Los Angeles World Airports Aircraft Surface Movement Program

Anthony LaughlinSuperintendent of Operations Los Angeles International Airport(310) 646-4265alaughlin@lawa.org

Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement ProgramAny person who taxis, tows, communicates on aviation VHF frequencies, or is otherwise involved in the movement of aircraft at LAX must successfully complete the Aircraft Surface Movement Program.

Class length: 3 hoursTest: 30 question multiple choiceminimum passing score is 90% All persons who successfully complete this program will be rebadged. The replacement badge will include the Aircraft Movement Icon.Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement Program

Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE:LAWA AIRFIELD OPERATIONS ESCORT IS REQUIRED FOR ALL AIRCRAFT SURFACE MOVEMENT OPERATIONS BY NON-FLIGHTCREW PERSONNEL, INVOLVING THE CROSSING OF ANY RUNWAY AT LAX

Training Goals1. To prevent incursions on movement areas2. To provide familiarization with airfield layout, signs, markings, and lighting3. To help standardize radiocommunication and Air Traffic Control procedures

Aircraft Surface Movement ProgramSECTION 1: LAX Airfield FamiliarizationSECTION 2:Airfield Signs, Surface Markings, and Lighting SECTION 3: Air Traffic Control Procedures, Instructions, and Radio Phraseology

Runway IncursionsAny occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to takeoff, landing or intending to land.

The FAA defines a Runway Incursion as:

LAX Airfield FamiliarizationMovement Areas consist of runways, taxiways, taxilanes and other areas of an airport which are used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing of aircraft.Section 1

LAX Airfield FamiliarizationRectangular-shaped, paved surfaces on an airport, designed for the landing or takeoff of airplanes.Runways

Runway DesignationsBased on a runways magnetic heading, using the 360 degree compass system

Runways may be used in two opposite directions

All runways have TWO runway designations

Runway DesignationsThe pictured runway is oriented in the north-south direction

The pictured runway would be designated Runway 18/36

Runway DesignationsWhat is the magnetic alignment of the pictured runway?

What is the runway designation?

Runway DesignationsWhat is the magnetic alignment of the pictured runway?

What is the runway designation?

LAX Runway LayoutParallel Runway ConfigurationSouth Complex

Runway 25R/7L

Runway 25L/7R

LAX Runway LayoutNorth ComplexRunway 24R/6LRunway 24L/6R

TaxiwaysA paved surface designed for the movement of aircraft from one part of the airport to another

TaxiwaysTaxiway DesignationLettersLetters and NumbersTypes of Taxiways Parallel Taxiways North-South Taxiways Connector Taxiways Taxilanes Bi-pass Taxiways

LAX Taxiway ConfigurationFive Parallel Taxiways

ABCDE

LAX Taxiway ConfigurationThree North-South Taxiways

AASQ

Connector taxiways are used by aircraft to taxi from one movement area to another. LAX Taxiway ConfigurationTo Review, LAX has Four RunwaysFive Parallel TaxiwaysThree North-South Taxiways

Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)A paved surface used for access between taxiways and Ramp (gate) areas

Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)Methodology of Taxilane DesignationsA1A2C6C7C8C9C10D10D9D8D7C1B1C2C3C4C5

Ramp/Apron AreasRamp/Apron Areas consist of the following: Maintenance AreasTerminal GatesCargo/Freight Parking Gates

Ramp/Apron AreasRamps and Aprons are aircraft parking areas designed for the purpose of loading/unloading or servicing of aircraftRamps and Aprons are non-movement areasRamp/Apron areas are not controlled by FAA Air Traffic Control

Ramp/Apron AreasGate areas of terminal buildings are an example of a Ramp/Apron AreaWing Clearance Lines

Runway Surface Markings And LightingRunway surface markings are white

Section 2

Runway Surface Markings And LightingThe runway centerline is a broken white stripe which indicates the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance for aircraft.

Runway Surface Markings And LightingThe runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripe indicating the edges of the runway, and the edges of the full-strength pavement.

Runway Surface Markings And LightingRunway threshold markings identify the beginning of the runway which is available for landing.

