Akanksha China

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China

Geography

Total area: 9,596,961 sq. km. (about 3.7 million sq. mi.).

Cities: Capital--Beijing. Other major cities--Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenyang, Wuhan,Guangzhou, Chongqing, Harbin, Chengdu. Terrain: Plains, deltas, and hills in east;mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west. Climate: Tropical in south to subarctic innorth.

People

Nationality: Noun and adjective--Chinese (singular and plural).Population (July 2010 est.): 1,330,141,295. Population growth rate (2010 est.):0.494%. Health (2010 est.): Infant mortality rate--16.51 deaths/1,000 live births. Lifeexpectancy--74.51 years (overall); 72.54 years for males, 76.77 years for females.Ethnic groups (2000 census): Han Chinese 91.5%; Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao,Uyghur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and other nationalities8.5%.Religions: Officially atheist; Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim 1%-2%.Language: Mandarin (Putonghua), plus many local dialects.Education: Years compulsory--9. Literacy--93%.Labor force (2009 est.): 812.7 million. Labor force by occupation (2008

est.):Agriculture and forestry--39.5%, industry--27.2%, services--33.2%.

Government

Type: Communist party-led state.Constitution: December 4, 1982; revised several times, most recently in 2004.Independence: Unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC; Qing (Ch'ing orManchu) Dynasty replaced by a republic on February 12, 1912; People's Republicestablished October 1, 1949.Branches: Executive--president, vice president, State Council, premier. Legislative--

unicameral National People's Congress. Judicial--Supreme People's Court.Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (the P.R.C. considers Taiwan to be its 23rdprovince); 5 autonomous regions, including Tibet; 5 municipalities directly under theState Council.Political parties: Chinese Communist Party, 76 million members; 8 minor partiesunder Communist Party supervision.


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Economy

GDP (2009): $4.814 trillion (exchange rate-based).Per capita GDP (2009): $3,678 (exchange rate-based).

GDP real growth rate (2009): 8.7%.Natural resources: Coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten,antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc,uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest).Agriculture: Products--Among the world's largest producers of rice, wheat, potatoes,corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers,apples, oilseeds, pork and fish; produces variety of livestock products.Industry: Types--mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals,coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement;

chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics;food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars andlocomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial spacelaunch vehicles, satellites.Trade: Exports (2009)--$1.194 trillion: electrical and other machinery, including dataprocessing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medicalequipment.Main partners (2008)--United States 17.7%, Hong Kong 13.3%, Japan8.1%, South Korea 5.2%, Germany 4.1%. Imports (2009)--$921.5 billion: electricaland other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metalores, plastics, organic chemicals. Main partners (2008)--Japan 13.3%, South Korea9.9%, Taiwan 9.2%, U.S. 7.2%, Germany 4.9%.

PEOPLE

Ethnic Groups

The largest ethnic group is the Han Chinese, who constitute about 91.5% of the totalpopulation (2000 census). The remaining 8.5% are Zhuang (16 million), Manchu (10million), Hui (9 million), Miao (8 million), Uyghur (7 million), Yi (7 million), Mongol (5

million), Tibetan (5 million), Buyi (3 million), Korean (2 million), and other ethnicminorities.

Language

There are seven major Chinese dialects and many subdialects. Mandarin (orPutonghua), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population. It istaught in all schools and is the medium of government. About two-thirds of the Hanethnic group are native speakers of Mandarin; the rest, concentrated in southwest

and southeast China, speak one of the six other major Chinese dialects. Non-Chinese languages spoken widely by ethnic minorities include Mongolian, Tibetan,


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Uyghur and other Turkic languages (in Xinjiang), and Korean (in the northeast).

The Pinyin System of Romanization

On January 1, 1979, the Chinese Government officially adopted the pinyin systemfor spelling Chinese names and places in Roman letters. A system of Romanizationinvented by the Chinese, pinyin has long been widely used in China on street andcommercial signs as well as in elementary Chinese textbooks as an aid in learningChinese characters. Variations of pinyin also are used as the written forms of severalminority languages.

Pinyin has now replaced other conventional spellings in China's English-languagepublications. The U.S. Government also has adopted the pinyin system for all namesand places in China. For example, the capital of China is now spelled "Beijing" ratherthan "Peking."

Religion

Religion plays a significant part in the life of many Chinese. A February 2007 surveyconducted by East China Normal University and reported in state-run mediaconcluded that 31.4% of Chinese citizens ages 16 and over are religious believers.While the Chinese constitution affirms freedom of religious belief, the ChineseGovernment places restrictions on religious practice outside officially recognized

organizations. The five state-sanctioned patriotic religious associations areBuddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism. Buddhism is most widelypracticed; the state-approved Xinhua news agency estimates there are 100 millionBuddhists in China. There are no official statistics confirming the number of Taoistsin China. Official figures indicate there are 20 million Muslims, 20 million Protestants,and 5.3 million Catholics; unofficial estimates are much higher.

Only two Christian organizations--a Catholic church without official ties to Rome andthe "Three-Self-Patriotic" Protestant church--are sanctioned by the Chinese

Government. Unauthorized churches have sprung up in many parts of the countryand unofficial religious practice is growing. In some regions authorities have tried tocontrol activities of these unregistered churches. In other regions, registered andunregistered groups are treated similarly by authorities and congregations worship inboth types of churches. The government represses the religious activities of"underground" Roman Catholic clergy in large part due to their avowed loyalty to theVatican, which the government accuses of interfering in the country's internal affairs.The government also severely restricts the activities of groups it designates as "evilreligions," including several Christian groups and Falun Gong.


