AK NTHMP Wksp-grilli1red box around Krakatau; (b) zoom into red box, NHWAVE 5 m grid is smaller...
Transcript of AK NTHMP Wksp-grilli1red box around Krakatau; (b) zoom into red box, NHWAVE 5 m grid is smaller...
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
NTHMP Workshop“Volcanic tsunamis” : cases studies of Anak
Krakatau 2018 and hypothetical CVV collapsesStephan Grilli, University of Rhode Island, USA
(Many collaborators: (URI) S. Carey, A. Grilli, L. Schambach,
(UD) J. Kirby, F. Shi, C. Zhang; (BGS) D. Tappin, S. Engwell; (UCL) S. Day; (U. Birmingham) S. Watt; (UCSC) S. Ward; (U. Pandang)
M. Muin; (U. Pau/Anglet) S. Abadie; (L. St Venant) J. Harris)
[NSF: CMMI-15-35568, GEO-17-56665; NERC: NE/S003509/1; NTHMP…]
1/29/19 1
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Caldera forming volcanoes
21/29/19
-> (red circles) Calderas within 5 km of the coast-> (blue circles) Submarine calderas.
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
31/29/19
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
41/29/19
- Pre-eruption- During eruption
(before tsunami)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
51/29/19
Verbeek, R. D. M. Krakatau. Government Press Batavia (1885). Verbeek, R. D. M. The Krakatoa Eruption. Nature 30, 10-15 (11 May 1884)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
61/29/19
Verbeek, R. D. M. Krakatau. Government Press Batavia (1885). Verbeek, R. D. M. The Krakatoa Eruption. Nature 30, 10-15 (11 May 1884)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
71/29/19
Verbeek, R. D. M. Krakatau. Government Press Batavia (1885). Verbeek, R. D. M. The Krakatoa Eruption. Nature 30, 10-15 (11 May 1884)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
81/29/19
Wharton, W. J. L. in The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena, Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society, London (ed G. J. Symons) 494 (The Royal Society, 1888).
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
91/29/19
Verbeek, R. D. M. The Krakatoa Eruption. Nature 30, 10-15 (11 May 1884), doi:10.1038/030010a0.-> Runup measurements
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
101/29/19
Verbeek, R. D. M. The Krakatoa Eruption. Nature 30, 10-15 (11 May 1884), doi:10.1038/030010a0.-> Major tsunami(killed 33,000 people)-> Runup meas. (m)(up to 36 m)-> Tsunami deposits-> Batavia tide gauge(leading elevation w.)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
111/29/19
-> 130 years of work to explain eruption and tsunami generation mechanisms => It is still not clear what the main mechanism was• …• Sigurdsson, H., S. Carey, C. Mandeville & Bronto, S. Pyroclastic flows of the 1883
Krakatau eruption. Eos Trans. AGU 72(36), 377, 380–381 (1991).• Sigurdsson, H., Carey, S. & Mandeville, C. Submarine pyroclastic flows of the 1883
eruption of Krakatau volcano. National Geographic Res. 7, 310-327 (1991).• Mandeville, C. W., Carey, S., Sigurdsson, H. & King, J. Paleomagnetic evidence for
high-temperature emplacement of the 1883 subaqueous pyroclastic flows from Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth 99, 9487-9504 (1994).
• Stroker, K. Investigation of Submarine Deposits from the 1883 Eruption of Krakatau, Indonesia Based on Sub-bottom Profiling Masters thesis, University of Rhode Island, (2003).