Runway LightingRunway lighting is white in color

Elevated edge-lights identify the runway edges during adverse visibility conditions Runway edge-lights identify the sides of the runwayRunway lighting is white in color

Runway Surface Markings And LightingRunway lighting is white in colorIn-pavement Runway Centerline Lights identify the runway centerline during adverse visibility conditions

Runway Surface Markings And LightingRunway lighting is white in colorTouchdown Zone Lights indicate the first 3,000 feet of the runway, beginning at the threshold

Taxiway Surface MarkingsALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.Taxiway centerline markings indicate the center of the taxiway.

Taxiway Surface MarkingsALL taxiway surface markings are yellow. Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the edges of the taxiway as well as the edge of full-strength pavement

Taxiway Surface MarkingsALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.

Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of transverse stripes extending from the taxiway edge markings into paved areas which are not intended for aircraft use

Note: At LAX, paved areas which are unsuitable for aircraft may be painted green.

Taxiway Surface MarkingsHold Lines are located on taxiways which intersect runwaysAll aircraft and vehicles must hold short of the runway at the hold line.

Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a taxiway and a runway. Aircraft/vehicles must hold on the solid side of the hold line.Taxiway Surface Markings

Taxiway Lighting Taxiway edge-lights are blue in colorTaxiway edge lighting identifies the edge of a taxiway during periods of darkness or reduced visibility.

Taxiway Lighting In-pavement Taxiway centerline lights are green in color

Taxiway Lighting In-pavement taxiway centerline lights identify the taxiway centerline during periods of darkness or reduced visibility

Taxiway LightingElevated Runway Guard Lights consist of two alternating, flashing yellow lights Two Types: Elevated and In-PavementRunway Guard Lights

Taxiway LightingIn-pavement Runway Guard Lights consist of flashing yellow lights, which extend across the taxiway, parallel to the hold lineRunway Guard Lights

Taxiway LightingIn-pavement Runway Guard LightsExtend across hold line

Taxilane Surface MarkingsTaxilanes have either solid white or yellow lead-in lines

Ramp/Apron Area Surface MarkingsWing-clearance lines are white or red.

Taxilane Surface MarkingsMiscellaneous Taxiway markings

Airfield Signs and Surface Markings Five types of airfield signage:Mandatory Instruction Sign

Location SignDirection SignB25L-7RACheckpoint 3 MILInformation SignDestination Sign

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsSurface painted signs correspond to mounted signs

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsIt Is MANDATORY That You Receive INSTRUCTIONS From FAA Air Traffic Control, Before Passing ANY Mandatory Instruction Sign

Mandatory Instruction Signs are usually co-located with Taxiway Location Signs

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsMandatory Instruction Signs Runway 7R-25L

Review of Runway 7R/25L Mandatory SignsEast End of Runway Midfield LocationsWest End of Runway

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsMandatory Instruction Signs Runway 7L-25R

Review of Runway 25R/7L Mandatory SignsEast End of Runway Midfield LocationsWest End of Runway

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsMandatory Instruction Signs Runway 6R-24L

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsInstrument Landing System (ILS) Critical AreaMandatory Instruction Signs

LAWA Airfield Operations escort is currently required for ALL Aircraft Surface Movement Operations, conducted by non flight-crew personnel, which involve the crossing of runways at LAXAny aircraft operator who is Confronted with a Mandatory Instruction Sign MUST conduct any operation in strict accordance with instructions from FAA Air Traffic Control

Failure to comply with these procedures may result in a Runway Incursion, aircraft collision and/or loss of airfield driving privileges

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsTaxiway Location Signs have a black background with yellow inscriptions

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsTaxiway Direction Signs have a yellow background with black inscriptions and arrows.

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsTaxiway Location Signs are often co-located with Taxiway Direction Signs.

Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

Airfield Signs and Surface Markings Information signs have a yellow background with black inscriptions. This type of sign displays advisory information.

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsDestination Signs have a yellow background with black inscriptions and arrows pointing in the general direction of a specific location on the airfield.

Airfield Signs and Surface MarkingsTaxiway hold markings are located where two taxiways intersect.