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Population Policy

With a population officially over 1.3 billion and an estimated growth rate of 0.494%,China is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted with mixedresults to implement a strict birth limitation policy. China's 2002 Population and

Family Planning Law and policy permit one child per family, with allowance for asecond child under certain circumstances, especially in rural areas, and withguidelines looser for ethnic minorities with small populations. Enforcement varies,and relies largely on "social compensation fees" to discourage extra births. Officialgovernment policy prohibits the use of physical coercion to compel persons to submitto abortion or sterilization, but in some localities there are instances of local birth-planning officials using physical coercion to meet birth limitation targets. Thegovernment's goal is to stabilize the population in the first half of the 21st century,and 2009 projections from the U.S. Census Bureau are that the Chinese population

will peak at around 1.4 billion by 2026.

GOVERNMENT

Chinese Communist Party

The 76 million member CCP, authoritarian in structure and ideology, continues todominate government. Nevertheless, China's population, geographical vastness, andsocial diversity frustrate attempts to rule by fiat from Beijing. Central leaders must

increasingly build consensus for new policies among party members, local andregional leaders, influential non-party members, and the population at large.

In periods of greater openness, the influence of people and organizations outside theformal party structure has tended to increase, particularly in the economic realm.This phenomenon is most apparent today in the rapidly developing coastal region.Nevertheless, in all important government, economic, and cultural institutions inChina, party committees work to see that party and state policy guidance is followedand that non-party members do not create autonomous organizations that couldchallenge party rule. Party control is tightest in government offices and in urban

economic, industrial, and cultural settings; it is considerably looser in the rural areas,where the majority of the people live.

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the Party Congress, which traditionallymeets at least once every 5 years. The 17th Party Congress took place in fall 2007.The primary organs of power in the Communist Party include:

The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members; The Politburo, consisting of 25 full members, including the members of the

Politburo Standing Committee; The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CCP, headed

by Politburo Standing Committee member and executive secretary Xi Jinping; The Central Military Commission;


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The Discipline Inspection Commission, which is charged with rooting outcorruption and malfeasance among party cadres.

State Structure

The Chinese Government has always been subordinate to the Chinese CommunistParty (CCP); its role is to implement party policies. The primary organs of statepower are the National People's Congress (NPC), the President (the head of state),and the State Council. Members of the State Council include Premier Wen Jiabao(the head of government), a variable number of vice premiers (now four), five statecouncilors (protocol equivalents of vice premiers but with narrower portfolios), and 25ministers, the central bank governor, and the auditor-general.

Under the Chinese constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of state power in

China. It meets annually for about two weeks to review and approve major newpolicy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes. These initiativesare presented to the NPC for consideration by the State Council after previousendorsement by the Communist Party's Central Committee. Although the NPCgenerally approves State Council policy and personnel recommendations, variousNPC committees hold active debate in closed sessions, and changes may be madeto accommodate alternate views.

Agriculture

China is the world's most populous country and one of the largest producers andconsumers of agricultural products. Almost 40% of China's labor force is engaged in

agriculture, even though only 13.5% of the land is suitable for cultivation and

agriculture contributes only 11% of China's GDP. China is among the world's largest

producers of rice, corn, wheat, soybeans, vegetables, tea, and pork. Major non-food

crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds. China hopes to further increase

agricultural production through improved plant stocks, fertilizers, and technology.

The Chinese Government has also acknowledged that climate change poses a

severe threat to the farming sector, as extreme weather events have ruined harvests

more often than before. It intends to help farmers, herders, and fishers apply new

technologies which would lead to lower emissions and a more sustainable mode of

production. Incomes for Chinese farmers are increasing more slowly than for urban

residents, leading to an increasing wealth gap between the cities and countryside.

Government policies that continue to emphasize grain self-sufficiency and the fact

that farmers do not own--and cannot buy or sell--the land they work have contributed

to this situation. In addition, inadequate port facilities and lack of warehousing and


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cold storage facilities impede both domestic and international agricultural trade.

Industry

Industry and construction account for about 48.6% of China's GDP. Major industries

are mining and ore processing; iron; steel; aluminum; coal, machinery; textiles and

apparel; armaments; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products

including footwear, toys, and electronics; automobiles and other transportation

equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft;

telecommunications equipment; commercial space launch vehicles; and satellites.

China has become a preferred destination for the relocation of global manufacturing

facilities. Its strength as an export platform has contributed to incomes and

employment in China. The state-owned sector still accounts for about 40% of GDP.

In recent years, authorities have been giving greater attention to the management of

state assets--both in the financial market as well as among state-owned-

enterprises--and progress has been noteworthy.

Regulatory Environment

Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not

kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new

businesses has outpaced the government's ability to regulate them. This has created

a situation where businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight,

will be willing to take drastic measures to increase profit margins, often at the

expense of consumer safety. This issue acquired more prominence starting in 2007,

with the United States placing a number of restrictions on problematic Chinese

exports. The Chinese Government recognizes the severity of the problem,

concluding in 2007 that nearly 20% of the country's products are substandard or

tainted, and is undertaking efforts in coordination with the United States and others

to better regulate the problem.


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Energy

Driven by strong economic growth, China's demand for energy is surging rapidly.

