01.rpWePufj; njhFjp

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; #oYf;F Nerkhdtdhf ,Ue;jnghJ

,aw;ifapd; jhf;fq;fs; kdpjid nghpastpy; ghjpf;ftpy;iy.

Mdhy; ,d;W ,aw;ifia ehk; gy Kiwfapy; khw;wpaikj;Jr;

nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpd;w fhyg;gFjpapy; ehk; tho;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsHr;rpfs; ed;ikfis

toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJk; rpy ghjpg;gf;Gf;fisAk;

jd;ndhL mutizj;Nj tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,t;thwpUf;f gy Neha;fSf;F kdpjdhy; tpQ;Qhdj;jhy;

rpfpr;irfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJk;> rpy Gjpa

Neha;fSk; Njhd;wpf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xd;Wf;fhf

xd;iwf; fz;L gpbf;fpd;whHfs; vd;why; mq;F me;j xd;W

,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;WjhNd mHj;jk;. me;jtifapy; ghHjj;hy;

Neha;fSf;fhd gy Gjpa rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;whYk; Neha;fSk; ,Ue;Jnfhz;Nljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

kdpj clypy; Njhw;wk; ngWk; Neha;fis te;j gpd;dH rpfpr;ir

vLj;J ntw;wpngWtij tpl tUKd;Nd mtjhdkhf ,Ue;J

fhg;gJ kpfTk; ,yFthdjhFk;. vdNt kdpj clypy;

Njhw ;wk ;ngWk; Neha;fSf;fhd fhuzj;ij Muha

Ntz;Lkhapd; kdpj clypy; gFjpfisAk;> mtw;wpd;

nraw;ghLfisAk; Kjypy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

me;jtifapy; rpWePuff; fy; njhlHghd tpsf;fj;ij

mwpAKd;dH rpWe Pufj ;njhFjp ; kw ;Wk ; mtw ;w pd ;

nraw;ghLfisAk; ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

clypy; NtWgl;l njhopy;fis Mw;Wtjw;Fr; rpwj;jyile;j

,ioaq;fspd; Nru;f;ifahy; mq;fq;fs; Njhd;Wk;. xd;Wld;

xd;W ,ilj;njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; njhopw;gLk; mq;fq;fspd;

Nru;f;if mq;fj;njhFjp vd miof;fg;gLk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 01

clypy; cs;s midj;J mq;fj; njhFjpfSk; NrHe;J mq;fp

Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. clypy; fhzg;gLk; xt;nthU njhopiyg;

Ghpe;J vkJ clypd; ,af;fj;jpw;F Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.

me;jtifapy; vkJ clypd; ,af;fj;jpw;fhf njhopy;GhpAk;

njhFjpfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplKbAk;.

czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp

td;$l;Lj; njhFjp

jirj; njhFjp

FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjp

foptfw;Wk; njhFjp

Rthrj; njhFjp

,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjp

euk;Gj; njhFjp

mfQ;Ruf;Fk; njhFjp

rpWePufj; njhFjpAk; nraw;ghLk; (Urinary system andFunctions)

clypd; ,af;fj;jpw;fhf njhopy; GhpAk; njhFjpfspy;

foptfw;Wk; njhFjpAk; Kf;fpakhdtiahFk;. kdpj

clypDs;Ns ,lk;ngWfpd;w mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfspd; NghJ

Njhd;Wk; kdpj clYf;Fg; gadw;w tpisnghUl;fs; fopTfs;

vdg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 02

Fwpg;ghf Rthrj;jpd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L>

Gujq;fspd; mDNrgj; njhopw;ghl;bd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk;

A+hpah> A+hpf;fkpyk; Kjypa fopTg;nghUl;fshFk;. fopTfs;

clypy; Njq;Ffpd;wNghJ clYf;F mit er;Rj;jd;ikiaf;

nfhLg;gdthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. foptfs; Njhy;> rpWePufk;>

Rthrg ;ig Kjypa gy;NtW mq;fq ;fspd; %ykhf

ntspnaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 03

iejurd; fopTfshd A+hpah> A+hpf;fkpyk; kw;Wk; Nkyjpf

ePH> Njitaw;w cg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;iw jputkhf(rpWePH)

ntspNaw;Wtjpy; rpWePufj; njhFjpapd; gq;F Kf;fpakhjhFk;.

iejurf; fopTfis mjpfstpy; rpWePufj; njhFjpfs;

ntspNaw;Wtjdhy; mtw;iw iejurd; foptfw;Wk; njhFjp

vdTk; miof;fpd;wdH.

rpWePufj; njhFjpahdJ xUNrhb rpWePufq;fs;> xU Nrhb

rpWePHf;fhz;fs;> rpWePHg;ig> rpWePH top mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l

xU njhFjpahFk;.

rpWePufk; mtiu tpj;jpd; tbthdJ. rpWePufj;ij mjd;

ePs;gf;fkhf ,uz;lhfg;ntl;b mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ mjd;

ntspg;gFjp fLq;fgpy epwkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,JNkw;gl;il

vd miof;fg;gLk;. mjw;F cl;GwkhfTs;s ,sq;fgpy epwg;

gpuNjrk; ikatpioak; vdg;gLk;. ikatpioaj;jpy; gpukpl;L

tbthd mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it $k;gfk; vdg;gLk;.

$k;gfj;jpd; cr;rprpWePuf ,Lg;ig Nehf;fpapUf;Fk;.

KJFg;Gwg; (dorsal aorta) ngUehbapd; fpisfshd tyJ

rpWePufehb> ,lJ rpWePufehb vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf KiwNa

tyJ rpWePufj;jpw;Fk; ,lJ rpWePufj;jpw;Fk; FUjptoq;fg;gLk;.

,f;FUjpapYs;s A+hpah>A+hpf;fkpyk; Nghd;w iejurd;

fopTg;nghUs;fisAk; Nkyjpf ePh ;> fdpg;nghUs;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iwAk; FUjpapy; ,Ue;J mfw;Wtjw;F Vw;w

tifapy; rpWePufj;jpd;cs;sikg;G xOq;fike;Js;sJ.

,jw;nfd cjTk; Kf;fpa fl;likg;G rpWePufj;jp MFk;.

RkhHxU kpy;ypad; msthd rpWePufj;jpfs; xU rpWePufj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk;.

rpWePufj;jp FohAUthdJ. mjd; xU Kid fpz;zTUthd

Nghkdpd; ciw (Bowmans capsule) MFk;. kWKid Nru;f;Fk;

fhdpDs; jpwf;Fk;. rpWePufj;jpapd; Nghkdpd; ciw Nkw;gl;ilg;

gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 04

Nghkdpd;ciwiaj; njhlu;e;J tUk; rpWePu;j;jhq;F rpWFohapd;

ngUk ; ghyhd gFj pfs ; ,sq ;fg py e p wkhd

ikatpioaj;jpNyNa mike;Js;sd.

xU rpWePufj;jp RkhH50 cm - 60 cm ePskhdJ. Nghkdpd;

ciwf;Fr; rw;Wf; fPohd gFjp rpwpJ RUz;L fhzg;gLk;.

njhlh;e;J Foha; U tbtpy; tise;J> kPz;Lk; kbe;J <w;wpy;

Nru;f;Fk; fhdpDs; jpwf;Fk;. Nrh;f;Fk; fhd;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J

rpWePuf ,Lg;gpy; jpwf;Fk;. rpWePufj;Jf;Ff; FUjpiaf;

nfhz;LtUk; rpWePuf ehbfs; rpWePufj;jpDs; gy fpisfshfg;

gphpe;J ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd cl;fhTg; Gd;dhbfisj;

Njhw ;Wtpf;Fk;. xt;nthU Nghkdpd; ciwapDs;Sk;

,t;Tl;fhTg; Gd;dhbfspy; xd;W tPjk; cl;nry;Yk;. ,J

Nghkdpd; ciwapDs; NkYk;NkYk; fpisj;J FUjp

kaph;f;Foha; tiyg; gpd;diy cUthf;Fk;. ,J fyd;Nfhsk;

(glomerulus) vdg;gLk;.

