Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºA

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The early history of Al-Andalus By the early 8 century, the Muslims had expanded far beyond their original territory the Arabian Peninsula, and controlled most of North Africa. In 711 they crossed over to the Iberian Peninsula. Was also made possible by a civil war between rival groups of the nobility. Muslims defeated the Visigoths King Roderic in the Battle of Guadalete. However Tariq did not hand power over to their Visigoth allies they occupird mearly all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims never fully conquered the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al- Andalus. Córdoba its capital the emirate was dependent on the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.

Transcript of Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºA

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The early history

of Al-Andalus

By the early 8 century, the Muslims had expanded far beyond their original territory the Arabian Peninsula, and controlled most of North Africa. In 711 they crossed over to the Iberian Peninsula.

Was also made possible by a civil war between rival groups of thenobility.

Muslims defeated the Visigoths King Roderic in the Battle of Guadalete. However Tariq did not hand power over to their Visigoth alliesthey occupird mearly all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims never fullyconquered the mountainous regions.

The Muslims called their new territory Al- Andalus. Córdoba its capital the emirate was dependent on the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.

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II were sleeping when they killed all my family. It was the next day when I noticed these. Because of that, I scaped to the IberianPeninsula.

This travel was very difficult because I can nottold that I were the prince to anyone. When I arrive,I stay in a small city because I wantedthat the time pass. After a few years, I foundedthe independant Empire of Cordoba.

Abd al-Rahman

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Activities :

Describe theinvasion routestaken by theMuslims.

Which parts of the IberianPeninsula were not conqueredby the Muslims?

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The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-

1031).

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The caliphate of Córdoba was a period ofexcepcional achievement in Al-Andalusfollowed the fundation of the caliphate ofCórdoba in 929. Created by Abd al RahmanIII who became it´s caliph- the supremepolitical and rerligious authority.

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Abd al Rahman II ruled through a chiefminister (hajib), ministers (vizers) and provinicial governors (walis).

The caliphate of Córdoba was one of theworlds great states in the 10th century:• Abd al-Rahman III strengthened hisauthority by repressing internal revoltsand resisting the Cristian Kingdoms.•The city of Córdoba was one of the mostpopulous in the world.•Was a great cultural centre.

CHARACTER

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QUESTIONS PAGE 81. EXERCISES 6, 7

AND 8.

ANSWERS:

6. The room that was depicted was the

principal one.

7. Yes but womens weren´t really present.

8. was a Lorraine born monk, diplomat

administrator, and monastic reformer, at the caliph´s court too.

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The fragmentation of Al- Andalus

INDEX:•The Taifa States

•The Almoravids and The Almohads

•Almoravids

•Almohads

•The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

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The taifa states

• The taifas states where political and ethnic

divisions that separated Al-Andalus into pieces.

This happened because of the collapse of the

Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.

• There were many conflicts between the taifas.

The larger taifas, as Seville and Toledo fought

with each other, and also for the control of

smaller taifas.

Christians took advantage of the disassembly

of Al-andalus and they attacked them and

forced the rulers to pay parias (tributes).

• As the Christians were advancing very fast

Muslims asked for help to the Almoravids

• Activity 5

page 83

• Activity 5

page 88

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The almoravids and the almohads

• In the 11th Century Al-Andalus was continually under attack as a result of the fragmentation of the

Muslim states. Rulers of the taifas asked for help to the Berbers in north Africa.

Muslim rulers first asked for help to the Almoravids in 1086.Even they stopped a little the advance

of the Christians, it was not enough. In 1140 there was another fragmentation in many small taifas.

• The almohads were the successors of the Almoravids in north Africa.

Al-Andalus requested their help over 1147. They could resist Christian attacks but again

unsuccessfully. They continued to expand in 12th and 13th centuries.

• In 13th century , the Christians created a large army between many kingdoms and they achieved a

glorious victory over Almohads in the battle of Navas de Tolosa. As the Almohad authority

collapsed, the Christian armies conquered all Spain except Granada

•Activity 6 page 83

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The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula.

The Kingdom was not militarily strong but it was very prosperous thanks to trade and

agriculture. Christians allowed them to survive because it payed them large amounts of

tributes, and military assistance.

The Nasrid rulers created Alhambra which was built during 14th and 15th centuries.

The Kingdom was weakened by internal conflicts.

It was finally conquered by the Catholic Kings in 1492.

•Activity 7 page 83

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Life in Al-andalus and evolution

of andalusi architecture

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Life in Al-andalus

Conquerors: The conquerosrs and their descendants became the most powerful groups in theirv society.