China is the world's largest energy consumer and the world's third-largest net

importer of crude oil, after the United States and Japan. China is also the second-

largest energy producer in the world, after the United States. China's electricity

consumption is expected to grow by over 4% a year through 2030, which will require

more than $2 trillion in electricity infrastructure investment to meet the demand. In

2009, China led the world in clean energy investment with $34.6 billion and has

installed renewable energy capacity of 52.5 gigawatts (GW), second in the world

behind the United States.

Coal continues to make up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2008),

and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. As China's

economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is projected to rise significantly.

Although coal's share of China's overall energy consumption will decrease, coal

consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing

reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to China's

emergence as the world's largest emitter of acid rain-causing sulfur dioxide and

green house gases, including carbon dioxide.

China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) calls for greater energy conservation

measures, including development of renewable energy sources and increased

attention to environmental protection. The 12th Five-Year Plan will call for continued

energy efficiency gains, greater use of non-fossil fuels, and increased attention to

environmental protection. Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources

including oil, natural and shale gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power is animportant component of China's development program. China has abundant

hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for example, will be the world's

largest hydroelectric dam in the world with a total capacity of 22.5 GW when fully on-

line. In addition, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to

grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2020. China's renewable energy law, which will be

updated in 2011, calls for 15% of its energy to come from non-fossil fuel sources by

2020.


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Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion of which comes

from the Middle East. Net imports were 3.8 million barrels per day in 2008. China is

interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields

around the world. China recently concluded long-term loan-for-oil deals totaling $50

billion with Russia, Brazil, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Angola, and Ecuador. Beijing

also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which currently accounts for

only 4% of China's total energy consumption. Analysts expect China's consumption

of natural gas to more than double by 2010, driven by imports of liquefied natural gas

(LNG) and new natural gas pipelines from Central Asia and Southeast Asia.

Since 2004, the U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue has strengthened energy-related

interactions between China and the United States, the world's two largest energy

consumers. The U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue builds upon the two countries'

existing cooperative ventures in high energy nuclear physics, fossil energy, energy

efficiency and renewable energy, and energy information exchanges. The United

States also convenes an annual Oil and Gas Industry Forum with China.

In July 2009, during the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the two

countries negotiated a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to Enhance

Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy, and the Environment in order to expand

and enhance cooperation between the two sides on clean and efficient energy, to

protect the environment, and to ensure energy security. The two sides also signed

an MOU on Cooperation on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.

In November 2009, during President Barack Obamas state visit to China, the United

States and China announced the establishment of the U.S.-China Clean EnergyResearch Center, which will focus initially on building energy efficiency, clean coal

including carbon capture and storage, and clean vehicles; signed the Renewable

Energy Partnership; launched the U.S.-China Electric Vehicles Initiative; announced

the bilateral Energy Efficiency Action Plan under the Ten-Year Framework; and

inaugurated the U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program, a public-private

partnership focused on joint collaborative projects on renewable energy, smart grid,

clean transportation, green building, clean coal, combined heat and power, andenergy efficiency. The two countries also announced the launch of the U.S.-China


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Shale Gas Initiative, which will accelerate China's development of shale gas

resources and promote shale gas investment in China through the U.S.-China Oil

and Gas Industry Forum, study tours, and workshops.

Environment

One of the serious negative consequences of China's rapid industrial development

has been increased pollution and degradation of natural resources. China surpassed

the United States as the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and other

greenhouse gases in 2007. A World Health Organization report on air quality in 272

cities worldwide concluded that seven of the world's 10 most polluted cities were in

China. According to China's own evaluation, two-thirds of the 338 cities for which air-

quality data are available are considered polluted--two-thirds of them moderately or

severely so. Almost all of the nation's rivers are considered polluted to some degree

and half of the population lacks access to clean water. By some estimates, every day

approximately 300 million residents drink contaminated water. Ninety percent of

urban water bodies are severely polluted. Water scarcity also is an issue; for

example, severe water scarcity in Northern China is a serious threat to sustained

economic growth and the government has begun working on a project for a large-

scale diversion of water from the Yangtze River to northern cities, including Beijing

and Tianjin. Various studies estimate pollution costs the Chinese economy 7%-10%

of GDP each year.

China's leaders are increasingly paying attention to the country's severe

environmental problems. In 1998, the State Environmental Protection Administration

(SEPA) was officially upgraded to a ministry-level agency, the Ministry of

Environmental Protection (MEP), which reflects the growing importance the ChineseGovernment places on environmental protection. In recent years, China has

strengthened its environmental legislation and made some progress in stemming

environmental deterioration. In 2005, China joined the Asia Pacific Partnership on

Clean Development, which brings industries and governments together to implement

strategies that reduce pollution and address climate change. Beijing invested heavily

in pollution control as part of its campaign to host a successful Olympiad in 2008,

though some of the gains were temporary in nature. Some cities have seenimprovement in air quality in recent years.


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China is an active participant in climate change talks and other multilateral

environmental negotiations, taking environmental challenges seriously but pushing

for the developed world to help developing countries to a greater extent. It is a

signatory to the Basel Convention governing the transport and disposal of hazardous

waste and the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, as well as

the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and other major

environmental agreements.

The question of environmental impacts associated with the Three Gorges Dam

project has generated controversy among environmentalists inside and outside

China. Critics claim that erosion and silting of the Yangtze River threaten several

endangered species, while Chinese officials say the dam will help prevent

devastating floods and generate clean hydroelectric power that will enable the region

to lower its dependence on coal, thus lessening air pollution. There are also major

concerns about whether water supply in the Yangtze is adequate to support the

project.

