Summary:

The conquest of the iberian peninsula

By the early 8 century, the Muslims hadexpended. In 711 they crossed over, tothe Iberian Peninsula.

-In part, the Muslims conquest of theIberian Paninsula across theMediterranean region.- However it was also made possible by a civil war between rival groups of theVisgoth’s nobility.

The muslims called their new territoryAl-Andalus, and made Córdoba itscapital.

The Muslims defeated theVisigoth King Roderic in the

Battle of Guadalete.The Muslims never fully

conquered the mountanousregions of the north west, which had a very different

climate from the Mediterraneanenvironment that the Muslims

preferred.

The independent emirate of

córdoba (756-929)

4rAbd al-Rahman I foundedthe independent Emirate of Córdoba in 756. The emir

of Córdoba wasindependent, but he

accepted the religoussupremacy of the caliph.

characters

Roderic was a Visigothic kingbetween the years 710 and

711. He was defeated by theMuslims in the Battle of Guadalete, by a betrayalbetween the visigoths

oponents of the own king. He was born 688 and died in 711.

Abd al-Rahman I was a prince of the Umayyad

dynasty who, in 756, after a various events, became thefirst independent emir of

Córdoba, founding the Umawidynasty there.

3eActivities

(pag 80 ex: 2,3,4.)

1. Which parts of the Iberian Peninsula where not conquered bythe Muslims?

2. Why do you think the Muslims chose Córdoba as their Capital?Suggest several reasons.

3. Which territories belonged to the caliphate in the 10thcentury?

THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA

A period of exceptionalachievements in Al – Andalus

followed the foundation of theCaliphate of Cordoba in 929. This was created by Abd al-

Rahman III , Who became itscaliph (the supreme religious

and political authority)

SUMMARY

Abd al-Rahman III ruled through a chief minister (hajib), ministers (viziers)and provincial governors.

The caliphate of Cordoba was a world´s great state in the 10th century:

Abd al-Rahman III strengthened his authority by resisting the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

The city of Cordoba became a giant marketplace for products from all over the world.

Cordoba was a great cultural centre, home to many philosophers, astronomers, doctors, musicians and poets.

The role of the caliph weakened greatly from the late 10th century.

Hisham II (11 years old) became caliph in 976, but a general called Al-Mansur became the real ruler of Al- Andalus. He conducted raids, or razziars, on Christian territories.

There were internal conflicts after Al-Mansur´s death in 1002 until the end of the caliphate in 1031. Big kingdoms were called Caliphate and small kingdom Taifa

Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhamad was born in Cordoba –Medina. He was the first caliph of Cordoba. One curiosity

is that his second name al-Nasir li- din Allah means the one that made triunf in the religion of God

Abderramán III (Or Abd al-Rahman) was the eighth sovereign Umayyad of Muslim Spain and first of them

took the title of caliph (Cordoba, 891 - 961). He acceded to the throne in the year 912, when he was only 21,

designated by its grandfathers to happen to him with preference to its own children; And in 929 he made

himself proclaim caliph, breaking the last symbolic link that united him with the Caliphate of the Abbasids.

ABD AL-RAHMAN III

EXERCISES

1. Explain the differences between this terms and match them with the characters.

a)

•Razzias and parias•Hajib and vizier

b)

•Abd al-Rahman III•Al-Mansur

The Fragmentation of Al-Andalus

By: Luis García, Ginés Moratalla, Maipi

Gómez, María Cascudo

THE TAIFA STATE

Introduction: After 1031, al-Andalus split intonumerous fragmented kingdoms or small

emirates/states called taifas.Content: The Umayyad dynasty, controlled the fortunesof al-Andalus from 756, came to an end with the fall of

Cordoba in 1031.Questions:

Pag 82 ex 4:Pag 82 ex 1:

THE ALMORAVIDS AND THE ALMOHADS

From the 11th century, Al-Andalus was continually on the defensive as a result of thepolitical fragmentation of the Muslim states and the rise of the Christian kingdoms.Muslim empires where a much stricter version of Islam was practrised:-The Almoravids crossed over the Iberian Peninsula in 1086. They won some victoriesagainst the Christian kingdoms. The Almoravisd’s domination did notlast for very long, itseparated into many small taifa states in the 1440s.- The Almohads were successor of Almoravids and crossed over in 1147. Chrisitiankingdoms continued to expand in the 12th and 13th centuries.- page 82 ex 6 and 7

The Nasrid Kingdom of

Granada

He Kingdom wasn´t military strong but was prosperous thanks toTrade and agriculture. Granada was an independent state because Castilleallowed them. The Nasrid rulers paid Alhambra.The Kingdom was weaked and finally conquered by Catholic Monarchs in 1492QuestionsWhat was the Last Muslim Kongdom? How did it end?Apart from the conquest of Granada, what else happened in 1492?