FUjp kapHf;Foha;fs; kPz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;J Nghkdpd;

ciwf;F ntspNa ntspfhTg; Gd;dhbia cUthf;Fk;.

ntspfhTg; Gd;dhbfs; kPz;Lk; FUjp kaph;f;Foha;fshfg;

gphpe;J U tbtpyhd vd;Nyapd; jlj;ijr; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk;.

fyd;Nfhsj;jpDs; FUjp caHmKf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;>

fyd;Nfhsj;jpy; FUjp tbfl;lYf;F cl;gLk;. FUjpf;fyq;fSk;

FUjpj; jputtpioag; Gujq;fSk; fyd;Nfhsj;jpD}lhf

tbfl;lg;gl Kbahjit. vdNt> ,it jtph;e;j FUjpj;

jputtpioak; tbfl;lg;gLk;. fyd;Nfhsj;jpdhy; tbfl;lg;gLk;

,g;gha;kk; Nghkdpd; ciwapd; nky;ypa Rtu;fspD}L tbe;J

Nghkdpd; ciwapDl;; nry;Yk;. ,g;gha;kk; fyd;Nfhs

tbjputk; (glomerular filterate) vd miof;fg;gLk;.

tbfl;lg;glhj FUjpf; fyq;fs;> KjYUg; Gujk; vd;gd

ntspf;fhTg; Gd;dhbia milAk;. ntspf;fhTg; Gd;dhb

rpWePufj;jpapd; rpWePu;j;jhq;F rpW Fohia mz;kpj;Jr;

nry;Yk;NghJ NkYk; fpisfshfg; gphptilAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 05

;FUjp kapHf;Foha;fspD}L Njitahd gjhHj;jq;fSk; ePUk;

mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLtNjhL iejurd; fopTg; nghUs;fs;> Nkyjpf

fdpAg;Gfs;> Nkyjpf ePH vd;gd rpWePufj;jpapDs; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.

,t;thW vQ;rpa gjhHj;jq;fshNyNa rpWePHMf;fg;gLk;. rpWePh;>

rpWePufj;jpapypUe;J NrHf;Fk; fhis milAk;. mq;fpUe;J

rpWePuf ,Lg;Gg; gFjpf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. rpWePuf

,Lg;gpypUe;J rpWePu;f;fhd;fs; topNa rpWePH;g;igf;Ff; nfhz;L

tug ;gl ;L > g pd ;dHr pWe P u ;to p Clhf clypy pUe ;J

ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. MNuhf;fpakhd xUthpy; xU epkplj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLk; fyd;Nfhs tbtjputj;jpd; fdtsT 120cm3 ; MFk;. ,t;tbjputj;jpd; 95 % FUjp kapu;f;Foha;fspdhy;

kPs mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;. ,jpy; ePh;> FSf;NfhR> cg;Gfs;

vd;git mlq;Ffpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 06

rpWePufj; njhFjpAld; njhlHGila Neha;fs; (Diseaserelated Urinary system)

iejurd; rhHe;j fopTfis rpwe;j Kiwapy; ntspNaw;wp

vkJ clypy; er;Rg; gjhHj;jq;fs; Nruhky; vkJ cliyg;

ghJfhf;Fk; nraiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpWePufj; njhFjpAld;

njhlHGila Neha;fshf rpWePuf nraypog;G> rpWePuff; fw;fs;

Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpak;ngWfpd;wd.

r pWe P ufj ;j pDs ; fhzg ; gLk ; r pWe P ufj ; j p fs pdhy ;

rpWePHtbfl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghL Fiwtiljy; rpWePufr;

nraypog;G vdg;gLk;. FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; rpWePufk;

nraypoj;jy; FWq;fhy rpWePufr; nraypog;G (Acute renalfailure) vdg;gLk;. ePz;lfhykhff; fhzg;gLk; rpWePufr;

nraypog;G ePz;lfhy rpWePufr; nraypog;G (Chronic renalfailure) vdg;gLk;. rpWePufr; nraypog;G Vw;gLk;NghJ Eifg;G

%yk; (dialysis) fopTg; gjhu;;j;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLk; my;yJ

rpWePufkhw;Wr; rj;jpu rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

rpWePufj;jpy; my;yJ rpWePu;g;igapy; fy;rpak; xl;rNyw;W Nghd;w

gjhu;j;jq;fs; gspq;fhtjd; fhuzkhf fw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

,it rpWePu;g; ghijia milj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; mjpf

typiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,f;fw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kUe;Jfs;

%ykhfNth my;yJ rj;jpu rpfpr;ir %ykhfNth mfw;wg;gLk;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; rj;jpu rpfpr;irapd;wp etPd njhopDl;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp fw;fs; mfw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 07

02.rpWePuff; fw;fs;

rpWePhpy; rpy nghUl;fs; Fwpg;ghf fy;rpak;> Mf;rNyw;W>

ngh] ;Ngw ;W Nghd ;w nghUl ;fs ; caHkl ;lj ; j py ;

fhzg ; gLf pd ; wNghJ r pWe P ufj ; j py ; cUthFk ;

jpz;kj;Jz;Lfshyhd nghUl;fs; rpWePuff; fw;fs;

vdg ;gLfpd ;wJ. rpWe Puff; fy ;yhdJ rpWe Pufj ;j py ;

jq;fpapUf;fNth my;yJ rpWePufg; ghij topNa gazk;

nra;gtdthfNth fhzg;glyhk;.

rpwpa rpWePuff; fw;fs; rpWePufg; ghij topNa ,yFthf

typ vJTkpd;wp gzk; nra;af;$bait. Mdhy; rw;W mstpy;

nghpa rpWePuff; fw;fs; rpWePufg; ghij topNa nry;fpd;wNghJ

gykhd typiaAk;> rpyNtisfspy; ,uj;jj;Jldhd; rpWePH

fopj;jy; kw;Wk; rpWePH fopf;f KbahjthW rpWePufg; ghijfspy;

jq;fp tply; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nra;fpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 08

rpWePuff; fw;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

(Causes for Kidney Stone)

rpWePhpy; mjpf mstpy; fy;rpak;> Mf;rNyl;L> ngh];gu];

Mfpad fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ rpWePuff; fw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

Fwpg ;gpl ;l rpyUf;F rpytif czTfs; ; fhuzkhf

rpWePHf;fw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpWePuff; fw;fs; rpWFoe;ijfs;

Kjy; tajhdtHfs; tiu ahUf;Fk; cUthfyhk;. mjpYk;

Fwpg;ghf fPo; fz;ltHfSf;F cUthfyhk;.

nghJthf mad tyaj;jpy; thOk; Mz;fs;.

ntg;gk; mjpfkhf cs;s ,lj;jpy; trpg;gtHfs;.

fbd jd;ikahd ePiu mUe;Jfpd;wtHfs;.

FLk;gj;jpy; rpWePuff; fy; Vw;gl;bUg;gtHfs;.

caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; cs;stHfs;.

khkpr tiffis mjpfk; cz;gtHfs;.