The United States and China are members of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean

Development and Climate (APP). The APP is a public-private partnership of six

nations--Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United

States--committed to explore new mechanisms to meet national pollution reduction,

energy security and climate change goals in ways that reduce poverty and promote

economic development. APP members have undertaken cooperative activities

involving deployment of clean technology in partner countries in eight areas: cleaner

fossil energy, renewable energy and distributed generation, power generation andtransmission, steel, aluminum, cement, coal mining, and buildings and appliances.

The United States and China have been engaged in an active program of bilateral

environmental cooperation since the mid-1990s, with an emphasis on clean energy

technology and the design of effective environmental policy. While both governments

view this cooperation positively, China has often compared the U.S. program, which

lacks a foreign assistance component, with those of Japan and several EuropeanUnion (EU) countries that include generous levels of aid.


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The first U.S.-China Renewable Energy Forum was held concurrently with the

second U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in May 2010 in Beijing. Forums

were held on energy efficiency, biofuels, and on promoting opportunities for U.S.-

China collaboration to advance clean energy.

Science and Technology

Science and technology have always preoccupied China's leaders; indeed, China's

political leadership comes almost exclusively from technical backgrounds and has a

high regard for science. Deng called it "the first productive force." Distortions in the

economy and society created by party rule have severely hurt Chinese science,

according to some Chinese science policy experts. The Chinese Academy of

Sciences, modeled on the Soviet system, puts much of China's greatest scientific

talent in a large, under-funded apparatus that remains largely isolated from industry,

although the reforms of the past decade have begun to address this problem.

Chinese science strategists see China's greatest opportunities in newly emerging

fields such as biotechnology and computers, where there is still a chance for China

to become a significant player. Most Chinese students who went abroad have not

returned, but they have built a dense network of trans-Pacific contacts that will

greatly facilitate U.S.-China scientific cooperation in coming years. The U.S. space

program is often held up as the standard of scientific modernity in China. Chinas

small but growing space program, which successfully completed its third manned

orbit in September 2008, is a focus of national pride.

The U.S.-China Science and Technology Agreement remains the framework for

bilateral cooperation in this field. A 5-year agreement to extend the Science and

Technology Agreement was signed in April 2006. The agreement is among the


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longest-standing U.S.-China accords, and includes over 11 U.S. Federal agencies

and numerous branches that participate in cooperative exchanges under the Science

and Technology Agreement and its nearly 60 protocols, memoranda of

understanding, agreements, and annexes. The agreement covers cooperation in

areas such as marine conservation, renewable energy, and health. Biennial Joint

Commission Meetings on Science and Technology bring together policymakers from

both sides to coordinate joint science and technology cooperation. Executive

Secretaries meetings are held biennially to implement specific cooperation

programs. Japan and the European Union also have high profile science and

technology cooperative relationships with China.

Trade

China is not just the World Factory, most booming market for resources and

consumer goods and the fastest growing economy in the world with an average GDP

of over 10% in the past decade. It is also the most attractive destination for foreign

investment since China opened its door to foreign businesses in 1978.

With Chinas access to WTO in 2000, less restriction on foreign investment, new

infrastructure, supply of abundant quality and cheap labour, there are goodopportunities to invest in a quality business or acquire businesses in China.

Acquiring an existing business is a way to quickly establish your own presence in

China and leverage its facilities, resources and networks to access the Chinese

market or conduct low-cost manufacturing in China and then export to the global

market. Working with Chinese government on big projects is another avenue to

develop your market in China.

There are a multitude of trade and investment opportunities for exporters in the

China market. Some of the major sectors currently experiencing rapid growth are:

processed food and beverages, gambling, transport, IT and telecommunications,

minerals and energy, environment protection, building construction products and

services.

China can be a great place for international companies interested in green

business


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Foreign Investment

China's investment climate has changed dramatically in a quarter-century of reform.

In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations

and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) grew quickly during the 1980s, but slowed in late

1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced

legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority

sectors and regions. Since the early 1990s, China has allowed foreign investors to

manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, and authorized

the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of

FDI. However, the Chinese Government's emphasis on guiding FDI into

manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's

services sectors underdeveloped. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in

the world, receiving over $108 billion in 2008 according to the Chinese Ministry of

Commerce.

As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate certain trade-related

investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously beenclosed to foreign investment. Many new laws, regulations, and administrative

measures to implement these commitments have been issued. Major remaining

barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and

regulations and the lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure.

Opening to the outside remains central to China's development. Foreign-invested

enterprises produce about half of China's exports, and China continues to attractlarge investment inflows. Foreign exchange reserves were $2.39 trillion at the end of

2009, and have now surpassed those of Japan, making China's foreign exchange

reserves the largest in the world. China's outbound foreign direct investment has

also surged in recent years, reaching $52 billion in 2008, up from a yearly average of

$2 billion in the 1990s.


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Six new subway lines have opened between 2008 and 2010. Four thousand brand

new taxis have been added in the month preceding Expo2010 opening. The city

night lights have been once again improved, using energy-saving LED technology.

Today, the expo site is crowded with national pavilions, sculpture gardens, shops,and a sports arena and performing arts centre which is shaped like a clam.

Shanghai has trained more than 1.7 million volunteers and adopted Olympic-level

security measures, adding metal detectors to subway entrances and screening cars

entering the city.

For the first time, Shanghai Expo will also feature an online version of the expo

grounds featuring 3D renderings of the expo grounds, and a 3D version of the

pavilion interior and offerings.

Participation

The World EXPO has provided an unparalleled opportunity for the tourism industry.

