQ/025 Agriculture Alluvial Public Public Private 8** 100 C Bad 1,229,212 - 2,380,309 8 Al Far'ah AQ/030 Domestic & Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private 71 500 A Good 5,446,801 1,471,608 12,422,838 9 Al Dlaib AQ/032 Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private 10 80 A Bad 1,202,039 69 9,720,526 10 Sedrah AQ/036 Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private

14 140

B Bad 1,325,981 - 9,065,371 11 Hamad & Baidah AQ/037A Domestic & Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private B Bad 914,013 43,585 2,487,547 12 Qdairah AQ/037B Domestic & Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private B Bad 1,225,654 4,425 2,909,208 13 Jeser AQ/038 Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private B Bad 120,263 20,053 220,063 14 Tabban AQ/039 Domestic & Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private B Bad 1,322,767 929,454 2,162,509 15 Al Subyan AQ/040 Agriculture Eocene Public Public Private B Bad 190,608 137,668 246,046 16 Balata AQ/043 Domestic Eocene Public Public - - - A Good 176,397 42,176 538,019 17 Dafna AQ/044 Domestic Eocene Public Public, Private - - - A Bad 125,953 18,251 283,194 18 Al 'Auja AR/020 Agriculture Lower; could be Upper (Fault Spring) Public Public Private 25 >2000 C Bad 9,774,982 1,336,651 18,778,729

19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar AS/020 Domestic & Agriculture Uppermost Private Private Private 4 300 C Bad 6,524,475 1,249,546 30,484,303

Agri.: Agriculture, Irrig.: Irrigation, Dom.: Domestic, PWA DB: Palestinian Water Authority Data Base * Including Farmers using well, ** Water right from Meskah



Table4: Daily & Hourly Spring Discharge Data, Results of Measurements and Related Operation & Maintenance Details

Basic Data Spring Source (Outline) Related Organizations' Name

No. Name Code Daily Discharge (L/S) (PWA DB)

Hourly Discharge (m3/h) (PWA DB)

Hourly Discharge (m3/h) (Result of Measurement) O&M Organization

Avr. Min. Max Avr. Min. Max m3/h For Agri. For Dom.

1 Fasayil AC/054 21 4 46 76 14 165 45 Private/Nemir Family - 2 Al Dyuk AC/060 153 91 223 552 326 804 551 Village Council of Al Nwai'mah and Dyuk Village Council of Al Nwai'mah and Dyuk 3 Al Nwai'mah AC/060A 84 28 118 301 101 423 327 Village Council of Al Nwai'mah and Dyuk Village Council of Al Nwai'mah and Dyuk 4 Al Shusah AC/060B 20 0 33 71 1 117 33 Dajani Family - 5 Al Sultan AC/061 179 105 253 643 377 909 694 Jericho Municipality Jericho Municipality 6 Shibli AQ/022 27 7 53 99 26 189 45 Far'ah Irrigation Project Committee Shibli Village Council 7 Meskah AQ/025 42 0 108 150 0 390 0 Village Council of Al Aqrabaniyyah - 8 Al Far'ah AQ/030 172 16 577 619 57 2076 95 Far'ah Village Council, Wadi Far'ah camp Far'ah Village Council, UNRWA 9 Al Dlaib AQ/032 40 0 733 142 0 2639 0 Village Council of Al Far'ah, Wadi Far'ah camp - 10 Sedrah AQ/036 48 0 557 173 0 2004 0 Village Council of Al Badhan - 11 Hamad & Baidah AQ/037A 28 0 124 101 0 445 87 Village Council of Al Badhan - 12 Qdairah AQ/037B 38 0 130 138 0 469 92 Village Council of Al Badhan - 13 Jeser AQ/038 4 0 11 16 0 40 16 Village Council of Al Badhan - 14 Tabban AQ/039 42 4 64 150 16 230 158 Village Council of Al Badhan Village Council of Al Badhan 15 Al Subyan AQ/040 6 0 17 22 0 62 Could not be reached Village Council of Al Badhan - 16 Balata AQ/043 6 0 38 21 0 137 18 - Nablus Municipality, Oil Factory, UNRWA, Owners 17 Dafna AQ/044 4 0 42 15 1 150 16 - Nablus Municipality