NjdPH kw;Wk; Nfhyh fye;j ghzq;fis mjpfk;

mUe;JgtHfs;.

rpWePHg; ghijapy; milg;G my;yJ jil cs;stHfs;.

mjpf Neuk; mirahJ njhopy; GhpgtHfs;.

fy;rpak;> A+hpf; mrpl; Mfpatw;iw mjpfk; ,uj;jj;jpy;

nfhz;ltHfs;.

jz;zPH kpfTk; Fiwthf mUe;JgtHfs;.

rpWePuff; fy; 09

mad tyaj;jpy; my;yJ ntg;gk; mjpfkhf cs;s ,lj;jpy;

trpg;gtHfSf;F mjfstpy; fy; tUtJ Ma;Tfspy;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fwpg;ghf clypy; cs;s ePuhdJ mjpfstpy; MtpAapHg;gpd;

%yk; ,of;fg;gLtjdhy; rpWePufj;jpy; fw;fs; gba

Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; rpy tuz;l gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l FbePHg;ghtidAk; rpWePHf;fw;fis

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

fbd jd;ikahd ePiu mUe;JgtHfSf;Fk; rpWePuff; fw;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. fbd jd;ikahd ePhpy; fdpAg;Gf;fs;

mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLtJld;> ,it rpWePH tpiuthff;

foptjpYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; rpWePufj;jpy;

fw;fs; gbtijj; Jhpjg;gLfpd;wd.

kuGtopahf FLk;gj;jpy; rpWePuff; fw;fs; nfhz;l Neub

cwtpdHfSf;Fk; rpWePHf; fy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. xUtUila

cly; mikg;gpy; kugZtpd; nry;thf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; xUthpd; je;ijf;F my;yJ

jha;f;F rpWePuff; fy; Vw;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;Fk;

Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

khkpr tiffis mjpfk; cz;ZgtHfSk; rpWePuff;

fy;ypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whHfs;. khkpr czTfshd fly;kPd;>

Kl;il> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpfstpy; tpyq;Fg; Gujk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; fly; kPd;fspy; mjpfstpy; Nrhbak;

Nghd;w cg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,j;jifa

czTfis mjpfstpy; cz;Ztjdhy; fy;rpak; MfrNyl;L

tif kw;Wk; fy;rpak; ngh];Ngl;L tiff; fw;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngWfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 10

mjpfstpy; NjdPH kw;Wk; Nfhyh fye;j ghzq;fis

mUe;JgtHfSf;Fk; rpWePuff; fy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. NjdPH kw;Wk;

Nfhyh fye;j ghzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mf;rNyl;Lf;fs;

rpWePuff; fy;iyj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fw;fspd; tiffs; (Types of Kidney Stone)

rpWePuff; fw;fspy; NrHe;Js;s NrHitfspd; mbg;gilapy;

gpujhdkhf ehd;F tifahf rpWePuff;fw;fs; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fy;rpak; fw;fs;> A+hpf; mkpyf; fw;fs;> ];l;Uitl; fw;fs;>

rp];hpd; fw;fs; vd mit fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fy;rpak; fw;fs; (Calcium stones) - rpWePuff; fw;fspd;tiffspNy kpfTk; nghJthdjhd xU tiff; fy;yhf

fy;rpak; fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fy;rpak;

Mf;riyl;L kw;Wk; fy;rpak; ngh];Ngw;W Mfpa ,uz;L

tifahd fhuzpfspdhy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

mjpfstpyhd fy;rpak;> mjpfstpyhd Mf;rNyw;W

Mfpatw;wpd; fopT ntspNaw;wj;jpdhy; fy;rpak; fw;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W mjpf rpWePuff;

fy;rpak; kw;Wk; mjpf fhuj; jd;ikAil rpWePH

Mfpatw;wpd; NrHf;ifapdhy; fy;rpak; ngh];Ngw;W

fw;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

A+hpf; mkpyf; fw;fs; (Uric acid stones) - rpWePhpy;njhlHr;rpahd mkpyj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ A+hpf;

mkpyf; fw;fs; Njhw;wk;ngWfpd;wd. rpWePhpy; mkpyj;ij

mjpfhpf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s gpAhpd;fs; nfhz;l tpyq;Fg;

Guj czTfshd ,iwr;rp> kPd;> Kl;il> kl;b

Nghd;wtw;iw mjpfk; cztpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ

mtw;wpypUe;J A+hpf; mkpyf; fw;fs; Njhw;wk;ngWfpd;wd.

rpWePhpy; A+hpf; mkpyk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ

jhkhfNt mit fw;fshfNth my;yJ fy;rpaj;Jld;

,ize;Njh fw;fshfj; Njhw;wk;ngWk; tha;g;igg;

ngWfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 11

];l;Uitl; fw;fs; (Struvite stones) -rpWePufj; njhw;wpd;%yk; ,j;jifa ];l;Uitl; fw;fs; Njhw;wk;ngWfpd;wd.

jq;fpapUf;fpd;w my;yJ ghijfspy; ,Uf;fpd;w

,j;jifa fw;fis mfw;Wtjd; %yk; NkYk;

];l;Uitl; fw;fs; Njhw;wk;ngWtijj; jtpHf;f KbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 12

r pWe Puff ; fw ;fs; g pujhdkhf ehd ;F tifahfg ;

ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJk; mtw;wpy; NrHe;Js;s fyitfspd;

mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW rpWePuff; fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhy;rpak; + Mf;rNyl;

fhy;rpak; + gh];Ngl;

fhy;rpak; + nkf;dPrpak; + mk;Nkhdpak; + gh];Ngl;

fhy;rpak; + A+hpf; Mrpl; + Mf;rNyl;

A+hpf; Mrpl;

rp];bd;

rpypfhd; Kjypa ,urhad NrHitfisf;

nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rpWePuff; fw;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; (Shape and Size of KidneyStone)

rpWePuff; fw;fs; NtWgl;l msT kw;Wk; tbtq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpWePuff; fw;fs; xU kzy;Jfs;fspd;

NrHf;ifahyhd rpW mstpNyh my;yJ Kj;Jf;fs; Nghd;w

nghpa mstpYk; fhzg;glyhk;. rpy fw;fs; Nfhy;g; ge;Jfis

tpl nghpadthfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. fw;fs; nkd;ikahdjhNth

my;yJ $Hikahd fuLKuL jd;ikAiljhfNth

fhzg;gLtJld;> toikahf kQ;rs; my;yJ fgpy epwj;jpy;

fhzg;glyhk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 13

rpWePuff; fw;fs; Njhd;wpajd; mwpFwpfs; (symptoms ofKidney Stone)

vkJ rpWePufj;jpy; rpWePHf;fw;fs; Njhd;wpapUe;jhy; gpd;tUk;

mwpFwpfis mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.

rpWePH fopf;Fk;NghJ typ Vw;gLjy;

,uj;jj;Jld; rpWePH ntspNaWjy;

Fkl;ly; my;yJ the;jp Vw;gLjy;

KJFg; gFjp my;yJ tapw;wpd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; jPtpukhd

typ Vw;gLjy;

fha;r;ry; my;yJ cly;epiy kaf;fk; Vw;gLjy;

rpWePuff; fy; 14

rpWePHf;fw;fs; ,Ug;gjid fz;lwpjy; (Diagnose of KidneyStone)

rpWePHf;fw;fs; rpWePufj; njhFjpapy; ,Ug;gjidAk;> mjdJ

,ay;GfisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf xU itj;jpa Nrit

toq;Fdiu mZfpdhy;> mtuhy; cly;epiyg; ghpNrhjid

kw ;Wk ; kUj ;Jt g pd ;dzp mw pf ;if vd ; gd

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.rpWePH fw;fs; njhlHghd FLk;g gpd;dzp>

czTKiw> rkpghl;Lj;njhFjpAld; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfs;

kw;Wk; Viza njhw;WNeha;fSk; FiwghLfSk; Kjypa

tplaq;fs; njhlHghd tpdty;fis kUj;Jt tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzp nfhz;bUf;Fk;. rpWePHf;fw;fis fz;Lgpbj;J

cWjpg ;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Rfhjhu Nrit toq;Fduhy;