Restricted/Closed AreasCertain types of operations or aircraft may not use a Restricted Area.

No aircraft operations may be conducted in a Closed Area.

Restricted/Closed AreasRestricted/Closed Areas are marked with orange cones, delineators, and/or standing red lights placed along the perimeter of the area.

Restricted/Closed AreasAircraft inadvertently proceeding into a closed or restricted area may result in loss of life and substantial property damage.

Review of Taxiway/Runway Intersection Markings, Signs and Lighting

Air Traffic Control Procedures, Instructions, and PhraseologyTransmitting on Aviation VHF Radio Section 31. Verify correct frequency2. Briefly monitor to make sure frequency is clear3. Check position of transmitter selector

Air Traffic Control Procedures, Instructions, and PhraseologySection 3Who you are

Aircraft type wing span

Where you are on the airport What you are requesting, or intending to do

How youre going to do it

4. Communicate clearly and concisely:

PhraseologyUse correct aviation phraseologyto transmit messages which are clear and concise Acknowledge - Let me know that you have received my messageAdvise Intentions - Tell me what you plan to doAffirmative - Yes

PhraseologyConfirm - My version is is that correct?Correction - An error has been made in the transmission and the correct version followsGo Ahead - Proceed with your message. Not to be used for any other purpose.Hold - Stop where you areHold Short Of - Proceed to, but stop before reaching a specific point

PhraseologyNegative - No, or Permission not granted, or That is not correctProceed - You are authorized to begin or continue moving Read Back - Repeat my message back to me Roger - I have received all of your last transmission. (It should not be used to answer a question requiring a yes or no answer)

PhraseologySay Again - Used to request a repeat of the last transmission. Usually specifies transmission or portion thereof not understood or received Stand By - Means the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds, usually to attend to other duties of a higher priority.If the delay is lengthy, the caller should reestablish contact.

PhraseologyTaxi To - Taxi to an airport location. This instruction is not a clearance to taxi on or across the referenced airport location.Unable - Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction, request or clearanceVerify - Request confirmation of information, for example, Verify cleared to cross runway two five right. Wilco - I have received your message, understand it,and will comply with it

Phonetic Alphabet

A standardized aviation phonetic alphabet has been adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and is used by Air Traffic Controllers worldwide.

Phonetic Alphabet

Crossing Runways1. Initial call to Ground Control2. When holding at specified taxi position, ground control instructs aircraft to contact Tower3. Tower Control InstructionsHold shortCross both runwaysCross one, hold short of the other

LAX VHF Radio FrequenciesLAX Air Traffic Control VHF Radio FrequenciesAutomatic Terminal Information Service133.80Ground Control- North Complex121.65Ground Control- South Complex121.75Tower- North Complex133.90Tower- South Complex120.95Metering120.35

LAX Airline Operated Ramp Tower VHF Radio FrequenciesAlaska Ramp Tower (Taxilane D-10)130.85American Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-10)129.32Delta Ramp Tower (Taxilanes C-8 and C-9)131.45United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-7)129.40United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-6)129.50

LAX Standard Taxi Routes

Proper Radio ProceduresTaxi1. Advise ramp tower, if applicable, when ready to move forward 2. Contact ground control when ready to tow or taxi3. Read back all hold short instructionsPush back1. Name of facility being contacted2. Aircraft call sign3. Aircraft position4. Requested operation

Preventing Runway Incursions

1. Review all pertinent information prior to conducting an aircraft surface movement operation 2. Use correct communication techniques 3. Maintain a sterile cockpit 4. If you are unsure of your position on the airfield, stop and ask for assistance 5. Continuously monitor the appropriate VHF frequency6. If you are unsure of any issued instructions, ask for clarification7. Report any deteriorating/confusing airfield signs, surface markings or lighting to LAX Airfield Operations, or FAA at an appropriate time.

ConclusionUse Safe, Accepted Procedures

Follow Standard Guidelines

Forethought, Proper Planning And Application Of Established Procedures Lead To Safety

Review/QuestionsPlease forward questions, comments or other input to:

Anthony LaughlinSuperintendent of Operations Los Angeles International Airport(310) 646-4265alaughlin@lawa.org