Character Bobadil

Bobadi: also known as Mouhamad XI, the last king, member of Nasrid Dynasty, Calledby Christians Bobadil. He governed between 1451 and 1454. He was son of Mouhamad VIII. Defeated in 1452 by Mouhamad IX. He singed a truce that was badfor Granada and He loosed his political partys. HE runned away from Granada in 1454.

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkUgKT8302M

INTRODUCTION

•Life in Al-andalus•A diverse society

•The Arabs•The Berbers•The Mozarbs•The Jews

•Stages of Andalusi architecture•Caliphate architecture

•Taifa architecture•Almohad architecture

•The Giralda•Nasrid architecture

Life in Al-Andalus

The conquerors and their descendants became the most powerfulgroups in Andalusi society.

•The Arabs were the land-owning aristocracy.•The Berbers helped to conquer the Iberian Peninsula.

Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their rerligion as long as they paid taxes:

-The Mozarbs were Christians who did not convert to Islam.-The Jews were merchants, artisans and scholars.

STAGES OF ANDALUSI ARCHITECTURE

Caliphate architecture Nasrid architectureThe Giralda Taifa architecture

Almohad architecture

Activities

1.Pag 85 ex 1.2. Pag 85 ex 2.3. Pag 85 ex 3.

THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN SPAIN

INTRODUCTION:From 711, the muslims conquered most of the IberianPeninsula, but they never took full control of the north. In the 8th and 9th centuries the later Hispanic Kingdomswere formed.For nearly 800 years, Al-Andalus and a series of Christian states trade and exchanged knowledge, but they alsofrequently fough each other. Al-Andalus was stronger up to the 10th century. From then on, the Christian kingsgrew in power and began to take muslim territories.

STAGES & CONTENTS

- The kingdom of AsturiasIn the early 8th century, a noble called Pelayo established the kingdom of Asturias. Pelayo defeated the Muslims in the battle of Covadonga in 722, it was later considered the start of theChristian Reconquest of Al-Andalus.Under Pelayo´s successors Oviedo became itscapital city. In the 10th century , the capital was moved to thecity of León , and the kingdom became known as the Kingdom of León.

- Counties and kingdoms of the pyrenees:The Pyrenees formed of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagneestablished the Hispanic March as a defensive frontier region to defended his empire against the Muslims. When the Carlolingian Empire broke apart, three separate regions developed.NAVARRE, ARAGÓN and THE CATALAN COUNTIES.

Navarre. Count Iñigo Arista expelled Frankish troops frojm Pamplona and decleared himself King of Pamplona.

Aragón. The counties of Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza broke away fromCarolingian control

The Catalan counties. Wifredo the Hairy, expanded his territories and won independence from Frankish role.

I am Pelayo and I was borned in 685. I was the first monarchof Asturias.Me and my followers defeated the Muslims in the battle of Covadonga . This event took place in Covadonga in 772. Wefought against the armies of Al-Andalus. We won and thiswas known as the Christian reconquest.

Thanks to me and my armies, we could gained territoriesthrough the south.

I died in Cangas de Oris in 737 like a Spanish heroe.

CHARACTER: PELAYO

1- Describe the relationships between Al-Andalus and the Christian territories.

2- Which Christian counties and Kingdoms existon the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th centuries?

3- What did the name of the kingdom of Asturias changed to? Why?

ACTIVITIES

2. The emergence of theChristian Kingdom

By : Alejandro Luque, Jara García and Patricia

Hernández.

From the 12th century, Navarre was ruled by Jimena Dynasty. Sancho III, whoruled Navarre, acquired the counties of Aragón, Castile and part of León.However, after Sancho´s death in 1035 the kingdom was divided among hissons:•García Sanchez (1035-1054)= Navarre•Fernando I (1035-1065)= Castile, which became an independent kingdom.•Ramiro I (1035-1063) = Aragón•Gonzalo (1035-1045) = Sobrarbe and Ribagorza.The last king of the Jimena Dynasty was Sancho VII the Strong, who diedwithout descendents (1234).

In the 10th century, the County of Aragón became part of the kingdomof Navarre. But when Sancho III died (1035) his son Ramiro become thefirst king of Aragón until 1063. Ramiro´s son, Sancho Ramírez, reunited kingdoms of Aragón and Navarre, whiuch reminded toghether until 1134.Ramón Berenguer IV married Petronilla of Aragón, who was 1 year old. This united Aragón and the Catalan counties, they formed the crown of Aragón.

THE KINGDOMS OF LEON AND CASTILE

During the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries , thekingdoms of León and Castile where closelylinked to each other, they expand if theyconquered new territories, but they were alsodivided as a resulkt of royal inheritance. Leonwas an important Cristian Kingdom in the 10 and early 11 century. Count Fernán González established his authority over all Castile but he was still a vassal of the king of Leon. The powerand influence of Castile increase when Fernando the first become its king . It played a key role in the reconquest, which brought its prestige and new territories. Portugal separated from therest of the kingdom.