(kUj;Jtuhy;) rpWePH> ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; tpk;gg; ghpNrhjidfs;

Fwpg;ghf fzzp ntl;LtiuG ghpNrhjid> vf;]; fjpH

ghpNrhjid Kjypad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

rpWePH gFg;gha;T (Urine Analysis) - rpWePH khjphpapid

ghpNrhjid nra;tNj rpWePH gFg;gha ;T vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kUj;Jtuhy; rpWePuf khjphpahdJ

xU tpNrl nfhs;fydpd; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L mNj

,lj;jpNyNah my;yJ xU Ma;T $lj;jpw ;F

mDg;gg ;gl ;Nlh Ma ;T nra ;ag ;gLk ; . r pWe P h

ghpNrhjidapd; %yk; njhw;W my;yJ fy;iy

cUthf;ff;$ba nghUl;fs; rpWePhpy; fhzg;gLtjid

mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.

,uj;jg; ghpNrhjid (Blood Test) - xU ,uj;j

ghpNrhjidahdJ Nehahspapd; clypy; ,Ue;J

kUj;Jt epiyaj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l cldb ,uj;jkhdJ

ghpNrhjidf;fhf Ma;T$lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uj;jg;ghpNrhjidahdJ rpWePuff; fy;ypw;F toptFj;j

capH-,urhadtpay; gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba

xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 15

tapW rk;ge;jkhd x fjpH ghpNrhjid (X Ray Test) -fjpHtPr;irg; gad;gLj;jp xU glj;jpy; my;yJ fzzpapy;

tpk;gj;jpidg; gpujp nra;jy; tapW rk;ge;jkhd fjpH

ghpNrhjid vdg;gLfpd;wJ. Ma;T$lk; xd;wpy; my;yJ

kUj;Jtkidapy; vf;];Nw njhopEl;gtpayhsuhy;

vLf;fg;gLfpd;w vf;]; fjpH glkhdJ kUj;Jt

rk;ge;jkhd tpk;gq;fs; njhlHghd Gyik ngw;w xU

kUj ;Jtuhy ; (fj p Ht P r ; r p ay ; kUj ;JtH)

tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 16

vf;];Nu glk; vLf;fpd;wNghJ vJtpj kaf;fkUe;Jk;

Njitg;ggLtjpy;iy. NehahspahdtH vf;];Nu

glnkLf;fpd;wNghJ xU Nkirapd; kPJ rha;e;J

nfhz;Nlh my;yJ epd;Wnfhz;Nlh ,Uf;Fk;NghJ glk;

vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtis vf;];Nw fUtpahdJ

Nehahspapd; tapw;Wg; gFjpf;F Nkyhff; fhzg;gLk;.

vf ;] ; N u glkhdJ jLkhw ; wkw ; wjhfTk ; >

njspthdjhfTk; fpilg;gjw;F NehahspahdtH jkJ

%r;ir ed;whfg; gpbj;J xj;Jiog;gJld;> Nkyjpf

glq ;fSf ;fhf njho pEl ; gt payhsuhy ;

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wtifapy; jkJ epiyia khw;wTk;

Ntz;b Vw;glyhk;. vf;];Nw glj;jpd; %yk; rpWePufj;jpy;

my;yJ rpWePHg;ghijapy; cs;s rpWePH fy;yhdJ

Gyg;glKbAk;.

CT ];fhd; (CT Sacan) - vf;]; fjpH kw;Wk; fzdp

njhopEl;gk; Mfpatw;wpd; ,izg;gpd; %yk; ghpNrhjid

nra;J Kg;ghpkhd glq;fis cUthf;Fk; KiwNa

CT ];fhd; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. xU CT ghpNrhjidahdJ

NtWgLj;Jk; Clfk; vd miof;fg;gLk; tpNrl

rhaj;jpDila Crpapid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. xUtif

jputj;jpid ghpNrhjpf;f Ntz;ba gFjpfspd; Nky;

jltpajd; gpd;dH fjpHtPr;rpay; epGzuhy; fzdpAld;

,izf;fg;gl;l xU tif cgfuzj;jpd; %yk; xt;nthU

gFjpfSk; tpk;gq;fshfg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;. tpk;gq;fhfg;

gjpTnra;Ak;NghNj fzdpapy; rpWePuff; fy;ypd; msT

mjd; rhpahd miktplk; Nghd;wtw;iw fjpHtPr;rpay;

epGzuhy; Jy;ypakhf $wf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; rpWePuff; fy; njhlHghd

gh p Nrhjidfs py ; k p fTk ; r p we ; jjhf ,J

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 17 rpWePuff; fy; 18

rpWePuff; fy; 19

03.rpWePuff; fw;fSf;fhd rpfpr;ir

rpWePuff; fw;fis ghpNrhjidfspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jpajd;

gpd;dH mtw;wpd; ,ay;gpw;Nfw;w tifapy; cldbahf

rpfpr;irfis Nkw;nfhs;s jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.

ngUk;ghyhd fw;fs; ve;j rpfpr;irAk; ,d;wp jhdhfNt ntspNa

te;J tpLk;. rpWePuff; fw;fs; cs; my;yJ ntsp rpWePu;f;

Fohapy; efUk; NghJ jhq;f Kbahj typ cz;lhFk;. mJ

rpWePuff; fy; fPNo efu;e;J te;J nfhz;bUg;gjd; mwpFwpahFk;.

typ te;J ,y;yhky; epd;W tpl;lhy; mJ fy; ntspNa Ngha;

tpl;ljdhYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ fy; efu;e;J te;J rpWePufj;

jhiuapd; FWfyhd ,lq;fspy; milj;Jf; nfhz;L efuhky;

epd;W tpl;ljhYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt fy; ,Ug;gjhf njhpe;j

gpwF typ ,y;iy vd;W tpl;L tplhky; me;j fy; KOtJk;

ntspNawp tpl;ljh vd;gij kPz;Lk; rpWePuff; fy;

ghpNrhjidfis kUj;Jthpd; MnyhridAld; Nkw;nfhz;L

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

];fhdpy; my;yJ vf;];-Nu ghpNrhjidapy; fpilj;j glj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; msT> kw;Wk; tbtk; vd;tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

fy;ypdJ ntspNaWk; jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf

6 kpy;ypPl;liu tplf; Fiwthd msTk; fuLkulw;wjd;ikAk;

nfhz;L ,Ue;jhy; mJ jhdhfNt ntspNa te;J tpLk;. 6 -

10 kpy;ypkPl;lUf;F cl;gl;l fy;yhf ,Ue;jhy; rpyNtisfspy;

ntspNayhk; my;yJ ntspnawhkYk; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; 1

nrd;hpkPw;wH my;yJ mjid tplg; nghpajhff; fw;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ mit tUtjw;Fhpa rhj;jpaq;fs;

kpff;Fiwthfnt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 20

xU nrd;hpkPw;wUf;F Fiwthd msT cs;s fy;yhf ,Ue;jhy;

cq;fSf;F Kjypy; typ epthuzpfs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. 3-4

ypl;lHjz;zPHFbj;J rpWePHed;F Nghfr; nra;ag;gLk;. rpy

rkak; l;hpg; %yk; f;SNfh]; vdg;gLk; kUe;J jputq;fis

nrYj;jpAk; rpWePhpd; msit mjpfhpj;J rpWePuff; fy;iy

rpWePhpd; mOj;jj;jhy; ntspNa js;spf; nfhz;L tu Kaw;rp

nra;ag;gLk;. fy;ypd; msT kpfg; nghpajhf ,Ue;jhNyh

my;yJ mJ VNjDk; xU ,lj;jpy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;L rpWePHtUk;

topia KOtJkhf milj;J ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ ,e;j

milg;gpd; fhuzkhf fpUkp jhf;Fjy; Vw;gl;L fha;r;ry;>

FspHvd njhe;juTfs; te;jhNyh rpWePuff; fy;iyAk; mjdhy;