During this years Spring Festival, Shanghai received 2.79 million tourists, an

increase of 12 percent from the past year, resulting in record high numbers of

visitors. Overall Shanghais tourism revenue achieved an increase of 13 percent year

on year during Spring Festival, resulting in RMB 2.1 billion in total revenue.

Flags of participating countries waving in front of the China pavilion

192 countries and 50 organizations registered to participate in the Shanghai World

Expo. This was a record number.

Attendance

After six months, 73,084,400 total visitors visited Expo 2010, a record number in

history. Expo 70 attracted around 64 million visitors. Organizers had expected 70

million visitors at the start of the expo, most of whom were Chinese.
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Opening ceremony

Fireworks in the opening ceremony

Main article: 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony

The opening ceremony was held in the evening of April 30, 2010, with the

attendance of dozens of world leaders. The ceremony consisted of an indoor and

outdoor component. Jackie Chan, Lang Lang, and Andrea Bocelli were among the

performers in the indoor component. The event featured an outdoor display

offireworks, lasers, and dancing fountains after a performance by singers and

dancers.[10][11] The outdoor ceremony was produced by David Atkins Enterprises.

6,000 LED balls were floated into the Huangpu riverrepresenting fish. Organisers

called the outdoor show "the largest searchlight display in history, the largest

collection of multi-coloured laserfirepower ever assembled in one place, the worldslargest LED screen, one of the largest dancing water fountains ever, and the

largest light show ever attempted." President Hu Jintao inaugurated the opening of

the Shanghai World Expo.

Expo music Performances

About 20,000 performances are staged between May 1 and October 31 in 2010.

Many singers have been in the expo song writing and preparation process since

2008. Some singers include Alan Tam, Gigi Leung, Stephanie Cheng, Khalil

Fong, Hacken Lee, Denise Ho, Hins Cheung and Vincy Chan.

Theme songs

The official theme songs of the Expo are "City" by Jackie Chan and "Better

City, Better Life" by Quincy Jones.

The promotional song of the Expo was "Right Here Waiting for You 2010"

(simplified Chinese: 2010 pinyin Released during the 30-day countdown on April

1, it was originally written by a Japanese singer, Mayo Okamoto. Okamoto's
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agency announced that the Expo Committee requested the permission of the use

of the song, and Okamoto's management agreed.

The theme song for Shanghai World Expo volunteers is "By Your Side"

(simplified Chinesetraditional Chinese pinyin: by Eason Chan.

The theme song for the Shanghai World Expo for the Chinese culture is "The

World Watching China", sung by Korean/Chinese singerHan Geng.

Mascot

Main article: Haibao

Haibao is the mascot of the Shanghai Expo 2010. It means treasure of the sea. It is

based on the Chinese character for man or person, " ". Some say that Haibao

resembles Gumby,but the expo's secretariat said that it is an original design chosen

through a competition and they had never heard of Gumby.

Expo Axis

Expo Axis at night

Main article: Expo Axis

The main building - called "Expo Axis" - has the world's largest membrane

construction and was built by SBA (architects) andKnippers Helbig (structural

engineers). The building consists of some steel-glass funnels with a 1,000 m long

membrane construction. The main construction was completed at the end of 2009.Pavilions
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Theme pavilions

There are five central theme pavilions at the Expo 2010, exploring different aspects

of urban development. They are called Urban Footprints, Urban

Planet, Urbanian, City Being, and Urban Future.

National pavilions

National pavilions include: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria,

Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium-EU, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Canada,Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary,

Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia,

Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar,

Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand[22] , Nigeria, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pacific

Pavilion, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi

Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri

Lanka,Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,

Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yemen.

Corporate pavilions

Corporate pavilions include: Aurora Pavilion, Broad Pavilion, China Railway, China

State Shipbuilding Corporation Pavilion, Coca-Cola Pavilion, Cisco Pavilion,

Information and Communication Pavilion, Oil Pavilion, Japanese Industry, PICC,

Private Enterprises Joint Pavilion, Republic of Korea Business, SAIC-GM Pavilion,
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Shanghai Corporate Joint Pavilion, Space Pavilion, Space Home Pavilion, State

Grid, and Vanke Pavilion.

Legacy

Shanghai has announced plans to build a world expo museum with the intention ofconserving typical expo exhibits and popularising world expo history

Controversies

Among the controversies surrounding the Shanghai Expo were criticisms from

human rights groups which alleged the wrongful or forced displacement of 18,000

families from their homes,[25] and claims that Expo served as pretext for the

suppression of dissidents and religious believers, including Falun Gong adherents.

The Congressional Executive Commission on China reported that Chinese

authorities seized upon the World Expo as an opportunity to conducted propaganda

campaigns deriding Falun Gong, and detained and imprisoned over 100

practitioners. The Commission also noted that some who refused to disavow Falun

Gong were subjected to torture and sent to reeducation through labor facilities.

Shanghai World Expo

World's Fair, World Fair, Universal Exposition, and Expo (short for "exposition"), are

names given to various large public exhibitions held in different parts of the world.The World Expo was held for the first time in The Crystal Palace in Hyde

Park, London, United Kingdom in 1851 which was called "Great Exhibition of the

Works of Industry of All Nations". Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband came up

with an idea of exhibiting various industrial products manufactured elsewhere in the

world. This led to first World Expo which was the called "The Great Exhibition, it

became the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It had a

considerable impact on international trade relations, artisan works, etc. Thus it

became the precedent for the many international exhibitions were later called

"World's Fairs", and which are subsequently held to the present day.