18 Al 'Auja AR/020 300 0 807 1080 0 2904 1431 Al 'Auja Village Council Al 'Auja Village Council

19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar AS/020 211 35 3785 760 125 13625 724 Al Husseany Family Aqbat Jaber Committee

Agri.: Agriculture, Irrig.: Irrigation, Dom.: Domestic, PWA DB: Palestinian Water Authority Data Base



Table5: Water Allocations, Land Use and Crops

Basic Data Related Organizations' Name Water Allocation (%) Agricultural Area No. Name Code Users Group for Irrigation Related Private

Company Agri. Dom. Other Uses Overflow Total Irrig.

Area Dunum Total Agri.

Area Dunum Main Crops Water Use Volume

(m3/yr)

1 Fasayil AC/054 Al Nemir Family (Unofficial) 99 1 630 3,700

Vegetables (70%), Banana (5%), Citrus Lemon (10%), Grapes (10%), and Date Palm (5%)

648,298

2 Al Dyuk AC/060 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 97.41 2.59 3,300 6,000


4,792,389

3 Al Nwai'mah AC/060A Farmers Group (Unofficial)

Water Mineral Factory 97.35 0.4

2.25 1,400 4,000 Vegetables (60%), Banana (40%), Citrus Lemon (0%), Grapes (0%), and Date Palm (0%)

2,521,628

4 Al Shusah AC/060B Dajani Family (Unofficial) 100 0 380 380


615,114

5 Al Sultan AC/061 Ein Al Sultan Irrigation Cooperative (Official) 58 42 4,000 10,000


3,162,591

6 Shibli AQ/022 Far'ah Irrigation Project Committee, farmers of Jiftlic

Frush Bait Dajan (Unofficial) 97 3 11,000** 20,000


843,748

7 Meskah AQ/025 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0 60 60


1,229,212

8 Al Far'ah AQ/030 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 96 4 1,200 4,500


5,228,929

9 Al Dlaib AQ/032 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0 1,202,039

10 Sedrah AQ/036 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0

2,57

0

5,20

0


1,325,981

11 Hamad & Baidah AQ/037A Farmers Group (Unofficial) 99 1 904,873

12 Qdairah AQ/037B Farmers Group (Unofficial) 94.995 0.005 5* 1,164,310

13 Jeser AQ/038 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0 120,263

14 Tabban AQ/039 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 96 4 1,269,857

15 Al Subyan AQ/040 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0 190,608

16 Balata AQ/043 No Users Groups Oil Factory 0 38.2 61.8 0 0 - -

17 Dafna AQ/044 No Users Groups 0 100 0 0 - -

18 Al 'Auja AR/020 Farmers Group (Unofficial) 100 0 5,000 50,000


9,774,982

19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar AS/020 Husseany Family (Unofficial) 99.95 0.05 2,000 5,000


6,521,213

Agri.: Agriculture, Irrig.: Irrigation, Dom.: Domestic, PWA DB: Palestinian Water Authority Data Base , * This water is not a consumed quantity since it is used by the owners of the park beside the spring in order to give a good view for the park, ** Total irrigated area in Frush Beit Dajan and Jiftlic



Table6: Agricultural Facilities for Springs

Basic Data Agri. Facilities ConditionNo. Name Code Intake Main Line Distribution Line Condition Type

Total Length (Km)

Condition (good/fair/bad) Type Nos. of Branch Total Length

(km) Condition (good/fair/bad)

1 Fasayil AC/054 Bad Steel Pipe Line (6") 3.5 Bad P.V.C pipe (3") 2 1 Fair

2 Al Dyuk AC/060 Good Concrete Canal 6 Fair Open Concrete Canal 8 5 Bad

3 Al Nwai'mah AC/060A Good Concrete Canal 6 Bad Concrete Canal 10 5 Fair Steel Pipe Line (8") 0.02 Good Plastic Pipe (2") 1 0.01 Good

4 Al Shusah AC/060B Good Concrete Canal 1.0 Bad P.V.C pipe (3") 1 0.3 BadSteel Pipe Line (8") 0.02 Good Concrete Canal 1 0.015 Not Bad

