akshat sharma(chemistry project).docx

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VIDYASTHALIPUBLIC SCHOOL

Chemistry Project

2016-17

ALCOHOL

Prepared by-:AKSHA SHA!"A

C#ass-: $%%-&PC"'

S(bmitted to-: )r* +,ta oshi "am

1

ACK.O/L+)+"+.


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I wish to express my deep

gratitude and sincere thanks to

Principal- Mrs. Apeksha Singh,

Vidyasthali Public School for her encouragement and

and for all facilities that she proided for this pro!ect

work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking

me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her.

I extend my hearty thanks to Dr. Ekta Joshi, our

chemistry teacher, who guided me to the successful

completion of this pro!ect. I take this opportunity to express

my deep sense of gratitude for her inaluable guidance,

constant encouragement, immense motiation, which has

sustained my efforts to all the stages of this pro!ect work.

I can"t forget to my offer my sincere thanks to parents and also

to my classmates who helped me to carry out this pro!ect work

successful and for their aluable adice and support, which I

receied.

-#$S%#& S%#'M#

-(II 2


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-:CO.+.S:-S*o opic Pae !emar,s

1:- Introduction of ALCOHOL 4-5

2:- Reaction of Alcohol 6

3:- Preparation of Alcohol 7

4:- Analysis of Alcohol 8

:- !"peri#ent $o%1-

9-11

&:- !"peri#ent $o:- 3- 12-14

':- % (ses of Alcohol 15-16

):- *isad+anta,es of alcohol 17

:- .i/lio,raphy 18


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3 -:%trod(ctio:-

This page explains what alcohols are, and what the difference is between primary, secondary and

tertiary alcohols. It looks in some detail at their simple physical properties such as solubility and

boiling points. Details of the chemical reactions of alcohols are described on separate pages.

What are alcohols?

Examples

Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replacedby an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level, we will only look at compounds containing one

-OH group.

For example:

OH CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 4 4CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CH-CH3 CH3

Note:If you aren't confident aboutnaming organic compounds, then you really ought to follow this link before you go

on.

Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page.

The different kinds of alcohols

Alcohols fall into different classes depending on how the -OH group is positioned on the chain of

carbon atoms. There are some chemical differences between the various types.

Primary alcohols

In a primary (1°) alcohol, the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl

group.

Note:An alkyl group is a group such as methyl, CH3, or ethyl, CH3CH2. These are groups containing chains of carbon

atoms which may be branched. Alkyl groups are given the general symbolR.

0o#e e"a#ples of pri#ary alcohols include:

CH3-CH2-OH CH2-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH-CH2-OH

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names.html#top


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4 CH3

5

$otice that it doesnt #atter ho co#plicated the attached alyl ,roup is%In each case there is only one linkage to an alyl ,roup fro# the CH2

,roup holdin, the -OH ,roup%here is an e"ception to this% 5ethanol6 CH3OH6 is counted as a pri#ary alcohol e+en thou,hthere are no alyl ,roups attached to the car/on ith the -OH ,roup on it%

Secondary alcohols

In a secondary 7289 alcohol6 the car/on ith the -OH ,roup attached is oined directly to two alyl,roups6 hich #ay /e the sa#e or different%

!"a#ples:

OH OH OH

4 4 4CH3-CH-CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3

Tertiary alcohols

In a tertiary 7389 alcohol6 the car/on ato# holdin, the -OH ,roup is attached directly to three alyl,roups6 hich #ay /e any co#/ination of sa#e or different%

!"a#ples:

OH OH

) )

CH3-C-CH3 CH3-CH2-C-CH2-CH3 ) )

*%+ *%+


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-:!eactio oA#coho#:- Alcohols are one of the #ost i#portant functional ,roups in or,anic che#istry and an appreciationof their reactions is critical to success6 particularly in synthesis ;uestions%

Alcohols6 R-OH6 are a/le to under,o se+eral different types of reactions:

Nucleophilic Substitution-


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-:Preparatio o A#coho#:-CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 ==> CH3CH2OSO3H + H20 ==> CH3CH2OH

Ethylene Ethyl Hydrogen Sulphate Ethanol

(Primary

Alohol!