Vw;gLk; milg;igAk; ePf;f mWit rpfpr;ir Njitg;glyhk;.

vdNt Muk;gj;jpy; tapW my;yJ ,Lg;G typ fhuzkhf

rpWePuff; fy; ,Ug;gjhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L gpd;dHkUe;Jfshy;

typ Fiwe;J tpl;lhYk; fy; ntspNawp tpl;ljh vd;gij

jpUk;g ];fhd; %yk; cWjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ

rpWePhpy; fy; ntspNaWtij ePq;fs; fz;zhy; ghu;j;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F rpWePiu ghj;jpuq;fspy; gpbj;J> xU Ntis

rpWePhpy; fy; ntspNawp ePq;fs; mij ghu;f;f Kbe;jhy; mij

ftdkhf vLj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; gpd;dH rpWePuf

kUj;Jthpd; cjtpAld; mf;fy;iyg; ghpNrhjpj;J mjpYs;s

,urhadq;fspd; jd;ikia mwpe;J kPz;Lk; mNj fy; tuhky;

,Uf;f jFe;j Mfhu khw;wq;fs; kUe;Jfs; Mfpatw;iw

vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; kPz;Lk; fy; tUtijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;.

rpWePuff; fy;Yf;fhd mWit kw;Wk; mfw;Wk; rpfpr;irfs;

(Surgery and Removing methods of kidney Stone)

rpWePuff; fw;fSf;F mWit rpfpr;ir kw;iwa kUj;Jtq;fs;

gadspf;fhj NghNjh my;yJ rpy rkaq;fspy; NeubahfNth

Njitg;glyhk;. fPo;fz;l rkaq;fspy; mWit rpfpr;ir

Njitg;glyhk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 21

1.mDkjpf;fj; jf;f fhy mstpw;F gpd;dUk; fy; ntspNawhky;

,Ug;gJ my;yJ njhlu;e;J typ ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gJ.

2. jhdhf ntspNaw Kbahj msT nghpa msT fy; my;yJ

rpy FWfyhd ,lq;fspy; fy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;tJ.

3. rpWePHXl;lj;ij milj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fy;.(xU Gwk;

cs; rpWePu;f; Fohia xU fy; Kw;wpYk; milj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhYk; kw;w rpWePufk; milglhky; ,Ue;jhy;

rpWePHnjhlu;e;J te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j milg;G ];fhdpy;

kl;LNk njhpAk;).

fy; milg;G Vw;gLj;jp mjdhy; fpUkpj; jhf;Fjiy cz;lhf;fp

fha;r;ry;> typ ,itfis cz;lhf;Fk; fy;.

5. epWj;j Kbahj njhlu;e;j ,uj;jf; frpT cz;lhf;Fk; fy;.

6. tsu;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; fy;(jpUk;g ];fhdpy; ghu;f;Fk;

NghJ)

rpWePuff; fy;iy mfw;Wtjw;fhd rpfpr ;irKiwfs;

(Removing methods of Kidney Stone)

nrhf;Ntt; ypNjhl;wpg;rp (Shock wave lithotripsy)– rpWePuftpay;epGzhpdhy; rpWePuff; fy;ypid rpijtilar; nra;tjw;fhf

mjpHtiyfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ,ae;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,ae;jpuj;jpypUe;J mjpHtiyfs; kdpj clYf;Fs; nry;fpd;wd.

gpd;dH mjpHtiyfspd; %yk; rpWePuff; fy;yhdJ rpWrpW

Jz;Lfshf;fg;gl;L rpWePufg;ghij topahf ntspNaWk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 22

rpWePuff; fy; 23 rpWePuff; fy; 24

A +w p nuu] ;Nfhg p (Ureteroscopy) –rpWePuftpay; epGzuhy; xU fz; Nghd;w tpy;iy

nghUj;jg;gl;l gFjpAld; ePzlJk;> Foha; Nghd;w

tbtKilaJkhd xU fUtpapidg; gad;gLj;jp fy;

fz;L gpbf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j fUtpahdJ rpWePuf

tbFoha;f;Fs;NsAk; rpWePufg; ig topahf rpWePHf;

Foha; cs;NsAk; clnrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU jlit

fy;yhdJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; mjid rpWePuftpay;

epGzuhy; ntspNa vLf;fNth my;yJ NyrH rf;jpapd;

%yk; rpW rpW JzLfshf cilf;fg;glNth KbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 25

NgHr pld pa] ; neg ;Nuhy pNjhnlhk p

(Percutaneous nephrolithotomy) –rpWe Puft pay;

epGzuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nky;ypa fk;gp Nghd;w

fy;iyf; fz;lwptjw;Fk;> ntspNa vLg;gjw;Fkhd fUtp

Neg;Nuh];Nfg; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. KJFg; gFjpapy; rpwpa

fhak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mj;Jthuj;jpDlhf ,f;fUtpahdJ

rpWePufj;jpDs; cl;nrYj;jg;gLk;. nghpa fy;yhapd;

mjpHtiyfs; %yk; rpWJz;Lfshf cilf;fg;gLk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 26

rpWePuff; fy;iyj; jLg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs;( (Preventionof Kidney Stone))

rpWePHf;fy;ypypUe;J ghJfhg;igg; ngWtjw;F rpWePHfy;Yf;F

fhuzkhf cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlHghf mwpe;jpUj;jy;

mtr pakhdjhFk ; . r pWe P h pDlhf r pWe P Hfy ;yhdJ

ntspNaWfpd;wNghJ mjid Nrfhpg;gjw;F kUj;Jtuhy;

gzpf;fg;gLk;. Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l rpWePHf;fy;yhdJ ve;jiftifiar;

NrHe;jJ Nghd;w tplaq;fis mwpe ;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf

Ma;T$lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk;. rpyNtisfspy; ePq;fs;

itj;jparhiyapy; rpfpr;irf;fhf mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gPHfshapd;

mq;F itj;jpahpd; %yk; fy; mfw;wg;gl;L Nrfhpj;J

ghpNrhjidf;fhf Ma;T$lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk;.

rpWePHf;fy;yhdJ rpWePUld; ntspNawpajd; gpd;dNuh my;yJ

mfw;wg;gl;l gpd;dH 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; cq;fSila

rpWe Ph pidr; Nrfhpj ;J toq;Fk ;gb kUj ;Jthpdhy ;

Ntz;lg;gLtPHfs;. gpd;dH cq;fSila kUj;Jthpdhy; xU

ehspy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; rpWePhpd; msT kw;Wk; fdpAg;Gf;fspd;

msT vd;gd mstplg;gLk;. xU ehspy; NghJkhd msT

rpWePiu ntspNaw;w KbahjNghJ my;yJ fdpAg;Gf;fspd;

msTld; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;bUg;gPHfshapd; rpWePHf;fy;

cUthff; $ba epiyapidf; nfhz;bUf;fpwPHfs; vd;w

KbTf;F tuyhk;.