Arabs: Were the land owning of aristrocazi, who also held political power.

Berbers: From the North Africa, helped to conquer the Iberian Peninsula.

As Muslims conquered they let jews and christianspractice their religion, but only if they paid taxes:Mozarabs: Cristians who did not convert into Islams.Jews: Were merchants artisans and schelars.

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Evolution of andalusi

architectureAndalusi architecture had different stages: Caliphate architecture: The most exceptional building wasthe Great Mosque of Cordoba. And also the palace at Medina Azahara, near Cordoba.Taidfa architecture: The ryulers of the taifa states builtfortresses, like the castler in Málaga. They also builtpalaces such us the Aljaefería palace in Zaragoza.Almohad palace: Buildings were fairly plain in the NorthcAfrican style. They had decorative patterns. The Giralda and the tower of Gold were god examples.Nasrid architecture: Abundant decoration was shown, walls were covered in plasterwork and ceramics. Thealhambra and the Generalife in Granada are exceptionalexamples.

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Activities

What is the most important building in Spain

14 abril 1126 10 diciembre 1198

The most important buildings on the evolution of the Andalusi

architecture

Explain the following terms:Arabs:

Berbers:Mozarabs:

Jews:

When did Averroes bron and died?

La Giralda

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Averroes

•Averroës (14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) I was born in Córdoba in Andalusia. I

was a Muslim polymath from Andalusia. I was a scholar of Greek and Islamic

philosophy. I also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the

sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.

• I was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. My philosophy was often criticised by

fellow Muslims. I´m most famous for my commentaries of Aristotle's works.

•I began studying medicine in Seville, then I began my career with the help of Ibn

Tufail, later I was granted many honors and became a Qadi in Seville in 1169, and two

years later I became the Qadi of Córdoba. In 1195, I wrote a paper about how I

thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. The Caliph

imprisoned me and exiled me from the country and I died in 1198.

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Christian survival in the north:The Muslims conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the 8th and 9th centuries, a group of small Christian states were precursors of the later Hispanic kingdoms:-Cantabrian, the Kingdom of Asturias was created.-The Pyrenees, the Kingdom of Navarre was estabished, while the Aragonese and Catalan counties emerged further east.

THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN INSPAIN

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For nearly 800 years, Al-Alandalus an a series of Christian states existed together on the Iberian Peninsula. They traded and exchanged knowledge, also frequendlyfougth each other. Al-Andalus was stronger up to the 100th century. The Christian king grew in power and began to take Muslims teritorries.

Activities:Page 96; 1 and 2

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The kingdom of Asturias:In the early 8th century, an Asturian or Visigoth noble called Pelayo established the Kingdom of Astirias.Cobadonga in 722 .Although Cobadonga was only a minor comfrontation it was later considered the start of the Christian Reconquest of Al-Andalus.

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Over 2 centuries, the kingdom of Asturias expanded southwards into Al-Andalus. Pelayo´s successors ,Oviedo become its capital city .Alfonso 3th took advantage of conflicts in the Emirate of Córdoba.In the 10th century the capital was moved to the city of León, the kingdom become known as the kingdom of León .

Activities:Page 97; 5 and 6

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Counties and kingdoms of the Pyrenees :• The Pyrenees formed part of the Carolingian empire after defensive

fronter.Carolingian empire broke apart in the 9th century,3 separated religion developed:

• Navarre:in the erly nine century ,count Inigo Arista expelled frontiers troops from Pamplona and declare him self the Kingdom of Pamplona.

• Aragon: the counties of Aragón Soarable and Ribagorza broke away from Carolingian control. In 820 count Aznar Galíndez rose to power in Aragón

• Catalan Counties: At the end of the 9 century, the count of urgell, Wilfredo the HAIRY, expand3d his territory and won independence from Frankish rule.

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Catalan counties mantained good relation with the Caliphs of Córdoba. This help to established a period of estyability in the countuies. They consolated thei independence in the 10th century.

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The christians kingdoms of Leonand Castile

Origins

During the 11 , 12, 13 centuries, thiskingdoms were linked. Theyweren´t like the modern states:

• They expanded is they conquerednew territories, but they were alsodivided as a result of royal inheritance .

• Were sometimes ruled by thesame monarchs, and sometimesformed separate kingdoms.

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LEON AND CASTILE (Relationship)

•Leon was Christian Kingdomin the 10 century and early 11

centuries. Castile was a sparsely populated group of countries in the east of the

kigndom .•Castile was near the frontier

with Al-andalus so it was a zone of comflict where

numerous castles were built.