CH3CH=CH2 + H2SO4 ==> CH3CHCH3 H20 ==> CH3CHCH3

OSO3H OH

Propylene Propyl Hydrogen Sulphate "#opropanol

CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2SO4 ==> CH3CH2CHCH3 + H2O ==> CH3CH2CHCH3 + H2O

OSO3H OH

$utylene $utyl Hydrogen Sulphate #e%&utyl alohol

(Seondary Alohol!

&he only primary alcohol which may be obtained in this way is ethyl alcohol, and this method is not

suitable for the preparation of methanol.

Preparatio o! A"#o$o"% &' re()#tio o! A"(e$'(e% he red(ctio o a#dehydes 8 to primary a#coho#s8 ,etoes to secodary a#coho#sby passi the 9apo(r ad mo#ec(#ar hydroe o9er a heated ic,e# cata#yst*

CH3CH2 CHO + 2H ==> CH3CH2CH2OH

Propionaldehyde Propanol

CH3COCH3 + 2H ==> CH3CHCH3

OH

Aetone "#opropanol

Preparatio o! A"#o$o"% !ro* A*ie% he actio o .itro(s Acid8 H.O28 o Primary Amies8 !.H2*

C2H'H2 + HO=O ==> C2H'OH + 2 + H2O

7

-:Aa#ysis o A#coho#:-

http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/aldehyde.html#AldehydesAliphatichttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000k1.html#Ketoneshttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000c1.html#Catalysthttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000a1.html#Amineshttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/aldehyde.html#AldehydesAliphatichttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000k1.html#Ketoneshttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000c1.html#Catalysthttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000a1.html#Amines


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ABSTRACT

&o ealuate the strength of the eidence proided by the epidemiological

literature on the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of

neoplasms, we performed a search of the epidemiological literature from / to 0111 using seeral

bibliographic databases. Meta-regression models were fitted considering linear and non-linear effects of

alcohol intake. &he effects of characteristics of the studies, of selected coariates 2tobacco3 and of the gender

of indiiduals included in the studies, were also inestigated as putatie sources of heterogeneity of theestimates. # total of 0+4 studies including oer 5 111 cases were considered. Strong trends in risk wereobsered for cancers of the oral caity and pharynx, oesophagus and larynx. 6ess strong direct relations

were obsered for cancers of the stomach, colon and rectum, lier, breast and oary. 7or all these diseases,

significant increased risks were found also for ethanol intake of 04 g per day. 8o significant nor consistentrelation was obsered for cancers of the pancreas, lung, prostate or bladder. #llowance for tobacco

appreciably modified the relations with laryngeal, lung and bladder cancers, but not those with oral,

oesophageal or colorectal cancers. &his meta-analysis showed no eidence of a threshold effect for most

alcohol-related neoplasms. &he inference is limited by absence of distinction between lifelong abstainers and

former drinkers in seeral studies, and the possible selectie inclusion of releant sites only in cohort

studies. 9 011 *ancer 'esearch *ampaign

+e',or(% a#coho# ita,e8 eop#asms8 h(mas8 meta-aa#ysis8 ris,

/


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E/peri3ent ! 4


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Ai35 o i9estiate the re#atioship bet;ee the (mber ocarbo atoms i a a#coho# chai theory

'e6%ire3ents5Apparat(s #ist:

o carry o(t the eb(rers=3= 1 Ca#orimeter >ic#(di copper bea,er=5= 1 hermometer >!ae: -10?C - 110?C= >@ 0*0?C== 1 Stirrer6= 1 +#ectroic "ass a#ace >@ 0*001=7= 1 Stop;atch >@0*01s=B= Cotto or /oo# >or %s(#atio=D= 3 /oode b#oc,s10= 1 "eas(ri Cy#ider >100cm3= >@0* cm3=11= 1 Pac,et o "atchstic,s

Chemica#s #ist: he o##o;i chemica#s are a#so eeded:1= )isti##ed /ater >1000cm3=2= "ethao# >200 cm3=

3= +thao# >200 cm3=5= Propao# >200 cm3== (tao# >200 cm3=6= Petao# >200 cm33

Theor5 he comb(stio o oraic compo(ds prod(ces #are E(atities o eery* hesecompo(ds rae rom that o a#,aes8 to a#,ees to e9e a#coho#s* +thao# is acommo#y (sed (e# i motor-cars ad its (sae is icreasi beca(se it is a orm oree;ab#e eery* Ho;e9er8 ;hat ma,es a ood (e#F A ood (e# is ay s(bstace

;hich i9es o(t #are amo(ts o eery ;he it is b(rt* % most cases8 (e#s areb(rt i oair= i*e* they are o


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here are may steps ;hich ha9e to be o##o;ed to ma,e s(re that the e


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0

E/peri3ent ! $

Ai35 To prepare #r'%ta"% o! p)re ap$t$a"ee !ro* a i*p)re%a*p"e )%i/ et$'" a"#o$o" a% %o"0et.