xUjlit ePq;fs; nfhz;bUe;j fy;ypDila tifiaf;

ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; > cq;fSila czT> rhg;ghl;LKiw

kw;Wk; Nghrid vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j KbtJld;;

rpWePuff; fy;ypypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F kUe;Jtiffis

vLf;fTk; KbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 27

rhg;gpLk; Kiw> czT kw;Wk; Nghridfs;

gpd;tUk; czT NrHkhdq;fspy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd;

%yk; ePq;fs; rpWePHf;fw;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gpw;F cjtKbAk;.

jputq;fs;

Nrhbak;

tpyq;Fg; Gujk;

fy;rpak;

Mf;rNyl;L

xt;nthU ehSk; NghJkhdsT jputj;jpid mUe;JtNj

mjpf tifahd rpWePuff; fw;fs; jLg;gpw;F cjTtjw;F

rpwpe;j topahFk;. ePq;fs; xUehisf;F fl;lhak; 2 njhlf;fk;

3 yPw;wH jputj;jpid mUe;jNtz;Lk;. rpyNtisfspy; ePq;fs;

rp];hpd; tiff; fw;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; ePq;fs; ,tw;iwAk;

tpl mjpfkhd ePhpid mUe;j Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghYk;

rpWePHf;fw;fisj; jLg;gjw;F ePuhdJ rpwe;j xU jputkhff;

fhzg;gLtJld;> vYkpr ;ir ghzk; Nghd;witfSk;

rpwe;jitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWePuff; fy; 28

ePq;fs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w rpWePuff; fy;ypd; tifapd;

mbg;gilapy; cq;fSila cztpy; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

fy;rpak; Mf;rNyl;L fw;fs;

Nrhbaj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;

kPd;> Kl;il> ,iwr;rp Nghd;w tpyq;Fg;

Gujq;fis Fiwj;jy;.

NghJkhdsT khj;jpuk; fy;rpaj;ij

cztpypUe;J ngWjy; my;yJ NghJkhdsT khj;jpuk;

fy;rpak; nghUl;fis czTld; vLj;jy;.

Mf;rNyl;L mjpfkhff; nfhz;l fPiufs;>

fliy kw;Wk; NfhJikj; jtpLfisf; jtpHj;jy;.

fy;rpak; ngh];Ngl;L fw;fs;

Nrhbaj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;

tpyq;Fg; Gujj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;

NghJkhdsT khj;jpuk; fy;rpaj;ij

cztpypUe;J ngWjy; my;yJ NghJkhdsT khj;jpuk;

fy;rpak; nghUl;fis czTld; vLj;jy;.

A+hpf; mkpyf; fw;fs;

tpyq;Fg; Gujj;ij tiuaWj;jy;.

rpWePuff; fy; 29

04.rpWePuff; fw;fSf;fhd ehl;LkUj;Jt Kiwfs;

rpWePuff; fw;fis mfw;Wjy; njhlHghf Neha;f;F Kd;dUk;>

Neha; Ntisapd;NghJk; gy cs;ehl;L kUj;JtKiwfSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. me;jtifapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw

mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1. Njrpg;gok;

2. Njhlk;gok;

3. rPjhg;gok;

4. md;dhrpg;gok;

5. thiog;gok;

6. ,sePH

7. rijfiur;rhd; ,iy

8. thioj;jz;L

9. mWfk;Gy;

10. Njq;fha;g;G+ fPiu

11. khJsk;gok;

12. ePHr;Ruf;fha;

13. mg;gps;gok;

14. ehHr;rj;Jila kuf;fwptiffs;

rpWePuff; fy; 30

Njrpg ;gok;

Njrpg;goKk; rpw;wpf; mkpyj;ij nfhz;l xU gokhFk;;.

Fwpg;ghf ngUk;ghYk; rpWePufj;jpy; cUthfpd;w fw;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; fy;rpaj;Jld; ,urhadj; jhf;fkile;J mjid

fiury; Kiwapy; khw;wf;$ba ,ay;G ,e;j rpw;wpf;

mkpyj;jpw;F cs;sJ. rpw;wpf; mkpyj;ij mjpfstpy; nfhz;L

fhzg;gLk; Njrpf;fha; my;yJ Njrpg;goj;ij cztpy;

ngUkstpy; NrHg;gjDlhf fy;rpak; fw;fs; fiue;J tpLtjw;Nfh

my;yJ fy;rpak; gbTfs; jpul;rpailtjidj; jLg;gjw;Nfh

,aYkhdjhftpUf;Fk;. me;jtifapy; jpdKk; gog;ghzkhf

125 kpy;ypyPw;wH mstpy; mUe;jp tUtjd; %yk; fw;fis

mfw;w my;yJ cUthtijj; jLf;f KbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 31

Njhlk;gok;

Njhlk;goKk; rpw;wpf; mkpyj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w xU

gokhFk;. Njhlk;goj;ijAk; Njrpg;goj;ijg;Nghd;W fy;rpak;

fy;iy fiug;gjw;Nfh my;yJ mJ cUthtjidj;

jLg;gjw;Nfh KbAk;. vdNt Njhlk;goj;ij jdpg;gokhfNth

my;yJ gog;ghzkhfNth jahhpj;J mUe;jp tUtjd;%yk;

fy;njhlHghd gpur;rpidfisj; jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 32

,sePH

,sePuhdJ ,uz;L tiffspy; rpWePuff;fy; cUthtjw;F

jilahf mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,sePuhdJ rpWePH fopg;igj;

Jhz;Ltjd; %yk; rpWePufj;jpy; fw;fs; gbahjtz;zk;

rpWePiug; GJg;gpf;fpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W ,sePH nfhz;Ls;s

nghl;lhrpak;> kfdPrpak; Mfpa %yfq;fs; rpWePH fw;fspd;

Kd;Ndhbfshd gbfq;fisf; fiuj;J gbatplhky;

jLf;fpd;wJ. jpdKk; ehk; ,sePiu mUe;jptUtjdhy; ,e;j

gyhgyd;fis mDgtpf;f KbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 33

rijfiur;rhd; ,iy

rpWePuff;fy; ePf;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; MA+HNtj

kUe;Jfspy; ky;yhFs;sp my;yJ rij fiur;rhd; vd jkpopy;

mof;fg;gLk; ,iyAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j rijfiur;rhd;

vDk; ,iyahdJ rpq;fsj;jpy; mf;fghz vdTk;> Mq;fpyj;jpy;

fjuy; ngy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLtJld;> ,jDila tpQ;Qhdg;

ngauhf fyQ ;Nrh g pdhlh (Kalanchoe   pinnata)fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWePuff;fy; NehAs;stHfs; ,jDila

,iyfis njhlHr;rpahf ,uz;L thuj;jpw;F cs;nsLj;J

te;jhYk; rpWePH fy;yhdJ fiuaf;$ba epiyik fhzg;gLk;.

nghJthf ,jDila ,iyapid jdpNa nkd;W te;jhNyh

my;yJ ghzkhfj; jahhpj;J mUe;jp te;jhNyh rpWePH fy;

fiutjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 34

thiog;gok;