The primary objective of World Expo changed with time. There are basically three

main objectives which are kept in mind to organize such world expo. These

objectives are derived from past experiences of impact of such world expo. They are

Industry and Trade Promotion
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During the mid 19th century and beginning of 20th century, the world was into

industrialization mode and all were eager show their technical inventions and

advancements. Countries which were aggressive in developing international trade

took part in such expo with a view to expand their reach to different parts of the world

Moreover many European countries then had colonies in many Asian and African

countries. They entered many countries with the aim to trade and then later

developing colonies and taking control of various areas.

Some of the world expositions of 1851 London, 1889 Paris, World's Columbian

Exposition, Chicago 1893, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis and 1915 San

Francisco exhibition focused on developing trade relations with other countries can

be called landmarks in this respect. Inventions such as the telephone were first

presented during this era.

Cultural exchange

The Century of Progress International Exposition held in 1933 deviated from the

earlier theme of developing trade relations to presenting the rich cultural heritage.

From then on, World's Fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of

cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. They became more

future oriented and 'utopian' in scope. Technology and inventions were present as an

important part, but were not the sole focus. "Science Finds-Industry Applies-Man

Conforms" (Chicago, 1933-34) and "Building the World of Tomorrow" (New York,

1939) are examples of these 'new' themes. Cross-cultural dialogue and the

exchange of solutions became defining elements of the expos. The dominant Fair of

such kind was Montreal'sExpo 67. It was also during this time, specifically in the

1960s that BIE organizers started calling World's Fairs "Expos".

Nation branding

In 1988, the Brisbane Expo again changed the trends for the World Expos. Many

countries of the world had opened up their economies and were developing at an

express rate. The need for developing a countrys image in the eyes of the world was

felt and so the focus of world expo shifted from cultural heritage to Brand Building.

A large study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that


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Innovation is the soul, while cultural interaction is an important mission of the World

Expositions. It focuses on human-centred development, scientific and technological

innovation, cultural diversity and win-win cooperation for a better future, thus

composing a melody with the key notes of highlighting innovation and interaction in

the new century.

Spain Pavilion


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There were 191 participants nation including India and 39 International

Organizations like UN, World Bank, UNCF, WHO, WIPO, etc. There were about 73

million visitors during the expo.

France Pavilion

Pavilions Visited

India Pavilion:

Theme: Cities of Harmony


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Pavilion Features

The pavilion had a crimson central dome, symbolizing the theme "Unity in Diversity"

in India. A focus throughout the exhibit was on interaction between rural and urban

areas through exchange of goods and services. Revolving around a journey of

Indian cities from ancient times through medieval periods to modern India, thepavilion showcased India's rich cultural heritage, its diversity of faith, culture and

language, traditional and modern technological development and urban-rural

interface.

Pavilion Highlights

Highlight 1: Tree of Life

The entrance to the pavilion is through a vaulted portal with the "Tree of Life" carving

inspired by the "Siddi Syed Mosque" at Ahmedabad. The central dome is herb-

roofed with the "Tree of Life" in copper. The innovative combination of plants and

metals distinguishes the dome.


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Highlight 2: Zero-chemical Area

The seemingly ancient India Pavilion is replete with marvellous modern technologies.

The pavilion was designed as a Zero-chemical Area. Energy efficiency was made

possible through the use of solar panels, wind mills, herbs and bamboo. The

terracotta and stone floor was inspired by the palace at Rampur in Varanasi and was

cooled by embedded pipes.

Highlight 3: Indian Market

The "Indian Market" will be open for curious visitors. In fact, the attic in this market

belongs to one of the exhibition areas of the India Pavilion, from which one can get a

bird's-eye view of the whole pavilion. The market is also a catering service area.

Traditional delicacies from various regions of India can be relished here.

Highlight 4: 360-degree Holographic Projection

The 360-degree Holographic Projection depicts India's evolvement over its long

history, from the ancient times of Mohan Jodaro and Harappa (dating back to 2000-3000 BC) through the medieval period to modern India. The displays around the

dome will further elaborate on the theme "Cities of Harmony."

Highlight 5: Shopping Arcade & Amphitheatre

The Shopping Arcade in the pavilion enables visitors to see the artisans from

different parts of the country demonstrating their skills. Besides, specialized products

from different regions will be available on sale. The Shopping Arcade also displays


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typical Indian columns in its arcade structure. The Amphitheatre will host cultural

shows from different regions of India on a regular basis.

China Urbanian Pavilion:

Theme: Overall human development is a prerequisite for sustainable development of

cities.

Pavilion Features

Urbanian Pavilion, focusing on the needs and development of people, tells the

stories of people in cities. In its five sections, "Family," "Work," "Contact," "Learning"

and "Health," visitors will see the videos of six real families from six cities of five

continents. Together with the exhibits, settings and multimedia installations, the sight

of 11 cities are racily showed. Visitors will have a vivid view of city dwellers' life and it

is the pursuiting of a better life that draws people to urban areas. Screens of varying

sizes are mounted on it to demonstrate how people work in different cities. The

Contact section uses a full-dome screen to create a 360-degree projection to show

the social life of different family members. The Learning section creates a

circumstance resembling the traditional classroom and library, and shows thelearning experiences of family members and the educational and cultural facilities in

cities. The Health section shows the videos and other data concerning the health of

family members and creates an environment that is clean, fresh and healthy. Some

of the sub provincial exhibits visited are Beijing, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Guangxi, etc.