FERNANDO III

I was born in 1199 and I died the 30 May 1251, I was the king of Castile from1217 and king of León from 1230 as well as king of Galicia from1231 my parents were Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. I was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castileand León, but also masterminding the most expansive campaignof reconquista yet.I greatly expanded the dominions of Castile into southern Spain, annexing many of the great old cities of Al-andalus, includingthe old Andalusian capitals of Córdoba and Sevilla, and establishing the boundaries of the Castilian state for the nexttwo centuries. I was canonized in 1671 by Pope Clement X and, in Spanish, I am known as Fernando el santo, San Fernando or San Fernando rey. Places such as San Fernando city, Pampagna and Manila in Phillipines were name for me and placed under my patronage.

ACTIVITIES

1. Which event marks the beginning of the Kingdom of Asturias?

2. When did the country of Castile become a kingdom?

3. When were León and Castile definitively united?

1. The battle of Covadonga marks thebeginning of theKingdom of Asturias.

2. In 1035, Castilebecome a Kingdom.

3. They united in 1230 definitively.

THE RECONQUEST

The Reconquest:Over many centuries, theChristian kingdomsexpanded by conqueringMuslim lands. Thisprocess was called theRECONQUEST. 1ºHow much of the Iberian

Peninsula was controlled by theChristian kingdoms at thebeginning of the 11th century?

9th and 10th centuries

The Reconquest was a long process:The Duero in 9th and 10th centuries Asturias and León advanced towards the Duero river valley. The Muslims always prefered the Mediterraneanlandscape and climate, so they never settled in thenorth-west in large numbers.

11th and 12th centuries

The Tajo and Ebro:The brake-up of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031 was followed by rapid Christian advances. The Muslims payed to reduce Christian attacks, because the taifas couldnot offer united resistance. But the kingsused the gold to construct bigger armiesand castles.

Castile and León advanced tothe Central System and into theTajo.

Aragón advanced to the Ebro and conquered Zaragoza.

13th centuries.

The Christian kingdoms united their forces and won a greatvictory against the Muslims in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. The fall of Al-Andalus began. Portugal conquered the Algarve. Castile conquered Andalusia and Murcia.Aragón conquered Valencia and the Balearic Islands.

In what century was the Reconquest completed?

El Cid

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1040 – 1099), better known as El Cid, or simply Rodrigo, was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain. The Moors called him El Cid, which meant the Lord, and the Christians, El Campeador, which stood for Outstanding Warrior. He was born in Vivar, a town near the city of Burgos.

3.2 Settlement in the

conquered territories

As the kingdoms advanced southwards, Christian population settled in the new territories:

Laura GaytánAlfonso Gondra

Jaime Escat

3.2.1. Repopulation

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christian kingdoms occupied many uninhabited areas. The king granted them privileged, such as personal freedom and exception from taxes. New towns were granted charters (or fuero) which defined their rights and privileges.

3.2.2. Land distribution

In Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands, Muslim land

was mainly given to nobles in return for their role in the

reconquest. They crated large estates.

3.2.3. Military orders

In some dangerous frontiers areas, the Christian Kings gave the military orders of warrior-monk the

responsibility for conquering and defendingterritories. The most powerful orders ins Castile

were Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago.

Calatrava

Calatrava: Was the firstmilitary order in Castile.The first militaryservices of the knights of Calatrava were highlysuccesful, and in return forthe exceptional servicethey received form theking of Castile new grandsof land, which formedtheir first commanderies.

Alcántara

The Knights of Alcántara, under their new name,

acquired many castles and estates, for the most part

at the expense of the Muslims. They amassed great wealth from booty during the war and from pious donations. It was a

turning point in their career.

The first Republic suppressed the Order in 1873 and, although the Restoration was re-established, it was reduced to a nobiliary institute of honorable character. It was ruled by a Superior Council dependent on the Ministry of War, which was also extinguished after the

proclamation of the second Republic in 1931.

Santiago

Their religious affiliatonwas Catholic. The firstone master was Pedro

Fernandez de Castro. Allwas established in 1158.

Romanesque architecture spread through Europe in the 11th century.

•The earliest Romanesque buildings were small rural churches, with thick walls,

small windows , semicircular arches.

The style reached the Iberian peninsula through

the Pyrenees and extended west along the pilgrimage

routes of Santiago de Compostela

•In the 12th century, it reached the new

territories conquered by Christians on a larger

and grander scale, buildings were reached

decorated with paintings and reliefs

•Today, many Romanesque structures

still survive along the Way of Saint James, included

churches, hospitals, bridges built for the benefit of pilgrims.

Oviedo, asturias

San Clemente de Tahull is a church plant romanesque perfect basilica, which is located in lerida, valle de Bohí. In 1931 it was declared historic-artistic monument and in 2000, heritage of humanity by unesco, within the set of Romanesque churches. The Church was consecrated December 10, 1125. Dating is due to an inscription found in one of his columns.