5 Al Sultan AC/061 Good Steel Pipe Line 20 Good Steel Pipe more than 20 30 Good

6 Shibli AQ/022 Good

Concrete Canal 0.015 Good Concrete Canal 0.05 Good Concrete Canal 10 Good Steel Pipe Line (2", 4", 6") 11 Fair Steel Pipe (2", 4", 6") 6 20 Bad

7 Meskah AQ/025 Bad Concrete Canal 0.7 Bad 8 Al Far'ah AQ/030 Bad Open Earth 0.01 (Bad) Earth Canal 4 1 Bad

Concrete Canal 3 Fair Concrete Canal 4 6 Bad

9 Al Dlaib AQ/032 Bad Open Concrete Canal 1.5 Bad 10 Sedrah AQ/036 Bad Concrete and Earth Canal 0.02 Bad Earth Canal 1 0.2 Bad

11 Hamad & Baidah AQ/037A Fair Concrete Canal 1.5 Not Bad Concrete Canal 6 2 Fair

12 Qdairah AQ/037B Fair Concrete Canal 1.5 Fair Concrete Canal 7 2 Fair

13 Jeser AQ/038 Bad Discharge directly from the spring source to the wadi

14 Tabban AQ/039 Good Concrete 0.004 Fair

Steel Pipe 0.002 Fair 15 Al Subyan AQ/040 Bad PVC Pipe 0.04 Bad

(Broken) 16 Balata AQ/043 Fair 17 Dafna AQ/044 Fair 18 Al 'Auja AR/020 Fair Open Concrete Canal 8 km Bad Open Concrete Canal, Plastic Pipe (2") 5, 3 6, 4 Total= 10 Bad

19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar AS/020 Fair Open Concrete Canal 15 km Not Bad Open Concrete Canal, Plastic Pipe (2") 1, 1 1, 1 Total= 2 Bad




Table7: Domestic Facilities for Springs

Basic Data Domestic Facilities Condition

No. Name Code Capacity Supply Volume Coverage

Pump Transmission Reservoir

(m3) m3/hr m3/day Covered Localities Covered Population

1 Fasayil AC/054 - - - - - - -

2 Al Dyuk AC/060 1 (40 horse) Steel Pipe (4", 100m) 300 5.7 137 Ein Al Sultan Camp, Dyuk Village 3,200

3 Al Nwai'mah AC/060A as No. of houses Plastic Pipes (2") Nwai'mah village 1,000

4 Al Shusah AC/060B - - - - - - -

5 Al Sultan AC/061

4 Steel Pipes 2,800 326 7,824 Jericho City, Ein Al Sultan Camp, Aqbat Jaber Camp 23,000

6 Shibli AQ/022 1 (25 horse) Steel Pipe (3") 250 3.2 76.8 Ein Shibli Village 1,550

7 Meskah AQ/025 - - - - - - -

8 Al Far'ah AQ/030 4 (10, 10, 22, 22) (m3/h) Steel Pipe Inlet: 3", 4" , Outlet: 2", 3", 4", with Network distribution Steel

50 2.75 66 Al Far'ah Village 10,500

9 Al Dlaib AQ/032 - - - - - - -

10 Sedrah AQ/036 - - - - - - -

11 Hamad & Baidah AQ/037A Small electrical pumps Plastic Pipes (2") - 0.04 0.96 2 houses 10

12 Qdairah AQ/037B 3 Small electrical pumps Plastic Pipes (2") - 0.125 3 5 houses 30

13 Jeser AQ/038 - - - - - - -

14 Tabban AQ/039 6 electrical pumps Plastic Pipes (2") 500 15 360 - 3,500

15 Al Subyan AQ/040 - - - - - - -

16 Balata AQ/043 - Steel Pipe (2", 4") 50 6 144 Balata Town, Balata Camp, Oil factory 3,500

17 Dafna AQ/044 - P.V.C Pipe(4", 4m) 5,000 17 408 Nablus City 150,000

18 Al 'Auja AR/020 - - - - - - -

19 Al Qilt & Al Fawwar AS/020 - Steel Pipes (4") 500 15 360 Agabt Jaber Camp 2,000




This report contains detailed information and profile for each spring.

Interested people in these data should contact HWE at

[email protected]

Al-fawwar

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