Spain Pavilion

The Spain Pavilion is designed to be a hand-weaved wicker basket structure

supported by the steel framework inside. "The Basket," as some have dubbed the

pavilion, is "dressed" in more than 8,000 wicker panels in brown, beige, and black.

Wicker weaving is a tradition in both Spain and China and the pavilion is like a bridge

connecting the two nations. The panels were handmade by craftsmen in Shandong

Province, each one unique in design.

The pavilion contains three exhibition halls which will take visitors through the time

and space of the development of the cities in Spain with the theme of "From the City


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of Our Parents to the City of Our Children." The three displays are created by

famous Spanish film makers from three decades.

Highlight 1: Chinese Calligraphy

Chinese Calligraphy The design is so specific because the black panels form the

shapes of Chinese characters - sun and moon, for instance. It adds more Chinese

culture flavor to the pavilion and make the pavilion more artistic.

Highlight 2: Cultural Events

Cultural Events Performance buffs and gourmets will be delighted by the pavilion,

where they can enjoy authentic flamenco dancing and taste Spanish delicacies. The

Spain Pavilion will be turned into a gastronomic cabaret that offers a feast to visitors

every night by serving authentic delicacies and sizzling shows. The Spanish cultural

events include soap bubbles, flamenco dancing, Latin and Spanish music. The daily

show will be staged twice, at 6pm and 8pm, in the pavilion's amphitheatre.

Highlight 3: Spanish Delicacies

Spanish Delicacies The ground floor features a tapas bar where people can enjoy

gourmet food made with the finest Spanish ingredients.

Germany

Pavilion Features

It is the epitome of a city, boasting the creation of a "harbor image" and a "dynamic

tunnel" with urban scenes from Germany. This is the "Balancity," a magnificent

crystallization of Germanic originality and technology. The structure is wrapped in

silver membrane. A terraced landscape stretches from the ground level up to the

third floor of the pavilion. Four exhibition structures appear to hover, creating a

perfect roof for visitors.

The theme of the pavilion is "Balancity." It demonstrates the importance of balance

between modernization and preservation, innovation and tradition, community andthe individual, work and leisure, and between globalization and national identity.


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Bahamas, Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho, Ram Baran Yadav,

President of Nepal and Ban Ki-moon, General Secretary of the United Nations.[13]

[26]

Shanghai Wire & Tube International Expo 2010

(Shanghai New International Expo Centre)

The Fourth China International Tube (Tube China 2010) was hosted by the China

Council for the Promotion of International Trade and Messe Dsseldorf branch of

Metallurgical Industry (China) Co., Ltd.

And, the Fourth China International Wire & Cable Industry Trade Fair (wire China

2010) was hosted by the Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute and the

Dsseldorf Exhibition (China) Co., Ltd.

The country has the top ten industrial and economic revitalization planning along

with enormous business opportunities, wire and cable and pipe industries as part ofits supporting or related industries. In addition, the country's electricity in 2009 the

total investment will reach 580 billion RMB, nuclear power, wind power and other

new energy sources will significantly speed up the building and give wire and cable

industry created a huge market. Eleventh Five-Year period, a total investment of the

national power grids 1.2 trillion yuan, a huge power grid construction on an

unprecedented scale, but also for wire and cable industry, creating a vitality and

bright market prospects.

In the pipe connection, China's industrialization and urbanization, the rapid

development of the manufacturing sector will create an infinite pipe broad space for

development, investment and support as the country's housing projects, water

conservancy, transport infrastructure, urban municipal pipe network, sewage

processing, power plant power plants, petrochemical, oil and gas long-distance

pipelines and related energy infrastructure projects to accelerate construction of
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post-quake restoration and reconstruction, for pipes, fittings and related technical

equipment demand is bound to a major expansion.

Wire & Tube China 2010 continued to lead the international wire and tube industry,

the latest trends to showcase their latest products, business meetings, and the best

platform for investment decisions. Then a higher degree of internationalization, and

more show highlights, and better value-added services allowed exhibitors and

visitors a rewarding experience.

Heavy Duty Power Cable

Main productgroups:

- Wire manufacturing and finishing machinery, includingmachinery for wire and cable handling

- Cable and Stranding Machines - Fastener & Spring manufacturing and finishing machinery - Process technology materials - Auxiliary process technology materials - Materials, special wires and cables - Measuring and control technology - Test engineering - Specialist areas

Visitor targetgroups: - The wire industry - Construction industry


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- The cable industry - Skilled trade

- Iron, steel & non-ferrous

metals- Services

- Automotive supply industry - Associations

- Aerospace supply industry - Universities/technical

colleges/institutions - Electrical industry - Other

Shanghai Centre of Creative Industry

Shanghai has seen a boom of creative industry parks. A batch of creative parks have

taken initial shape at some old factory buildings and warehouses thanks to the citys

intensifying efforts at preserving and developing historic industrial structures. The

historic heritage and convenient geological locations along the banks of Suzhou

Creek gave birth to the creative industries. By the end of 2006, the city had 75

creative industry parks, with a total floor area of 2.21 million squares. The parks are

now home to more than 3,500 creative industry companies from more than 30

countries and regions, involving 27,000 art workers. The businesses in these parks

feature industrial design, interior design, construction design, ad design, clothing

design, game software, manga art, Internet media, fashion, studios, brand promotion

and artistic articles.

The objectiveis:

To offer new idea, new experience, new mode to accelerate industrial

upgrading and develop creative industry in Domestic and International;


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the newly emerging business elite. As car imports fell to some 34,000 in 1990,

Shanghai-Volkswagens (SVWs) production of its Santana models reached nearly

19,000 vehicles that year. By 1993, SVWs output had reached 100,000 vehicles.