Njhlk;gok;> Njrpg;gok; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpw;wpf;

mkpyk; kw;Wk; tpw;wkpd; gp rj;J fhzg;gLtjdhy; rpWePuff;

fy;iyf; fiug;gjw;Fhpa ,ay;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;

rpWePuff; fy; NrHitapy; fhzg;gLk; Mf;rNyl;Lf;fis

fiug;gjpy; thiog;gok; cjTfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 35

thioj;jz;L

rpWePHf ;fy;iy rpijtilar; nra;af;$ba my;yJ

cilf;ff ;$ba Mw ;wy ; thioj ;jz;Lf ;F cz;L.

thioj;jz;il ghzkhfNth my;yJ fwpahfNth rikj;J

cz;L te;jhy; fy; gpur;rpidiaj; jPHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

thioj;jz;Lf;Fhpa ,d;ndhU ,ay;G rpWePH fopg;igj;

Jhz;LtjhFk;. rpWePHf;fy;ypid fiug;gjw;F my;yJ

cilg;gjw ;F jw ;NghJ ngUkstpy ; thioj ;jz;L

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 36

md;dhrpg;gok;

md;dhrpg;gokhdJ rpWePuff; fw;fspd; fUthf ,Uf;Fk;

igg;hpd; vdg;gLk; rj;ij rpijf;ff;$ba jd;ikiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt md;dhrpg;goj;ijAk; czTld; my;yJ

ghzkhf mUe;jp te;jhy; fy; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfisf;

Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 37

md;dkpd;dh gok;

md;dkpd;dh my;yJ rPjhg;gok; my;yJ rpq;fs nkhopapy;

mNdhjh vdg;gLk; goKk; fy;ypidf; fiug;gjw;F Vw;w xU

gokhFk;. Fwpg;ghf rpWePufj;jpypUe;J fy;ypid rpWePHg;igf;F

efHj;jf;$ba ,ay;Gk; ,e;jg; goj;jpw;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

md;dkpd;dh goj;jpy; Nfhstbtpyhd goKk;> ePstbtpyhd

goKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 38

khJsk;gok;

khJsk;gokhdJ gy kUj;Jtf; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

me;jtifapy; khJsk;goj;ij jpdKk; cztpy; cs;nsLj;jy;

fy;njhlHghd gpur;rpidfis jPHj;J itf;Fk;. mijtpl

khJsk; goj;jpy; cs;s tpijapid nghbnra;J Jhshf;fp

njhlHe;J xUthuj;jpw;F cz;L te;jhYk; fy;iyf;

fiug;gjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 39

mg;gps; gok;

fy;iy fiuf;ff;$ba ngh];Ngw; Nghd;w %yfq;fis

mjpfstpy; goq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sd. me;jtifapy; mg;gps;

goKk; fy;iyf; fiuf;ff;$ba ,ay;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 40

ePHr;Ruf;fha;

ePHr;Ruf;fha; my;yJ tj;jfg;gok; vd miof;fg;gLk; goKk;

rpWePHf;fy; njhlHghd gpur;rpifSf;F rpwe;jjhFk;. ePHr;Ruf;fha;

tuz;l fhyq;fspy; jhfj;jpw;fhfTk; cz;zg;gLfpd;wJ.

ePHr;Ruf;fha; clypy; Vw;gLk; ePHg;gw;whf;Fiwia jPHg;gjw;Fhpa

czthifahy; tuz;l fhyq;fspy; rpWePHfy; njhlHghd

gpur;rpidAs;stHfs; cz;zyhk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 41

mWfk;Gy;

mWfk;Gy;Yk; gy kUj;Jtf;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

me;jtifapy; mWfk;Gy; rhw;wpid jpdKk; fhiyapy; Fbj;J

te;jhy; rpWePufj;ij njhlHe;Jk; ey;y epiyapy; ghJfhj;J

tuKbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 42

Njq;fha;g;G+ fPiu

Njq;fha;g;G+ fPiuia mtpj;J RkhH 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

Cwitj;jpUe;J mjid mUe;jpte;jhy; fy; fiue;JtpLk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 43

ehHr;rj;Jila kuf;fwptiffs;

ehHr;rj;Jila kuf;fwptiffis cz;Lte;jhy; fy;

cw;gj;jpahtjidf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;sKbAk;. Fwpg;ghf NghQ;rp>

ntzb Kjypa gy kuf;fwp tiffSk; mjpfstpy;

ehHr;rj;ijf; nfhz;litahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vr;rhpf;if:

rpWePuff; fy;iy mfw;WtJ njhlHghd rpfpr;ir

Kiwfspy; rpy eltbf;iffs; ghuJhukhd

tpisTfisAk; Vw ;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Fwpg ;ghf

kJghzk; > g PH Nghd ;wtw ;iw mUe ;j pdhy ;

rpWePuff;fy; fiue;JtpLtjhf ek;Gfpd;whHfs;.

Mdhy; ,j;jifa kJghzq;fshy; rpWePH fopg;G

mjpfhpg;gJ cz;ikahfpYk;> fy; fiutjw;F

,jid xU rpfpr;irahf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

Vnddpy; ,j;jifa kJghzq;fs; kdpj clypd;

r Pd pa pd ; msit mj p f h p g ; g Jld ; >

euk;Gj;njhFjpfisAk; ghjpf;fr; nra;af;$baJ.

mJkl;Lkd;wp Fbg;gof;fj;jpw;Fk; xUtiu ,l;Lr;

n ry ;Yk ; . ,j ;jifa Kiwfist pl

Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpNy kpfTk; rpwe;j Kiwfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg ;ghf rpWePH fopg ;igj;

J hz ;Ltjw ; f hf ,se Pi u mUe ;JtJ

rpwe;jnjhd;whFk;.

rpWePuff; fy; 44

05.cly;eyk; fhf;Fk; clw;gapw;rp

Muk;g fhy kdpjDf;F rpy Neha;fs; Vw;glhky; ,Ue;jjw;F

fhuzk; ,aw;ifahd my;yJ ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpj;j czT

KiwfSk; mtDila RWRWg;ghd cly; mirTk;jhd;

vd;why; mJ kpifapy;iy. Vnddpy; fhLfspy; miye;J

jphpjy;> Ntl;ilahLjy; vd kdpjd; jpdKk; jk;ik

mwpahkNyNa Muk;gj ;jpy; clw;gapw;rpapid nra;J

te;Js;shd;. ,d;W njhopy; Kiwfs; khwptpl;lJ. tptrhapAk;>

xU rpy $ypj;njhopy; GhpNthiuAk; Nghd;W midtUk;

jkJ clYf;Fhpa gapw;rpia toq;f KbahjhtHfshf

khwpAs;sdH.

mur njhopy;fspy; fjpiufspy; mkHe;Jnfhz;L my;yJ

,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,yFthf njhopy;Ghpfpd;w xU

epiyik jw;NghJ cUthfpAs;sJ. vq;Fk; kdpjdpd; fbdk;

Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fbdk; mjpfkhapUe;jNghJ Neha;fs;

vl;bg;ghHf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,d;W ,yFgLj;jy; te;jgpd;dH

gytpjkhd Neha;fs; vl;bg;g;ghHf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa

,yFgLj;jy; khj;jpuk; Gjpa Neha;fSf;F fhuzk; vd ehd;

Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. NtWgy fhuizq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;

,q;F cly; mirT Vw;gLtjw;Fhpa epiyikfs; mjpfstpy;

Fiwe;Js;sd.