• Many others ….-> Pyroclastic flows/PDC deposits measurements and mapping (m)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
121/29/19
-> Pyroclastic flows/PDC deposits measurements and mapping (m)
<- Before
After ->
(250 m deep caldera)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
131/29/19
-> Tsunami generation mechanisms:• Pyroclastic Flows (PFs) “lava”/Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) - Dense PF/PDC => subaerial landside tsunami generation - Light PF/PDC => Float and act as wavemakers - Hot PF/PDC => small local thermal explosions (subaerial PDCs is likely leading mechanism)• Caldera formation (“collapse of volcano onto itself”) - creates major lateral piston motion (leading depression w. but lead. elevation w. observed in Batavia)• Explosions – pressure shock wave acts on free surface causing waves (shock wave is too fast to generate tsunamis => Bikini)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Bikini 1946
141/29/19
-> Preliminary Tsunami generation simulations:• Using “Tsunami Square” (S. Ward) => Simulated nuclear shock wave
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
151/29/19
-> Preliminary Tsunami generation simulations:• Using “Tsunami Square” (S. Ward) => caldera-piston motion
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
161/29/19
-> Preliminary Tsunami generation simulations:• Using “Tsunami
Square” (S. Ward) => caldera-piston motion
• Leading depression w.
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
171/29/19
-> Preliminary Tsunami generation simulations:• Using “Tsunami
Square” (S. Ward) => Pressure wave
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Krakatau 1883
181/29/19
-> Preliminary Tsunami generation simulations:• Using NHWAVE and FUNWAVE (Grilli et al.) => PDC generation
=> NSF project (18/21): new surveys and simulations -> mechanism ?
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 7 NHWAVE53-FUNWAVE89 simulation of tsunami generation and propagation, by a small PDC flow (500 m wide by 20 m thick) entering the water at 53 m/s (~107m3/s for entire perimeter), over a 6 deg. slope. (a) 100 m resolution FUNWAVE grid, with pre-eruption bathy/topo (color scale in meter) and red box around Krakatau; (b) zoom into red box, NHWAVE 5 m grid is smaller domain with initial wave generation (color scale in meter); (c) tsunami propagation in FUNWAVE after 25 min (scale in m).
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Anak Krakatau 2018
191/29/19
-> Deep caldera (250 m) formed in 1883-> 1927: Anak Krakatau emerged (9 m) 1933: AK culminates at 67 m 1960: AK culminates at 138 m 1992: AK culminates at 250 m 2018: AK culminates at 330 m 12/22/18 at 16:28 local time:
-> On-off AK eruption since June 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 201/29/19
-> Erupting AK drone footage on 10/24/2018
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 211/29/19
-> Deep caldera (250 m) formed in 1883-> 1927: Anak Krakatau emerged (9 m) 1933: AK culminates at 67 m 1960: AK culminates at 138 m 1992: AK culminates at 250 m 2018: AK culminates at 330 m 12/22/18 at 18:56 local time:
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 221/29/19
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time • Tide gauge observations Gauge 1 Gauge 2• t = 0 is 20:57 local• Seismographs 20:55-57
•
• obse Gauge 3 Gauge 4
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 231/29/19
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time • Tide gauge observations Inverse ray tracing analysis• t = 0 is 20:57 local (7’ waves; Gaussian uncertainty, 90s s.d.)
•
• obse
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 241/29/19
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time • TDMRC field survey (01/02/2019) (4-6 m flow depth R up to 13 m)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 251/29/19
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time • At least 430 reported fatalities and many missing• Kalianda area:
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 261/29/19
-> Major tsunami impacts Java at 21:30 local time • At least 430 reported fatalities and many missing• Carita-Anyer (Labuan) area (NY Times 12/23/18):
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 271/29/19
-> Evidence of sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…)• Geomorphic change observed by Sentinel-1a SAR on 12/24/18
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 281/29/19
-> Sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…) + subsequent Surtseyan phreatomagmatic activity
Anak Krakatau 2018
Polarimetric color-composite image on 12/24/18
Iceye radarimage on 01/09/19
New coastline
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 291/29/19
-> Sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…) + subsequent Surtseyan phreatomagmatic activity
Anak Krakatau 2018
Dicky Adam picture on 12/23/18(Sisiq flyover)
Dicky Adam picture on 12/23/18(Sisiq flyover)
Surtseyan explosion inferred to be from central vent
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Inferred plan view geometry of the subaerial part of the collapse scar at time of Sisiq flyover on 23rd December
Northern lava flow field still intact
AB
C D
E
Surtseyan activity appears to originate from site of summit vent conduit
Headwall of collapse scar appears to be close to rim of old tuff cone crater
Visible part of collapse scar in close approach photo
Approximate area of island lost in the collapse = 1.2 km2 at most (assumes headwall is vertical)
NE flank of old cone intact
F
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
A
B
C
D
E
Scallop features along the northern scarp of the collapse seem to persist into later images, suggesting little instability and retreat of the scarp after 23rd December
Pumice floating on the sea surface may increase backscatter intensity in the radar images
This crag is only feature disappearing between 23rd December and the photos of 30th December and later
Light streaks and patches may be water ejected onto the north side of the island by the Surtseyan explosions
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
The island is much paler in these areas – perhaps formed by wave-washed banks of tephra at this stage in its re-growth?