'e6%ire3ents5

r(de samp#e o aphtha#ee820m#bea,ers8stem#ess(e#8a #ass rod

Theor5

8aphthalene is a crystalline solid,insoluble in water but has high solubility in ethyl

alcohol.an impure sample of ben


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dry the crysta#s*

6*record the ;eiht o the crysta#s13

'es%lts5 he crysta#s o aphtha#ee are shii ;hite* Jie#d**


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;


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- Mses o A#coho#:-

This page has a brief look at some of the more important uses of the simple alcohols like

methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol.

Uses of ethanol

Drinks

The "alcohol" in alcoholic drinks is simply ethanol.

Industrial methylated spirits (meths)

Ethanol is usually sold as industrial methylated spirits which is ethanol with a small quantity of

methanol added and possibly some colour. Methanol is poisonous, and so the industrial

methylated spirits is unfit to drink. This avoids the high taxes which are levied on alcoholic drinks

(certainly in the UK!).

As a fuel

Ethanol burns to give carbon dioxide and water and can be used as a fuel in its own right, or in

mixtures with petrol (gasoline). "Gasohol" is a petrol / ethanol mixture containing about 10 - 20%

ethanol.

Because ethanol can be produced by fermentation, this is a useful way for countries without an oil

industry to reduce imports of petrol.

As a solvent

Ethanol is widely used as a solvent. It is relatively safe, and can be used to dissolve many organic

compounds which are insoluble in water. It is used, for example, in many perfumes and cosmetics.

Uses of methanol

As a fuel


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Methanol again burns to form carbon dioxide and water.

It can be used a a petrol additive to improve combustion, or work is currently being done

15

on its use as a fuel in its own right.

As an industrial feedstock

Most methanol is used to make other things - for example, methanal (formaldehyde), ethanoicacid, and methyl esters of various acids. In most cases, these are in turn converted into further

products.

Uses of propan-2-ol

Propan-2-ol is widely used in an amazing number of different situations as a solvent. Details on

this are probably not required by UK A level syllabuses, but if you need them, an internet search

on propan-2-ol solvent uses will give you more examples than you can cope with!


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-)isad9ataes o

A#coho#:-

Di%a(0ata/e% o1 Yo)r &o(' ,i"" ot %)pport 'o)

&he most common disadantages of alcohol consumption is after taking one or two sip, your body will not

be in control of you. &his leads to arious problem like abusing, walking out of control, =ou may face lots of

problem and its ery hard to talk properly. &his affects for one or two hour, but sometimes oernight.

Di%a(0ata/e% o2 Depre%%io

#lcohol is good in altering your brain chemistry risking of depression. # recent >ritish surey found that

people suffering from anxiety or depression were twice as likely to be heay or problem drinkers.?epression leads to arious health problems and sometimes een push you to death

Di%a(0ata/e% o Ca)%e P%'#$o%i%

@xtreme leels of drinking 2defined as more than +1 units per day for seeral weeks3 can occasionally cause

Apsychosis", a seere mental illness where hallucinations and delusions of persecution deelop. Psychotic

symptoms can also occur when ery heay drinkers suddenly stop drinking and deelop a condition known

as Adelirium tremens".

Di%a(0ata/e% o4 3a*i"' Pro&"e*% a( P$o&ia%

%eay drinkers has build their habit of consuming alcohol 01 to +1 times day, which cause seer headacheand depression, and then they start fighting with family members and other friends and relations. Sometime

it also cause phobias of going out or eating food.

Di%a(0ata/e% o5 Si Pro&"e*%

?rinkers often complains about their skin problems, #lcohol makes skins looks pale yellow, grey and tired.

8ina Boad of the >ritish #ssociation of ?ermatologists explains: C#lcohol dehydrates your body generally,

including the skin, which is your body"s largest organ. &his happens eery time you drink.


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-: ib#ioraphy:-


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