Muk;gj;jpy; vt;tsT JhukhdhYk; mjid ele;Nj

NghfNtz;Lk; my;yJ VjhtJ tpyq;fpd; JizAld;

NghfNtz;Lk;. ,q;F ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ cly; mirT

Vw;gl;lJ. gpd;dH te;j Jtpr;rf;futz;b Nghd;w kdjdpd;

tYtpdhy; ,af;fNtz;ba thfdq;fisg; ghtpf;fpd;wNghJk;

clYf;F gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 45

Mdhy; ,d;W mitnay;yhk; khwpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

Jtpr;rf;futz;bapy; nrd;wtHfs; mtw;iw tPrptpl;L

ce;JUspapy; nry;fpd;wdH. ,e;j khw;wk; jtpHf;fKbahjJjhd;.

,Ue;jNghjpYk; nghOJNghf;fpw;fhtJ my;yJ FWfpa

Jhuq;fSf;F nry;tjw;fhtJ ,t;thW Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bfis

ghtpf;fKbAk;.

rpWePuff; fy; khj;jpukd;wp clw;gUkd; kw;Wk; Nrhk;gy;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; clw;gapw;rpfs; mtw;iw ePf;Ftjpy;

gf;fgykhf mikfpd;wd. vdNt clw;gapw;rpfis ehk; vg;gb

cztpid jpdKk; jtwhky; cz;L tUfpd;NwhNkh>

mNjNghd;W xU toikahd eltbf;ifahf khw;wp

tufpd;wNghJ gy Neha;fis vk;kpypUe;J tpul;babf;fyhk;.

ehd; fle;j 2014 Mk; Mz;bNy rpWePuff; fy;ypdhy;

ghj pf ;fg ;l ;bUe;Njd ;. mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy;

clw;gapw;rpapd;ikAk;> Fiwthd ePH cs;nsLj;jYNk

fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

ehd; juk; 09 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk;NghNj jw;fhg;Gf; fiy(fuhj;Nj)

gapd;W te;Njd;. mjhtJ vd;Dila 14 MtJ tajpy;

,Ue;Nj njhlHr;rpahf gapd;W te;Njd;. ,Wjpahf fgpy epwg;

gl;il (1 st Q Brown Belt) vd;Dila 17 MtJ tajpNyNa

ngw;wpUe;Njd;.

caHjug; ghPl;ir neUq;Ffpd;w fhyj;jpypUe;J mjw;Fg; gpd;dH

vd;dhy; jw;fhg;Gf;fiyia xU xOq;Fngw;w tFg;ghf

njhluKbatpy;iy. gpd;dH njhlHtjw;F ,ilapilNa

tFg;gpy; ,ize;Jnfhz;lhYk;> vd;Dila gy;fiyf;fof

fy;tp eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ehd; gpNuj;jpNafkhf elhj;jp

te;j fy;tpafk; Mfpatw;wpd; Ntiyg;gOf;fs; fhuzkhf

njhlHe;Jk; jw;fhg;Gf;fiy tFg;GfSf;F nry;y Kbatpy;iy.

Mdhy; ehd; njhlHe;Jk; tPl;by; Rakhf jw;fhg;Gf;fiyAld;

rpy clw;gapw;rpfisAk; mjw;nfd Neuk; xJf;fp gapw;rpnra;J

te;Njd;.

rpWePuff; fy; 46

JujpH];ltrkhf gpNuj;jpNaf tFg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

mjpfhpj;jy;> Gj;jf Ntiyfs;> nra;jp ,izaj;jsk;

elhj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jik Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; 2011 ,w;Fg;

gpd;dH vd;dhy; xU xOq;fhd Kiwapy; fuhj;Nj kw;Wk;

clw;gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sKbahky; NghdJ. mj;Jld;

Ntiyj;js ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; mjpf gpuahzj;jpd; fhuzkhf

cly;eyj;jpy; mf;fiw fhl;;lhik Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy;

2014 Mk; Mz;by; rpWePH fy; Neha;f;F cs;shfpapUe;Njd;.

,J ehd; vdJ tho;tpNy mDgt%lhf czHe;j

cd;ikahFk;.

jw ;NghJ XusththJ Neuk; xJf;f p clw ;gapw ;r p >

jw;fhg;Gf;fiyg; gapw;rp> Nahfhrdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;Nwd;.

vdJ mDgtj ;j py pUe ;J clw ;ga pw ;r pa pd ; xUr py

ed;ikfisahtJ ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;>

mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; czHe;jpUg;gPHfs; vd ehd;

epidf;fpd;Nwd;.

clw;gapw;rp nra;tjhy; rpWePHf;fy; cUthtijj; jLj;jy;

kw;Wk; vilFiwjy; jtpu NtWgy ez;ikfSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

clw;gapw;rpahdJ cq;fs; tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; cs;s

nfhOg;igf; Fiwf;f cjTfpd;wJ. khuilg;gpw;Fk;> njhe;jpf;Fk;

neUq;fpa njhlHG cs;sJ. njhe;jp mjpfhpf;f> mjpfhpf;f

khuilg;gpw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gk ; mjpfhpf ;f pd ;wJ. vdNt

clw;gapw;rpahy; cq;fs; tapw;wpy; cs;s nfhOg;Gf;

FiwAk;NghJ khuilg;gpw;fhd tha;g;G Fiwtilfpd;wJ.

clw;gapw;rp nra;tjdhy; cq;fs; FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;

njhFjpapd; MNuhf;fpak; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; khuilg;G>

mQ;irdh Nghd;w Neha;fs; tUtjw;fhd tha;g ;G

Fiwfpd;wJ.

rpWePuff; fy; 47

czTf; fl;Lg;ghLfshYk; clw;gapw;rpahYk; ePq;fs; ,oe;j

vilia kPz;Lk; mjpfhpf;fhJ jLg;gjw;Fk; clw;gapw;rp

cjTfpd;wJ.

clw;gapw;rpapd; %yk; KO clk;Gk; njk;G miltJld;>

Nrhk;gy; ePq;fp RWRWg;Gld; gzpfspy; <Lgl KbtJld;>

Gj;JzHr;rpAk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

,uj;jk; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLtJld;> clypy; cs;s er;Rg;

gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,t;thW gy ed;ikfisf; nfhz;l clw;gapw;rpfis nra;tJ

clypd; rPuhd ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;> kdpj cly;eyj;jpw;Fk;

toptFf;Fk; vd;gjw;F khw;Wf;fUj;jpy;iy vdyhk;.

clw;gapw;rp njhlHghff; $Wk;NghJ Nahfhrdk; gw;wpAk;

rpy thpfs; nrhy;yptpl;L nry;yyhk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;.

cly; mirTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;> gy Neha;fis ePf;Ftjpy;

rpj;jHfshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NahfhrdKk; Kf;fpak;

ngWfpd;wJ. cz;ikapy; Nahfhrdj;jpid Kiwahf gapd;W

te;jhYk; ,j;jifa fy; kw;Wk; clYld; njhlHG gl;l gy

Neha;fis mfw;wyhk;. me;jtifapy; rpWePuff; fy; njhlhghd

gpur;rpidAs;stHfs; g];rpNkhj;jhrdk;> G[q;fhrdk;> ryghdk;>

jDuhrdk;> cj;jd ghjhrdk;> NahfhKj;uh Kjypa Nahfhrd

Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

Nahfhrdk; njhlHghf gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wNghJ>

Kjypy; mJ njhlHghd epajpKiwfis mtrpak; gpd;gw;wpNa

MfNtz;Lk;.

Ehy; vOJtjw;F ce;Jrf;jpahf ,Ue;j ed;gHfs;>Fwpg;Giufis rhp ghHj;Jk;> re;Njfq;fSf;F tpsf;fKk;toq;fp cjtpa jhjpa gapYd khztHfs; midtUf;Fk;vdJ ed;wpfs;. - mf;\ad; -

rpWePuff; fy; 48