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Kings•The power and

influence increasedwhen Fernando I

became king in 1035

•After Fernando´s I deathLeon and castile were

divided and then becameagain one state.

•Fernando III inherited the kingdomos castile in 1217, and the kingdom

of leon from his father in 1230. from1230 onwards, the two kingo¡domswere definitevely united under de

name of the crown od castile.

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Importance

•Despite its complicated dinastichistory, the kingdom of castile and leon emerged as the largezst and strongest kingdom on the iberian

peninsula in the 12th and 13th century.

• It played a key role in thereconquest which brought it prestige

and new territories. Portugal separates from the rest of the rest of the kingdom, becoming independent

in the mid-12th century

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Fernando III was king of Castile between 1217 and 1252 and of Leona between 1230 and 1252. He wa the son of Berenguela Queen of Castile, and Alfonso IX, King of Leon, definitively unified during the reign of the Castilian and Leonese crowns, which had remained divided since the time of Alfonso VII "the Emperor", who at his death divided them among his sons , The infants Sancho and Fernando.

During his reign,they captured the Kingdom of Jaén, the Kingdom of Cordoba, the Kingdom of Seville and Extremadura ,forcing them to retreat to the Muslim kingdoms. At the end of the reign of Fernando III, they only possessed Andalucia, Tejada and the Kingdom of Granada.

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Christian Kingdoms

Index:1. Kingdom of Navarre

• Introduction• Sancho III

2. Kingdom of Aragón to thecrown of Aragón• Introduction

• Kings3. Activities

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INTRODUCTION

Navarre was ruled by the Jimena dinasty. Under Sancho III, the kingdom of Navarre became the largest

Christian Power on the Peninsula.

Sancho III acquired the counties of Aragón, Castile and part of León.

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SANCHO III

Sancho ‘ s death in 1035 the kingdom was divided

among his sons:

Garcia Sanchez(1035-1054),

inheritedNavarre

Fernando I (1035-1065)

inheritedCastile.

Ramiro I (1035-1063)

inheritedAragón.

Gonzalo (1035-1045) inheritedthe counties of Sobrarbe and

Ribagorza

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He was king of Pamplona from the year 1004 until his death. Dominó by marriage in Castile, Álava and Monzón (1028-1035), that increased with the county of Cea (1030-1035). He added to

his dominions the territories of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza from 1015 and 1018, respectively. His intervention in the heart of the

kingdom of Leon in 1034-35 has been the subject of opposing interpretations: from a lightning war to a more or less voluntary collaboration with Bermudo III (since the documentation does

not mention struggles between Leonese and Navarre).

His parents were Garcia

Sanchez II the Temblón and

the queen Jimena

Fernandez, daughter of

Fernando Bermúdez, count

of Cea, and the countess

Elvira Diaz of the house of

Saldaña.

County of CastillaAnd

County of Ribagorza

Sancho III life

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THE KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN TO THE CROWN OF ARAGÓN

Count of Barcelona, became engagedto marry Petronilla of Aragón. This

united Aragón and the Catalancounties, and led to the creation of

the Crown of Aragón.

Reunited the Kingdoms of Aragón and Navarre, which remained

together untill 1134. In the 12th century the Kingdom of Aragón

increased its territoryconsiderably.

In the 10th century, the county of Aragón became part of thekingdom of Navarre.

Ramiro I Ramón Berenguer IV

Introduction

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activities

Page. 99Act. 9:

What do the striped areas onthe timeline indicate?

Page. 99Act. 10:

What happened to thekingdoms of Navarre and

Aragón when Sancho III died?

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Settlement in the

conquered territories

As the kingdoms advanced shouthwards,Christianpopulations settled in the new territories

Repopulation

Land distribution

Military orders

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Repopulation

•Characteristics: To attract

settlers, kings granted them

privileges, such as personal freedom,

exemption from taxes and charters.

•People: landswere farmend

by free peasants

•Places: In unhabited areas

arround the River Duero and the Ebro Valley

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Land distribution

•Places: In Andalusia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands, Muslim land was mainly given to nobles in return for their role in the Reconquest. In this lands that created large states.

•Characteristics: In some regions, the Muslims were

allowed to keep their land in return for the payment of

special taxes.

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Military orders

•In some dangerous frontier areas, the Christian kings gave the military orders of warrior-monks the responsibility for

conquering and defending territories. The most powerful were: Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago of Castille and Montesa in

Aragon.

ACTIVITIES: Page 101 (ex 4 (b))

Page 111 (ex 7)

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Military orders of Castille:

Alcántara Calatrava Santiago

Founded in 1154

Foundedin 1158

Foundedin 1158