Sentinel image from Dec 29th
Short yellow arrows indicate inferred motion of sediment plumes
Possible multiple craters in vent area?
??
The “vent area” is indicated by:(i) The white mottled
plume extending to the NE and E in this image
(ii) the apparent embayment in this image and in the 26th December radar image
(iii) The position of the Surtseyan explosions in the Sidiq photos from the 23rd
Its position also coincides with that of the pre-collapse summit crater
ABC
D
E
East Point
F
Point E and the East Point have been buried by post-collapse tephra from the Surtseyan vent
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 331/29/19
-> Sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…) + subsequent Surtseyan phreatomagmatic activity • Planet Lab image on Dec. 30th
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 341/29/19
-> Sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…) + subsequent Surtseyan phreatomagmatic activity • Jan. 2n PL image, Jan. 9th Iceye radar => evolves then stabilizes
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 351/29/19
-> Sector flank collapse of Anak Krakatau (radar, satellite images, video/drones,…) + subsequent Surtseyan phreatomagmatic activity • Jan. 11th (Reynolds) => AK has stabilized
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 361/29/19
-> AK collapse geometric model: • Build a pre-collapse bathymetry-topography(using Giachetti et al.’s (2012) 100 m res. data)• Grid G0 (90x90m x5 layers) for NHWAVE model• Grid G1 (100x100m) for FUNWAVE model
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 371/29/19
-> AK collapse geometric model: • Build a pre-collapse bathymetry-topography(using Giachetti et al.’s (2012) 100 m res. data)• Grid G0 (90x90m x5 layers) for NHWAVE model• Create collapse volume model based on data => 0.35 km3 volume
Pre-collapse Post-collapse
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 381/29/19
-> AK collapse geometric model: • Build a pre-collapse bathymetry-topography(using Giachetti et al.’s (2012) 100 m res. data)• Grid G0 (90x90m x5 layers) for NHWAVE model• Create collapse volume model based on data => 0.35 km3 volume
Post-collapse (contours) Post-collapse SW transect
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 391/29/19
-> AK 3D slide-tsunami generation: • Apply NHWAVE in Grid G0 (deforming bottom slide layer): - for dense viscous slide layer (Kirby et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2018) - slide without water: ρ = 1900 kg/m3
ν = 0.5 m2/s
Vs = 0.35 km3
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 401/29/19
-> AK 3D slide-tsunami generation: • Apply NHWAVE in Grid G0 (deforming bottom slide layer): - for granular slide layer (Ma et al., 2015; Cheng et al., 2018) - slide without water: ρm = 1550 kg/m3
φi = 10o (intern. fr.)
φb = 2o (basal. fr.)