Volkswagen was aided by some Shanghai municipal efforts. Various restrictions on

engine size, as well as incentives to city taxi companies, helped ensure a safe

market in the companys relatively wealthy home arena. Volkswagen also

encouraged its foreign parts suppliers to create joint ventures in China, and their

resulting product helped SVW achieve an 85 per cent local content rate by 1993.

Volkswagen Group China (VGC) is division of

the Germanautomotiveconcern, Volkswagen Group in thePeople's Republic of

China.

Volkswagen Group China enjoys sales of about 18% (2007) of the Chinesemarket,and is the largest foreign carmaker. The Chinese market is one of the main

markets of the Group. Operations of Volkswagen in China include the production,

sales and services of whole cars, parts and components, engines and transmission

systems. The company's locally manufactured and imported vehicles are sold under

various brand names such as Volkswagen, Audi, koda,Bentley,

and Lamborghini in China.

Volkswagen Group China is the largest, earliest, and the most successful

international partner in China's Automotive Industry. It started its connection withChina as early as in 1978, and has been taking the leading position in the Chinese

automotive market for more than 20 years. Its first joint venture in China, Shanghai

Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., was established in October 1984. The second

joint venture,FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. was established in

Changchun in February 1991.

The goal of Volkswagen Group China is to continue its market leadership as the

most successful car manufacturer by responding to the challenges with a strong

local manufacturing network.Volkswagen Group China's business

In 1984, Volkswagen signed a 25-year contract to make passenger cars in

Shanghai. Since, at that time, vehicle manufacturers could not own a majority stake

in a manufacturing plant, Volkswagens venture took the limit of 50 per cent foreign

ownership.

Today, the Group has 14 representative companies in the country, undertaking parts

delivery and service provision for both customers and industry in addition to vehicleproduction.
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By May 2004, Volkswagen Group had concentrated its strengths in the founding of

Volkswagen Group China (VGC), which is governed by a six-member management

team responsible for the areas of sales and marketing, technology, purchasing,

personnel and governmental relations as well as finance. VGC's tasks include

supervision of the Chinese associated companies of the Volkswagen Group, and the

set-up of new business segments

VGC companies

Volkswagen Group, via its Volkswagen Group China division has

14 subsidiaries in China, with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC),

and First Automobile Works (FAW) being the two major Chinese partner companies.

Cooperation of Shanghai, Shanghai Volkswagen and koda

In April 2005, koda officially landed at Shanghai Volkswagen, ushering ShanghaiVolkswagen into the dual brand era. In September 2006, Shanghai Volkswagen

koda the first Chinese manufactured koda - was launched and the Chinese

name was announced.

Octavia, the first Shanghai Volkswagen koda model, hit the market on 6 June 2007.

Octavia is the first of its class that exceeds its international prototype in real sense.

Following Octavia's success, Shanghai Volkswagen koda is going to launch Fabia

in 2008, and other koda models in the following years at the pace of one model per

year.

FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company

Established in February 1991, FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company (FAW-

VW) is a large-scale carmaker jointly funded by China FAW Group subsidiary First

Automobile Works, Volkswagen AG,Audi AG and Volkswagen (China) Investment

Co., Ltd. It is the first modern car industrial base constructed on economy of scale in

China. With its development over the years, FAW-Volkswagen is producing

thousands of vehicles on a daily basis and exporting some of its complete vehicles,

powertrain equipment and components to overseas markets.

FAW-Volkswagen manufactures the products of two globally known

brands, Volkswagen Passenger Cars and Audi, with advanced technology and

equipment. Volkswagen Jetta, Bora, Golf, Sagitar, Magotan, Audi A6L and Audi A4

cars are very popular among consumers. FAW-Volkswagen is a mature production

base in China, with a complete portfolio of both A-, B- and C-grade cars.

Audi AG, with more than 20 years of development experience in China, was the first

global premium car brand to realise domestic production in China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Automotive_Industry_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW-Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Automotive_Industry_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW-Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi


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The most important milestones

1988- 1996

Joint venture with First Automobile Works (FAW); Agreements on the

manufacturing of the Audi 100 under license were signed on 13 August 1988,

with this date marking the conclusion of negotiations lasting one year. The joint venture agreement included both the technology transfer for the

production and planning of the Audi 100, and the setting up of after sales

support. Expertise was in addition transferred by providing training for some

500 Chinese workers at Audi in Germany. Furthermore, around 30 Audi

employees were posted to Changchun to provide production support.Since 1996

Audi in the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture

In November 1993, the then-Board Chairman of FAW and Volkswagen AG,signed a letter of intent on the integration of Audi production and a V6

engine plant into the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture, which had been

established at the end of 1991. As a result of the signing of the agreements

in December 1995, Audi acquired a 10 percent stake in the joint venture by

the name of FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. Volkswagen AG

controls 30 percent, with FAW continuing to hold a 60 percent stake. The

joint venture currently employs around 9,800.

The first Audi product built by the joint venture, a modified Audi 100 with V6engine bearing the model designation Audi 200, went into production in

May 1996. The Audi 200 remained in production until summer 1999 (facelift

of the Audi 100) with 2.6 and 2.4 litre V6 engines and the 4-cylinder,

1.8 litre turbo power unit. The content manufactured locally at the

Changchun plant was 60 percent.

Further VGC companies

The following are the subsidiary companies which form Volkswagen Group

China:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Automobile_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre

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