p = 40%
Vs = 0.35 km3
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 411/29/19
-> AK 3D slide-tsunami generation: • Apply NHWAVE in Grid G0 (deforming bottom slide layer): - for dense viscous slide layer => tsunami generation
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 421/29/19
-> AK 3D slide-tsunami generation: • Apply NHWAVE in Grid G0: - Surface elevation time series at wave gauge: (black) 5, (blue) 6, (red) 7, (green) 8, (magenta) 9, for (solid) viscous; (dashed) granular slide
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 431/29/19
-> AK 3D slide-tsunami generation: • Apply NHWAVE in Grid G0: - for dense viscous slide layer - Surface elevations:
Instantaneous (410 s) Maximum (up to 410 s)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 441/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami propagation/coastal impact: • Initialize/run FUNWAVE in Grid G1 with NHWAVE results of grid G0: - for dense viscous slide layer - Using surface elevations and horizontal velocities (z = -0.531h) at 410 s:
Instantaneous (from 410s) Maximum (up to 7610 s)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 451/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami propagation/coastal impact: • Surface elevation time series for (solid) viscous; (dashed) granular slide at tide gauge:
123
- Good agreement on 4 arrival times
- Reasonable on heights
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 461/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami propagation/ coastal impact: • Maximum surface elevations at the coast (viscous slide)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 471/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami Propagation/ coastal impact: • Maximum surface elevations at the coast (viscous slide)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 481/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami Propagation/ coastal impact: • Maximum flow depth at the coast (viscous slide)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 491/29/19
-> AK 2D slide-tsunami Propagation/ coastal impact: • Maximum flow depth at the coast (viscous slide)
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 501/29/19
-> Erupting AK drone footage on 01/12/2019
Anak Krakatau 2018
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
-> CVV Far-field flank collapse of CVV (80 to 450 km3 volume; return period (?) perhaps 1,000-100,000 yrs.
51
SMFs
-> LSB-M9 far-field seismic source : repeat of Lisbon 1755 [Barkan et al., 2008]
-> PRT-M9 far-field seismic source in PRT: 600 x 150 km (12 SIFT sources; 12 m slip; 600 yr of full convergence) [Knight, 2006; Grilli et al., 2010; NHESS]
-> near-field SMFs on continental slope/margin: assumed to be rigid slumps with Currituck slide characteristics (proxies; 155 km3)
1/29/19
Example : Tsunami sources for NTHMP US East Coast
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
-> SMF triggered by earthquakes or notcan generate large damaging tsunamis-> SMF scars are widespread on US Atlantic margin, but mostly old 1,000s of yrs. But see 1929 Grand Bank SMF tsunamis
1/29/19
SMFs
[Ten Brink et al (2014)]
Example : Tsunami sources for NTHMP US East Coast
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Case study: Cumbre Vieja/La Palma Flank Collapse
531/29/19
25 Km
[Ward and Day (2001); Grilli et al., (2005); Pérignon (2006); Lovholt et al., 2008; Abadie et al. (2008-2012)]
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Case study: Cumbre Vieja Flank Collapsen Multi-fluids 3D-Navier Stokes-VOF model (THETIS) (Abadie et al.; 2006-11) n Slope stability analysis (FLAC 2D; 2D-FEM)-> Most likely scenario of 80 km3n Various scenario simulated with 20-450 km3. Large 3D grids.
[U. of Bordeaux)
541/29/19
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Case study: CVV Flank Collapsen Source + near-field propagation : Multi-fluids 3D-NS-VOF model (THETIS)For lack of better information, slide is assumed to behave as an inviscid fluid with constant density => worst case scenario.n If known, an arbitrary rheology can be used.
551/29/19
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
CVV Flank Collapse source (450 km3)
1/29/19
-> 3D simulation up to 20 min
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
CVV Flank Collapse : 2D sensitivity analysisn Source + near-field propagation : THETIS 80 km3 CVV source :Detailed velocity field around slide tip at t = 396 s.
571/29/19
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Case study: CVV Flank Collapsen Regional/Transoceanic/East coast propagation : 2D-horiz Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq model FUNWAVE in various nested grids (80 km3 CVV source)
581/29/19
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
CVV Flank Collapse source (450 km3)
1/29/19
-> 2D-FUNWAVE transoceanic nested grids-> Surface elevation as a fct of time (m)
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI 1/29/19
CVV Flank Collapse source (450 km3)
-> Dispersive trains of large waves, 9-12 min period(200 m gauge)
-> 450 km3:5-6 m runup/inundation-> 80 km3:2-2.5 m runup/inundation
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Dept. of OceanEngineering, URI
Thank you
611/29/19